446:
117:
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351:, such as salmonellosis and tuberculosis. However, It is rare that a pigeon will transmit a disease to humans due to their immune system. Although feral pigeons pose sporadic health risks to humans, the risk is low, even for humans involved in occupations that bring them into close contact with nesting sites. Analysis revealed that feral pigeons harbored a total of 60 different human pathogenic organisms. Five pathogens were viruses, nine were bacteria, 45 were fungi, and one was a protozoan. However, only five pathogens were routinely transmitted to humans. There were single case incidences for transmission of Salmonella enterica.
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On the contrary, they are left with more food per bird than before. This attracts pigeons from outside areas as well as encouraging more breeding, and populations are re-established quickly. An additional problem with poisoning is that it also kills pigeon predators. Due to this, in cities with peregrine falcon programs it is typically illegal to poison pigeons.
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eggs. The real eggs are then destroyed. One such structure, in Batman Park in
Melbourne, Australia, was unsuccessful in attracting pigeons and has since been removed. The loft used in Melbourne was on stilts, with a cage door allowing access from beneath for accessing the structure at night when the pigeons are asleep.
436:
The use of poisons has been proven to be fairly ineffective, however, as pigeons can breed very quickly, and their numbers are determined by how much food is available; that is, they breed more often when more food is provided to them. When pigeons are poisoned, surviving birds do not leave the area.
85:
Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern than their wild ancestors. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Urban pigeons
493:
A more effective tactic to reduce the number of feral pigeons is deprivation. Cities around the world have discovered that not feeding their local birds results in a steady population decrease in only a few years. As scavengers, pigeons will still pick at garbage bags containing discarded food or at
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When eggs are removed in artificial pigeon houses, the interval between reproductive attempts is strongly reduced, which reduces the efficiency of the method. Dummy egg nesting programs have therefore been tested in some cities with mixed results. There, the eggs are removed and replaced with dummy
505:
Long-term reduction of feral pigeon populations can be achieved by restricting food supply, which in turn involves legislation and litter (garbage) control. Some cities have deliberately established favorable nesting places for pigeons—nesting places that can easily be reached by city workers
263:
In the United
Kingdom, pigeons are covered under the "General Licences" and can be humanely culled by the land owner or their agent for a variety of reasons including spread of human disease. It is illegal to kill/destroy nests for any reason other than those listed under the general licences.
379:, which are also originally cliff dwellers, have too adapted to the skyscrapers of large cities and often feed exclusively on rock doves. Some cities actively encourage this through falcon breeding programs. Projects include the Unibase Falcon Project and the Victorian Peregrine Project.
483:
482:
479:
485:
484:
550:, is increasingly used in urban areas and industrial sites to control pigeon populations. Declared safe and humane, the new technology is environmentally benign and does not represent a secondary toxicity hazard to raptors or scavengers.
609:
Point-counts: standing in the center of a park, the observer makes a 360 degree turn while counting individuals with a manual mechanical counter in a radius of approximately 50m, limited by the streets and buildings that surround the
152:. However in feral pigeons it was found that despite detectable inbreeding depression, pairwise relatedness between mates was significantly greater than it was between nonmates. This suggests that mating with close kin provides
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Panoramas: taking 360 panoramic photographs, while standing at the center of the park, and using software to place a number above the counted pigeon in the panoramic photograph. This method has been proven the most effective of
481:
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Pigeons often cause significant pollution with their droppings, though there is little evidence of them driving out other bird species. Pigeons are labeled an invasive species in North
America by the USDA.
1851:
Jacquin, L.; Cazelles, B.; Prévot-Julliard, A.-C.; Leboucher, G.; Gasparini, J. (2010). "Reproduction management affects breeding ecology and reproduction costs in feral urban
Pigeons (Columba livia)".
606:
Stratified grids: This method consists in dividing the area where pigeons occur in 500x500m squares. 34% of the squares are selected randomly and pigeons are counted in a 5 meters radius for 5 minutes.
589:. Designed specifically to encourage nesting and allow removal of fertilised eggs to prevent population growth, it was a landmark in its own right before its removal, for lack of success, around 2015.
429:
Due to their non-selective nature, most avian poisons have been banned. In the United States market, only 4-aminopyridine (Avitrol) and DRC-1339 remain registered by EPA. DRC-1339 is limited to
602:
Estimating the population size of pigeons is necessary for monitoring and control programs of pigeons in parks and other urban areas. The methods used for estimating populations sizes are:
506:
who regularly remove eggs, thereby limiting their reproductive success. In addition, pigeon populations may be reduced by bird control systems that successfully reduce nesting sites.
699:– appearing, usually white in color, in many settings as symbols of love, peace or as messengers, in the symbolism of various religions and of both military and pacifist groups
63:
Owing to their capacity to create large amounts of excrement and be an occasional disease vector to humans combined with crop and property damage, pigeons are largely considered a
1239:
480:
569:. Avian contraceptives are also perceived by some civilians as an acceptable method for population control, over other methods such as prohibition to feeding or extermination.
60:
pigeons find the ledges of buildings to be a substitute for sea cliffs, have become adapted to urban life, and are abundant in towns and cities throughout much of the world.
1782:
673:, Adelaide, South Australia, adding to their collection of art installations, including statues of pigs. Sloan intended to "elevate the humble pigeon" with his work titled
1708:
Reinoso, V.; Katani, R.; Barbato, G. F. (2007). "Nicarbazin reduces egg production and fertility in White Pekin ducks via reducing ZP3 in the perivitelline membrane".
1448:
240:. The reason given is: In the UK, general licences GL04, GL05 and GL06 were revoked April 2019 and 3 new general licences, GL34, GL35 and GL36, issued June 2019; see
562:
543:, interferes with the viability of eggs by binding the ZP-3 sperm receptor site in the egg. This unique contraceptive action is non-hormonal and fully reversible.
331:
feral pigeons usually reach their highest densities in the central portions of cities, so they are frequently encountered by people, which may lead to conflict.
1588:
1963:"Estima de la abundancia de palomas (Columba livia var.) de la ciudad de Barcelona y valoraciĂłn de la efectividad del control por eliminaciĂłn de individuos"
824:
279:, because they are introduced species. It is usually legal to kill feral pigeons in the United States; methods such as poisons may be regulated, however.
1906:
1364:. Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. Fort Collins, US: USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center.
71:, often disparagingly referred to as "rats with wings". Actions are taken in many municipalities to lower their numbers or completely eradicate them.
2089:
241:
1820:"TradiciĂłn: una nueva razĂłn para alimentar las palomas urbanas (Columba livia; Columbiformes: Columbidae), y cĂłmo controlarlas de manera sostenible"
319:
pigeons often only have small populations within cities relative to the number of humans. For example, the breeding population of feral pigeons in
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180:
520:
In 1998, in response to conservation groups and the public interest, the
National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), a USDA/APHIS laboratory in
1055:
56:, which naturally inhabits sea-cliffs and mountains. Rock, domestic, and feral pigeons are all the same species and will readily interbreed.
1645:
445:
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have also been recorded killing and consuming pigeons even when alternative food sources being available. In cities in
Western Europe,
1676:
693:– typically thought of as an activity of bird enthusiasts, studies have revealed it may have both positive and negative impact
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979:
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677:. The mirrored stainless steel statue cost AU$ 174,000. While the installation has been talked up by City of Adelaide Lord Mayor
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leftovers carelessly dropped on the ground, but securely disposing of foodstuffs will greatly reduce scavenger populations.
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The avoidance of mating between related individuals is ordinarily regarded as adaptive since it decreases the likelihood of
1359:
413:, the abundance of feral pigeons (and other small animals) has created such a conducive environment for predators that the
309:
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One of the difficulties of controlling feral pigeon populations is the common practice of feeding them, as here in
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1942:
Uribe, F.; Colom, L.; Camerino, M.; Ruiz, J.; Senar, C. (1984). "Censo de las palomas semidomésticas".
532:, a promising compound for avian contraception. Originally developed for use in resident Canada geese,
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A 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall statue of a pigeon by artist Paul Sloan was installed at the
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1916:. City Services, Community and Cultural Development Committee, City of Melbourne. Archived from
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521:
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1140:"Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) Prefer Genetically Similar Mates despite Inbreeding Depression"
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may occasionally hunt and consume feral pigeons in addition to other birds and small mammals.
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use only, while 4-AP is a restricted-use pesticide, for use only by licensed applicators.
8:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
52:) that have returned to the wild. The domestic pigeon was originally bred from the wild
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Environmental and economic costs of vertebrate species invasions into the United States
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1010:"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in the feral pigeon population of Basel, Switzerland"
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Registered by the EPA as a pesticide (EPA Reg. No. 80224-1), "OvoControl P", brand of
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927:
804:
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Trash animals: how we live with natures filthy, feral, invasive, and unwanted species
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283:
192:
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1996:"Towards reliable bird surveys: accounting for individuals present but not detected"
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2007:
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1628:"An Interview with Dave Roth, Founder and President of the Urban Wildlife Society"
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80:
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45:
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Bird control contractor appointed in 2004 to deter pigeons from
Trafalgar Square
825:"Why study pigeons? To understand why there are so many colors of feral pigeons"
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Larger birds of prey occasionally take advantage of this population as well. In
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1979:
1962:
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Geigenfeind, Ila; Vanrompay, Daisy; Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel (February 2012).
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1344:
1086:"Phenotype-dependent selection of juvenile urban Feral Pigeons Columba livia"
956:
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2090:"$ 174,000 Rundle Mall 'Pigeon' sculpture leaves some Adelaidians in a flap"
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2012:
1995:
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982:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from
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1961:
Senar, J. C.; Carrillo, J.; Arroyo, L.; Montalvo, T.; Peracho, V. (2009).
1589:"Rome's seagulls hunt rats and pigeons as lockdown starves them of scraps"
1335:
1240:"Animal Protections Laws For The Guidance Of Police, HAWOS, NGOs And Awos"
754:
Pigeons: The
Fascinating Saga of the World’s Most Revered and Reviled Bird
2386:
670:
662:
582:
282:
In India, pigeons are protected under
Section 428 and Section 429 of the
148:
in progeny that can be caused by the expression of deleterious recessive
1886:. ABC Radio National (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 7 March 2007
1358:
Pimental, D. (2007). G. W. Witmer; W. C. Pitt; K. A. Fagerstone (eds.).
908:"How Pigeons Became Rats: The Cultural-Spatial Logic of Problem Animals"
577:
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1850:
1319:"List of harmful birds in Costa Rica : the other side of the coin"
640:
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was introduced for use as a contraceptive for feral pigeons in 2007.
450:
418:
320:
53:
1865:
1744:
1614:
Pale Male – Introduction – Red-tailed Hawk in New York City | Nature
1007:
2359:
1487:"Sparrowhawk bird of prey plucking pigeon feathers from fresh kill"
705:– a young pigeon, typically under four weeks old, or its meat
525:
454:
363:
Many places where feral pigeons could land are covered with spikes.
2062:"Adelaide's big pigeon unveiled as latest addition to Rundle Mall"
2029:"An improved method to estimate pigeon populations in urban areas"
327:
7757–18,970), in a city with a human population of about 500,000.
323:, England in summer 2005 was estimated at 12,130 individuals (95%
2309:
1729:"Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)"
1449:"Fastest bird on earth enjoys family time high above city street"
632:
458:
417:
has begun to return in very small numbers, including the notable
359:
1880:"'Rats with wings': a history of the urban pigeon - Rear Vision"
1084:
Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Heeb, Philipp; Leiss, Andreas (2006).
271:, which protects native birds, does not apply to feral pigeons,
2287:
1764:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
1212:"Frequently asked questions about a federal depredation permit"
499:
387:
149:
1270:"How many birds are there in a city of half a million people?"
2349:
2331:
1783:"The Secondary Toxicity of OvoControl® (nicarbazin) in Birds"
702:
316:
57:
382:
Other predators of the pigeon have been recorded, including
86:
tend to have darker plumage than those in more rural areas.
1960:
738:. Minneapolis (Minn.), University of Minnesota Press, 2013.
391:
156:
benefits that outweigh the costs of inbreeding depression.
1083:
884:
770:
623:
Many city squares have large pigeon populations, such as
563:
American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1378:
Bonnefoy, Xavier; Kampen, Helge; Sweeney, Kevin (2008).
756:, St Lucia, Qld., University of Queensland Press, 2007.
2081:
1941:
339:
Feral pigeons are widely considered pests, and can be
1377:
2053:
1707:
1468:"Glaucous-winged Gull Predation on Feral Rock Doves"
1267:
1817:
1726:
1317:Chaves, VĂctor Acosta-; Monge, Otto (5 June 2015).
2198:
1484:
1198:16 U.S. Code Subchapter II - MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY
1058:. AgNIC Wildlife Damage Management. Archived from
618:
553:Avian contraception has the support of a range of
334:
1677:"Venice bans pigeon feeding in St. Mark's Square"
1652:. Bexley, England: Bexley Council. Archived from
1268:Fuller, R.A.; Tratalos, J.; Gaston, K.J. (2009).
1137:
854:"The Origins of Our Misguided Hatred for Pigeons"
308:A flock of feral pigeons at rest in front of the
2535:
1442:
1440:
1397:
1993:
1872:
1634:. republished online by Urban Wildlife Society.
647:and Kabutarkhana in Mumbai and (prior to 2000)
597:
286:. Wild pigeons are further protected under the
2137:
2026:
951:
949:
2184:
2138:Johnston, Richard F.; Janiga, Marián (1995).
1619:
1561:
1437:
767:"Science & Nature: Animals: Feral Pigeon"
748:
746:
744:
177:The examples and perspective in this section
1727:Avery, M.; Keacher, K.; Tillman, E. (2008).
1133:
1131:
1129:
827:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from
1316:
1049:
1047:
946:
567:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
74:
2191:
2177:
2164:Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Pigeon Colors
741:
195:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2123:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
2044:
2011:
1978:
1835:
1465:
1381:Public health significance of urban pests
1334:
1293:
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1126:
1109:
1027:
1001:
972:
905:
803:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
734:Nagy, Kelsi, and Johnson, Phillip David.
681:, some locals have responded negatively.
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
1904:
1674:
1516:
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489:Video showing feral pigeons eating seeds
476:
464:
444:
358:
303:
1616:. PBS (May 2004). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
1485:Tom Strong Reviews (13 February 2012).
1400:"Health hazards posed by feral pigeons"
730:
728:
509:
440:
2536:
2059:
1818:Cabalceta, A.; Barrientos, Z. (2019).
1497:from the original on 11 December 2021.
2594:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2172:
1373:
1371:
1138:Jacob G, Prévot AC, Baudry E (2016).
980:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases"
293:
16:Domestic pigeons returned to the wild
2118:
2087:
1905:Bradbury, Garth (7 September 2004).
1625:
1555:
1529:
1447:Kleinman, Rachel (19 October 2007).
798:
725:
572:
222:
163:
159:
2060:Sutton, Malcolm (5 November 2020).
1907:"Update on Pigeon Management Issue"
1675:Povoledo, Elisabetta (8 May 2008).
1564:"Pelican's Pigeon Meal not so Rare"
792:
559:Humane Society of the United States
13:
1811:
1368:
1053:
354:
14:
2610:
2479:United States Army Pigeon Service
2474:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
2157:
2027:Barrientos, Z.; Seas, C. (2018).
1792:. Innolytics, LLC. Archived from
1562:Clarke, James (30 October 2006).
1537:"Pelican Swallows Pigeon in Park"
1519:"Crow killing and eating pigeon!"
269:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
2518:
2517:
1967:Arxius de Miscel·là nia Zoològica
1517:Zambrano, Danilo (14 May 2014).
1398:Haag-Wackernagel, D (May 2004).
1295:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00537.x
227:
168:
127:
115:
103:
91:
2455:Royal Pigeon Racing Association
2088:Olle, Emily (9 December 2020).
2020:
1987:
1954:
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1249:. Animal Welfare Board of India
1232:
1204:
1190:
1077:
1015:Journal of Medical Microbiology
880:"BBC Inside Out - Pigeon Pests"
619:City squares famous for pigeons
581:Large pigeon trap/coop/loft at
449:A man feeding feral pigeons at
394:. In London, the population of
335:Potential health risk to humans
1219:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
899:
872:
846:
817:
759:
1:
1472:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
961:, vvenv.co.uk, 8 October 2004
719:
288:Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
2445:American Racing Pigeon Union
1682:International Herald Tribune
1466:Jyrkkanen, Jorma A. (1974).
1387:. World Health Organization.
1165:10.1371/journal.pone.0162451
598:Monitoring pigeon population
371:
81:Rock dove § Description
7:
2142:. Oxford University Press.
1854:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1274:Diversity and Distributions
684:
191:, discuss the issue on the
139:
10:
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1416:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.11.001
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297:
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30:Columba livia forma urbana
2513:
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2234:
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1980:10.32800/amz.2009.07.0062
1646:"Feral Pigeons in Bexley"
1111:10.1080/00063650609461429
906:Jerolmack, Colin (2008).
424:
300:Animal population control
236:This section needs to be
2343:Relationship with humans
2112:
1994:Thompson, W. L. (2002).
1685:. Venice. Archived from
1626:Roth, Dave (Fall 1994).
661:by artist Paul Sloan at
75:Physical characteristics
2544:Birds described in 1789
2450:National Pigeon Service
2046:10.22458/urj.v10i1.2039
1837:10.22458/urj.v11i3.2216
1759:"Nicarbazin Fact Sheet"
940:10.1525/sp.2008.55.1.72
924:10.1525/sp.2008.55.1.72
539:The active ingredient,
50:Columba livia domestica
26:Columba livia domestica
2559:Birds of North America
2365:IP over Avian Carriers
2119:Levi, Wendell (1977).
1029:10.1099/jmm.0.034025-0
799:Levi, Wendell (1977).
666:
625:Washington Square Park
590:
516:Wildlife contraceptive
498:is banned in parts of
490:
474:
462:
404:European herring gulls
364:
313:
2589:Invasive bird species
2033:UNED Research Journal
1824:UNED Research Journal
1336:10.22458/urj.v7i1.869
1323:UNED Research Journal
657:
580:
557:groups including the
488:
468:
448:
384:Eurasian sparrowhawks
362:
307:
146:inbreeding depression
44:, are descendants of
2461:British Homing World
2258:Sarcocystis calchasi
2252:Olfactory navigation
2013:10.1093/auk/119.1.18
1914:melbourne.vic.gov.au
1656:on 28 September 2007
1404:Journal of Infection
752:Blechman, Andrew D.
510:Avian contraceptives
441:Reducing food supply
396:Great white pelicans
189:improve this section
179:may not represent a
2505:Wild pigeon species
2375:Bird fancier's lung
1286:2009DivDi..15..328F
1156:2016PLoSO..1162451J
1102:2006BirdS..53..163H
325:confidence interval
2574:Domesticated birds
2569:Cosmopolitan birds
2500:Wild pigeon genera
989:on 13 January 2008
860:. 14 November 2016
667:
643:in Amsterdam, The
627:in New York City,
591:
528:, started work on
496:Feeding of pigeons
491:
475:
463:
365:
349:livestock diseases
347:of some human and
314:
310:statue of James II
294:Population control
2531:
2530:
2235:Life and behavior
2200:Pigeons and doves
2149:978-0-19-508409-2
2130:978-0-85390-013-9
1733:Wildlife Research
1632:Hot Look Magazine
1543:. 25 October 2006
1022:(Pt 2): 261–265.
810:978-0-85390-013-9
573:Dummy egg nesting
486:
377:Peregrine falcons
284:Indian Penal Code
267:In the U.S., the
261:
260:
221:
220:
213:
160:Protection status
154:inclusive fitness
2606:
2584:Introduced birds
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2520:
2484:Up North Combine
2467:Show of the Year
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1923:on 18 March 2009
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1815:
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1798:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1771:on 25 June 2012.
1770:
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1716:(Suppl. 1): 536.
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1064:
1054:Paulik, Laurie.
1051:
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841:
839:
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821:
815:
814:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
779:
773:. Archived from
763:
757:
750:
739:
732:
697:Doves as symbols
649:Trafalgar Square
645:Gateway of India
637:Piazza San Marco
487:
400:St. James's Park
330:
273:common starlings
256:
253:
247:
231:
230:
223:
216:
209:
205:
202:
196:
172:
171:
164:
131:
119:
107:
95:
69:invasive species
46:domestic pigeons
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2564:Columba (genus)
2554:Birds of Europe
2549:Birds of Canada
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2509:
2488:
2433:
2338:
2300:Flying/Sporting
2263:
2230:
2207:
2197:
2160:
2150:
2131:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2025:
2021:
1992:
1988:
1959:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1866:10.1139/Z10-044
1849:
1845:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1745:10.1071/wr07017
1725:
1721:
1710:Poultry Science
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1689:on 12 June 2008
1673:
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1659:
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1644:
1643:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1593:The Independent
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
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1556:
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1513:Wayback Machine
1506:
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1223:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1200:. 13 July 1918.
1196:
1195:
1191:
1150:(9): e0162451.
1136:
1127:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
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1045:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
978:
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964:
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947:
912:Social Problems
904:
900:
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863:
861:
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837:
835:
834:on 12 June 2008
831:
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818:
811:
797:
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783:
781:
777:
765:
764:
760:
751:
742:
733:
726:
722:
687:
679:Sandy Verschoor
621:
600:
575:
518:
512:
477:
443:
427:
415:red-tailed hawk
374:
357:
355:Property damage
337:
328:
302:
296:
257:
251:
248:
245:
232:
228:
217:
206:
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186:
173:
169:
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108:
99:
96:
83:
77:
32:), also called
17:
12:
11:
5:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2599:Urban wildlife
2596:
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2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
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2556:
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2529:
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2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Pigeon whistle
2411:
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2379:
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2209:
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2196:
2195:
2188:
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2173:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:External links
2156:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2129:
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2111:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2052:
2019:
1986:
1953:
1934:
1897:
1871:
1843:
1810:
1799:on 25 May 2010
1790:Ovocontrol.com
1774:
1750:
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1458:
1436:
1410:(4): 307–313.
1390:
1367:
1350:
1309:
1280:(2): 328–337.
1260:
1231:
1203:
1189:
1125:
1076:
1065:on 2 June 2004
1043:
1000:
971:
945:
898:
871:
845:
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809:
791:
780:on 8 July 2018
758:
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277:house sparrows
259:
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183:of the subject
181:worldwide view
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79:Main article:
76:
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42:street pigeons
15:
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2579:Feral animals
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2171:
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2162:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2140:Feral Pigeons
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2063:
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2023:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
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1964:
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1383:
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1337:
1332:
1329:(1): 99–102.
1328:
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1279:
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1063:(Web article)
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987:(Web article)
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832:(Web Article)
830:
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795:
778:(Web article)
776:
772:
768:
762:
755:
749:
747:
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737:
731:
729:
724:
715:
712:
710:
709:Feral chicken
707:
704:
701:
698:
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692:
689:
688:
682:
680:
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672:
664:
660:
656:
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629:George Square
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472:
471:New York City
467:
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411:New York City
407:
405:
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332:
329:Despite this,
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278:
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265:
255:
243:
242:the talk page
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72:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:Feral pigeons
19:
2459:
2419:Release dove
2256:
2247:Intelligence
2225:
2139:
2120:
2099:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2065:
2055:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1913:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1883:
1874:
1860:(8): 781–7.
1857:
1853:
1846:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1789:
1777:
1766:the original
1753:
1739:(1): 80–85.
1736:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1680:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1650:Bexley.co.uk
1649:
1640:
1631:
1621:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1595:. 2 May 2020
1592:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1522:
1509:Ghostarchive
1507:Archived at
1503:
1490:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1455:. Melbourne.
1452:
1427:. Retrieved
1407:
1403:
1393:
1380:
1360:
1353:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1206:
1192:
1147:
1143:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1019:
1013:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
984:the original
974:
963:, retrieved
957:
918:(1): 72–94.
915:
911:
901:
889:. Retrieved
883:
874:
862:. Retrieved
857:
848:
836:. Retrieved
829:the original
819:
800:
794:
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
761:
753:
735:
714:Feral parrot
691:Bird feeding
674:
668:
658:
622:
601:
592:
552:
545:
538:
522:Fort Collins
519:
504:
492:
435:
428:
408:
381:
375:
366:
338:
315:
281:
266:
262:
249:
237:
207:
198:
178:
143:
84:
62:
49:
41:
38:city pigeons
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
18:
2397:Clay pigeon
2382:Photography
2101:19 February
2073:19 February
1429:10 February
1247:awbi.gov.in
891:30 December
864:30 December
671:Rundle Mall
663:Rundle Mall
651:in London.
639:in Venice,
583:Batman Park
2538:Categories
2204:Columbidae
2121:The Pigeon
2095:Seven News
1950:: 237–244.
1884:ABC.net.au
1573:7 November
1547:7 November
1224:5 February
1096:(2): 169.
1090:Bird Study
801:The Pigeon
720:References
665:, Adelaide
641:Dam Square
548:nicarbazin
541:nicarbazin
534:nicarbazin
530:nicarbazin
514:See also:
341:reservoirs
298:See also:
34:city doves
2293:Trumpeter
2271:and types
2242:Crop milk
2006:: 18–25.
1973:: 62–71.
1944:Misc Zool
1927:4 January
1890:29 August
1803:4 January
1693:4 January
1660:4 January
1345:1659-441X
1253:26 August
1069:4 January
1056:"Pigeons"
993:4 January
932:0037-7791
838:6 January
784:5 January
587:Melbourne
502:, Italy.
451:Esplanadi
419:Pale Male
372:Predators
321:Sheffield
252:July 2019
201:June 2015
193:talk page
54:rock dove
2523:Category
2407:Shooting
2370:Fancying
2360:Dovecote
2221:Domestic
1568:BBC News
1541:BBC News
1511:and the
1495:Archived
1424:15066331
1304:55222315
1184:27588754
1144:PLOS ONE
1120:84205070
1038:21921110
685:See also
526:Colorado
455:Helsinki
312:, London
187:You may
140:Genetics
65:nuisance
2493:Related
2424:Symbols
2350:As food
2327:Utility
2315:Tumbler
2310:Tippler
2283:Fantail
2000:The Auk
1599:27 July
1523:YouTube
1491:YouTube
1453:The Age
1282:Bibcode
1175:5010204
1152:Bibcode
1098:Bibcode
858:Audubon
633:Glasgow
461:in 1921
459:Finland
345:vectors
238:updated
150:alleles
67:and an
2402:Racing
2322:Homing
2305:Roller
2288:Pouter
2269:Breeds
2216:Common
2146:
2127:
1422:
1343:
1302:
1182:
1172:
1118:
1036:
938:
930:
807:
675:Pigeon
659:Pigeon
635:, the
561:, the
500:Venice
425:Poison
2392:Sport
2332:Squab
2278:Fancy
2226:Feral
2113:Books
1921:(PDF)
1910:(PDF)
1830:(3).
1797:(PDF)
1786:(PDF)
1769:(PDF)
1762:(PDF)
1385:(PDF)
1300:S2CID
1243:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1116:S2CID
965:1 May
936:JSTOR
703:Squab
610:park.
392:gulls
388:crows
317:Feral
122:Black
110:Brown
98:White
58:Feral
40:, or
2387:Post
2144:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2103:2023
2075:2023
1929:2017
1892:2012
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