Rock dove - Knowledge

902:. A study of melanin in the feathers of both wild rock and domestic pigeons, of different coloration types and known genetic background, measured the concentration, distribution and proportions of eumelanin and pheomelanin and found that gene mutations affecting the distribution, amounts and proportions of pigments accounted for the greater variation of coloration in domesticated birds than in their wild relations. Eumelanin generally causes grey or black coloration, while pheomelanin results in a reddish-brown colour. Other shades of brown may be produced through different combinations and concentrations of the two colours. As in other animals, white pigeons have little to no pigment. Darker birds may be better able to store trace metals in their feathers due to their higher concentrations of melanin, which may help mitigate the negative effects of the metals, the concentrations of which are typically higher in urban areas. Pigeons, especially 1011: 1248:

pigeons, they cannot digest adult plant tissue; the various seeds they eat contain the appropriate nutrients they require. While most birds take small sips and tilt their heads backwards when drinking, pigeons are able to dip their bills into the water and drink continuously, without having to tilt their heads back. In cities they typically resort to scavenging human garbage, as unprocessed grain may be impossible to find. Pigeon groups typically consist of producers, which locate and obtain food, and scroungers, which feed on food obtained by the producers. Generally, groups of pigeons contain a greater proportion of scroungers than producers.

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human structures with ample crevices are conducive to rock dove nesting. Thus the modern range of the rock dove is due in large part to humans. Agricultural settlements are favoured over forested ones. Ideal human nesting attributes combine areas with tall buildings, green spaces, ample access to human food, and schools. Conversely, suburban areas which are far from city centers and have high street density are the least conducive to pigeons. Their versatility among human structures is evidenced by a population living inside a deep well in Tunisia.

38: 1773: 215: 1761: 1704: 1102: 94: 844: 939: 1356: 866:, it is a typical pigeon. Although it is a relatively strong flier, it also glides frequently, holding its wings in a very pronounced V shape as it does. As prey birds, they must keep their vigilance, and when disturbed a pigeon within a flock will take off with a noisy clapping sound that cues for other pigeons to take to flight. The noise of the take-off increases the faster a pigeon beats its wings, thus advertising the magnitude of a perceived threat to its flockmates. 1725: 4820: 1713: 709: 1695: 69: 434: 757: 1244:. Additional food is also usually available from waste bins, tourists or residents who feed bird seed to pigeons for reasons such as empathy, fun, tradition and as a means for social interaction. Pigeons tend to congregate in large, often thick flocks when feeding on discarded food, and may be observed flying skillfully around trees, buildings, telephone poles and cables and even through moving traffic just to reach a food source. 1363: 1094: 840:

lower jaw. The latter has an angled shape in side view because the long-axis of the front half of the lower jaw is at a 30° angle to the back half. Beneath the skull, the hyoid skeleton involves three mid-line structures and a pair of elongate structures that stem from between the junction of the back two structures. The anterior structure (the paraglossum or entoglossum) is unpaired and shaped like an arrowhead.

1558: 1653:, and that they do not transmit the virus to poultry. Other studies have presented evidence of clinical signs and neurological lesions resulting from infection but found that the pigeons did not transmit the disease to poultry reared in direct contact with them. Pigeons were found to be "resistant or minimally susceptible" to other strains of avian influenza, such as the 874: 1110: 1123:

avian species, such as seabirds, it could be a conservation issue. Current evidence suggests that wild, domestic and feral pigeons mate for life, although their long-term bonds are not unbreakable. They are socially monogamous, but extra-pair matings do occur, often initiated by males. Due to their ability to produce

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powder, helps maintain the plumage. Some varieties of domestic pigeon have modified feathers called "fat quills". These feathers contain yellow, oil-like fat that derives from the same cells as powder down. This is used while preening and helps reduce bacterial degradation of feathers by feather bacilli.

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relationship with humans, gaining both ample access to food and nesting spots in civilized areas. Human structures provide an excellent imitation of cliff structures, making rock doves very common around human habitation. Skyscrapers, highway overpasses, farm buildings, abandoned buildings, and other

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Many domestic birds have gotten lost, escaped or been released over the years and have given rise to feral pigeons. These show a variety of plumages, although many have the blue-barred pattern as does the pure rock dove. Feral pigeons are found in cities and towns all over the world. The scarcity of

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The body feathers have dense, fluffy bases and are loosely attached to the skin, hence they drop out easily. When a predator catches a pigeon large numbers of feathers come out in the attacker's mouth and the pigeon may use this temporary distraction to make an escape. It also tends to drop the tail

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Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern compared to their wild ancestors. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Urban

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There have been numerous skeletal descriptions of the rock dove and the associated muscles including those of the eye, jaw, neck, and throat. The skull is dominated by the rostrum, eye socket, and braincase. The quadrate bone is relatively small and mobile and connects the rest of the cranium to the

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strain. Three studies have been done since the late 1990s by the US Agriculture Department's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia, according to the center's director, David Swayne. The lab has been working on bird flu since the 1970s. In one experiment, researchers squirted into

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The rock dove breeds at any time of the year, but peak times are spring and summer. Nesting sites are along coastal cliff faces, as well as the artificial cliff faces created by apartment buildings with accessible ledges or roof spaces. Pigeons can compete with native birds for nest sites. For some

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The white lower back of the pure rock dove is its best identification characteristic; the two black bars on its pale grey wings are also distinctive. The tail has a black band on the end, and the outer web of the tail feathers are margined with white. It is strong and quick on the wing, dashing out

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for preening, which gives a soft and silky feel to their plumage. They have no preen gland or at times have very rudimentary preen glands, so oil is not used for preening. Rather, powder down feathers are spread across the body. These have a tendency to disintegrate, and the powder, akin to talcum

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Non-vocal sounds include a loud flapping noise at take-off, feet stomping, hisses, and beak snapping. Wings may also be clapped during flights, usually during display fights or after copulation. Juveniles particularly snap their bills, usually to respond to nest invasion. The foot stomping appears

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The nest is a flimsy platform of straw and sticks, laid on a ledge, under cover, often on the window ledges of buildings. Two white eggs are laid; incubation, shared by both parents, lasts 17 to 19 days. The newly hatched squab (nestling) has pale yellow down and a flesh-coloured bill with a dark

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The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long with a 62 to 72 cm (24 to 28 in) wingspan. Weight for wild or feral rock doves ranges from 238–380 g (8.4–13.4 oz), though overfed domestic and semidomestic individuals can exceed

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rituals can be observed in urban parks at any time of the year. The male on the ground or rooftops puffs up the feathers on his neck to appear larger and thereby impress or attract attention. He approaches the female at a rapid walking pace while emitting repetitive quiet notes, often bowing and

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Feral pigeons are usually unable to find these accommodations, so they must nest on building ledges, walls or statues. They may damage these structures via their faeces; starving birds can only excrete urates, which over time corrodes masonry and metal. In contrast, a well-fed bird passes mostly

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breeds, are well known for their ability to find their way home from long distances. Despite these demonstrated abilities, wild rock doves are sedentary and rarely leave their local areas. It is hypothesized that in their natural, arid habitat, they rely on this sense to navigate back home after

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Pigeons feed on the ground in flocks or individually. Pigeons are naturally granivorous, eating seeds that fit down their gullet. They may sometimes consume small invertebrates such as worms or insect larvae as a protein supplement. As they do not possess an enlarged cecum as in European wood

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aboard European ships between 1603 and 1607. The species (including ferals) has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large global population, including an estimated 17 to 28 million individuals in Europe.

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Pigeons have notably been "employed" as medical imaging data sorters. They have been successfully trained under research conditions to examine data on a screen for the purposes of detecting breast cancer. They appear to use their innate visual navigation skills to do so.

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pigeons' mouths liquid drops that contained the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus from a Hong Kong sample. The birds received 100 to 1,000 times the concentration that wild birds would encounter in nature. "We couldn't infect the pigeons", Swayne said. "So that's good news."

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are natural predators of pigeons and quite adept at catching and feeding upon this species. Up to 80% of the diet of peregrine falcons in several cities that have breeding falcons is composed of feral pigeons. Some common predators of feral pigeons in North America are

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A rock dove's lifespan ranges from 3–5 years in the wild to 15 years in captivity, though longer-lived specimens have been reported. The main causes of mortality in the wild are predators and persecution by humans. Some sources state the species was first introduced to

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along its neck and wing feathers. The iris is orange, red, or golden with a paler inner ring, and the bare skin round the eye is bluish-grey. The bill is grey-black with a conspicuous off-white cere, and the feet are purplish-red. Among standard measurements, the

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Wild pigeons reside in rock formations and cliff faces, settling in crevices to nest. They nest communally, often forming large colonies of many hundreds of individuals. Wild nesting sites include caves, canyons, and sea cliffs. They will even live in the

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in humans. It is generally transmitted from handling pigeons or their droppings (more commonly the latter). Psittacosis is a serious disease but rarely fatal (less than 1%). Pigeons are also important vectors for various species of the bacteria

1111: 1113: 1127:, pigeons can breed at any time of year. Pigeons breed when the food supply is abundant enough to support embryonic egg development, which in cities, can be any time of the year. Laying of eggs can take place up to six times per year. 772:

Young birds show little lustre and are duller. Eye colour of the pigeon is generally orange, but a few pigeons may have white-grey eyes. The eyelids are orange and encapsulated in a grey-white eye ring. The feet are red to pink.

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Pezzi, Marco; Leis, Marilena; Chicca, Milvia; Roy, Lise (1 October 2017). "Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy".

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Przybylska, Katarzyna; Haidt, Andżelika; Myczko, Łukasz; Ekner-Grzyb, Anna; Rosin, Zuzanna M.; Kwieciński, Zbigniew; Tryjanowski, Piotr; Suchodolska, Joanna; Takacs, Viktoria; Jankowiak, Łukasz; Tobółka, Marcin (2012-06-30).

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turning as he comes closer. At first, the female invariably walks or flies a short distance away and the male follows her until she stops. At this point, he continues the bowing motion and very often makes full- or half-

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The adult female is almost identical in outward appearance to the male, but the iridescence on her neck is less intense and more restricted to the rear and sides, whereas that on the breast is often very obscure.

1114: 979:. When displaying, songs are partly sexual, partly threatening. They are accompanied by an inflated throat, tail fanning, strutting, and bowing. The alarm call, given at sight of predators, is a grunt-like 4246:"Minute excretion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) from experimentally infected domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) and lack of transmission to sentinel chickens" 1145:

in front of the female. The male then proceeds to feed the female by regurgitating food, as they do when feeding the young. The male then mounts the female, rearing backwards to be able to join their

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have greatly altered the rock dove. Feral pigeons, which have escaped domestication throughout history, have significant variations in plumage. When not specified, descriptions are for assumed

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in parks and gardens in the spring, but plentiful sources exist throughout the year from scavenging (e.g., food remnants left inside of dropped fast food cartons, in the form of

1053:, confirm its existence there for at least 300,000 years. However, this species has such a long history with humans that it is impossible to identify its original range exactly. 3942:; Russo, Tamara Pasqualina; Schettini, Rita; Mallardo, Karina; et al. (April 2014). "Occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in urban pigeons (Columba livia) in Italy". 1112: 4160:

Liu Y, Zhou J, Yang H, et al. (2007). "Susceptibility and transmissibility of pigeons to Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1".

1278:. In fact, with feral pigeons existing in almost every city in the world, they may form the majority of prey for several raptor species that live in urban areas. 1412: 3712: 987:

deliberate, though for what purpose is unclear. Foot stomping is done with a certain foot first, showing that rock doves have "footedness", similar to human

3490: 2174: 3810: 4205:"Neurotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) in experimentally infected pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica)" 1157:" (also called "pigeon milk" or "pigeon's milk"). The pigeon milk is produced in the crops of both parents in all species of pigeon and dove. Pigeons are 3178: 3977:

Osman, Kamelia M.; Mehrez, Mona; Erfan, Ahmed M.; Al Atfeehy, Nayerah (May 2013). "Salmonella enterica isolated from pigeon (Columba livia) in Egypt".

3348:"Tradición: una nueva razón para alimentar las palomas urbanas (Columba livia; Columbiformes: Columbidae), y cómo controlarlas de manera sostenible" 4099:

George, David R; Finn, Robert D; Graham, Kirsty M; Mul, Monique F; Maurer, Veronika; Moro, Claire Valiente; Sparagano, Olivier AE (25 March 2015).

2945:"Local and landscape-level factors affecting the density and distribution of the Feral Pigeon Columba livia var. domestica in an urban environment" 5139: 654: 5417: 784:. It is almost blackish on the head, rump and underparts with a white back and the iridescence of the nape extending onto the head. Subspecies 5217: 858:

When circling overhead, the white underwing of the bird becomes conspicuous. In its flight, behaviour, and voice, which is more of a dovecot

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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With only their flying abilities protecting them from predation, rock pigeons are a favourite almost around the world for a wide range of

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it is similar to the nominate in size but darker, with a stronger and more extensive iridescent sheen on the neck. It intergrades with

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is slightly smaller than the nominate, with similar plumage, but the back is concolorous with the mantle instead of white. Subspecies

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Panigrahy, B.; Senne, D.A.; Pedersen, J.C.; Shafer, A.L.; Pearson, J.E. (1996). "Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza".

2044: 5276: 4767: 3188: 3009:"Can interspecific competition and nest site availability explain the decrease of lesser kestrel Falco naumanni populations?" 2377: 2334: 2191: 1929: 1899: 446: 5170: 1847: 975:. Variations include an alarm call, a nest call, and noises made by juveniles. Sibley describes the nest call as a repeated 3861: 2895:"The effect of habitat and number of inhabitants on the population sizes of feral pigeons around towns in northern Poland" 2405: 1649:. One study has shown that adult pigeons are not clinically susceptible to the most dangerous strain of avian influenza, 5113: 5333: 4779: 4774: 4491: 3735: 3573: 3471: 2157: 2132: 1999: 2944: 1748: 1736: 1633:

Pigeons are also known to host avian mites, which can infest human habitation and bite humans, a condition known as

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normal weights. It has a dark bluish-grey head, neck, and chest with glossy yellowish, greenish, and reddish-purple

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Rodríguez, Beneharo; Rodríguez, Airam; Siverio, Felipe; Martínez, Juan Manuel; Sacramento, Enrique; Acosta, Yarci.

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Panigrahy B, Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Shafer AL, Pearson JE (1996). "Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza".

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Regan, Anne Marie (1 December 1987). "Nosocomial Dermatitis and Pruritus Caused by Pigeon Mite Infestation".

3882: 372: 1954: 4887: 4745: 1000: 578: 325:(doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon", although this is the 20: 5235: 4101:"Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science?" 3134:

Lovell-Mansbridge, C.; Birkhead, T.R. (1998). "Do female pigeons trade pair copulations for protection?".

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band. For the first few days, the baby squabs are tended and fed (through regurgitation) exclusively on "

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settlements in the early 17th century as the first place for species introduction in North America.

93: 5387: 5230: 4916: 4434: 3548: 2873: 2671:"Do trace metals select for darker birds in urban areas? An experimental exposure to lead and zinc" 1680: 1061:

so long as an area has rocks, water, and some plant matter. They prefer to avoid dense vegetation.

645: 5196: 5118: 3380: 3252: 2776: 4878: 4750: 4600: 2124: 2068: 1724: 1010: 928: 612: 582: 454: 204: 3753:"Pigeons (Columba livia) as Trainable Observers of Pathology and Radiology Breast Cancer Images" 3751:

Levenson, Richard M.; Krupinski, Elizabeth A.; Navarro, Victor M.; Wasserman, Edward A. (2015).

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evidence suggests the rock dove originated in southern Asia, and skeletal remains, unearthed in

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feathers when preyed upon or under traumatic conditions, probably as a distraction mechanism.

5302: 4569: 4484: 3706: 1599: 1531: 696: 636: 556: 474: 414: 345: 188: 5294: 3234: 3112: 2533: 413:, pigeons have become established in cities around the world. A commonly cited example of a 5328: 4942: 4898: 4761: 4697: 4558: 4552: 3764: 3392: 3020: 2670: 2602: 2108: 1331:. On the ground the adults, their young and their eggs are at risk from feral and domestic 1283: 738: 4429: 2655: 769:

from sea caves, flying low over the water, its lighter grey rump showing well from above.

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of 17 to 28 million feral and wild birds in Europe alone and up to 120 million worldwide.

348:) descended from this species. Escaped domestic pigeons have increased the populations of 8: 4823: 4547: 4025: 3674: 2247:"Darwin's pigeons and the evolution of the columbiforms: recapitulation of ancient genes" 1802: 1304: 1130:

Pigeons are often found in pairs during the breeding season, but usually the pigeons are

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is a typical blood-sucking ectoparasite of pigeons in tropical and subtropical regions.

559:. Pigeon chicks are called "squabs". Note that members of the lesser known pigeon genus 5105: 4950: 4682: 4593: 4400: 4302: 4185: 4130: 3898:"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in the feral pigeon population of Basel, Switzerland" 3787: 3752: 3418: 3273: 3159: 3093: 2964: 2924: 2865: 2846: 2797: 2698: 2620: 2571: 2502: 2471: 2434: 2383: 2318: 2197: 1590:, and long-term exposure to both droppings and feathers can induce an allergy known as 1257: 1025: 960: 863: 621: 368: 88: 4903: 3302: 3032: 2986: 2893:

Hetmański, Tomasz; Bocheński, Marcin; Tryjanowski, Piotr; Skórka, Piotr (2011-06-01).

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Jones, Marc. E. H.; Button, David J.; Barrett, P.M., Paul M; Porro B., Laura (2019).

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Pigeons are often found in pairs in the breeding season, but are usually gregarious.

750: 674: 662: 594: 512:), "diver", for the name of the bird, because of its swimming motion in the air. The 355:

Wild rock doves are pale grey with two black bars on each wing, whereas domestic and

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of all sizes, colours, and types have been bred. Domesticated pigeons are used as

5263: 5043: 4978: 4707: 4655: 4615: 4605: 4521: 4469: 4069: 3777: 3113:"Operational sex ratio and breeding strategies in the Feral Pigeon Columba livia" 2326: 2231: 1889: 1661: 1646: 1595: 1509: 1489: 1488:

Rock doves have been domesticated for several thousand years, giving rise to the

1483: 1296: 1028:, rock doves were restricted to a natural resident range in western and southern 658: 566: 552: 459: 402: 337: 214: 5320: 5209: 4955: 3811:"Why study pigeons? To understand why there are so many colors of feral pigeons" 2774:

Lowther, Peter E.; Johnston, Richard F. (March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.).

2077:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. 5359: 5064: 5051: 4714: 4670: 4627: 4583: 4449: 4100: 3078: 3065: 1583: 1579: 1505: 1396: 1173:

Rock doves are omnivorous, but prefer plant matter: chiefly fruits and grains.

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Geigenfeind, Ila; Vanrompay, Daisy; Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel (February 2012).

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Gilbert, Thomas (2014). "Pigeons, Domestication of". In Smith, Claire (ed.).

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foraging as deserts rarely possess navigational landmarks that may be used.

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Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916 – north Mali and south Algeria to central Sudan

5157: 4863: 4719: 4692: 4578: 4526: 4331:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from 4271: 4230: 4181: 4139: 4085: 3998: 3963: 3925: 3916: 3897: 3838:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from 3796: 3147: 2694: 2511: 1634: 1552: 1501: 1386: 1371: 1316: 1065: 1033: 1014: 843: 501: 410: 406: 398: 349: 330: 4412: 4314: 4262: 4245: 4041: 3990: 3955: 3269: 3155: 2793: 1101: 5268: 5191: 5126: 4872: 4687: 3648: 3485: 3483: 2554:

Davis, J.Michael (1975). "Socially induced flight reactions in pigeons".

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Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird

1627: 1612: 1587: 1527: 1336: 1311:. The birds that prey on pigeons in North America can range in size from 924: 899: 733: 574: 561: 548: 544: 4221: 4204: 3088: 1496:). They may have been domesticated as long as 5,000 years ago. Numerous 5354: 5082: 4729: 4504: 4500: 4404: 4306: 3041: 2850: 2016:"Rock Pigeon Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 1618: 1570:

the pure wild species is partly due to interbreeding with feral birds.

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include various open and semi-open environments where they are able to

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White, Clayton M.; Nancy J. Clum; Tom J. Cade & W. Grainger Hunt.

Some contagions are transmitted by pigeons; for example, the bacteria

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Forero, M.G.; Tella, J.L.; Donázar, J.A.; Hiraldo, F. (1996-12-01).

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pigeons tend to have darker plumage than those in more rural areas.

5030: 5017: 4857: 4660: 2892: 2640:"Melanin Concentrations in Feathers from Wild and Domestic Pigeons" 1193: 394: 326: 125: 50: 46: 3518:"Fat quill secretion in pigeons: Could it function as a cosmetic?" 3466:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton Company. pp. 373–376. 1395:

Pigeons may harbour a diverse parasite fauna. They often host the

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word meaning "pigeon, dove", whose older etymology comes from the

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Posthumous Works: The behaviour of pigeons, ed. by Harvey A. Carr

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and medals for their services in saving hundreds of human lives.

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Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World

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Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Heeb, Philipp; Leiss, Andreas (2006).

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Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World

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Contact with pigeon droppings poses a minor risk of contracting

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Klopfleisch R, Werner O, Mundt E, Harder T, Teifke JP (2006).

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form of the bird; the pigeons most familiar to people are the

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Peters, Anne; Klonczinski, Eva; Delhey, Kaspar (March 2010).

3431: 3239:. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 10. 3063: 1508:

as well as food and pets. They were in the past also used as

1497: 1437: 1328: 1229: 1181: 947: 485: 390: 356: 4382: 4284: 4202: 690:, 1873 – west Pakistan and east Afghanistan to the Himalayas 421:

among birds, the rock doves are abundant, with an estimated

4456:

California Wildlife Center cautions about backyard invaders

1887: 1686: 1665: 1654: 1650: 1324: 1320: 1221: 1209: 746: 742: 615:, 1789 – west, central Europe, north Africa to central Asia 437:

A rock dove reflecting its adaptation to cliff-like perches

418: 272: 135: 3976: 959:

The call is a soft, slightly wavering, coo. Ornithologist

950:, showing that the iridescence wraps around the whole neck 581:”. The rock dove was first described by German naturalist 298: 266: 3133: 3006: 2588: 1332: 1197: 1185: 364: 304: 295: 263: 3209:"The breeding season in a rural colony of Feral Pigeons" 3066:"Feral pigeons as a nest competitor for a small seabird" 2669:

Chatelain, Marion; Gasparini, Julien; Frantz, A (2015).

2668: 1924:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. 1105:

Incubating an egg, showing their relatively flimsy nests

792:

is smaller and much paler than the nominate. Subspecies

4461:

Power Requirements for Horizontal Flight in the Pigeon

3515: 3250:

Lowther, P.; Johnston, R. (2020). Billerman, S. (ed.).

1660:

Research into whether pigeons play a part in spreading

1530:

have played significant roles during wartime, and many

624:, 1856 – Mauritania and Senegal to south Mali and Ghana 1800: 1598:: though they can contract it, they apparently do not 363:. Few differences are seen between males and females; 2637: 1888:

Gibbs, David; Eustace Barnes; John Cox (2010-06-30).

539:, "dark-coloured". Its closest relative in the genus 307: 275: 2278: 741:

is typically around 22.3 cm (8.8 in), the

292: 260: 4450:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

4244:Werner O, Starick E, Teifke J, et al. (2007). 4243: 4098: 3345: 3296: 3294: 1594:. Pigeons are not a major concern in the spread of 289: 257: 4499: 4054: 3325:"Die soziokulturellen Ursachen des Taubenproblems" 3251: 2775: 2472:"Digital dissection of the head of the rock dove ( 2152:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. 2116: 1826:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690066A155493121.en 1180:found that their diet includes the following: 92% 19:"Rock pigeon" redirects here. For other uses, see 3711:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3675:"Evolution in the Rock Dove: Skeletal Morphology" 3177:Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2001). 1637:. However, infesting mammals is relatively rare. 5374: 3322: 3291: 3216:The Journal of the Scottish Ornithologist's Club 2638:Haase, E; Ito, S; Sell, A; Wakamatsu, K (1992). 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 800:, but has a distinctly paler mantle. Subspecies 359:pigeons vary in the colour and pattern of their 3249: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 1073:solid faeces, containing only small amounts of 745:is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in), the 3378: 3202: 3200: 3176: 2476:) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography" 2313: 2311: 2309: 749:is around 1.8 cm (0.71 in), and the 379:. Both parents care for the young for a time. 4485: 4359:"Avian flu virus H5N1 and pigeons: the facts" 3576:. Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan 3381:"The foods of the Rock Dove and Feral Pigeon" 2452: 886:Slow motion, demonstrating the wing movements 4237: 4196: 4153: 3813:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from 3598:. Game Bird Gazette Magazine. Archived from 3596:"Keeping & Breeding Doves & Pigeons" 2866:"Guide to North American Birds: Rock Pigeon" 2754: 2101: 753:is 2.6 to 3.5 cm (1.0 to 1.4 in). 648:, 1854 – east Egypt, south Sudan and Eritrea 535:, "dove", itself thought to be derived from 4278: 4159: 3491:"Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)" 3411: 3197: 3183:. United Kingdom: Pica Press. p. 624. 2306: 1664:have shown pigeons do not carry the deadly 1176:Studies of pigeons in a semi-rural part of 1005: 428: 301: 269: 4492: 4478: 3253:"Rock pigeon (Columba livia), version 1.0" 2985:. Australian Museum Online. Archived from 2317: 1913: 1911: 836:but darker, with a less contrasting back. 547:, followed by the other rock pigeons: the 213: 67: 36: 4321: 4261: 4220: 4129: 4119: 3915: 3889: 3786: 3776: 3363: 3110: 3087: 3077: 3040: 2910: 2832: 2614: 2532:. Arkansas Urban Wildlife. Archived from 2523: 2521: 2501: 2491: 2052: 1994:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1824: 1472: 1335:. Doves and pigeons are considered to be 1208:. Feral pigeons can be seen eating grass 780:is smaller and very much darker than the 3672: 3461: 3432:MARY H. CLENCH; JOHN R. MATHIAS (1995). 2814: 2428: 2426: 2399: 2397: 2244: 2176:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2089:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1917: 1556: 1108: 1100: 1092: 1080: 1009: 937: 872: 842: 755: 707: 432: 3725: 3646: 3232: 2863: 2357: 2172: 2147: 1908: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1856:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1645:Pigeons may, however, carry and spread 508:304) and others use the word κολυμβίς ( 457:in his revised and expanded edition of 232: introduced non-native populations 5375: 3346:Cabalceta, A.; Barrientos, Z. (2019). 3206: 2518: 2067: 2045:International Ornithological Committee 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1938: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1672: 585:in 1789. The rock dove was central to 5418:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin 4839: 4838: 4473: 4329:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases" 4011: 3836:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases" 3379:Murton, R.K.; Westwood, N.J. (1966). 3243: 2899:European Journal of Wildlife Research 2817:"Introduction of the Domestic Pigeon" 2656:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111160 2553: 2423: 2394: 2294:. International Ornithologists' Union 2123:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: 447:International Ornithological Congress 5256:d6d02374-c427-4df5-966e-49a0c943ebeb 5070:473e90fe-3551-486c-9968-21e710b8aeef 4026:10.1001/archinte.1987.00370120121021 3859: 3571: 3565: 3300: 2229:In J.F. Gmelin's edition of Linné's 2038: 1989: 1868: 1611:is endemic among pigeons and causes 5383:IUCN Red List least concern species 3950:(4). Larchmont, New York: 251–255. 3673:Johnston, Richard F. (1992-07-01). 2709: 2364:. New York, NY: Springer New York. 2272: 1972: 1961:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 1812:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1789: 890:Pigeons feathers have two types of 808:and has darker plumage. Subspecies 13: 4356: 3944:Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 3593: 2527: 2361:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 1640: 1406:. Their ectoparasites include the 699:, 1844 – south India and Sri Lanka 500:), "dive, plunge headlong, swim". 14: 5429: 4780:United States Army Pigeon Service 4775:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons 4422: 3730:. Great Britain: Winckley Press. 3622:"The detachable tails of pigeons" 3619: 3303:"ADW: Columba livia: INFORMATION" 2738:"Rock Dove Facts - NatureMapping" 2432: 2408:. The Birds I Saw. Archived from 2403: 994: 661:(Egypt) to Syria and west, south 527:, "livid, bluish-grey"; this was 453:in 1789 by the German naturalist 321:) is a member of the bird family 4819: 4818: 3534:10.1163/157075610X12610595764219 2815:Schorger, A. W. (October 1952). 2292:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 1801:BirdLife International (2019) . 1771: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1679: 1622:, which causes diseases such as 1477: 1361: 1354: 963:describes the display call as a 954: 605:Nine subspecies are recognised: 285: 253: 92: 4756:Royal Pigeon Racing Association 4376: 4350: 4092: 4048: 4005: 3979:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 3970: 3932: 3903:Journal of Medical Microbiology 3853: 3828: 3803: 3744: 3719: 3666: 3640: 3613: 3587: 3540: 3509: 3455: 3425: 3372: 3339: 3316: 3226: 3170: 3127: 3104: 3057: 3000: 2975: 2935: 2886: 2864:Kaufman, Kenn (November 2014). 2857: 2808: 2730: 2662: 2631: 2582: 2547: 2351: 2238: 2223: 2166: 2141: 2091:. Bloomsbury Publishing p. 114 2081: 1573: 1546: 1537: 3207:Riddle, Gordon (Summer 1971). 2061: 2032: 2008: 1894:. United Kingdom: Pica Press. 1840: 1515: 1418:Campanulotes bidentatus compar 1192:, along with small amounts of 927:. Although other sources cite 716:is located on top of the beak. 703: 496:), "a diver", hence κολυμβάω ( 375:, with two squabs (young) per 226: approximate native range 1: 4014:Archives of Internal Medicine 3862:"West Nile Virus and Pigeons" 3574:"Columba livia common pigeon" 3553:Birds of North America Online 3464:Principles of Animal Behavior 3323:Haag-Wackernagel, D. (1997). 3301:Roof, Jennifer (2001-05-08). 3033:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00011-0 2777:"Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)" 2235:appeared in Leipzig, 1788-93. 1783: 1040:. They were carried into the 600: 393:and rock ledges are used for 4746:American Racing Pigeon Union 4445:at VIREO (Drexel University) 4070:10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001 3778:10.1371/journal.pone.0141357 3628:. 2006-2017 ScienceBlogs LLC 2568:10.1016/0003-3472(75)90136-0 1532:pigeons have received awards 1346: 1269: 1001:Osmoregulation in rock doves 760:A medium sized flock forages 441:The official common name is 401:in the wild. Originating in 333:form of the wild rock dove. 21:Rock pigeon (disambiguation) 7: 3462:Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2014). 3434:"THE AVIAN CECUM: A REVIEW" 2742:naturemappingfoundation.org 2530:"Wildlife Profiles: Pigeon" 1264: 1251: 1088: 681:and west, north Afghanistan 371:. The species is generally 10: 5434: 4058:Parasitology International 3262:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3079:10.1007/s10530-022-02746-1 2786:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 2719:. BBC Science & Nature 2325:(2nd ed.). New York: 2150:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 1778:Feral pigeons in courtship 1550: 1519: 1481: 1352: 1168: 1097:Two squabs, a few days old 998: 969:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 18: 4847: 4814: 4793: 4738: 4643: 4568: 4535: 4512: 4443:Rock Pigeon photo gallery 4174:10.1080/03079450701639335 4121:10.1186/s13071-015-0768-7 3881:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3726:McClary, Douglas (1999). 3405:10.1080/00063656609476116 2912:10.1007/s10344-010-0448-z 2717:"Columba livia (domest.)" 2616:10.1080/00063650609461429 2493:10.1186/s40851-019-0129-z 2370:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2 2323:The Sibley Guide to Birds 2041:IOC World Bird List v10.2 1918:Blechman, Andrew (2007). 1819:: e.T22690066A155493121. 1466:Pseudolynchia canariensis 1382:Pseudolynchia canariensis 1165:period is about 30 days. 828:in the south. Subspecies 812:is larger and paler than 221: 212: 194: 187: 89:Scientific classification 87: 65: 56: 44: 35: 30: 4644:Relationship with humans 4435:Internet Bird Collection 2961:10.3161/000164512X653908 2874:National Audubon society 2266:10.21829/azm.2009.253674 2069:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich 1742:Nestlings, about 10 days 1434:Colpocephalum turbinatum 1006:Distribution and habitat 820:in the west. Subspecies 804:is slightly larger than 677:, 1906 – east Turkey to 531:'s translation of Greek 429:Taxonomy and systematics 5413:Birds described in 1789 5119:rock-dove-columba-livia 4917:Columba_(Columba)_livia 4751:National Pigeon Service 4108:Parasites & Vectors 3860:Chalmers, Dr Gordon A. 3693:(inactive 2024-09-12). 3656:Parasitologia Hungarica 3572:Roof, Jennifer (2001). 3365:10.22458/urj.v11i3.2216 3233:Whitman, C. O. (1919). 3013:Biological Conservation 2286:, eds. (January 2023). 2254:Acta Zoológica Mexicana 2125:Oxford University Press 2119:A Greek-English Lexicon 1494:Columba livia domestica 894:(pigment) – 862:than the phrase of the 455:Johann Friedrich Gmelin 344:, which includes about 342:Columba livia domestica 45:Group of wild birds in 4666:IP over Avian Carriers 3917:10.1099/jmm.0.034025-0 3329:Deutsche Tierärztliche 3148:10.1006/anbe.1998.0774 3111:Marchesan, M. (2002). 2148:Simpson, D.P. (1979). 2039:Gill, F., ed. (2020). 1990:Levi, Wendell (1977). 1608:Chlamydophila psittaci 1566: 1473:Relationship to humans 1256:Pigeons primarily use 1119: 1106: 1098: 1021: 951: 887: 855: 761: 717: 557:white-collared pigeons 438: 367:they are not strongly 346:1,000 different breeds 5408:Birds of North Africa 5303:Paleobiology Database 4263:10.1099/vir.0.83105-0 3991:10.1089/fpd.2012.1347 3956:10.1089/vbz.2011.0943 3691:10.1093/auk/109.3.530 3594:Butler, Krissy Anne. 3352:UNED Research Journal 3305:. Animaldiversity.org 3270:10.2173/bow.rocpig.01 2794:10.2173/bow.rocpig.01 2675:Global Change Biology 2245:Baptista, L. (2009). 2109:Liddell, Henry George 2020:www.allaboutbirds.org 1560: 1449:Dermoglyphus columbae 1319:and may even include 1284:Eurasian sparrowhawks 1117: 1104: 1096: 1081:Behaviour and ecology 1036:, and extending into 1013: 941: 885: 846: 759: 711: 436: 415:least-concern species 5065:Fauna Europaea (new) 4762:British Homing World 4559:Sarcocystis calchasi 4553:Olfactory navigation 3728:Pigeons for Everyone 3070:Biological Invasions 2989:on February 13, 2008 2439:www.diamonddove.info 2173:Jobling, J. (2010). 2054:10.14344/ioc.ml.10.2 1457:Diplaegidia columbae 1453:Falculifer rostratus 1445:Dermanyssus gallinae 1413:Columbicola columbae 1397:intestinal helminths 1305:eastern screech owls 1258:powder down feathers 1236:) and they also eat 449:. The rock dove was 4806:Wild pigeon species 4676:Bird fancier's lung 4222:10.1354/vp.43-4-463 3769:2015PLoSO..1041357L 3421:. 13 November 2014. 3397:1966BirdS..13..130M 3025:1996BCons..78..289F 2644:Journal of Heredity 2607:2006BirdS..53..163H 1766:Young bird, 22 days 1730:Nestling, five days 1673:Stages of lifecycle 1592:bird fancier's lung 1441:Tinaminyssus melloi 1426:Bonomiella columbae 1400:Capillaria columbae 1385:), a blood-sucking 965:whoo, hoo-witoo-hoo 782:nominate subspecies 639:, 1928 – west Egypt 59:Conservation status 5398:Cosmopolitan birds 5393:Domesticated birds 4951:BirdLife-Australia 4801:Wild pigeon genera 4338:on 13 January 2008 4256:(Pt 11): 3089–93. 3549:"Peregrine Falcon" 3258:Birds of the World 2949:Acta Ornithologica 2782:Birds of the World 2480:Zoological Letters 2282:; Donsker, David; 2211:on August 15, 2019 2087:James A. Jobling. 1718:Nestlings, one day 1567: 1404:Ascaridia columbae 1379:Pigeon louse fly ( 1120: 1107: 1099: 1064:Rock doves have a 1026:Columbian Exchange 1022: 973:Coo, roo-c'too-coo 971:describes it as a 952: 888: 856: 796:closely resembles 762: 718: 451:formally described 445:, as given by the 439: 369:sexually dimorphic 352:around the world. 5370: 5369: 5290:Open Tree of Life 4841:Taxon identifiers 4832: 4831: 4536:Life and behavior 4501:Pigeons and doves 4465:-C. J. PENNYCUICK 4430:"Rock Dove media" 3940:Gargiulo, Antonio 3910:(Pt 2): 261–265. 3190:978-1-873403-60-0 2687:10.1111/gcb.13170 2379:978-1-4419-0426-3 2336:978-0-307-95790-0 2284:Rasmussen, Pamela 2193:978-1-408-12501-4 1931:978-0-7022-3641-9 1901:978-1-873403-60-0 1430:Hohorstiella lata 1393: 1392: 1313:American kestrels 1301:great horned owls 1280:Peregrine falcons 1118:Courtship display 1115: 883: 663:Arabian Peninsula 652:C. l. palaestinae 595:natural selection 573:), also have the 480:. The genus name 237: 236: 82: 5425: 5403:Birds of Eurasia 5363: 5362: 5350: 5349: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5310: 5298: 5297: 5285: 5284: 5272: 5271: 5259: 5258: 5249: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5212: 5210:NHMSYS0000530307 5200: 5199: 5187: 5186: 5174: 5173: 5161: 5160: 5148: 5147: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5121: 5109: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5072: 5060: 5059: 5047: 5046: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5020: 5008: 5007: 4995: 4994: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4933: 4932: 4930:BBA263C235B15B88 4920: 4919: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4836: 4835: 4822: 4821: 4785:Up North Combine 4768:Show of the Year 4494: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4439: 4417: 4416: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4265: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4133: 4123: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842:on March 4, 2009 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817:on June 12, 2008 3807: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3780: 3763:(11): e0141357. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3702: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3647:Rózsa L (1990). 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3626:Scienceblogs.com 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3495:Encyclopedia.com 3487: 3478: 3477: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3443:. 107(l): 93–121 3438: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3136:Animal Behaviour 3131: 3125: 3124: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3081: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2914: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2836: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2779: 2771: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2618: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2556:Animal Behaviour 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2495: 2467: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2412:on June 29, 2008 2401: 2392: 2391: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2315: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2204:. Archived from 2184:Christopher Helm 2181: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2122: 2105: 2099: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1987: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1951: 1936: 1935: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1885: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1798: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1683: 1376:, a nasal mite. 1365: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1297:red-tailed hawks 1116: 884: 849:British Columbia 694:C. l. intermedia 637:Meinertzhagen, R 619:C. l. gymnocycla 589:'s discovery of 514:specific epithet 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 231: 225: 217: 200: 97: 96: 76: 71: 70: 40: 28: 27: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5388:Columba (genus) 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5319: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5267: 5264:Observation.org 5262: 5254: 5252: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5221: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5195: 5190: 5182: 5177: 5169: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5029: 5024: 5016: 5011: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4843: 4833: 4828: 4810: 4789: 4734: 4639: 4601:Flying/Sporting 4564: 4531: 4508: 4498: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4397:10.2307/1592270 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4363:Purebred Pigeon 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4299:10.2307/1592270 4283: 4279: 4242: 4238: 4201: 4197: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4053: 4049: 4010: 4006: 3975: 3971: 3937: 3933: 3894: 3890: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3724: 3720: 3704: 3703: 3671: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3620:Naish, Darren. 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3570: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3545: 3541: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3377: 3373: 3344: 3340: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3299: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3132: 3128: 3109: 3105: 3062: 3058: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2983:"Columba livia" 2981: 2980: 2976: 2940: 2936: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2862: 2858: 2834:10.2307/4081033 2813: 2809: 2772: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2667: 2663: 2636: 2632: 2587: 2583: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2526: 2519: 2468: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2431: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2402: 2395: 2380: 2356: 2352: 2337: 2329:. p. 201. 2327:Alfred A. Knopf 2316: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2277: 2273: 2256:. Nueva Serie. 2249: 2243: 2239: 2232:Systema Naturae 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2194: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2106: 2102: 2086: 2082: 2066: 2062: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1988: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1959:All About Birds 1953: 1952: 1939: 1932: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1886: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1767: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1743: 1740: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1675: 1647:avian influenza 1643: 1641:Avian influenza 1596:West Nile virus 1576: 1555: 1549: 1540: 1524: 1518: 1510:carrier pigeons 1490:domestic pigeon 1486: 1484:Domestic pigeon 1480: 1475: 1349: 1272: 1267: 1254: 1171: 1109: 1091: 1083: 1008: 1003: 997: 957: 873: 776:The subspecies 706: 659:Sinai Peninsula 643:C. l. schimperi 603: 567:speckled pigeon 473:and coined the 460:Systema Naturae 431: 403:Southern Europe 389:on the ground. 338:domestic pigeon 288: 284: 256: 252: 233: 229: 227: 223: 208: 202: 196: 183: 91: 83: 72: 68: 61: 24: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5351: 5338: 5325: 5312: 5299: 5286: 5273: 5260: 5250: 5240: 5227: 5214: 5201: 5188: 5175: 5162: 5149: 5136: 5123: 5110: 5100: 5087: 5074: 5061: 5052:Fauna Europaea 5048: 5035: 5022: 5009: 4996: 4983: 4973: 4960: 4947: 4934: 4921: 4908: 4895: 4884: 4869: 4853: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4715:Pigeon whistle 4712: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4575: 4573: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4424: 4423:External links 4421: 4419: 4418: 4375: 4357:Turner, Brad. 4349: 4320: 4277: 4236: 4195: 4152: 4091: 4064:(5): 666–670. 4047: 4020:(12): 2185–7. 4004: 3985:(5): 481–483. 3969: 3931: 3888: 3852: 3827: 3802: 3743: 3736: 3718: 3685:(3): 530–542. 3665: 3639: 3612: 3586: 3564: 3539: 3522:Animal Biology 3508: 3479: 3472: 3454: 3424: 3410: 3391:(2): 130–146. 3371: 3338: 3315: 3290: 3242: 3225: 3196: 3189: 3169: 3126: 3103: 3056: 3019:(3): 289–293. 2999: 2974: 2934: 2905:(3): 421–428. 2885: 2856: 2827:(4): 462–463. 2807: 2753: 2729: 2708: 2681:(7): 2380–91. 2661: 2630: 2581: 2546: 2528:Wright, Mike. 2517: 2451: 2435:"Rock Pigeons" 2433:White, Helen. 2422: 2406:"Feral Pigeon" 2393: 2378: 2350: 2335: 2305: 2271: 2260:(3): 719–741. 2237: 2222: 2192: 2165: 2158: 2140: 2133: 2100: 2080: 2060: 2031: 2007: 2000: 1971: 1937: 1930: 1907: 1900: 1867: 1839: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1642: 1639: 1584:cryptococcosis 1580:histoplasmosis 1575: 1572: 1551:Main article: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1520:Main article: 1517: 1514: 1506:homing pigeons 1482:Main article: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1391: 1390: 1377: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1348: 1345: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1253: 1250: 1170: 1167: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1007: 1004: 999:Main article: 996: 995:Osmoregulation 993: 967:, whereas the 956: 953: 832:is similar to 816:with which it 712:A distinctive 705: 702: 701: 700: 691: 685:C. l. neglecta 682: 665: 649: 640: 631: 625: 616: 602: 599: 587:Charles Darwin 571:Columba guinea 529:Theodorus Gaza 521:Medieval Latin 430: 427: 235: 234: 228: 222: 219: 218: 210: 209: 203: 192: 191: 185: 184: 177: 175: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 85: 84: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5430: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5361: 5360:Columba-livia 5356: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4904:Columba_livia 4900: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4879:Columba livia 4874: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4849:Columba livia 4846: 4842: 4837: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739:Organizations 4737: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656:Domestication 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4463:Columba livia 4459: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4391:(3): 600–04. 4390: 4386: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4336:(Web article) 4334: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250:J. Gen. Virol 4247: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4215:(4): 463–70. 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3863: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3739: 3737:0-907769-28-4 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3602:on 2008-02-28 3601: 3597: 3590: 3575: 3568: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3473:9780393920451 3469: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3419:"Rock Pigeon" 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142:(1): 249–57. 3141: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2718: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2536:on 2008-06-10 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2474:Columba livia 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2441:. Helen White 2440: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2411: 2407: 2404:Jahan, Shah. 2400: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2161: 2159:0-304-52257-0 2155: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2134:0-19-910207-4 2130: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2003: 2001:0-85390-013-2 1997: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1960: 1956: 1955:"Rock Pigeon" 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1850:Columba livia 1843: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1805:Columba livia 1797: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1624:salmonellosis 1621: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:fancy pigeons 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1478:Domestication 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:golden eagles 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1262: 1259: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1103: 1095: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 992: 990: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 955:Vocalizations 949: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:North America 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 871: 867: 865: 861: 854: 850: 845: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 766: 758: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 729: 727: 723: 722:domestication 720:Centuries of 715: 710: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 676: 672: 669: 666: 664: 660: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 634:C. l. dakhlae 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 607: 606: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:Johann Gmelin 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:Ancient Greek 487: 483: 479: 478:Columba livia 476: 475:binomial name 472: 471: 466: 465:Carl Linnaeus 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 435: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 350:feral pigeons 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319: 318:Columba livia 312: 280: 250: 249:common pigeon 246: 242: 220: 216: 211: 206: 201: 199: 198:Columba livia 193: 190: 189:Binomial name 186: 182: 181: 180:C. livia 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146:Columbiformes 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 80: 75: 74:Least Concern 64: 60: 55: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 4848: 4760: 4720:Release dove 4557: 4548:Intelligence 4516: 4462: 4448:Rock dove - 4433: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4362: 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4333:the original 4323: 4293:(3): 600–4. 4290: 4286: 4280: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4168:(6): 461–5. 4165: 4162:Avian Pathol 4161: 4155: 4143:. Retrieved 4114:(178): 178. 4111: 4107: 4094: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3907: 3901: 3891: 3866:. Retrieved 3855: 3844:. Retrieved 3840:the original 3830: 3819:. Retrieved 3815:the original 3805: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3727: 3721: 3707:cite journal 3682: 3678: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3642: 3632:18 September 3630:. Retrieved 3625: 3615: 3604:. Retrieved 3600:the original 3589: 3578:. Retrieved 3567: 3556:. Retrieved 3552: 3542: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3499:. Retrieved 3494: 3463: 3457: 3445:. Retrieved 3440: 3427: 3413: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3307:. Retrieved 3281:. Retrieved 3257: 3245: 3235: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3179: 3172: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3123:(2): 249–57. 3120: 3116: 3106: 3089:10486/703009 3069: 3059: 3016: 3012: 3002: 2991:. 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Retrieved 1816: 1810: 1804: 1659: 1644: 1635:gamasoidosis 1632: 1617: 1606: 1604: 1577: 1574:Human health 1568: 1553:Feral pigeon 1547:Feral pigeon 1541: 1538:Medical uses 1525: 1493: 1487: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1387:ectoparasite 1380: 1372:Tinaminyssus 1370: 1341: 1273: 1255: 1246: 1175: 1172: 1151: 1136: 1129: 1121: 1084: 1071: 1063: 1055: 1034:North Africa 1023: 985: 980: 976: 972: 964: 961:David Sibley 958: 913: 889: 868: 859: 857: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 814:palaestinae, 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 730: 719: 693: 684: 667: 651: 642: 633: 628:C. l. targia 627: 618: 609: 604: 570: 560: 540: 536: 532: 524: 516: 509: 505: 502:Aristophanes 497: 493: 481: 477: 468: 458: 442: 440: 411:Western Asia 407:North Africa 381: 354: 341: 335: 331:domesticated 317: 316: 248: 244: 240: 238: 197: 195: 179: 178: 166: 25: 5246:rock-pigeon 5231:Neotropical 5192:NatureServe 5127:iNaturalist 5106:rock-pigeon 4873:Wikispecies 4698:Clay pigeon 4683:Photography 4209:Vet. 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