33:
148:
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219:, well before the cultivation of crops or the domestication of other animals. The dog is often hypothesised to be a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal pathway into domestication. Archaeological evidence, such as the Bonn-Oberkassel dog dating to ~14,000BP, supports the hypothesis that dog domestication preceded the emergence of agriculture and began close to the
244:
population that remained in a boreal coniferous forest. Although these two populations spend a period of the year in the same place, and though there was evidence of gene flow between them, the difference in prey–habitat specialization has been sufficient to maintain genetic and even coloration divergence.
231:
early hunters, assisted in the capture of prey, or provided defense from large competing predators at kills. However, the extent to which proto-domestic wolves could have become dependent on this way of life prior to domestication and without human provisioning is unclear and highly debated. In contrast,
251:
with unique mitochondrial signatures. The skull shape, tooth wear, and isotopic signatures suggested these remains were derived from a population of specialist megafauna hunters and scavengers that became extinct while less specialized wolf ecotypes survived. Analogous to the modern wolf ecotype that
178:
The commensal pathway was traveled by animals that fed on refuse around human habitats or by animals that preyed on other animals drawn to human camps. Those animals established a commensal relationship with humans in which the animals benefited but the humans received little benefit or harm. Those
443:
Historically, commensalism has been recognized as the usual type of association between brittle stars and octocorals. In this association, the ophiurans benefit directly by being elevated through facilitating their feeding by suspension, while the octocorals do not seem to benefit or be harmed by
243:
A mitochondrial, microsatellite, and Y-chromosome assessment of two wolf populations in North
America combined with satellite telemetry data revealed significant genetic and morphological differences between one population that migrated with and preyed upon caribou and another territorial ecotype
235:
may have become fully dependent on a commensal lifestyle before being domesticated by preying on other commensal animals, such as rats and mice, without any human provisioning. Debate over the extent to which some wolves were commensal with humans prior to domestication stems from debate over the
230:
The wolves more likely drawn to human camps were the less-aggressive, subdominant pack members with lowered flight response, higher stress thresholds, and less wary around humans, and therefore better candidates for domestication. Proto-dogs might have taken advantage of carcasses left on site by
479:
are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant. Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, phoretic mites may hinder their host by
239:
The earliest sign of domestication in dogs was the neotenization of skull morphology and the shortening of snout length that results in tooth crowding, reduction in tooth size, and a reduction in the number of teeth, which has been attributed to the strong selection for reduced aggression. This
190:
population to a domestic one could only have taken place after the animals had progressed from anthropophily to habituation, to commensalism and partnership, at which point the establishment of a reciprocal relationship between animal and human would have laid the foundation for domestication,
447:
Recent studies in the Gulf of Mexico have suggested that there are actually some benefits to the octocorals, such as receiving a cleaning action by the brittle star as it slowly moves around the coral. In some cases, a close relationship occurs between cohabiting species, with the interaction
290:
is capable of living under considerable environmental stress, and thus is capable of colonising the upper gastrointestinal tract where relatively few examples of the body's gut flora can survive due to highly acidic or alkaline conditions produced by gastric acid and digestive juices. While
376:
Commensalistic relationships between microorganisms include situations in which the waste product of one microorganism is a substrate for another species. One good example is nitrification-the oxidation of ammonium ion to nitrate. Nitrification occurs in two steps: first, bacteria such as
432:. Due to the currents flowing upward along seamount ridges, atop these ridges there are colonies of suspension feeding corals and sponges, and brittle stars that grip tight to them and get up off the sea floor. A specific documented commensal relationship is between the ophiuran
252:
has evolved to track and prey upon caribou, a
Pleistocene wolf population could have begun following mobile hunter-gatherers, thus slowly acquiring genetic and phenotypic differences that would have allowed them to more successfully adapt to the human habitat.
73:
The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the
415:
formation provides another example. The colonization of a newly exposed surface by one type of microorganism (an initial colonizer) makes it possible for other microorganisms to attach to the microbially modified surface.
408:
stimulates the proliferation of more acid-tolerant microorganisms, which may be only a minor part of the microbial community at neutral pH. A good example is the succession of microorganisms during milk spoilage.
731:
Williams, E. H.; Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A.; Bunkley-Williams, L.; Bonde, R. K.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Preen, A.; Cockcroft, V. G. (2003). "Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet".
1180:
Thalmann O, Shapiro B, Cui P, Schuenemann VJ, Sawyer SK, Greenfield DL, et al. (November 2013). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a
European origin of domestic dogs".
467:
Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely
404:
Commensalistic associations also occur when one microbial group modifies the environment to make it better suited for another organism. The synthesis of acidic waste products during
179:
animals that were most capable of taking advantage of the resources associated with human camps would have been the 'tamer' individuals: less aggressive, with shorter
1455:
Leonard JA, Vilà C, Fox-Dobbs K, Koch PL, Wayne RK, Van
Valkenburgh B (July 2007). "Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph".
2100:
1916:"Preadaptive plateau in Rhabditida (Nematoda) allowed the repeated evolution of zooparasites, with an outlook on evolution of life cycles within Spiroascarida"
315:, a common bacterial species, is known best for its numerous pathogenic strains that can cause numerous illnesses and conditions. However, many strains of
102:
The word "commensalism" is derived from the word "commensal", meaning "eating at the same table" in human social interaction, which in turn comes through
1900:
3031:
2284:
1942:"Relationships between phoretic mites and their carrier, the banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis Oliver (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"
240:
process may have begun during the initial commensal stage of dog domestication, even before humans began to be active partners in the process.
480:
making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.
603:
Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include
3175:
2093:
39:
are specially adapted to attach themselves to larger fish (or other animals, in this case a sea turtle) that provide locomotion and food.
3245:
777:"Large-scale assessment of commensalistic-mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos"
645:
is one animal associating with another until the latter dies, then the former feeds on the corpse of the latter. Examples include some
1643:"Size structure of dense populations of the brittle star Ophiura sarsii (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) in the bathyal zone around Japan"
2817:
2782:
1400:"Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou"
78:
organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consistent with its habits, as in the
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also benefits from the variable ambient conditions created by the body's mucous membranes, and as such can be found in the
183:
distances. Later, these animals developed closer social or economic bonds with humans and led to a domestic relationship.
3448:
874:"Human activities and landscape features interact to closely define the distribution and dispersal of an urban commensal"
3201:
3024:
2865:
2277:
1741:"Callogorgia spp. and Their Brittle Stars: Recording Unknown Relationships in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea"
295:
normally produces no symptoms, in individuals who are immunocompromised or suffering from existing conditions such as
2537:
1617:
1692:"Mutualistic symbiosis with ophiuroids limited the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep-sea octocorals"
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2998:
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679:– long-term interactions between different biological species, which can be mutualistic, commensal or parasitic
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including captivity and then human-controlled breeding. From this perspective, animal domestication is a
162:) are commensals, having lived alongside humans for thousands of years after being domesticated from the
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Like all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived
58:
gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with
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are metabiotic commensals, and are present on roughly 20 to 30% of the human population as part of the
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1941:
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17:
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1915:
1545:"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks"
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3701:
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1997:"Interactions between Phoretic Mites and the Arabian Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes agamemnon arabicus"
848:
180:
3009:
2640:
1398:
Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff HD, Gates CC, Mariani S, Paquet PC, Vilà C, Wayne RK (October 2007).
872:
Tang, Qian; Low, Gabriel Weijie; Lim, Jia Ying; Gwee, Chyi Yin; Rheindt, Frank E. (21 July 2018).
133:, refers to professors eating at the same table as students (as they live in the same "college").
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feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals. Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal
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1307:
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1189:
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885:
741:
220:
126:
1371:
Turnbull PF, Reed CA (1974). "The fauna from the terminal
Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave".
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8:
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1241:"An Ecological and Evolutionary Framework for Commensalism in Anthropogenic Environments"
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1996:
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559:. Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
516:
195:
process in which a population responds to selective pressure while adapting to a novel
1877:
1809:
Durden LA (June 1991). "Pseudoscorpions
Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea".
1569:
1544:
1031:
Larson G, Karlsson EK, Perri A, Webster MT, Ho SY, Peters J, et al. (June 2012).
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was the first domesticated animal, and was domesticated and widely established across
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2316:
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2016:
1981:
1969:
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1623:
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1518:"Dogs likely originated in Europe more than 18,000 years ago, UCLA biologists report"
1490:
1429:
1424:
1399:
1319:
1298:
Morey DF (1992). "Size, shape and development in the evolution of the domestic dog".
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1213:
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1072:
919:
901:
808:
757:
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673:– where both organisms occupy the same dwelling, but do not interfere with each other
1739:
Mejía-Quintero, Katherine; Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Montoya-Cadavid, Erika (2021).
1502:
1441:
1033:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"
1017:
969:
247:
A different study has identified the remains of a population of extinct
Pleistocene
236:
level of human intentionality in the domestication process, which remains untested.
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2008:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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In deep-sea, benthic environments there is an associative relationship between
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2020:
1973:
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live on and in the human body as part of its natural flora. The fungal genus
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Janssens L, Giemsch L, Schmitz R, Street M, Van Dongen S, Crombé P (2018).
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oxidize ammonium to nitrite; and second, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by
379:
332:
296:
170:). Due to its range being expanded with human assistance, the pigeon has a
147:
2012:
1995:
Al-Deeb, Mohammad Ali; Muzaffar, Sabir Bin; Sharif, Eyas
Mohammad (2012).
1738:
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1163:
115:
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2625:
2587:
2562:
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that benefit at least one of the participants and cause harm to neither.
608:
581:
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267:
216:
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1384:
853:. International scientific series. Vol. 19. London: Henry S. King.
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67:
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567:
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2522:
2459:
2449:
2424:
2416:
2361:
2292:
2235:
2220:
2214:
1336:
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676:
642:
612:
552:
520:
505:
476:
457:
336:
224:
163:
91:
51:
2108:
1830:
661:– where both organisms experience mutual benefit in the relationship
584:
is the use of a second organism for permanent housing. Examples are
519:
is one animal attached to another exclusively for transport, mainly
3751:
3680:
3211:
3039:
2718:
2630:
2577:
2532:
1592:
Watling, Les; France, Scott C.; Pante, Eric; Simpson, Anne (2011).
1142:
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646:
585:
277:
86:
and other fishes. Remoras feed on their hosts' fecal matter, while
488:
125:, meaning "table" or "meal". Commensality, at the Universities of
3741:
3548:
3418:
3413:
3040:
2988:
2648:
2293:
2152:
2116:
2109:
667:– where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism.
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412:
212:
55:
774:
2055:
592:
548:
532:
528:
83:
79:
36:
1238:
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1772:
1239:
Hulme-Beaman A, Dobney K, Cucchi T, Searle JB (August 2016).
1179:
588:
281:
1089:
595:) that grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees.
1542:
556:
524:
493:
401:
spp. because they use nitrite to obtain energy for growth.
232:
1030:
456:
Whether the relationship between humans and some types of
1591:
540:
536:
475:
in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example,
361:, will also engage in commensalism for similar purposes.
208:
66:, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; and
1454:
1397:
1092:"A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered"
775:
Mikula P, Hadrava J, Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P (2018).
364:
199:
that includes another species with evolving behaviors.
1778:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
142:
1994:
94:
or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals.
998:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
508:
to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.
1852:
Tajovský K, Mock A, Krumpál M (2001). "Millipedes (
1851:
1543:Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H (July 1997).
62:, in which both organisms benefit from each other;
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948:Zeder MA (2012). "The Domestication of Animals".
255:
3828:
1901:National Council for Science and the Environment
1845:
1232:
1175:
1173:
419:
1689:
871:
70:, where one is harmed and the other benefits.
3025:
2278:
2094:
1939:
113:, meaning "sharing a table", from the prefix
1895:. In Mcginley, M.; Cleveland, C. J. (eds.).
1802:
1370:
1364:
1170:
1083:
995:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
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139:introduced the term "commensalism" in 1876.
1536:
1509:
1448:
1391:
1331:
1329:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
846:
768:
607:, which develop on and infest corpses, and
3246:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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3018:
2285:
2271:
2101:
2087:
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2028:
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1024:
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710:. Harvard University Press. p. 354.
695:
397:spp. benefit from their association with
3144:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2783:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1641:Fujita, Toshihiko; Ohta, Suguru (1990).
1326:
1135:
930:
566:
487:
146:
31:
3176:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1913:
1789:
1690:Girard, F.; Fu, B.; Fisher, CR (2016).
1515:
14:
3829:
2984:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1808:
701:
448:beginning from their juvenile stages.
3013:
2266:
2082:
1890:
1297:
1010:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813
947:
2999:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1335:
1141:
27:Beneficial symbiosis between species
3449:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
950:Journal of Anthropological Research
847:van Beneden, Pierre-Joseph (1876).
303:can occur, in which populations of
143:Examples of commensal relationships
24:
3202:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1946:International Journal of Acarology
1610:10.1016/B978-0-12-385529-9.00002-0
1594:"Biology of deep-water octocorals"
825:
25:
3853:
2538:Generalist and specialist species
2048:
1300:Journal of Archaeological Science
1245:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1099:Journal of Archaeological Science
436:Lyman and the octocoral primnoid
3261:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2054:
1914:Sudhaus, W. (30 December 2010).
1858:European Journal of Soil Biology
1771:
1425:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03458.x
754:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x
615:shells to protect their bodies.
577:growing on an oak tree in Mexico
223:when hunter-gatherers preyed on
3281:Relative abundance distribution
2994:Plant defense against herbivory
2861:Competitive exclusion principle
2573:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1988:
1933:
1907:
1884:
1783:
1732:
1683:
1634:
1585:
708:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
685:– species commensal with humans
618:
2866:Consumer–resource interactions
1699:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1647:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1516:Wolpert S (14 November 2013).
865:
850:Animal parasites and messmates
840:
819:
724:
562:
13:
1:
3712:Biological data visualization
3539:Environmental niche modelling
3266:Population viability analysis
1966:10.1080/01647954.2019.1656286
1878:10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01108-6
1549:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1156:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687
689:
598:
3197:Density-dependent inhibition
1320:10.1016/0305-4403(92)90049-9
962:10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.201
637:
451:
420:Octocorals and Brittle Stars
97:
7:
3666:Liebig's law of the minimum
3501:Resource selection function
2392:Metabolic theory of ecology
1745:Frontiers in Marine Science
833:Online Etymology Dictionary
652:
438:Metallogorgia melanotrichos
393:spp. and similar bacteria.
10:
3858:
3566:Niche apportionment models
3286:Relative species abundance
2490:Primary nutritional groups
2387:List of feeding behaviours
2178:Behavior-altering parasite
1891:Hogan, C. Michael (2011).
1598:Advances in Marine Biology
1266:10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.001
511:
265:
119:, meaning "together", and
54:) in which members of one
3815:
3747:Ecosystem based fisheries
3689:
3589:
3514:
3387:
3359:Interspecific competition
3324:
3251:Minimum viable population
3184:
3109:Maximum sustainable yield
3094:Intraspecific competition
3089:Effective population size
3052:
2969:Anti-predator adaptations
2954:
2833:
2760:
2717:
2639:
2606:
2503:
2480:Photosynthetic efficiency
2415:
2309:
2188:Host–parasite coevolution
2123:
2001:Journal of Insect Science
1792:Biology of the Bromeliads
1758:10.3389/fmars.2021.735039
1477:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072
1119:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004
878:Evolutionary Applications
498:Pseudolynchia canariensis
172:cosmopolitan distribution
137:Pierre-Joseph van Beneden
3737:Ecological stoichiometry
3702:Alternative stable state
1533:Statement by Wayne, R.K.
859:10.5962/bhl.title.132633
704:"Ch.17-Social Symbiosis"
523:, examples of which are
483:
335:, as well as inside the
3837:Biological interactions
3581:Ontogenetic niche shift
3444:Ideal free distribution
3354:Ecological facilitation
3104:Malthusian growth model
3074:Consumer-resource model
2931:Paradox of the plankton
2896:Energy systems language
2616:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2583:Optimal foraging theory
2558:Heterotrophic nutrition
2113:biological interactions
2072:Encyclopædia Britannica
1373:Fieldiana: Anthropology
1202:10.1126/science.1243650
1058:10.1073/pnas.1203005109
734:Journal of Fish Biology
202:
160:Columba livia domestica
3727:Ecological forecasting
3671:Marginal value theorem
3469:Landscape epidemiology
3404:Cross-boundary subsidy
3339:Biological interaction
2689:Microbial intelligence
2377:Green world hypothesis
578:
501:
215:before the end of the
175:
82:that ride attached to
48:biological interaction
40:
3732:Ecological humanities
3631:Ecological energetics
3576:Niche differentiation
3439:Habitat fragmentation
3207:Ecological extinction
3154:Small population size
2906:Feed conversion ratio
2886:Ecological succession
2818:San Francisco Estuary
2732:Ecological efficiency
2674:Microbial cooperation
2013:10.1673/031.012.12801
1897:Encyclopedia of Earth
570:
491:
464:is still unanswered.
312:Staphylococcus aureus
307:grow out of control.
299:, a condition called
150:
35:
3757:Evolutionary ecology
3722:Ecological footprint
3717:Ecological economics
3641:Ecological threshold
3636:Ecological indicator
3506:Source–sink dynamics
3459:Land change modeling
3454:Insular biogeography
3306:Species distribution
3045:Modelling ecosystems
2704:Microbial metabolism
2543:Intraguild predation
2332:Biogeochemical cycle
2298:Modelling ecosystems
2203:Parasitic castration
2143:Deception in animals
2063:at Wikimedia Commons
1856:) in birdsˈ nests".
1561:10.1128/CMR.10.3.505
632:species interactions
221:Last Glacial Maximum
3807:Theoretical ecology
3782:Natural environment
3646:Ecosystem diversity
3616:Ecological collapse
3606:Bateman's principle
3561:Limiting similarity
3474:Landscape limnology
3296:Species homogeneity
3134:Population modeling
3129:Population dynamics
2946:Trophic state index
1958:2019IJAca..45..361B
1870:2001EJSB...37..321T
1823:1991Biotr..23..204D
1790:Benzing DH (1980).
1711:2016MEPS..549...89G
1659:1990MEPS...64..113F
1469:2007CBio...17.1146L
1416:2007MolEc..16.4149M
1350:1999AmSci..87.....T
1312:1992JArSc..19..181M
1257:2016TEcoE..31..633H
1194:2013Sci...342..871T
1150:(5319): 1687–1689.
1111:2018JArSc..92..126J
1049:2012PNAS..109.8878L
890:2018EvApp..11.1598T
746:2003JFBio..63.1176W
574:Tillandsia bourgaei
444:this relationship.
276:Numerous genera of
3818:Outline of ecology
3767:Industrial ecology
3762:Functional ecology
3626:Ecological deficit
3571:Niche construction
3534:Ecosystem engineer
3311:Species–area curve
3232:Introduced species
3047:: Other components
2979:Deimatic behaviour
2881:Ecological network
2813:North Pacific Gyre
2798:hydrothermal vents
2737:Ecological pyramid
2684:Microbial food web
2495:Primary production
2440:Foundation species
2242:Cleaning symbiosis
1798:: Mad River Press.
1796:Eureka, California
1668:10.3354/meps064113
1358:10.1511/1999.2.160
1338:American Scientist
794:10.7717/peerj.4520
702:Wilson EO (1975).
579:
502:
434:Ophiocreas oedipus
343:species including
176:
41:
3824:
3823:
3707:Balance of nature
3464:Landscape ecology
3349:Community ecology
3291:Species diversity
3227:Indicator species
3222:Gradient analysis
3099:Logistic function
3007:
3006:
2964:Animal coloration
2941:Trophic mutualism
2679:Microbial ecology
2470:Photoheterotrophs
2455:Myco-heterotrophy
2367:Ecosystem ecology
2352:Carrying capacity
2317:Abiotic component
2260:
2259:
2059:Media related to
1899:. Washington DC:
1719:10.3354/meps11697
1404:Molecular Ecology
898:10.1111/eva.12650
826:Harper, Douglas.
717:978-0-674-00089-6
383:spp. and certain
16:(Redirected from
3849:
3524:Ecological niche
3496:selection theory
3316:Umbrella species
3301:Species richness
3237:Invasive species
3217:Flagship species
3124:Population cycle
3119:Overexploitation
3084:Ecological yield
3034:
3027:
3020:
3011:
3010:
2916:Mesotrophic soil
2856:Climax community
2788:Marine food webs
2727:Biomagnification
2528:Chemoorganotroph
2382:Keystone species
2342:Biotic component
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2223:
2198:Kleptoparasitism
2183:Brood parasitism
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:. 29 April 2023.
2058:
2043:
2042:
2032:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1952:(6–7): 361–365.
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1653:(1/2): 113–122.
1638:
1632:
1631:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1488:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1028:
1022:
1021:
993:
974:
973:
945:
928:
927:
917:
884:(9): 1598–1608.
869:
863:
862:
844:
838:
837:
823:
817:
816:
806:
796:
772:
766:
765:
740:(5): 1176–1183.
728:
722:
721:
699:
649:and some mites.
551:or beetles, and
460:is commensal or
249:Beringian wolves
186:The leap from a
21:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3811:
3797:Systems ecology
3685:
3656:Extinction debt
3621:Ecological debt
3611:Bioluminescence
3592:
3585:
3554:marine habitats
3529:Ecological trap
3510:
3390:
3383:
3326:
3320:
3276:Rapoport's rule
3271:Priority effect
3212:Endemic species
3180:
3139:Population size
3055:
3048:
3038:
3008:
3003:
2956:
2950:
2936:Trophic cascade
2846:Bioaccumulation
2829:
2756:
2713:
2635:
2602:
2499:
2411:
2372:Ecosystem model
2305:
2291:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2240:
2226:
2219:
2119:
2107:
2066:
2051:
2046:
1993:
1989:
1938:
1934:
1923:Palaeodiversity
1918:
1912:
1908:
1889:
1885:
1850:
1846:
1831:10.2307/2388309
1807:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1639:
1635:
1620:
1590:
1586:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1510:
1463:(13): 1146–50.
1457:Current Biology
1453:
1449:
1410:(19): 4149–70.
1396:
1392:
1369:
1365:
1334:
1327:
1296:
1292:
1237:
1233:
1188:(6160): 871–4.
1178:
1171:
1140:
1136:
1128:1854/LU-8550758
1094:
1088:
1084:
1043:(23): 8878–83.
1029:
1025:
994:
977:
946:
931:
870:
866:
845:
841:
824:
820:
773:
769:
729:
725:
718:
700:
696:
692:
655:
640:
621:
601:
565:
545:pseudoscorpions
514:
486:
454:
422:
374:
274:
264:
205:
181:fight-or-flight
145:
100:
46:is a long-term
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Microecosystem
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3676:Thorson's rule
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Assembly rules
3597:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3486:
3484:Patch dynamics
3481:
3479:Metapopulation
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3374:Storage effect
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Neutral theory
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Native species
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Overpopulation
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Nutrient cycle
2918:
2913:
2911:Feeding frenzy
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Energy quality
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2851:Cascade effect
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Microbial loop
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Lithoautotroph
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2641:Microorganisms
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2598:Prey switching
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Photosynthesis
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Chemosynthesis
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Abiotic stress
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:"Commensalism"
2064:
2050:
2049:External links
2047:
2045:
2044:
1987:
1932:
1906:
1893:"Commensalism"
1883:
1844:
1801:
1782:
1731:
1682:
1633:
1618:
1584:
1535:
1522:UCLA News Room
1508:
1447:
1390:
1363:
1325:
1306:(2): 181–204.
1290:
1251:(8): 633–645.
1231:
1169:
1134:
1082:
1023:
975:
956:(2): 161–190.
929:
864:
839:
828:"commensalism"
818:
767:
723:
716:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
654:
651:
639:
636:
620:
617:
600:
597:
591:(such as many
564:
561:
513:
510:
485:
482:
453:
450:
421:
418:
385:crenarchaeotes
373:
363:
358:S. epidermidis
352:S. lugdunensis
341:Staphylococcus
333:nasal cavities
272:Staphylococcus
263:
261:Staphylococcus
254:
204:
201:
193:coevolutionary
144:
141:
108:Medieval Latin
99:
96:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3854:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Urban ecology
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Kleiber's law
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Foster's rule
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:Trophic level
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2709:Phage ecology
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Microbial mat
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Bacteriophage
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Decomposition
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Mesopredators
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Apex predator
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Biotic stress
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Hyperparasite
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:Inter-species
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:9780123855299
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:(3): 505–20.
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1379:(3): 81–146.
1378:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
925:
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
856:
852:
851:
843:
835:
834:
829:
822:
814:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
719:
713:
709:
705:
698:
694:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
650:
648:
644:
635:
633:
629:
625:
616:
614:
610:
606:
596:
594:
590:
587:
583:
576:
575:
571:Inquilinism:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
509:
507:
499:
495:
490:
481:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:brittle stars
427:
417:
414:
410:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
306:
302:
301:aspergillosis
298:
294:
289:
288:
283:
279:
273:
269:
262:
258:
253:
250:
245:
241:
237:
234:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
189:
184:
182:
173:
169:
168:Columba livia
165:
161:
157:
156:feral pigeons
153:
149:
140:
138:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:
112:
109:
105:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3787:Regime shift
3772:Macroecology
3493:
3489:
3429:Edge effects
3399:Biogeography
3344:Commensalism
3343:
3192:Biodiversity
3069:Allee effect
2808:kelp forests
2761:Example webs
2626:Detritivores
2465:Organotrophs
2445:Kinetotrophs
2397:Productivity
2133:Commensalism
2132:
2071:
2061:Commensalism
2007:(128): 128.
2004:
2000:
1990:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1886:
1864:(4): 321–3.
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1817:(2): 204–6.
1814:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1785:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1702:
1698:
1685:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1511:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1341:
1337:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1185:
1181:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1001:
997:
953:
949:
881:
877:
867:
849:
842:
831:
821:
784:
780:
770:
737:
733:
726:
707:
697:
641:
627:
624:Facilitation
623:
622:
619:Facilitation
611:, which use
609:hermit crabs
602:
580:
572:
515:
503:
497:
466:
455:
446:
442:
437:
433:
423:
411:
406:fermentation
403:
399:Nitrosomonas
398:
394:
388:
380:Nitrosomonas
378:
375:
369:
366:Nitrosomonas
365:
356:
350:
344:
340:
324:
316:
310:
309:
304:
297:tuberculosis
292:
285:
275:
260:
256:
246:
242:
238:
229:
206:
188:synanthropic
185:
177:
167:
159:
135:
120:
114:
110:
101:
72:
44:Commensalism
43:
42:
29:
3424:Disturbance
3327:interaction
3149:Recruitment
3079:Depensation
2871:Copiotrophs
2742:Energy flow
2664:Lithotrophy
2608:Decomposers
2588:Planktivore
2563:Insectivore
2553:Heterotroph
2518:Bacterivore
2485:Phototrophs
2435:Chemotrophs
2407:Restoration
2357:Competition
2168:Synnecrosis
2148:Inquilinism
2138:Competition
1527:10 December
1486:10261/61282
1210:10261/88173
1105:: 126–138.
1004:: 115–136.
683:Synanthrope
582:Inquilinism
563:Inquilinism
469:mutualistic
462:mutualistic
395:Nitrobacter
390:Nitrobacter
370:Nitrobacter
305:Aspergillus
293:Aspergillus
287:Aspergillus
268:Aspergillus
257:Aspergillus
217:Pleistocene
111:commensalis
3831:Categories
3792:Sexecology
3369:Parasitism
3334:Antibiosis
3169:Resistance
3164:Resilience
3054:Population
2974:Camouflage
2926:Oligotroph
2841:Ascendency
2803:intertidal
2793:cold seeps
2747:Food chain
2548:Herbivores
2523:Carnivores
2450:Mixotrophs
2425:Autotrophs
2304:components
2249:Mycorrhiza
2228:Intraguild
2208:Parasitoid
2173:Parasitism
2163:Neutralism
2128:Amensalism
1929:: 117–130.
1811:Biotropica
1604:: 41–122.
1344:(2): 160.
690:References
671:Parabiosis
665:Parasitism
630:describes
599:Metabiosis
553:millipedes
521:arthropods
496:on a fly (
426:octocorals
346:S. warneri
321:skin flora
266:See also:
92:herbivores
88:pilot fish
68:parasitism
64:amensalism
3842:Symbiosis
3697:Allometry
3651:Emergence
3379:Symbiosis
3364:Mutualism
3159:Stability
3064:Abundance
2876:Dominance
2834:Processes
2823:tide pool
2719:Food webs
2593:Predation
2578:Omnivores
2505:Consumers
2460:Mycotroph
2417:Producers
2362:Ecosystem
2327:Behaviour
2236:Symbiosis
2221:Carnivore
2215:Predation
2158:Mutualism
2021:1536-2442
1982:202867426
1974:0164-7954
1854:Diplopoda
1767:2296-7745
1705:: 89–98.
1276:2164/6176
906:1752-4571
787:: e4520.
762:0022-1112
677:Symbiosis
659:Mutualism
647:nematodes
643:Necromeny
638:Necromeny
628:probiosis
613:gastropod
586:epiphytic
531:(such as
506:symbioses
492:Phoretic
477:epiphytes
473:parasitic
458:gut flora
452:Arguments
337:ear canal
325:S. aureus
317:S. aureus
225:megafauna
164:rock dove
131:Cambridge
106:from the
98:Etymology
60:mutualism
52:symbiosis
18:Commensal
3752:Endolith
3681:Xerosere
3593:networks
3409:Ecocline
2955:Defense,
2631:Detritus
2533:Foraging
2402:Resource
2039:23448160
1677:24844596
1628:21962750
1503:14039133
1495:17583509
1442:14459019
1434:17725575
1385:29782462
1285:27297117
1218:24233726
1077:22615366
1018:56381833
970:85348232
924:30344630
813:29576981
653:See also
368:spp and
339:. Other
278:bacteria
152:Domestic
3742:Ecopath
3549:Habitat
3419:Ecotype
3414:Ecotone
3391:ecology
3389:Spatial
3325:Species
3185:Species
3056:ecology
3041:Ecology
2989:Mimicry
2957:counter
2901:f-ratio
2649:Archaea
2337:Biomass
2310:General
2302:Trophic
2294:Ecology
2153:Mimicry
2117:ecology
2030:3637038
1954:Bibcode
1866:Bibcode
1839:2388309
1819:Bibcode
1707:Bibcode
1655:Bibcode
1579:9227864
1465:Bibcode
1412:Bibcode
1346:Bibcode
1308:Bibcode
1253:Bibcode
1226:1526260
1190:Bibcode
1182:Science
1164:9180076
1144:Science
1107:Bibcode
1068:3384140
1045:Bibcode
915:6183452
886:Bibcode
804:5863707
742:Bibcode
605:maggots
593:orchids
549:mammals
533:beetles
529:insects
517:Phoresy
512:Phoresy
413:Biofilm
213:Eurasia
80:remoras
56:species
2773:Rivers
2669:Marine
2037:
2027:
2019:
1980:
1972:
1837:
1765:
1724:24 May
1675:
1626:
1616:
1577:
1570:172932
1567:
1501:
1493:
1440:
1432:
1383:
1283:
1224:
1216:
1162:
1075:
1065:
1016:
968:
922:
912:
904:
811:
801:
760:
714:
589:plants
127:Oxford
104:French
84:sharks
37:Remora
3690:Other
3591:Other
3544:Guild
3516:Niche
2768:Lakes
1978:S2CID
1919:(PDF)
1835:JSTOR
1695:(PDF)
1673:JSTOR
1499:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1381:JSTOR
1222:S2CID
1095:(PDF)
1014:S2CID
966:S2CID
781:PeerJ
557:birds
537:flies
525:mites
494:mites
484:Types
282:fungi
197:niche
122:mensa
2778:Soil
2035:PMID
2017:ISSN
1970:ISSN
1763:ISSN
1726:2023
1624:PMID
1614:ISBN
1575:PMID
1529:2014
1491:PMID
1430:PMID
1281:PMID
1214:PMID
1160:PMID
1073:PMID
920:PMID
902:ISSN
809:PMID
758:ISSN
712:ISBN
541:bees
428:and
355:and
331:and
329:oral
280:and
270:and
259:and
233:cats
207:The
203:Dogs
154:and
129:and
116:com-
76:host
2115:in
2025:PMC
2009:doi
1962:doi
1874:doi
1827:doi
1753:doi
1715:doi
1703:549
1663:doi
1606:doi
1565:PMC
1557:doi
1481:hdl
1473:doi
1420:doi
1354:doi
1316:doi
1271:hdl
1261:doi
1206:hdl
1198:doi
1186:342
1152:doi
1148:276
1123:hdl
1115:doi
1063:PMC
1053:doi
1041:109
1006:doi
958:doi
910:PMC
894:doi
855:doi
799:PMC
789:doi
750:doi
626:or
555:on
547:on
543:),
539:or
527:on
471:or
372:spp
209:dog
3833::
3239:/
3043::
2300::
2296::
2070:.
2033:.
2023:.
2015:.
2005:12
2003:.
1999:.
1976:.
1968:.
1960:.
1950:45
1948:.
1944:.
1925:.
1921:.
1872:.
1862:37
1860:.
1833:.
1825:.
1815:23
1813:.
1794:.
1761:.
1751:.
1747:.
1743:.
1713:.
1701:.
1697:.
1671:.
1661:.
1651:64
1649:.
1645:.
1622:.
1612:.
1602:60
1600:.
1596:.
1573:.
1563:.
1553:10
1551:.
1547:.
1520:.
1497:.
1489:.
1479:.
1471:.
1461:17
1459:.
1436:.
1428:.
1418:.
1408:16
1406:.
1402:.
1377:63
1375:.
1352:.
1342:87
1340:.
1328:^
1314:.
1304:19
1302:.
1279:.
1269:.
1259:.
1249:31
1247:.
1243:.
1220:.
1212:.
1204:.
1196:.
1184:.
1172:^
1158:.
1146:.
1121:.
1113:.
1103:92
1101:.
1097:.
1071:.
1061:.
1051:.
1039:.
1035:.
1012:.
1002:45
1000:.
978:^
964:.
954:68
952:.
932:^
918:.
908:.
900:.
892:.
882:11
880:.
876:.
830:.
807:.
797:.
783:.
779:.
756:.
748:.
738:63
736:.
706:.
535:,
440:.
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323:.
227:.
174:.
3494:K
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3490:r
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3019:v
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2272:v
2102:e
2095:t
2088:v
2041:.
2011::
1984:.
1964::
1956::
1927:3
1903:.
1880:.
1876::
1868::
1841:.
1829::
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1780:.
1769:.
1755::
1749:8
1728:.
1717::
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1679:.
1665::
1657::
1630:.
1608::
1581:.
1559::
1531:.
1505:.
1483::
1475::
1467::
1444:.
1422::
1414::
1387:.
1360:.
1356::
1348::
1322:.
1318::
1310::
1287:.
1273::
1263::
1255::
1228:.
1208::
1200::
1192::
1166:.
1154::
1131:.
1125::
1117::
1109::
1079:.
1055::
1047::
1020:.
1008::
972:.
960::
926:.
896::
888::
861:.
857::
836:.
815:.
791::
785:6
764:.
752::
744::
720:.
500:)
166:(
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20:)
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