Common starling - Knowledge

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item, and has a closed season, whereas in France, it is classed as a pest, and the season in which it may be killed covers the greater part of the year. In Great Britain, starlings are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which makes it "illegal to intentionally kill, injure or take a starling, or to take, damage or destroy an active nest or its contents". The Wildlife Order in Northern Ireland allows, with a general licence, "an authorised person to control starlings to prevent serious damage to agriculture or preserve public health and safety". The species is migratory, so birds involved in control measures may have come from a wide area and breeding populations may not be greatly affected. In Europe, the varying legislation and mobile populations mean that control attempts may have limited long-term results. Non-lethal techniques such as scaring with

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feed preference based on composition. A proposed solution to this problem is use of less palatable feed by agriculturalists, perhaps relying on larger feed types or feed which is less favorable in composition to starlings. An additional solution for mitigation control involves ensuring that livestock feeding operations are not within close proximity of each other or starling roosts. Weather conditions also had an impact on whether starlings visited livestock feeding operations, with a higher likelihood to visit in colder temperatures or following snow storms.

2392: 1374: 1242: 1713: 597: 2915: 565: 1996: 90: 1701: 2983: 2707:. Their aggressive and gregarious behaviour in terms of food thus allows them to outcompete native species. Common starlings are also aggressive in the creation of their nest cavities. Often, starlings will usurp a nest site, for example a tree hollow, and fill it rapidly with bedding and contaminants compared to other species, like the native parrots, that use little to no bedding. As cavity nesters, they are able to outcompete many native species in terms of habitat and nest sites. 2416: 1357:

including a flock call, threat call, attack call, snarl call and copulation call. The alarm call is a harsh scream, and while foraging together common starlings squabble incessantly. They chatter while roosting and bathing, making a great deal of noise that can cause irritation to people living nearby. When a flock of common starlings is flying together, the synchronised movements of the birds' wings make a distinctive whooshing sound that can be heard hundreds of metres away.

2624: 2447:, whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation. About the same date, the Portland Song Bird Club released 35 pairs of common starlings in Portland, Oregon. Earlier introductions are recorded to have died out within a few years, with the 1890 New York and Portland introductions reported as being the most successful. Population of the birds is estimated to have grown to 150 million, occupying an area extending from southern Canada and Alaska to Central America. 1299: 214: 65: 2524:. It favours irrigated land and is absent from regions where the ground is baked so dry that it cannot probe for insects. It may compete with native birds for crevice nesting sites, but the indigenous species are probably more disadvantaged by destruction of their natural habitat than they are by inter-specific competition. It breeds from September to December and outside the breeding season may congregate in large flocks, often roosting in 1684:; although broods are generally brought up by one male and one female, occasionally the pair may have an extra helper. Pairs may be part of a colony, in which case several other nests may occupy the same or nearby trees. Males may mate with a second female while the first is still on the nest. The reproductive success of the bird is poorer in the second nest than it is in the primary nest and is better when the male remains monogamous. 579: 1693: 1611:

backs, where they will also feed on the mammal's external parasites. Large flocks may engage in a practice known as "roller-feeding", where the birds at the back of the flock continually fly to the front where the feeding opportunities are best. The larger the flock, the nearer individuals are to one another while foraging. Flocks often feed in one place for some time, and return to previous successfully foraged sites.

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while the spotless starling's range had been expanding northward since the 1950s. The low rate of advance, about 4.7 km (2.9 mi) per year for both species, is due to the suboptimal mountain and woodland terrain. Expansion has since slowed even further due to direct competition between the two similar species where they overlap in southwestern France and northwestern Spain.

1234:, by its relatively short tail, sharp, blade-like bill, round-bellied shape and strong, sizeable (and rufous-coloured) legs. In flight, its strongly pointed wings and dark colouration are distinctive, while on the ground its strange, somewhat waddling gait is also characteristic. The colouring and build usually distinguish this bird from other starlings, although the closely related 2864:

roost. Another technique is to analyse the DNA of Australian common starling populations to track where the migration from eastern to western Australia is occurring so that better preventive strategies can be used. By 2009, only 300 common starlings were left in Western Australia, and the state committed a further A$ 400,000 in that year to continue the eradication programme.

3007:(K. 522) might be written in the comical, inconsequential style of a starling's vocalisation. Other people who have owned common starlings report how adept they are at picking up phrases and expressions. The words have no meaning for the starling, so they often mix them up or use them on what to humans are inappropriate occasions in their songs. Their ability at 2251:. Small numbers of common starlings have sporadically been observed in Japan and Hong Kong but it is unclear whence these birds originated. In North America, northern populations have developed a migration pattern, vacating much of Canada in winter. Birds in the east of the country move southwards, and those from farther west winter in the southwest of the US. 1379: 1375: 1376: 2311:. Since then, despite some initial attempts at eradication, the bird has been expanding its breeding range at an average rate of 7.5 km (4.7 mi) per year, keeping within 30 km (19 mi) of the Atlantic coast. In Argentina, the species makes use of a variety of natural and man-made nesting sites, particularly woodpecker holes. 2937:. Several birds may be kept in the same cage, and their inquisitiveness makes them easy to train or study. The only disadvantages are their messy and indiscriminate defecation habits and the need to take precautions against diseases that may be transmitted to humans. As a laboratory bird, the common starling is second in numbers only to the 2239:, although other populations migrate from regions where the winter is harsh, the ground frozen and food scarce. Large numbers of birds from northern Europe, Russia and Ukraine migrate south westwards or south eastwards. In the autumn, when immigrants are arriving from eastern Europe, many of Britain's common starlings are setting off for 1378: 1213:

feather tips largely wearing off. Juveniles are grey-brown and by their first winter resemble adults though often retaining some brown juvenile feathering, especially on the head. They can usually be sexed by the colour of the irises, rich brown in males, mouse-brown or grey in females. Estimating the contrast between an

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a flock, the birds take off almost simultaneously, wheel and turn in unison, form a compact mass or trail off into a wispy stream, bunch up again and land in a coordinated fashion. Common starling on migration can fly at 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph) and cover up to 1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi).

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Western Australia banned the import of common starlings in 1895. New flocks arriving from the east are routinely shot, while the less cautious juveniles are trapped and netted. New methods are being developed, such as tagging one bird and tracking it back to establish where other members of the flock

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Due to the impact of starlings on crop production, there have been attempts to control the numbers of both native and introduced populations of common starlings. Within the natural breeding range, this may be affected by legislation. For example, in Spain, the species is hunted commercially as a food

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million while losing almost 17% of the crops. Common starlings also often congregate at feeding troughs to eat grain and concurrently contaminate the food and water sources provided for livestock with their droppings. For example, high protein supplements added to cattle feed are selectively eaten by

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up young plants and eat the seeds. In caged trials, it was shown that starlings eat 7–23 g (0.25–0.81 oz) of animal food daily and 20–40 g (0.71–1.41 oz) of plant food meaning a decent portion of crops are consumed by these birds. Bird damage to grapes in 1968 cost upwards to $ 4.4

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Common starlings take advantage of agricultural fields, livestock facilities, and other human related sources of food and nest sites. Starlings often assault crops such as grapes, olives, and cherries by consuming excessive amounts of crops in large flock sizes and in new grain fields, starlings pull

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and the Outer Hebrides. The common starling has bred in northern Sweden from 1850 and in Iceland from 1935. The breeding range spread through southern France to northeastern Spain, and there were other range expansions particularly in Italy, Austria and Finland. It started breeding in Iberia in 1960,

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occurs once a year- in late summer after the breeding season has finished; the fresh feathers are prominently tipped white (breast feathers) or buff (wing and back feathers), which gives the bird a speckled appearance. The reduction in the spotting in the breeding season is achieved through the white

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black, glossed purple or green, and spangled with white, especially in winter. The underparts of adult male common starlings are less spotted than those of adult females at a given time of year. The throat feathers of males are long and loose and are used in display while those of females are smaller

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that can potentially be transmitted by common starlings to humans, although the potential for the birds to spread infections may have been exaggerated. The spread of disease to livestock is also a concern, possibly more important than starling's effects on food consumption or transmission of disease

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lasts thirteen days, although the last egg laid may take 24 hours longer than the first to hatch. Both parents share the responsibility of brooding the eggs, but the female spends more time incubating them than does the male, and is the only parent to do so at night when the male returns to the

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There are several methods by which common starlings obtain their food, but, for the most part, they forage close to the ground, taking insects from the surface or just underneath. Generally, common starlings prefer foraging amongst short-cropped grasses and eat with grazing animals or perch on their

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from other species of bird and various naturally occurring or man-made noises. The structure and simplicity of the sound mimicked is of greater importance than the frequency with which it occurs. In some instances, a wild starling has been observed to mimic a sound it has heard only once. Each sound

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Like most terrestrial starlings the common starling moves by walking or running, rather than hopping. Their flight is quite strong and direct; their triangular wings beat very rapidly, and periodically the birds glide for a short way without losing much height before resuming powered flight. When in

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Harbor. The large roosts of the common starling pose many safety hazards for aircraft, mainly including the clogging of engines that concurrently shutdown the plane into descent. From the years 1990–2001, 852 incidents of aircraft hazard due to starlings and blackbirds were reported with 39 strikes

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A majority of starling predators are avian. The typical response of starling groups is to take flight, with a common sight being undulating flocks of starling flying high in quick and agile patterns. Their abilities in flight are seldom matched by birds of prey. Adult common starlings are hunted by

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are common in common starling nests. Female "floaters" (unpaired females during the breeding season) present in colonies often lay eggs in another pair's nest. Fledglings have also been reported to invade their own or neighbouring nests and evict a new brood. Common starling nests have a 48% to 79%

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are removed by the adults. Once the chicks are able to regulate their body temperature, about six days after hatching, the adults largely cease removing droppings from the nest. Prior to that, the fouling would wet both the chicks' plumage and the nest material, thereby reducing their effectiveness

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Singing also occurs outside the breeding season, taking place throughout the year apart from the moulting period. The songsters are more commonly male although females also sing on occasion. The function of such out-of-season song is poorly understood. Eleven other types of call have been described

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Males sing constantly as the breeding period approaches and perform less often once pairs have bonded. In the presence of a female, a male sometimes flies to his nest and sings from the entrance, apparently attempting to entice the female in. Older birds tend to have a wider repertoire than younger

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The species has declined in numbers in parts of northern and western Europe since the 1980s due to fewer grassland invertebrates being available as food for growing chicks. Despite this, its huge global population is not thought to be declining significantly, so the common starling is classified as

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The likelihood of starlings to damage the feeding operations is dependent on the number of livestock, favoring areas with more livestock. They also show preference for feed types which were not whole corn but smaller feeds, creating more damage in areas where the feed was smaller. They also showed

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There are three types of foraging behaviours observed in the common starling. "Probing" involves the bird plunging its beak into the ground randomly and repetitively until an insect has been found, and is often accompanied by bill gaping where the bird opens its beak in the soil to enlarge a hole.

3001:(KV. 453). He had bought it from a shop after hearing it sing a phrase from a work he wrote six weeks previously, which had not yet been performed in public. He became very attached to the bird and arranged an elaborate funeral for it when it died three years later. It has been suggested that his 1648:

Unpaired males find a suitable cavity and begin to build nests in order to attract single females, often decorating the nest with ornaments such as flowers and fresh green material, which the female later disassembles upon accepting him as a mate. The amount of green material is not important, as

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than females. This is due to increased muscle mass and enlarged elements of the syringeal skeleton. The male starling's syrinx is around 35% larger than its female counterpart. However, this sexual dimorphism is less pronounced than it is in songbird species like the zebra finch, where the male's

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consisting of a wide variety of both melodic and mechanical-sounding noises as part of a ritual succession of sounds. The male is the main songster and engages in bouts of song lasting for a minute or more. Each of these typically includes four varieties of song type, which follow each other in a

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responsible for opening the jaw are enlarged and the skull is narrow, allowing the eye to be moved forward to peer down the length of the bill. This technique involves inserting the bill into the ground and opening it as a way of searching for hidden food items. Common starlings have the physical

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The early settlers in New Zealand cleared the bush and found their newly planted crops were invaded by hordes of caterpillars and other insects deprived of their previous food sources. Native birds were not habituated to living in close proximity to man so the common starling was introduced from

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sites. Reedbeds are also favoured for roosting and the birds commonly feed in grassy areas such as farmland, grazing pastures, playing fields, golf courses and airfields where short grass makes foraging easy. They occasionally inhabit open forests and woodlands and are sometimes found in shrubby

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Where it is introduced, the common starling is unprotected by legislation, and extensive control plans may be initiated. Common starlings can be prevented from using nest boxes by ensuring that the access holes are smaller than the 1.5 in (38 mm) diameter they need, and the removal of

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petitioned the Colonial Secretary for a ″government grant of starlings to exterminate″ an outbreak of grasshoppers which was causing enormous damage to their crops. The common starling was introduced to Jamaica in 1903, and the Bahamas and Cuba were colonised naturally from the US. This bird is

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where it is abundant, that group being roughly equidistant between New Zealand and Fiji. Its spread in Fiji has been limited, and there are doubts about the population's viability. Tonga was colonised at about the same date and the birds there have been slowly spreading north through the group.

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Like the nominate, but gloss on the head predominantly purple, on the back green, on the flanks usually purplish-blue, on the upper wing-coverts bluish-green. In flight, conspicuous light cinnamon-buff fringes to the under wing-coverts and axillaries; these areas may appear very pale in fresh

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typically breeds in crevices and holes in cliffs, a habitat only rarely used by the nominate form. Nests are typically made out of straw, dry grass and twigs with an inner lining made up of feathers, wool and soft leaves. Construction usually takes four or five days and may continue through

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European, or common, starlings are habitat generalists meaning they are able to exploit a multitude of habitats, nest sites and food sources. This, coupled with them being lowland birds that easily coexist with humans, enables them to take advantage of other native birds, most particularly

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Common starlings are trapped for food in some Arab countries. The meat is tough and of low quality, so it is casseroled or made into pâté. One recipe said it should be stewed "until tender, however long that may be". Even when correctly prepared, it may still be seen as an acquired taste.

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In Iberia, the western Mediterranean and northwest Africa, the common starling may be confused with the closely related spotless starling, the plumage of which, as its name implies, has a more uniform colour. At close range it can be seen that the latter has longer throat feathers, a fact

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in shape and pale blue or occasionally white, and they commonly have a glossy appearance. The colour of the eggs seems to have evolved through the relatively good visibility of blue at low light levels. The egg size is 26.5–34.5 mm (1.04–1.36 in) in length and 20.0–22.5 mm

397:; however, starlings can also be pests themselves when they feed on fruit and sprouting crops. Common starlings may also be a nuisance through the noise and mess caused by their large urban roosts. Introduced populations in particular have been subjected to a range of controls, including 381:

in a natural or artificial cavity in which four or five glossy, pale blue eggs are laid. These take two weeks to hatch and the young remain in the nest for another three weeks. There are normally one or two breeding attempts each year. This species is omnivorous, taking a wide range of

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Very large roosts, up to 1.5 million birds, form in city centres, woodlands and reedbeds, causing problems with their droppings. These may accumulate up to 30 cm (12 in) deep, killing trees by their concentration of chemicals. In smaller amounts, the droppings act as a

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Common starlings are hosts to a wide range of parasites. A survey of three hundred common starlings from six US states found that all had at least one type of parasite; 99% had external fleas, mites or ticks, and 95% carried internal parasites, mostly various types of worm.

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root dating back to the second millennium BC. "Starling" was first recorded in the 11th century, when it referred to the juvenile of the species, but by the 16th century it had already largely supplanted "stare" to refer to birds of all ages. The older name is referenced in

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studies suggest that it could be considered a subspecies of the common starling. There is more genetic variation between common starling populations than between the nominate common starling and the spotless starling. Although common starling remains are known from the

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and more pointed. The legs are stout and pinkish- or greyish-red. The bill is narrow and conical with a sharp tip; in the winter it is brownish-black but in summer, females have lemon yellow beaks with pink bases while males have yellow bills with blue-grey bases.

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declare "The king forbade my tongue to speak of Mortimer. But I will find him when he is asleep, and in his ear I'll holler 'Mortimer!' Nay I'll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but Mortimer, and give it to him to keep his anger still in motion."

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is 97% accurate in determining sex, rising to 98% if the length of the throat feathers is also considered. The common starling is mid-sized by both starling standards and passerine standards. It is readily distinguished from other mid-sized passerines, such as

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that would both kill common starlings and would readily be eaten by them. It also needed to be of low toxicity to mammals and not likely to cause the death of pets that ate dead birds. The chemical that best fitted these criteria was DRC-1339, now marketed as

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Breeding takes place during the spring and summer. Following copulation, the female lays eggs on a daily basis over a period of several days. If an egg is lost during this time, she will lay another to replace it. There are normally four or five eggs that are

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Like the nominate, but the wings longer and green gloss restricted to the ear-coverts, neck and upper chest. Purple gloss elsewhere except on the flanks and upper wing-coverts, where it is more bronzy. Dark underwings with slim white fringes to the coverts.

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on the ground. Earthworms are caught by pulling from soil. Common starlings that have periods without access to food, or have a reduction in the hours of light available for feeding, compensate by increasing their body mass by the deposition of fat.

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than others. Females appear to prefer mates with more complex songs, perhaps because this indicates greater experience or longevity. Having a complex song is also useful in defending a territory and deterring less experienced males from encroaching.

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as "the poor man's dog" and "something to love", because nestlings are easily obtained from the wild and after careful hand rearing they are straightforward to look after. They adapt well to captivity, and thrive on a diet of standard bird feed and

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in livestock and other diseases found among livestock. Though this does not appear to eliminate introduction of these diseases completely, it has been determined that they are contributors and starling control is a successful mitigation strategy.

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Like the nominate, but decidedly long-winged. Gloss of the head green, of the body bronze-purple, of the flanks and upper wing-coverts greenish-bronze. The underwings blackish with pale fringes of the coverts. Nearly spotless in breeding plumage.

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common starlings. In 1968, the cost of cattle rations consumed during winter by starlings was $ 84 per 1,000 starlings and is proposed to be much more expensive today given an increase in current cattle feed costs. The English or house sparrow (

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clip is repeated several times before the bird moves on to the next. After this variable section comes a number of types of repeated clicks followed by a final burst of high-frequency song, again formed of several types. Each bird has its own

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The global population of common starlings was estimated to be 310 million individuals in 2004, occupying a total area of 8,870,000 km (3,420,000 sq mi). Widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the bird is native to

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Slightly larger than nominate, especially in the bill and feet. Adult with darker and duller green gloss and far less spotting, even in fresh plumage. Juvenile sooty black with whitish chin and areas on the belly; the throat spotted black.

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were stable or even increased, those in other areas, mainly England, declined even more sharply. The overall decline seems to be due to the low survival rate of young birds, which may be caused by changes in agricultural practices. The

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with a metallic sheen, which is speckled with white at some times of the year. The legs are pink and the bill is black in winter and yellow in summer; young birds have browner plumage than the adults. It is a noisy bird, especially in

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in 1857 and Sydney two decades later. By the 1880s, established populations were present in the southeast of the country thanks to the work of acclimatisation committees. By the 1920s, common starlings were widespread throughout

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to control the pests. It was first brought over in 1862 by the Nelson Acclimatisation Society and other introductions followed. The birds soon became established and are now found all over the country including the subtropical

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rate of successful fledging, although only 20% of nestlings survive to breeding age; the adult survival rate is closer to 60%. The average life span is about 2–3 years, with a longevity record of 22 years 11 months.

1623:, is also used to create and widen holes in plastic garbage bags. It takes time for young common starlings to perfect this technique, and because of this the diet of young birds will often contain fewer insects. " 1071:

and the nominate form, and their subspecies placement varies according to the authority. The dark juveniles typical of these island forms are occasionally found in mainland Scotland and elsewhere, indicating some

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The common starling was introduced to Australia to consume insect pests of farm crops. Early settlers looked forward to their arrival, believing that common starlings were also important for the pollination of

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continue to be fed by their parents for another one or two weeks. Within two months, most juveniles will have moulted and gained their first basic plumage. They acquire their adult plumage the following year.

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regular order without pause. The bout starts with a series of pure-tone whistles and these are followed by the main part of the song, a number of variable sequences that often incorporate snatches of song

2271:. Their ability to adapt to a large variety of habitats has allowed them to disperse and establish themselves in diverse locations around the world resulting in a habitat range from coastal wetlands to 2427:

records mention instances of starlings being introduced in Cincinnati, Quebec and New York in the 1870s. As part of a nationwide effort, about 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's

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The global population of the common starling is estimated to be more than 310 million individuals and its numbers are not thought to be declining significantly, so the bird is classified by the

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Common starlings introduced to areas such as Australia or North America, where other members of the genus are absent, may affect native species through competition for nest holes. In North America,

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Hawkins, P; Morton, D B; Cameron, D; Cuthill, I; Francis, R; Freire, R; Gosler, A; Healey, S; Hudson, A; Inglis, I; Jones, A; Kirkwood, J; Lawton, m; Monaghan, P; Sherwin, C; Townsend, P (2001).

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methods used in northern Europe mean there is less pasture and meadow habitat available, and the supply of grassland invertebrates needed for the nestlings to thrive is correspondingly reduced.

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The young are born blind and naked. They develop light fluffy down within seven days of hatching and can see within nine days. As with other passerines, the nest is kept clean and the chicks'

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The common starling is 19–23 cm (7.5–9.1 in) long, with a wingspan of 31–44 cm (12–17 in) and a weight of 58–101 g (2.0–3.6 oz). Among standard measurements, the

2871:, which prohibits the taking or killing of migratory birds. No permit is required to remove nests and eggs or kill juveniles or adults. Research was undertaken in 1966 to identify a suitable 2589:, and smaller declines in much of the rest of northern and central Europe. The bird has been adversely affected in these areas by intensive agriculture, and in several countries it has been 1598: 1452:("black sun"). Flocks of anything from five to fifty thousand common starlings form in areas of the UK just before sundown during mid-winter. These flocks are commonly called murmurations. 3866:

Carere, Claudio; Montanino, Simona; Moreschini, Flavia; Zoratto, Francesca; Chiarotti, Flavia; Santucci, Daniela; Alleva, Enrico (2009). "Aerial flocking patterns of wintering starlings,

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that it stopped, leading to unsuccessful attempts to disrupt the roosts with netting, repellent chemical on the ledges and broadcasts of common starling alarm calls. An entire episode of

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Ferrer, Xavier; Motis, Anna; Peris, Salvador J (1991). "Changes in the breeding range of starlings in the Iberian peninsula during the last 30 years: competition as a limiting factor".

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and North Africa. Other groups of birds are in passage across the country and the pathways of these different streams of bird may cross. Of the 15,000 birds ringed as nestlings in

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Several other subspecies have been named, but are generally no longer considered valid. Most are intergrades that occur where the ranges of various subspecies meet. These include:

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Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Alice; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G P (2006). "Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa".

2022:, is also occasionally found there and probably arises from the habit of its main host of taking over the nests of other species. This flea does not occur in the US, even on 7377: 2830:

Huge urban roosts in cities can create problems due to the noise and mess made and the smell of the droppings. In 1949, so many birds landed on the clock hands of London's

7091:"Nutritional depletion of total mixed rations by European starlings: Projected effects on dairy cow performance and potential intervention strategies to mitigate damage" 7606:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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communal roost. A pair can raise up to three broods per year, frequently reusing and relining the same nest, although two broods is typical, or just one north of 48°N.

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due to population declines of more than 50%. Numbers dwindled in the United Kingdom by more than 80% between 1966 and 2004; although populations in some areas such as

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Baillie, S R; Marchant, J H; Leech, D I; Renwick, A R; Eglington, S M; Joys, A C; Noble, D G; Barimore, C; Conway, G J; Downie, I S; Risely, K; Robinson, R A (2012).

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Seibels, Bob; Lamberski, Nadine; Gregory, Christopher R; Slifka, Kerri; Hagerman, Ann E. (2003). "Effective use of tea to limit dietary iron available to starlings (

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Wade, Laura L; Polack, Evelyne W; O'Connell, Priscilla H; Starrak, Gregory S; Abou-Madi, Noha; Schat, Karel A (1999). "Multicentric lymphoma in a European Starling (

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The large size of flocks can also cause problems. Common starlings may be sucked into aircraft jet engines, one of the worst instances of this being an incident in

1952:, uses the common starling as a host. Starlings are more commonly the culprits rather than victims of nest eviction however, especially towards other starlings and 1419:, and therefore woodland managers may try to move roosts from one area of a wood to another to benefit from the soil enhancement and avoid large toxic deposits. 1262:, have adaptations of the skull and muscles that help with feeding by probing. This adaptation is most strongly developed in the common starling (along with the 6294:

Introduced. Fairly common, but local. In Jamaica, and on Grand Bahama and Biminis in Bahamas. Rare elsewhere in Bahamas and eastern Cuba October through March."

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Small; purple gloss restricted to the neck area and sometimes the flanks to the tail-coverts, otherwise glossed green. This is sometimes treated under the name

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is highly variable, huge, noisy flocks (murmurations) may form near roosts. These dense concentrations of birds are thought to be a defence against attacks by

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Carlson, James C; Engeman, Richard M; Hyatt, Doreene R; Gilliland, Rickey L; DeLiberto, Thomas J; Clark, Larry; Bodenchuk, Michael J; Linz, George M (2011).

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or dig up newly sown grain and sprouting crops. They may also eat animal feed and distribute seeds through their droppings. In eastern Australia, weeds like

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Alternatives to managing starling populations in agricultural areas include the use of starlicide. Use of starlicide has been found to reduce the spread of

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Gwinner, Helga; Berger, Silke (2008). "Starling males select green nest material by olfaction using experience-independent and experience-dependent cues".

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provides a natural barrier and control measures have been adopted that have killed 55,000 birds over three decades. The common starling has also colonised

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Gaukler, Shannon M; Linz, George M; Sherwood, Julie S; Dyer, Neil W; Bleier, William J; Wannemuehler, Yvonne M; Nolan, Lisa K; Logue, Catherine M (2009).

6462: 2307:

in Venezuela in November 1949, but subsequently vanished. In 1987, a small population of common starlings was observed nesting in gardens in the city of

2635:, they are considered beneficial in northern Eurasia, and this was one of the reasons given for introducing the birds elsewhere. Around 25 million 8010: 2247:, England, individuals have been recovered at various times of year as far afield as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany and the 5057: 7137:"Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle" 6670: 2692: 4742:

Witter, Mark S; Cuthill, Innes C; Bonser, Richard H (1994). "Experimental investigations of mass-dependent predation risk in the European starling,

3807: 3750: 2324:, a major agricultural product. Nest-boxes for the newly released birds were placed on farms and near crops. The common starling was introduced to 8417: 6630: 2168: 1245:

An immature in California. It has partly moulted into its first-winter plumage; however, juvenile brown plumage is prominent on its head and neck

7089:

Carlson, J.C.; Stahl, R.S.; DeLiberto, S.T.; Wagner, J.J.; Engle, T.E.; Engeman, R.M.; Olson, C.S.; Ellis, J.W.; Werner, S.J. (February 2018).

6371:"Food limitation during breeding in a heterogeneous landscape (Escasez de alimentos durante el período reproductivo en un paisaje heterogéneo)" 5908:

Woolnough, Andrew P; Massam, Marion C; Payne, Ron L; Pickles, Greg S "Out on the border: keeping starlings out of Western Australia" in Parkes

4009: 2558: 1857:) tend to take the more easily caught fledglings or juveniles. While perched in groups by night, they can be vulnerable to owls, including the 1592:. Measures are being introduced to reduce common starling populations by culling before the terns return to their breeding colonies in spring. 410: 1986:

species leave their host when it dies, but other external parasites stay on the corpse. A bird with a deformed bill was heavily infested with

8682: 8495: 7750: 4338:

Witter, M S; Swaddle, J P; Cuthill, I C (1995). "Periodic food availability and strategic regulation of body mass in the European starling,

8647: 2283:

The common starling has been introduced to and has successfully established itself in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America,

1627:" is the capture of flying insects directly from the air, and "lunging" is the less common technique of striking forward to catch a moving 6928: 3764:

Luine, V.; Nottebohm, F.; Harding, C.; McEwen, B.S. (1980). "Androgen affects cholinergic enzymes in syringeal motor neurons and muscle".

8070: 5826: 2884:

million birds, the largest number of any nuisance species to be culled. In 2005, the population in the United States was estimated at 140

2183:. Captive starlings often accumulate excess iron in the liver, a condition that can be prevented by adding black tea-leaves to the food. 6174: 4849: 1920:

are known to occasionally predate starlings in North America, though the most regular predators of adults are likely to be urban-living

5629:

Crissey, Susan D; Ward, Ann M; Block, Susan E; Maslanka, Michael T (2000). "Hepatic iron accumulation over time in European starlings (

4815: 4240: 1584:

if the opportunity arises. The Sturnidae differ from most birds in that they cannot easily metabolise foods containing high levels of

5335:

Lesna, I; Wolfs, P; Faraji, F; Roy, L; Komdeur, J; Sabelis, M W. "Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite

5187: 1271: 6423: 8355: 7015: 4553:

Węgrzyn, E; Leniowski, K; Rykowska, I; Wasiak, W (2011). "Is UV and blue-green egg colouration a signal in cavity-nesting birds?".

4381: 2688:. For its role in the decline of local native species and the damages to agriculture, the common starling has been included in the 2569:

expanded its range in the British Isles, spreading into Ireland and areas of Scotland where it had formerly been absent, although

8443: 7396: 2654: 903:

Green gloss on the head and back, purple gloss on the neck and belly, more bluish on the upper wing-coverts. The underwings like

535:, part of the problem in resolving relationships in the Sturnidae is the paucity of the fossil record for the family as a whole. 2565:. It had shown a marked increase in numbers throughout Europe from the 19th century to around the 1950s and 60s. In about 1830, 1340:

ones. Those males that engage in longer bouts of singing and that have wider repertoires attract mates earlier and have greater

6542: 4060: 2123:. The latter species breaks off the feathers of its host and lives on the fats produced by growing plumage. Larvae of the moth 2810:

reported in a Nebraska manufacturing facility saw a loss of 10,000 pigs from the spread of the disease which was valued at $ 1

2746:

million annually. This bird is not considered to be as damaging to agriculture in South Africa as it is in the United States.

8171: 7945: 7926: 7895: 7798: 7779: 7721: 7590: 7533: 7509: 7435: 7390: 7264: 6771: 6741: 6069: 5395: 5319: 3185: 474: 8448: 3302: 1640: 8692: 8015: 4212: 5540: 2160:

and the common starling are the most infested wild birds. Other recorded internal parasites include the spiny-headed worm

2103:. The presence of this control on numbers of the parasitic species may explain why birds are prepared to reuse old nests. 998:, but smaller and the wings shorter; the ear-coverts glossed purple, and the underside and upperwing gloss quite reddish. 596: 7656: 6509: 4966:

Marchesi, L; Sergio, F; Pedrini, P (2002). "Costs and benefits of breeding in human‐altered landscapes for the eagle owl

2928: 3331:"Are European starlings breeding in the Azores archipelago genetically distinct from birds breeding in mainland Europe?" 2742:

are thought to have been spread by common starlings. Agricultural damage in the US is estimated as costing about US$ 800

2649:

in New Zealand. The original Australian introduction was facilitated by the provision of nest boxes to help this mainly

8391: 8303: 2488:. It is now common in the southern Cape region, thinning out northwards to the Johannesburg area. It is present in the 1110: 614: 8585: 6097: 7989: 7967: 7876: 7839: 7820: 7694: 7666: 7642: 7623: 7571: 7552: 7487: 7454: 7416: 7366: 7333: 7314: 7286: 3598: 3330: 1275:

traits that enable them to use this feeding technique, which has undoubtedly helped the species spread far and wide.

1365: 8657: 8593: 8368: 8334: 6463:"The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in eastern Australia" 6022: 3405:

Vaurie, Charles (1954). "Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds. No. 12. Muscicapinae, Hirundinidae, and Sturnidae".

3131:

Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493

2436: 2403: 2254:

Common starlings prefer urban or suburban areas where artificial structures and trees provide adequate nesting and

6871:

Rollins, L A; Woolnough, Andrew P; Sherwin, W B (2006). "Population genetic tools for pest management: a review".

6485: 5219: 8672: 8500: 8347: 8316: 1664:

The males sing throughout much of the construction and even more so when a female approaches his nest. Following

1091: 504:

and relationships between its members are not fully resolved. The closest relation of the common starling is the

8062: 7379:

Australian Pest Animal Strategy – A national strategy for the management of vertebrate pest animals in Australia

6387: 6370: 5646: 3371:

Bedetti, C (2001). "Update Middle Pleistocene fossil birds data from Quartaccio quarry (Vitinia, Roma, Italy)".

1167:, and it is not clear whether it is a distinct resident population or simply migrants from southeastern Europe. 8697: 8662: 6812: 2998: 816: 8624: 8482: 8251: 7344: 2956:

tamed a common starling, "taught it words", and sent it across the Irish Sea with a message to her brothers,

2125: 1442:. They gather in March until northern Scandinavian birds leave for their breeding ranges by mid-April. Their 1336:

with more proficient birds having a range of up to 35 variable song types and as many as 14 types of clicks.

369:. This bird is resident in western and southern Europe and southwestern Asia, while northeastern populations 1422:

Flocks of more than a million common starlings may be observed just before sunset in spring in southwestern

551:

in size and the colour tone of the adult plumage. The gradual variation over geographic range and extensive

8396: 8129: 6674: 5069: 2780: 2773: 1540:. Prey are consumed in both adult and larvae stages of development, and common starlings will also feed on 516: 465: 8513: 2801:

in humans. At roosting sites this fungus can thrive in accumulated droppings. There are a number of other

2703:

that utilize an open-bill probing technique that gives them an evolutionary advantage over birds that are

2439:. It has been widely reported that he had tried to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of 1681: 8430: 8228: 8153: 3985:. NASA Earth Science Division, EOS Project Science Office and the Universities Space Research Association 2739: 1348:

Along with having adaptions of the skull and muscles for singing, male starlings also have a much larger

6041: 2520:. In Southern Africa populations appear to be resident and the bird is strongly associated with man and 8677: 8233: 8120: 6953:

Decino, Thomas J; Cunningham, Donald J; Schafer, Edward W (1966). "Toxicity of DRC-1339 to starlings".

3110: 2581:

Major declines in populations have been observed from 1980 onward in Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (

1653:

in the decorative material appears to be significant in attracting a mate. The scent of plants such as

564: 8158: 6637: 4408: 8598: 8533: 8184: 6844:

Woolnough, Andrew P; Lowe, T J; Rose, K (2006). "Can the Judas technique be applied to pest birds?".

4998: 2868: 2481: 2408: 2338: 2204:), India (mainly in the north but regularly extending farther south and extending into the Maldives) 5464: 4032: 3011:

is so great that strangers have looked in vain for the human they think they have just heard speak.

89: 8667: 8508: 8041: 8036: 6340: 1460: 1156: 8474: 6128:"Environmental correlates of genetic variation in the invasive European starling in North America" 2761:) and the common starling are considerable agricultural pests, together causing an estimated US$ 1 767:

Like the nominate, but smaller, especially the feet. Often strong purple gloss on the upperparts.

401:, but these have had limited success, except in preventing the colonisation of Western Australia. 393:

Large flocks typical of this species can be beneficial to agriculture by controlling invertebrate

7759: 5157: 3329:

Neves, Verónica C; Griffiths, Kate; Savory, Fiona R; Furness, Robert W; Mable, Barbara K (2009).

2990: 2784: 2424: 8572: 6932: 5751: 4514:

Sandell, Maria I; Smith, Henrik G; Bruun, Måns (1996). "Paternal care in the European Starling,

3597:

Linz, George M; Homan, H Jeffrey; Gaulker, Shannon M; Penry, Linda B; Bleier, William J (2007).

2793: 2337:, but by then they were considered to be pests. Although common starlings were first sighted in 2267:

forests) but are found in coastal areas, where they nest and roost on cliffs and forage amongst

578: 8687: 8422: 8202: 8082: 3699:"Sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of syrinx and vocal tract in the European starling ( 2731: 2114: 2010: 1834: 1267: 1028: 917: 30: 8461: 5834: 3978: 1391:

The common starling is a highly gregarious species, especially in autumn and winter. Although

1049:

Small; green gloss restricted to the head and lower belly and back, otherwise glossed purple.

8567: 8383: 8028:

Kalmbach, E R; Gabrielson, I N (1921) "Economic value of the starling in the United States"

6189: 4983: 4864: 4588:

Wright, Jonathan; Cuthill, Innes (1989). "Manipulation of sex differences in parental care".

3801: 3744: 3053: 2975: 2968:

claimed that these birds could be taught to speak whole sentences in Latin and Greek, and in

2645: 2497: 1448: 1349: 184: 8559: 7677: 7049:"Factors Influencing Blackbird and European Starling Damage at Livestock Feeding Operations" 4275: 8580: 8207: 8140: 5486: 4711:

Powell, G V N (1974). "Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (

4690: 4024: 3506:

Smith, E L; Cuthill, I C; Griffiths, R; Greenwood, V J; Goldsmith, A R; Evans, J E (2005).

2994: 2847: 2330: 2099: 2065: 2000: 1786: 1757: 1665: 1654: 1404: 1341: 1306: 1238:

may be physically distinguished by the lack of iridescent spots in adult breeding plumage.

1184: 1008: 688: 7480:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds. Volumes 7: Boatbill to Starlings

5202: 4643:"Intraspecific brood parasitism: a strategy for floating females in the European starling" 2275:

forests, from sea cliffs to mountain ranges 1,900 m (6,200 ft) above sea level.

1369:

Composite of four images showing a starling dropping an insect then diving to recapture it

8: 8145: 7808: 7789:

Raffaele, Herbert; Wiley, James; Garrido, Orlando; Keith, Allan; Raffaele, Janis (2003).

6788: 6431: 6045: 4293: 3087: 2901: 2521: 2440: 2341:

in 1917, they have been largely prevented from spreading to the state. The wide and arid

2071: 1677: 1392: 971: 675: 520: 315: 54: 7468: 7019: 5545:

Huff, 1935, in meadowlarks and starlings of the Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, Kansas"

5490: 4420: 4028: 3574:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 8523: 8215: 7171: 7136: 7068: 6970: 6400: 6392: 6321: 6155: 5996: 5729: 5713: 5674: 5658: 5611: 5580: 5564: 5507: 5466: 5447: 5431: 5265: 5138: 5111: 5036: 4915: 4763: 4672: 4605: 4570: 4535: 4496: 4461: 4412: 4359: 4320: 4267: 4116: 3926: 3895: 3789: 3727: 3698: 3534: 3507: 3353: 3294: 2944:

The common starling's gift for mimicry has long been recognised. In the medieval Welsh

2802: 2432: 2235:

Common starlings in the south and west of Europe and south of latitude 40°N are mainly

2153: 1956:. Nests can be raided by mammals capable of climbing to them, such as small mustelids ( 1940:) sometimes evict eggs, nestlings and adult common starlings from their nests, and the 1898: 1333: 1060: 734: 532: 493: 84: 8220: 6481: 5107: 5019:

Sodhi, Navjot S; Oliphant, Lynn W (1993). "Prey selection by urban-breeding Merlins".

4728: 2143:

have been found in common starlings, but a better known pest is the brilliant scarlet

508:. The non-migratory spotless starling may be descended from a population of ancestral 8554: 8264: 8256: 8027: 7985: 7963: 7941: 7922: 7891: 7872: 7857: 7835: 7816: 7794: 7775: 7717: 7700: 7690: 7662: 7638: 7619: 7586: 7567: 7548: 7529: 7505: 7483: 7450: 7431: 7412: 7386: 7362: 7329: 7310: 7282: 7274: 7260: 7176: 7158: 7112: 6767: 6737: 6702: 6590: 6582: 6159: 6147: 6065: 6000: 5988: 5880: 5721: 5666: 5650: 5572: 5512: 5498: 5439: 5273: 4664: 4271: 4120: 3946: 3887: 3781: 3777: 3732: 3290: 3241: 2844:

of the futile efforts to disrupt the large common starling roosts in central London.

2599: 2443:

into North America, but this claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist

2304: 2227: 2119: 1941: 1750: 1749:

remain in the nest for three weeks, where they are fed continuously by both parents.

1323: 1315: 1235: 1196: 1175: 932: 887: 513: 505: 374: 7303: 6404: 5733: 5678: 5584: 5451: 5115: 4919: 4767: 4676: 4609: 4574: 4539: 4465: 4416: 4324: 4258:(Supplement 1: Laboratory birds: refinements in husbandry and procedures): 120–126. 3899: 3793: 3538: 3298: 3264:"Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic – Oriental starlings and mynas (genera 2391: 8652: 8269: 7914: 7520: 7464: 7166: 7148: 7102: 7060: 6962: 6880: 6853: 6729: 6722:"Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions*" 6477: 6382: 6313: 6139: 5978: 5705: 5642: 5556: 5502: 5494: 5465:

Corn, Joseph L; Manning, Elizabeth J; Sreevatsan, Srinand; Fischer, John R (2005).

5423: 5257: 5103: 5028: 4979: 4946: 4905: 4755: 4724: 4654: 4597: 4562: 4527: 4488: 4453: 4404: 4396: 4382:"Green nesting material has a function in mate attraction in the European starling" 4351: 4312: 4259: 4175: 4106: 3936: 3879: 3773: 3763: 3722: 3714: 3526: 3357: 3345: 3286: 3233: 3105: 3045: 2970: 2957: 2594: 2464: 2380: 2376: 2350: 1921: 1798: 1778: 1733: 1705: 1400: 1263: 1141: 716: 8611: 8321: 5316: 4457: 4400: 3883: 3530: 3193: 2653:

bird to breed successfully, and even in the US, where this is a pest species, the

1716:

Chicks waiting to be fed at the entrance of their nest made in a gap in a wall in

1446:

creates complex shapes silhouetted against the sky, a phenomenon known locally as

488:

group apart from introductions elsewhere, with the greatest numbers of species in

8541: 8373: 8243: 8022: 8011:

Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

7604: 7375: 6610: 5323: 4566: 2965: 2938: 2685: 2681: 2444: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2081: 1874: 1760: 1624: 1443: 1241: 936: 548: 427: 394: 373:

south and west in the winter within the breeding range and also further south to

330: 311: 300:

and other gregarious situations, with an unmusical but varied song. Its gift for

204: 8487: 7788: 7732: 6721: 5804: 5777: 4166:

Thomas, H F (1957). "The Starling in the Sunraysia District, Victoria. Part I".

3237: 3223: 2643:, and common starlings were found to be effective in controlling the grass grub 2287:

and several Caribbean islands. As a result, it has also been able to migrate to

8342: 8329: 8056: 6733: 6671:"EUROPEAN STARLINGS: A REVIEW OF AN INVASIVE SPECIES WITH FAR-REACHING IMPACTS" 6338: 6223: 5188:"Northern Raccoon predation on European Starling nestlings in British Columbia" 4741: 3599:"European starlings: a review of an invasive species with far-reaching impacts" 3003: 2807: 2798: 2485: 2354: 2272: 2236: 1949: 1866: 1842: 1814: 1806: 1712: 1214: 1064: 788: 738: 664: 552: 489: 370: 297: 8005: 7918: 7758:. Wellington, New Zealand: The Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa). Archived from 5932: 5427: 4951: 4934: 4910: 4889: 3349: 3145: 2263:. Common starlings rarely inhabit dense, wet forests (i.e. rainforests or wet 8641: 8456: 7704: 7679:

Thermogenic mechanisms during the development of endothermy in juvenile birds

7652: 7600: 7162: 6586: 5992: 5983: 5654: 5090:

Evans, P G H (1988). "Intraspecific nest parasitism in the European starling

4263: 3950: 3891: 3674:

Feare, Chris (1996). "Studies of West Palearctic Birds: 196. Common starling

3096: 2914: 2836: 2756: 2673: 2586: 2562: 2505: 2455:

The common starling appears to have arrived in Fiji in 1925 on Ono-i-lau and

2371: 2248: 2172: 2107: 2023: 1983: 1925: 1850: 1700: 1616: 1557: 1469: 1396: 1223: 1192: 1160: 827: 784: 741:

are intermediate between this subspecies and the nominate and placement with

710: 694: 668: 606: 422: 406: 387: 350: 200: 74: 69: 6706: 5967:"Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness" 3941: 3914: 2657:

acknowledges that vast numbers of insects are consumed by common starlings.

1995: 555:

means that acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities.

8435: 8308: 8105: 7955: 7853: 7180: 7116: 7107: 7090: 6594: 6543:"Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University" 6151: 6105: 5725: 5670: 5516: 5443: 5277: 4759: 4668: 4659: 4642: 3736: 3606: 3245: 2640: 2542: 2493: 2489: 2477: 2460: 2428: 2415: 2308: 2139: 1628: 1589: 981: 924: 524: 383: 362: 7815:. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. 7153: 6989: 6568: 5576: 4531: 3785: 3552:

Harrison, James M (1928). "The colour of the soft parts of the starling".

337:

to western Mongolia, and it has been introduced as an invasive species to

8469: 8404: 8114: 7977: 3696: 2857: 2824: 2680:

may be affected. In Australia, competitors for nesting sites include the

2650: 2537: 2396: 2264: 2157: 1933: 1501: 1204: 977: 893: 796: 777: 470: 444: 342: 8194: 5717: 5662: 5615: 5435: 4316: 2922:

Common starlings may be kept as pets or as laboratory animals. Austrian

8606: 8546: 8360: 7359:

Starling roost dispersal from woodlands: Forestry Commission Leaflet 69

7072: 7048: 6974: 6611:

Feare, Chris J; Douville de Franssu, Pierre; Peris, Salvador J (1992).

6396: 6325: 5568: 5269: 5142: 5040: 4601: 4552: 4500: 4363: 3718: 2947: 2877: 2735: 2669: 2590: 2513: 2292: 2244: 2176: 1988: 1953: 1858: 1822: 1581: 1561: 1481: 1416: 985: 946: 867: 856: 835: 544: 334: 322: 306: 213: 6870: 6143: 5129:

Short, Lester L (1979). "Burdens of the picid hole-excavating habit".

4850:"Diet of the Australasian Harrier in Manawatu-Rangitikei Sand Country" 4111: 2623: 2528:. It is the most common bird species in urban and agricultural areas. 1298: 8409: 8290: 6570: 6042:"Shakespeare to Blame for Introduction of European Starlings to U.S." 4179: 2982: 2961: 2880:. In 2008, the United States government poisoned, shot or trapped 1.7 2777: 2704: 2661: 2325: 2260: 1890: 1746: 1741: 1658: 1549: 1541: 1513: 1497: 1493: 1473: 1427: 1384: 1073: 1056: 831: 730: 501: 485: 378: 358: 338: 288: 281: 141: 101: 8076: 7064: 6966: 6884: 6857: 6696: 6575:

Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

6317: 6127: 5560: 5261: 5032: 4492: 4355: 1431: 8295: 8282: 8099: 5709: 4199: 3915:"Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model" 2934: 2923: 2700: 2665: 2636: 2632: 2574: 2358: 2288: 2255: 2180: 2148: 2144: 2134: 1971: 1882: 1826: 1509: 1134: 1044: 897: 800: 481: 151: 121: 5244:

Boyd, Elizabeth M (1951). "A Survey of Parasitism of the Starling

3931: 1745:

as insulation and increasing the risk of chilling the hatchlings.

870:, in the uplands on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, replacing 386:, as well as seeds and fruit. It is hunted by various mammals and 8619: 8179: 7425: 4887: 3262:

Zuccon, Dario; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G P (September 2008).

3008: 2953: 2872: 2851:

Visiting a bird feeder. The adult has a black beak in the winter.

2831: 2677: 2582: 2525: 2517: 2509: 2501: 2268: 2197: 2193: 1963: 1958: 1692: 1585: 1435: 1423: 1328: 1258: 1227: 1200: 1130: 1126: 1014: 863: 792: 660: 659:

Most of Europe, except the far northwest and far southeast; also

624: 588: 398: 326: 301: 292: 161: 7497:

del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David, eds. (2009).

7018:. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. Archived from 5879:

Peris, S; Soave, G; Camperi, A; Darrieu, C; Aramburu, R (2005).

3865: 453: 447: 8166: 7888:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)

7849: 7848: 7752:

Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference

7748: 7385:. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Water Resources. 7293:

Translated by Murtha Baca and Stephen Sartarelli from Artusi's

5921:

Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007) p. 17.

5018: 2841: 2769: 2727: 2546: 2476:

In South Africa, the common starling was introduced in 1897 by

2303:

Five individuals conveyed on a ship from England alighted near

2240: 2209: 2130: 2044: 1917: 1794: 1717: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1553: 1525: 1521: 1505: 1489: 1477: 1408: 1231: 823: 762: 354: 346: 291:. It is about 20 cm (8 in) long and has glossy black 111: 7938:

RSPB Where to Discover Nature: In Britain and Northern Ireland

5597: 4965: 4479:

Michael, Edwin D (1971). "Starlings nesting in rocky cliffs".

4211:. Department of Agriculture and Food Australia. Archived from 3505: 3373:

Proceedings 1st. International Congress the World of Elephants

3081: 3079: 3077: 2710:

Common starlings can eat and damage fruit in orchards such as

8277: 5691: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2456: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2027: 1726: 1650: 1569: 1545: 1254: 1218: 1209: 1018: 440: 390:, and is host to a range of external and internal parasites. 7346:

The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (First series)

7134: 6104:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from 2419:

A European starling in flight, suburban St. Louis, Missouri.

2106:

Flying insects that parasitise common starlings include the

7687:

Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium

7088: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6517: 6388:

10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0097:FLDBIA]2.0.CO;2

5647:

10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0491:HIAOTI]2.0.CO;2

4238: 3912: 3328: 3074: 2867:

In the United States, common starlings are exempt from the

2689: 2549:, and is rare in the rest of the Bahamas and eastern Cuba. 2321: 2284: 2221: 2217: 2129:

are nest scavengers, which feed on animal material such as

2052: 2048: 2015: 1909: 1774: 1560:

is necessary for successful breeding, common starlings are

1533: 1485: 1439: 1188: 989: 527: 366: 284: 131: 7376:

Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007).

6126:

Hofmeister, Natalie; Werner, Scott; Lovette, Irby (2021).

5965:

Fugate, Lauren; Miller, John MacNeill (November 1, 2021).

5475:

from free-ranging birds and mammals on livestock premises"

2615: 1302:

Adult male singing and displaying its long throat feathers

6843: 6619:. Davis: University of California, Davis. pp. 83–88. 6569:

BROCHIER B. VANGELUWE D. VAN DEN BERG T.P. (2010-08-01).

2699:

woodpecker. European starlings are considered aggressive

1913: 1537: 1529: 1517: 477:'s preferred English vernacular name is common starling. 7013: 6613:

The starling in Europe: multiple approaches to a problem

6530: 5878: 5745: 5743: 5628: 5062:(Common starling, Eurasian starling, European starling)" 1992:

lice, presumably due to its inability to remove vermin.

1117:

Buturlin and Harms, 1909, which are intergrades between

7661:. Wilson, Marjorie Kerr (translator). London: Methuen. 7496: 7356: 6952: 6617:

Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference

6125: 5805:"A report on the birds of Addu Atoll (Maldive Islands)" 5393: 2964:, who then sailed from Wales to Ireland to rescue her. 2788:

causing major damage that cost a total of $ 1,607,317.

725:, but intermediate in size between that subspecies and 377:

and North Africa. The common starling builds an untidy

7561: 6900:"State Government commits to help eradicate starlings" 6631:"Starlings: a threat to Australia's unique ecosystems" 5412:

in wild European starlings at a Kansas cattle feedlot"

4999:"European Starling: The Birds of North America Online" 3085: 2196:

and is found throughout Europe, northern Africa (from

1253:

Several terrestrial starlings, including those in the

7478:

Higgins, P J; Peter, J M; Cowling, S J, eds. (2006).

7447:

Birds of Prey of Europe, North Africa and Middle East

7428:

The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta: A Second Look

7084: 7082: 5749: 5740: 4801:"The food of birds of prey and owls in Fenno-Scandia" 3596: 3183: 2156:

and may cause its host to suffocate. In Britain, the

1195:

is 2.5 to 3.2 cm (0.98 to 1.26 in) and the

7859:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites

7734:

Towards a Conservation Strategy of the Roseate Tern

7323: 6430:. USDA Wildlife Services. 2011-09-27. Archived from 4587: 4337: 3261: 2888:

million birds, around 45% of the global total of 310

2459:

islands. It may have colonised from New Zealand via

838:. Not found in the uplands, where it is replaced by 8057:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

7935: 7566:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 7477: 3913:Hildenbrandt, H; Carere, C; Hemelrijk, C K (2010). 2018:in their nests. The small, pale house-sparrow flea 1606:

An adult foraging and finding food for young chicks

7960:A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia 7886:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998). 7749:Parkes, John; Weller, Wendy; Reddiex, Ben (2005). 7542: 7302: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7079: 6929:"Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act" 3697:Prince, Ben; Riede, Tobias; Goller, Franz (2011). 3111:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22710886A137493608.en 2945: 1187:is 11.8 to 13.8 cm (4.6 to 5.4 in), the 7807: 7279:Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well 6510:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species" 5162:) in northern, central, and southern New Zealand" 4513: 1084:, subspecies formerly considered to be isolated. 8639: 8069:, National Invasive Species Information Center, 7829: 7769: 7047:Glahn, James F.; Otis, David L. (January 1986). 6990:"Shock and Caw: Pesky Starlings Still Overwhelm" 6931:. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from 6451:Federation of Alberta Naturalists (2007) p. 374. 6303: 5802: 4888:Chavko, J; Danko, Š; Obuch, J; Mihók, J (2012). 4089:Shimbov, Mario I.; Allain, Steven J. R. (2022). 2783:flew into a flock and plummeted into the sea at 2631:Since common starlings eat insect pests such as 1353:syrinx is 100% larger than the female's syrinx. 1199:is 2.7 to 3.2 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in). The 1191:is 5.8 to 6.8 cm (2.3 to 2.7 in), the 1179:A young juvenile being fed by an adult in Boston 280:in Great Britain and Ireland, is a medium-sized 7813:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2 7501:. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows 7430:. Edmonton: Federation of Alberta Naturalists. 7123: 6694: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 5930: 5158:"Breeding dates and productivity of starlings ( 5128: 3976: 3031:The table is based on Feare & Craig (1998). 2231:A flock resting on a pine tree during migration 8016:Feathers of common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 7295:La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiare bene 5960: 5958: 4379: 4200:Kirkpatrick, Win; Woolnough, Andrew P (2007). 2693:List of the world's 100 worst invasive species 2559:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1464:A flock foraging at a farm in Northern Ireland 1098:Buturlin, 1904, which are intergrades between 443:for "starling" and "common" respectively. The 411:International Union for Conservation of Nature 6813:"Starling Bird Facts | Sturnus Vulgaris" 6606: 6604: 6418: 6416: 6414: 5809:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5786:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5523: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5293: 5222:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 5068:. IZIKO, Museums of Cape Town. Archived from 4932: 4783: 4710: 4640: 4443: 4088: 3257: 3255: 2480:. It spread slowly, and by 1954, had reached 1649:long as some is present, but the presence of 7522:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 7235: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 6906:. State of Western Australia. Archived from 6764:Bird Strike: The Crash of the Boston Electra 6636:. Threatened Species Network. Archived from 6460: 6368: 6078: 5964: 5284: 5089: 3806:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3749:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3545: 3499: 3438: 3436: 2791:Starlings' droppings can contain the fungus 2639:were erected for this species in the former 2097:is itself preyed upon by the predatory mite 8071:United States National Agricultural Library 7885: 7711: 7562:Kilham, Lawrence; Waltermire, Joan (1988). 7192: 7190: 6987: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6206: 6119: 5955: 4832: 4774: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4058: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 2605: 2186: 459: 421:The common starling was first described by 416: 304:has been noted in literature including the 7772:The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland 7675: 7426:Federation of Alberta Naturalists (2007). 7406: 7217: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6601: 6411: 5946: 5881:"Range expansion of the European starling 5833:. Merseyside Ringing Group. Archived from 4847: 4798: 4715:) in relation to predation and foraging". 4409:11370/18688a82-a350-4483-9e8c-977573cc5c85 4375: 4373: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3252: 2827:have only a temporary effect in any case. 1767: 473:poem "The Stare's Nest by My Window". The 212: 63: 29: 7904: 7830:Robertson, Hugh; Heather, Barrie (2005). 7357:Currie, F A; Elgy, D; Petty, S J (1977). 7170: 7152: 7106: 7046: 7033: 6897: 6761: 6564: 6562: 6386: 6369:Granbom, Martin; Smith, Henrik G (2006). 6271: 6221: 6095: 5982: 5904: 5902: 5862: 5860: 5529:Rothschild & Clay (1953) pp. 235–237. 5506: 5375:Rothschild & Clay (1953) pp. 180–181. 5329: 4950: 4909: 4658: 4291: 4234: 4232: 4110: 4054: 4052: 4008:West, Meredith J; King, Andrew P (1990). 3940: 3930: 3839: 3837: 3726: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3478:Parkin & Knox (2009) pp. 65, 305–306. 3463: 3400: 3398: 3217: 3150: 3109: 2909: 2278: 1730:(0.79–0.89 in) in maximum diameter. 431:in 1758 under its current binomial name. 7936:Taylor, Marianne; Holden, Peter (2009). 7613: 7609:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 7599: 7281:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7187: 7007: 6864: 6719: 6654: 6362: 6059: 5924: 5874: 5872: 5775: 5307: 5305: 5155: 5052: 5050: 4984:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.t01-2-00094_2.x 4186: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4007: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3551: 3413: 3392:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1492–1496. 3324: 3322: 2981: 2926:Konrad Lorenz wrote of them in his book 2913: 2846: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2226: 2152:. This worm moves from the lungs to the 1994: 1711: 1699: 1691: 1639: 1594: 1459: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1305: 1297: 1286: 1240: 1174: 38: 7954: 7518: 7444: 7226: 7199: 6946: 6891: 6823: 6297: 6284: 6172: 6033: 5685: 5622: 5387: 5290:Rothschild & Clay (1953) pp. 84–85. 4634: 4507: 4478: 4472: 4437: 4370: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3658: 3620: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3460:Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) p. 583. 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3370: 3364: 3159: 2856:perches discourages them from visiting 1279:particularly noticeable when it sings. 8640: 8006:Very noisy Starling flocks in Scotland 7866: 7832:Hand Guide to the Birds of New Zealand 7651: 7614:Lockwood, William Burley, ed. (1984). 7482:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 7342: 7300: 7273: 7254: 7208: 7016:"European Starlings and their Control" 6981: 6837: 6834:Cocker & Mabey (2005) pp. 429–436. 6559: 6262: 6215: 6039: 5899: 5857: 5848: 5538: 5532: 5479:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4683: 4641:Sandell, M I; Diemer, Michael (1999). 4625: 4581: 4380:Brouwer, Lyanne; Komdeur, Jan (2004). 4331: 4229: 4165: 4049: 3957: 3850: 3647: 3645: 3481: 3472: 3454: 3404: 3395: 3208: 3168: 3040:This form was described by Hodgson as 2500:provinces of South Africa and lowland 1978:spp.), and cats may catch the unwary. 8081: 8080: 8063:Species Profile – European Starling ( 7976: 7834:. Auckland: Oxford University Press. 7730: 7616:The Oxford Book of British Bird Names 7580: 7324:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 7205:Kilham & Waltermire (1988) p. 59. 6516:. Invasive Species Specialist Group, 6454: 6014: 5952:Robertson & Heather (2005) p. 162 5915: 5869: 5803:Strickland, M J; Jenner, J C (1977). 5604:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 5302: 5047: 4996: 4841: 4127: 3814: 3673: 3442:Feare & Craig (1998) pp. 183–189. 3338:European Journal of Wildlife Research 3319: 3226:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2379:to the north and the equally distant 645: 642: 636: 475:International Ornithological Congress 8683:Migratory birds (Eastern Hemisphere) 8625:7787EBA6-FFA0-409A-A5AE-7704078D2648 8534:374ff3e6-11c9-4c10-a358-d38e9618ab08 8348:d143f68a-d80e-452d-99d3-88c8b292285f 7905:Sparagano, Olivier A E, ed. (2009). 7714:Gun Digest Book of Sporting Shotguns 7689:(Thesis). Oulu: University of Oulu. 7637:. Terrey Hills: A H & A W Reed. 7632: 7463: 7407:Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998). 6789:"Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)" 6623: 6445: 6332: 5698:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5635:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5591: 5384:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 189. 5366:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 169. 5357:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 251. 5348:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 222. 5299:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 115. 5243: 5237: 5212: 5185: 5149: 4616: 3996: 3629: 3603:Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species 3577: 3572:European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 3445: 3379: 2541:fairly common but local in Jamaica, 2042:. Other arthropod parasites include 639: 8648:IUCN Red List least concern species 7962:. Suva: Environmental Consultants. 7890:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7618:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7543:Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1970). 6020: 4590:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4546: 4520:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4159: 3870:, under different predation risk". 3642: 3626:Feare & Craig (1998) pp. 21–22. 3605:. Paper 24: 378–386. Archived from 3177: 3097:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:, a parasite of the common starling 1615:This behaviour, first described by 749:varies according to the authority. 547:of the common starling, which vary 333:in temperate Europe and across the 276:in North America and simply as the 13: 7982:The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats 7770:Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2009). 7499:Handbook of the Birds of the World 7053:The Journal of Wildlife Management 6698:Starling management in agriculture 5156:Bull, P C; Flux, John E C (2006). 4294:"Foraging decisions in starlings ( 4069:Introduced Species Summary Project 2765:billion per year in crop damages. 1438:municipalities between Tønder and 1322:The common starling is noisy, its 830:eastwards around the coast of the 484:family, Sturnidae, is an entirely 14: 8709: 7999: 7744:. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. 6461:Pell, A S; Tidemann, C R (1997). 5220:"Are cats causing bird declines?" 4935:"Bird prey taken by British owls" 4890:"The food of the Imperial Eagle ( 4789:Génsbøl (1984) pp. 239, 254, 273. 4095:preyed upon by European starling 3856:Taylor & Holden (2009) p. 27. 3186:"Sugarbirds, starlings, thrushes" 1472:and feeds on both pest and other 1067:are intermediate in size between 464:are both derived from an unknown 321:The common starling has about 12 8397:common-starling-sturnus-vulgaris 7014:Johnson, Ron J; Glahn, James F. 6921: 6805: 6786: 6780: 6755: 6713: 6688: 6514:Global Invasive Species Database 6502: 6247: 6235:The Atlas of South African Birds 6166: 6053: 5750:Butchart, S; Ekstrom, J (2013). 5499:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6963-6967.2005 5339:" in Sparagano (2009) pp. 75–76. 5001:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3983:Earth Science Picture of the Day 3291:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x 3190:IOC World Bird List 2013 (v 3.3) 2437:American Acclimatization Society 2386: 2298: 613: 595: 577: 563: 88: 8050:European starling photo gallery 7547:. London: J M Dent & Sons. 7328:. London: Chatto & Windus. 7214:Jones & Jones (1970) p. 30. 6728:, CRC Press, pp. 307–329, 6351:. British Trust for Ornithology 6256:The Cornubian and Redruth Times 5819: 5796: 5769: 5458: 5226:from the original on 2012-12-15 5179: 5122: 5083: 5012: 4990: 4959: 4926: 4881: 4838:Génsbøl (1984) pp. 67, 74, 162. 4792: 4735: 4704: 4285: 4082: 3970: 3906: 3859: 3757: 3690: 3564: 3214:Feare & Craig (1998) p. 13. 3086:BirdLife International (2019). 3034: 3025: 2619:Congregating on wires in France 2504:, with occasional sightings in 2471: 1468:The common starling is largely 1282: 7583:Naturalised Birds of the World 7343:Coward, Thomas Alfred (1941). 7309:. London: Granada Publishing. 7248: 6955:Journal of Wildlife Management 6762:Kalafatas, Michael N. (2010). 6720:Pimentel, David (2002-06-13), 6258:. 15 February 1901. p. 3. 4555:Ethology Ecology and Evolution 3977:Winkler, Bjarne (2006-06-19). 3146:Systema Naturae ed. 10 1 p.167 3134: 3125: 2531: 2364: 2167:Common starlings may contract 1170: 1144:, 1928, an intergrade between 1: 8055:(European) Common starling – 7984:. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. 7871:. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. 7869:The North American Bird Guide 7635:Introduced Birds of the World 6482:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00112-7 6064:. Penguin Group. p. 42. 5778:"Occurrence of the Starling, 5108:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80197-0 4729:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80049-7 4458:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.008 4401:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.07.005 3884:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.034 3531:10.1080/03078698.2005.9674332 3184:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David. 3067: 2997:which could sing part of his 2137:blood parasites of the genus 2126:Hofmannophila pseudospretella 1159:, 1928 from southern Iran's ( 1133:and throughout Greece to the 945:, but smaller and completely 538: 46:The song of a common starling 8052:at VIREO (Drexel University) 7940:. London: Christopher Helm. 7793:. London: Christopher Helm. 7774:. London: Christopher Helm. 7528:. London: Christopher Helm. 7504:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 7411:. London: Christopher Helm. 6673:. 2014-05-17. Archived from 6254:"Starlings v Grasshoppers". 6175:"Fiji's sedentary starlings" 6040:Mirsky, Steve (2008-05-23). 4863:(4): 241–254. Archived from 4814:(8): 307–320. Archived from 4780:Génsbøl (1984) pp. 142, 151. 4691:"European Longevity Records" 4567:10.1080/03949370.2011.554882 3778:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91011-2 3156:Jobling (2010) pp. 367, 405. 2806:to humans. The spreading of 2536:In 1901, the inhabitants of 2450: 2314: 2208:, the Middle East including 1908:More than twenty species of 1426:, Denmark, over the seaward 1217:and the central always-dark 7: 8693:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7811:; Anderton, John C (2005). 7712:Michalowski, Kevin (2011). 7676:Marjoniemi, Kyösti (2001). 7581:Lever, Christopher (2010). 6023:"100 Years of the Starling" 5633:) fed two levels of iron". 5250:The Journal of Parasitology 3238:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.007 2627:Feeding on a windfall apple 2162:Prosthorhynchus transverses 1831:Milvus migrans & milvus 1687: 1556:. While the consumption of 1294:Chattering calls of a group 10: 8714: 8159:Sturnus_(Sturnus)_vulgaris 7907:Control of Poultry Mites ( 7716:. Iola: Gun Digest Books. 7352:. London: Frederick Warne. 7297:, first published in 1891. 6988:Stark, Mike (2009-09-07). 6904:Media releases, 2009–10–19 6734:10.1201/9781420041668.ch17 6428:Wildlife Damage Management 6212:Watling (2003) pp. 142–143 5776:Ghorpade, Kumar D (1973). 5201:(1): 25–26. Archived from 4518:: nestling provisioning". 2974:, William Shakespeare had 2825:visual or auditory devices 2817: 2224:, and northwestern China. 1676:Common starlings are both 1635: 1619:and given the German term 1476:. The food range includes 1455: 16:Species of passerine birds 8089: 7919:10.1007/978-90-481-2731-3 7738:in the Azores Archipelago 7585:. London: A&C Black. 7519:Jobling, James A (2010). 7241:Michalowski (2011) p. 61. 6188:: 227–230. Archived from 5428:10.1637/8920-050809-Reg.1 4952:10.1080/00063657209476330 4911:10.2478/v10262-012-0001-y 4292:Tinbergen, J. M. (1981). 3407:American Museum Novitates 3350:10.1007/s10344-009-0316-x 3104:: e.T22710886A137493608. 2999:Piano Concerto in G Major 2869:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 2655:Department of Agriculture 2552: 2339:Albany, Western Australia 2259:areas such as Australian 1035: 1002: 965: 911: 881: 850: 810: 771: 753: 704: 682: 650: 220: 211: 190: 183: 85:Scientific classification 83: 61: 52: 37: 28: 23: 8042:Internet Bird Collection 7791:Birds of the West Indies 7731:Neves, Verónica (2005). 7257:Birds of the West Indies 7095:Journal of Dairy Science 6695:Johnson, Ron J. (1992). 6290:Arlott (2010) p. 126., " 5984:10.1215/22011919-9320167 5971:Environmental Humanities 5931:Olliver, Narena (2005). 5866:Long (1981) pp. 359–363. 5782:Linnaeus near Bangalore" 5758:. BirdLife International 4848:Baker-Gabb, D J (1981). 4622:Marjoniemi (2001) p. 19. 4264:10.1258/0023677011912164 3496:Coward (1941) pp. 38–41. 3018: 2986:Mozart's "starling song" 2606:Relationship with humans 2187:Distribution and habitat 2087:Pteronyssoides truncatus 1644:A parent feeding a chick 417:Taxonomy and systematics 287:in the starling family, 8658:Birds described in 1758 8037:"Common starling media" 7913:. Dordrecht: Springer. 7445:Génsbøl, Benny (1984). 7301:Burton, Robert (1985). 7255:Arlott, Norman (2010). 7141:BMC Veterinary Research 6470:Biological Conservation 6306:Journal of Biogeography 6062:The Thing with Feathers 6060:Strycker, Noah (2014). 6021:Gup, Ted (1990-09-01). 5827:"Migration of starling 5549:Journal of Parasitology 4103:Herpetological Bulletin 3519:Ringing & Migration 3469:Neves (2005) pp. 63–73. 3165:Lockwood (1984) p. 147. 2946: 2573:was already present in 2512:and around the town of 2425:acclimatisation society 1821:). Slower raptors like 1768:Predators and parasites 1661:attractant to females. 1268:white-cheeked starlings 454: 448: 8673:Birds of North America 7867:Sibley, David (2000). 7862:. New York: Macmillan. 7108:10.3168/jds.2017-12858 6571:"Alien invasive birds" 5935:. Birds of New Zealand 5248:L. in North America". 5186:Begg, Barbara (2009). 4933:Glue, David E (1972). 4760:10.1006/anbe.1994.1227 4660:10.1006/anbe.1998.0936 3979:"Black Sun in Denmark" 3052:of 1831, and may have 2987: 2919: 2910:In science and culture 2852: 2814:million loss in 2014. 2794:Histoplasma capsulatum 2628: 2620: 2522:anthropogenic habitats 2420: 2412: 2400: 2370:Europe along with the 2279:Introduced populations 2232: 2032:Menacanthus eurystemus 2011:Ceratophyllus gallinae 2005: 1835:eastern imperial eagle 1721: 1709: 1697: 1645: 1607: 1465: 1407:. Flocks form a tight 1388: 1370: 1319: 1303: 1295: 1246: 1180: 787:eastwards through the 460: 249: Summer visitor 240: Winter visitor 228: Summer visitor 47: 8698:Invasive bird species 8663:Birds of Central Asia 8568:Paleobiology Database 7978:Yeats, William Butler 7633:Long, John A (1981). 7470:Zoological Miscellany 7232:Artusi (2003) p. 220. 7154:10.1186/1746-6148-7-9 5854:Sibley (2000) p. 416. 5543:Plasmodium hexamerium 5539:Janovy, John (1966). 5066:Biodiversity Explorer 4898:Slovak Raptor Journal 4631:Burton (1985) p. 187. 4532:10.1007/s002650050293 4156:(2006) pp. 1907–1914. 4071:. Columbia University 3942:10.1093/beheco/arq149 3847:(2006) pp. 1923–1928. 3707:Journal of Morphology 3050:Zoological Miscellany 2985: 2917: 2850: 2774:sixty-two people died 2646:Costelytra zealandica 2626: 2618: 2611:Benefits and problems 2418: 2406: 2394: 2291:, Southeast Asia and 2230: 2111:Omithomya nigricornis 2057:Analgopsis passerinus 2014:) is the most common 1998: 1715: 1703: 1695: 1643: 1605: 1463: 1405:Eurasian sparrowhawks 1382: 1368: 1361:Behaviour and ecology 1309: 1301: 1293: 1244: 1178: 1163:) is very similar to 1106:from western Russia; 949:, being separated by 471:William Butler Yeats' 439:are derived from the 272:), also known as the 45: 8343:Fauna Europaea (new) 7223:Lorenz (1961) p. 84. 7196:Lorenz (1961) p. 59. 6793:Animal Diversity Web 6726:Biological Invasions 6424:"European starlings" 6268:Lever (2010) p. 197. 6102:Living with Wildlife 5337:Dermanyssus gallinae 4093:Lissotriton vulgaris 4061:"European starling ( 4059:Adeney, J M (2001). 3570:Cabe, Paul R. 1993. 3144:Linnaeus, 1758 2100:Androlaelaps casalis 2091:Trouessartia rosteri 2066:Dermanyssus gallinae 2001:Dermanyssus gallinae 1938:Acridotheres tristis 1851:Australasian harrier 1787:Eurasian sparrowhawk 1342:reproductive success 896:through the eastern 512:that survived in an 7809:Rasmussen, Pamela C 7658:King Solomon's Ring 7449:. London: Collins. 7409:Starlings and Mynas 7361:. Edinburgh: HMSO. 7259:. London: Collins. 6224:"European starling 6173:Watling, D (1982). 6046:Scientific American 5912:(2005) pp. 183–189. 5491:2005ApEnM..71.6963C 5469:Mycobacterium avium 5406:Mycobacterium avium 5131:The Wilson Bulletin 4799:Bergman, G (1961). 4317:10.5253/arde.v69.p1 4029:1990AmSci..78..106W 4010:"Mozart's Starling" 3639:(2009) pp. 665–667. 3174:Yeats (2000) p. 173 2995:pet common starling 2929:King Solomon's Ring 2902:Salmonella enterica 2803:infectious diseases 2441:William Shakespeare 2435:, president of the 2133:or dead nestlings. 2072:Ornithonyssus bursa 1696:Five eggs in a nest 913:S. v. porphyronotus 900:and adjacent areas 759:Hartert, EJO, 1903 676:nominate subspecies 633: 571:S. v. porphyronotus 316:William Shakespeare 55:Conservation status 8216:BirdLife-Australia 8021:2020-02-05 at the 7850:Rothschild, Miriam 7473:. Wurtz: Treuttel. 7275:Artusi, Pellegrino 6027:The New York Times 5322:2013-12-03 at the 4602:10.1007/BF00302916 4344:Functional Ecology 4252:Laboratory Animals 4017:American Scientist 3967:(1977) leaflet 69. 3919:Behavioral Ecology 3719:10.1002/jmor.11007 3512:using iris colour" 3508:"Sexing Starlings 3451:Gray (1831) p. 84. 3054:taxonomic priority 2988: 2920: 2853: 2629: 2621: 2433:Eugene Schieffelin 2421: 2413: 2401: 2383:far to the south. 2233: 2169:avian tuberculosis 2040:Stumidoecus sturni 2006: 1899:Eurasian eagle-owl 1855:Circus approximans 1783:Accipiter gentilis 1722: 1710: 1698: 1646: 1608: 1466: 1389: 1371: 1320: 1304: 1296: 1272:protractor muscles 1247: 1181: 1152:in northern Iran. 1125:from the southern 862:Eastern Turkey to 852:S. v. purpurascens 773:S. v. poltaratskyi 631: 543:There are several 533:Middle Pleistocene 494:sub-Saharan Africa 329:across its native 48: 8678:Birds of Pakistan 8635: 8634: 8555:Open Tree of Life 8384:european-starling 8083:Taxon identifiers 8030:USDA Bulletin 868 7947:978-1-4081-0864-2 7928:978-90-481-2730-6 7897:978-0-19-854099-1 7800:978-0-7136-5419-6 7781:978-1-4081-2500-7 7723:978-1-4402-2669-4 7601:Linnaeus, Carolus 7592:978-1-4081-2825-1 7564:On Watching Birds 7535:978-1-4081-2501-4 7511:978-84-96553-50-7 7465:Gray, John Edward 7437:978-0-9696134-9-7 7392:978-0-642-55369-0 7266:978-0-00-727718-6 6873:Wildlife Research 6846:Wildlife Research 6773:978-1-58465-897-9 6743:978-0-8493-0836-9 6292:Status and range: 6144:10.1111/mec.15806 6132:Molecular Ecology 6071:978-1-59448-635-7 5752:"Common starling 5541:"Epidemiology of 5485:(11): 6963–6967. 4202:"Common starling" 4112:10.33256/hb161.46 3713:(12): 1527–1536. 3279:Zoologica Scripta 2758:Passer domesticus 2600:intensive farming 2571:S. v. zetlandicus 2333:, Queensland and 2305:Lago de Maracaibo 2120:Carnus hemapterus 2036:Brueelia nebulosa 1942:lesser honeyguide 1930:Falco columbarius 1922:peregrine falcons 1819:Falco tinnunculus 1704:Eggs, Collection 1670:S. v. zetlandicus 1603: 1564:and can also eat 1401:peregrine falcons 1383:A large flock in 1380: 1316:Spring Creek Park 1291: 1236:spotless starling 1069:S. v. zetlandicus 1053: 1052: 933:Dzungarian Alatau 706:S. v. zetlandicus 506:spotless starling 325:breeding in open 310:and the works of 274:European starling 260: 259: 78: 43: 8705: 8628: 8627: 8615: 8614: 8612:Sturnus-vulgaris 8602: 8601: 8589: 8588: 8576: 8575: 8563: 8562: 8550: 8549: 8537: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8517: 8516: 8504: 8503: 8491: 8490: 8488:NHMSYS0000530628 8478: 8477: 8465: 8464: 8452: 8451: 8439: 8438: 8426: 8425: 8413: 8412: 8400: 8399: 8387: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8364: 8363: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8337: 8325: 8324: 8312: 8311: 8299: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8273: 8272: 8260: 8259: 8247: 8246: 8237: 8236: 8224: 8223: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8185:94A4403295E2D9BE 8175: 8174: 8172:sturnus-vulgaris 8162: 8161: 8149: 8148: 8146:Sturnus_vulgaris 8136: 8135: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8121:Sturnus vulgaris 8110: 8109: 8108: 8091:Sturnus vulgaris 8078: 8077: 8065:Sturnus vulgaris 8046: 7995: 7973: 7951: 7932: 7901: 7882: 7863: 7845: 7826: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7764: 7757: 7745: 7743: 7736:Sterna dougallii 7727: 7708: 7684: 7672: 7653:Lorenz, Konrad Z 7648: 7629: 7610: 7596: 7577: 7558: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7493: 7474: 7460: 7441: 7422: 7403: 7401: 7395:. Archived from 7384: 7372: 7353: 7351: 7339: 7326:Birds Britannica 7320: 7308: 7292: 7270: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7174: 7156: 7132: 7121: 7120: 7110: 7101:(2): 1777–1784. 7086: 7077: 7076: 7044: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6821: 6820: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6667: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6635: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6547:www.columbia.edu 6539: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6490: 6484:. Archived from 6476:(2/3): 145–153. 6467: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6420: 6409: 6408: 6390: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6349:Bird Trends 2011 6343:Sturnus vulgaris 6336: 6330: 6329: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6232: 6226:Sturnus vulgaris 6219: 6213: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6194: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6138:(5): 1251–1263. 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6093: 6076: 6075: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5986: 5962: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5883:Sturnus vulgaris 5876: 5867: 5864: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5829:Sturnus vulgaris 5823: 5817: 5816: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5780:Sturnus vulgaris 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5754:Sturnus vulgaris 5747: 5738: 5737: 5694:Sturnus vulgaris 5689: 5683: 5682: 5631:Sturnus vulgaris 5626: 5620: 5619: 5600:Sturnus vulgaris 5595: 5589: 5588: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5510: 5473:paratuberculosis 5462: 5456: 5455: 5410:Paratuberculosis 5398:Escherichia coli 5391: 5385: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5309: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5246:Sturnus vulgaris 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5166: 5160:Sturnus vulgaris 5153: 5147: 5146: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5102:(5): 1282–1294. 5096:Animal Behaviour 5092:Sturnus vulgaris 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5060:Sturnus vulgaris 5054: 5045: 5044: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4978:(4): E164–E177. 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4869: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4805: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4748:Animal Behaviour 4744:Sturnus vulgaris 4739: 4733: 4732: 4717:Animal Behaviour 4713:Sturnus vulgaris 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4662: 4647:Animal Behaviour 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4516:Sturnus vulgaris 4511: 4505: 4504: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4446:Animal Behaviour 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4419:. Archived from 4389:Animal Behaviour 4386: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4340:Sturnus vulgaris 4335: 4329: 4328: 4302: 4296:Sturnus vulgaris 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4274:. Archived from 4249: 4243:Sturnus vulgaris 4236: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4206: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4180:10.1071/MU957031 4163: 4157: 4150: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4097:Sturnus vulgaris 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4063:Sturnus vulgaris 4056: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4031:. Archived from 4014: 4005: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3934: 3925:(6): 1349–1359. 3910: 3904: 3903: 3872:Animal Behaviour 3868:Sturnus vulgaris 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3797: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3730: 3701:Sturnus vulgaris 3694: 3688: 3687: 3676:Sturnus vulgaris 3671: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3594: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3516: 3510:Sturnus vulgaris 3503: 3497: 3494: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3393: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3301:. Archived from 3276: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3196:on 24 March 2010 3192:. Archived from 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3142:Sturnus vulgaris 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3090:Sturnus vulgaris 3083: 3061: 3038: 3032: 3029: 2951: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2813: 2764: 2753: 2745: 2686:eastern rosellas 2595:Northern Ireland 2465:Kermadec Islands 2381:Macquarie Island 2377:Kermadec Islands 2351:Lord Howe Island 2149:Syngamus trachea 1803:Falco peregrinus 1799:peregrine falcon 1779:northern goshawk 1706:Museum Wiesbaden 1604: 1381: 1318:, New York, USA. 1312:Sturnus vulgaris 1292: 1154:S. v. persepolis 1115:S. v. balcanicus 941:Very similar to 883:S. v. caucasicus 826:and east of the 717:Shetland Islands 667:. Introduced to 634: 630: 617: 599: 581: 567: 463: 458:, and the Latin 457: 451: 269:Sturnus vulgaris 255: Resident 254: 248: 239: 234: Resident 233: 227: 216: 196: 194:Sturnus vulgaris 176:S. vulgaris 93: 92: 72: 67: 66: 44: 33: 24:Common starling 21: 20: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8668:Birds of Europe 8638: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8623: 8618: 8610: 8605: 8597: 8592: 8584: 8579: 8571: 8566: 8558: 8553: 8545: 8542:Observation.org 8540: 8532: 8530: 8524:common-starling 8522: 8520: 8512: 8507: 8499: 8494: 8486: 8481: 8473: 8468: 8460: 8455: 8447: 8442: 8434: 8429: 8421: 8416: 8408: 8403: 8395: 8390: 8382: 8380: 8372: 8367: 8359: 8354: 8346: 8341: 8333: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8307: 8302: 8294: 8289: 8281: 8276: 8268: 8263: 8255: 8250: 8242: 8240: 8232: 8227: 8221:common-starling 8219: 8214: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8152: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8085: 8035: 8023:Wayback Machine 8002: 7992: 7970: 7948: 7929: 7898: 7879: 7842: 7823: 7801: 7782: 7762: 7755: 7741: 7724: 7697: 7682: 7669: 7645: 7626: 7593: 7574: 7555: 7536: 7525: 7512: 7490: 7457: 7438: 7419: 7399: 7393: 7382: 7369: 7349: 7336: 7317: 7289: 7267: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7188: 7133: 7124: 7087: 7080: 7065:10.2307/3801481 7045: 7034: 7025: 7023: 7012: 7008: 6998: 6996: 6986: 6982: 6967:10.2307/3797809 6951: 6947: 6938: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6911: 6898:Redman, Terry. 6896: 6892: 6885:10.1071/WR05106 6869: 6865: 6858:10.1071/WR06009 6842: 6838: 6833: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6718: 6714: 6693: 6689: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6655: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6609: 6602: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6549: 6541: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6520: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6437: 6435: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6367: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6337: 6333: 6318:10.2307/2845544 6302: 6298: 6289: 6285: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6239: 6237: 6230: 6222:Craig, Adrian. 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6096:Link, Russell. 6094: 6079: 6072: 6058: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5900: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5840: 5838: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5801: 5797: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5748: 5741: 5690: 5686: 5627: 5623: 5596: 5592: 5561:10.2307/3276329 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5463: 5459: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5324:Wayback Machine 5310: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5262:10.2307/3273522 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5195:Wildlife Afield 5190: 5184: 5180: 5164: 5154: 5150: 5127: 5123: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5073: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5033:10.2307/4088628 5017: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4964: 4960: 4931: 4927: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4740: 4736: 4709: 4705: 4696: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4586: 4582: 4551: 4547: 4512: 4508: 4493:10.2307/4511747 4477: 4473: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4356:10.2307/2390146 4336: 4332: 4300: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4247: 4241:"The starling, 4237: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4187: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4128: 4087: 4083: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3911: 3907: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3815: 3799: 3798: 3762: 3758: 3742: 3741: 3695: 3691: 3672: 3659: 3650: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3550: 3546: 3514: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3414: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3380: 3369: 3365: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3274: 3260: 3253: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3084: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 2966:Pliny the Elder 2939:domestic pigeon 2912: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2820: 2811: 2797:, the cause of 2762: 2751: 2743: 2613: 2608: 2555: 2534: 2474: 2453: 2445:Edwin Way Teale 2389: 2367: 2347:Kangaroo Island 2343:Nullarbor Plain 2335:New South Wales 2317: 2301: 2281: 2189: 2093:. The hen mite 2082:Proctophyllodes 1946:Indicator minor 1875:short-eared owl 1791:Accipiter nisus 1770: 1761:brood parasites 1690: 1638: 1595: 1458: 1444:swarm behaviour 1373: 1363: 1287: 1285: 1173: 1139:S. v. heinrichi 980:, southeastern 937:Altai Mountains 927:, grading into 684:S. v. faroensis 656:Linnaeus, 1758 627: 618: 609: 603:S. v. faroensis 600: 591: 582: 573: 568: 541: 428:Systema Naturae 419: 312:Pliny the Elder 298:communal roosts 264:common starling 256: 252: 250: 246: 241: 237: 235: 231: 229: 225: 207: 198: 192: 179: 87: 79: 68: 64: 57: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8711: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8616: 8603: 8590: 8577: 8564: 8551: 8538: 8528: 8518: 8505: 8492: 8479: 8466: 8453: 8440: 8427: 8414: 8401: 8388: 8378: 8365: 8352: 8339: 8330:Fauna Europaea 8326: 8313: 8300: 8287: 8274: 8261: 8248: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8189: 8176: 8163: 8150: 8137: 8126: 8111: 8095: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8075: 8074: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8033: 8025: 8013: 8008: 8001: 8000:External links 7998: 7997: 7996: 7990: 7974: 7968: 7952: 7946: 7933: 7927: 7902: 7896: 7883: 7877: 7864: 7846: 7840: 7827: 7821: 7805: 7799: 7786: 7780: 7767: 7765:on 2013-05-15. 7746: 7728: 7722: 7709: 7695: 7673: 7667: 7649: 7643: 7630: 7624: 7611: 7597: 7591: 7578: 7572: 7559: 7553: 7545:The Mabinogion 7540: 7534: 7516: 7510: 7494: 7488: 7475: 7461: 7455: 7442: 7436: 7423: 7417: 7404: 7402:on 2013-05-14. 7391: 7373: 7367: 7354: 7340: 7334: 7321: 7315: 7305:Bird Behaviour 7298: 7287: 7271: 7265: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7198: 7186: 7122: 7078: 7032: 7006: 6980: 6961:(2): 249–253. 6945: 6920: 6890: 6879:(4): 251–261. 6863: 6852:(6): 449–455. 6836: 6822: 6804: 6779: 6772: 6754: 6742: 6712: 6687: 6653: 6622: 6600: 6558: 6529: 6501: 6453: 6444: 6410: 6361: 6331: 6312:(6): 631–636. 6296: 6283: 6281:(2003) p. 126. 6270: 6261: 6246: 6214: 6205: 6165: 6118: 6077: 6070: 6052: 6032: 6013: 5977:(2): 301–322. 5954: 5945: 5923: 5914: 5898: 5868: 5856: 5847: 5818: 5795: 5768: 5739: 5710:10.1638/02-088 5704:(3): 314–316. 5684: 5641:(4): 491–496. 5621: 5610:(2): 108–115. 5590: 5555:(3): 573–578. 5531: 5522: 5467:"Isolation of 5457: 5422:(4): 544–551. 5416:Avian Diseases 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5341: 5328: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5236: 5211: 5208:on 2013-12-03. 5178: 5148: 5121: 5082: 5046: 5027:(4): 727–735. 5011: 4989: 4958: 4925: 4894:) in Slovakia" 4892:Aquila heliaca 4880: 4840: 4831: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4754:(1): 201–222. 4734: 4723:(2): 501–505. 4703: 4682: 4653:(1): 197–202. 4633: 4624: 4615: 4596:(3): 171–181. 4580: 4561:(2): 121–131. 4545: 4526:(5): 301–309. 4506: 4471: 4452:(3): 971–976. 4436: 4395:(3): 539–548. 4369: 4350:(4): 568–574. 4330: 4284: 4281:on 2015-07-19. 4228: 4185: 4158: 4126: 4081: 4048: 4023:(2): 106–114. 3995: 3969: 3956: 3905: 3878:(1): 101–107. 3858: 3849: 3813: 3766:Brain Research 3756: 3689: 3686:(12): 549–568. 3657: 3655:(2009) p. 725. 3641: 3628: 3619: 3576: 3563: 3544: 3525:(4): 193–197. 3498: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3412: 3394: 3378: 3363: 3318: 3285:(5): 469–481. 3251: 3232:(2): 333–344. 3216: 3207: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3133: 3124: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3033: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3004:A Musical Joke 2911: 2908: 2840:in 1954 was a 2819: 2816: 2808:Histoplasmosis 2799:histoplasmosis 2772:in 1960, when 2732:bridal creeper 2674:purple martins 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2567:S. v. vulgaris 2554: 2551: 2533: 2530: 2486:Port Elizabeth 2473: 2470: 2452: 2449: 2388: 2385: 2366: 2363: 2355:Norfolk Island 2316: 2313: 2300: 2297: 2280: 2277: 2188: 2185: 2024:house sparrows 2008:The hen flea ( 1950:brood parasite 1867:long-eared owl 1843:common buzzard 1839:Aquila heliaca 1815:common kestrel 1811:Falco subbuteo 1807:Eurasian hobby 1797:including the 1769: 1766: 1689: 1686: 1637: 1634: 1457: 1454: 1362: 1359: 1284: 1281: 1172: 1169: 1089:S. v. ruthenus 1065:Outer Hebrides 1051: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1021: 1012: 1006: 1000: 999: 992: 975: 969: 967:S. v. nobilior 963: 962: 939: 921: 915: 909: 908: 901: 891: 885: 879: 878: 874: 860: 854: 848: 847: 843: 820: 814: 812:S. v. tauricus 808: 807: 803: 789:Ural Mountains 781: 775: 769: 768: 765: 760: 757: 751: 750: 739:Outer Hebrides 719: 714: 708: 702: 701: 697: 692: 686: 680: 679: 672: 665:Canary Islands 657: 654: 652:S. v. vulgaris 648: 647: 644: 641: 638: 629: 628: 621:S. v. vulgaris 619: 612: 610: 601: 594: 592: 585:S. v. tauricus 583: 576: 574: 569: 562: 560: 553:intergradation 540: 537: 490:Southeast Asia 418: 415: 258: 257: 251: 245: 236: 230: 224: 218: 217: 209: 208: 199: 188: 187: 181: 180: 173: 171: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 81: 80: 62: 59: 58: 53: 50: 49: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8710: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Talking birds 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8068: 8066: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7993: 7991:1-85326-454-7 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7969:982-9030-04-0 7965: 7961: 7957: 7956:Watling, Dick 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7878:1-873403-98-4 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7854:Clay, Theresa 7851: 7847: 7843: 7841:0-14-028835-X 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7822:84-87334-66-0 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7753: 7747: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7696:951-42-6542-4 7692: 7688: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7668:0-416-53860-6 7664: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7644:0-589-50260-3 7640: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7625:0-19-214155-4 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7573:0-89096-763-6 7569: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7554:0-460-01097-2 7550: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7489:0-19-553996-6 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7456:0-00-219176-8 7452: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7418:0-7136-3961-X 7414: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7368:0-11-710218-0 7364: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7335:0-7011-6907-9 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7316:0-246-12440-7 7312: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7296: 7290: 7288:0-8020-8657-8 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7191: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7022:on 2012-08-22 7021: 7017: 7010: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6935:on 2007-12-14 6934: 6930: 6924: 6910:on 2012-03-30 6909: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6794: 6790: 6787:Chow, James. 6783: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6691: 6677:on 2014-05-17 6676: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6643:on 2013-05-21 6639: 6632: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6605: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6581:(2): 217–25. 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6563: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6491:on 2015-02-28 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6448: 6434:on 2013-02-01 6433: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6381:(1): 97–107. 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6280: 6274: 6265: 6257: 6250: 6236: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6195:on 2015-07-18 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6108:on 2012-09-08 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5949: 5934: 5927: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5895:(2): 359–364. 5894: 5890: 5886: 5885:in Argentina" 5884: 5875: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5851: 5837:on 2006-12-13 5836: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5792:(3): 556–557. 5791: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5772: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5296: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5072:on 2016-03-04 5071: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4870:on 2017-04-19 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4821:on 2019-10-01 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808:British Birds 4802: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4426:on 2016-03-04 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4218:on 2016-03-23 4214: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4091:"Smooth newt 4085: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4038:on 2014-06-30 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772:(1): 89–107. 3771: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3680:British Birds 3677: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3609:on 2014-05-17 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3554:British Birds 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3409:(1694): 1–18. 3408: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3344:(1): 95–100. 3343: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3308:on 2016-04-12 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3272:: Sturnidae)" 3271: 3267: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2918:Pet in a cage 2916: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2837:The Goon Show 2833: 2828: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:insectivorous 2648: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2617: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Baltic States 2584: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:least concern 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:KwaZulu-Natal 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2410: 2409:Half Moon Bay 2405: 2398: 2395:Flock in the 2393: 2387:North America 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2372:house sparrow 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2299:South America 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2249:Low Countries 2246: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:avian malaria 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061:Boydaia stumi 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:C. fringillae 2017: 2013: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1984:Blood-sucking 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Procyon lotor 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:Asio flammeus 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:Athene noctua 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758:Intraspecific 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:Konrad Lorenz 1612: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:invertebrates 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470:insectivorous 1462: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:birds of prey 1394: 1387:, Netherlands 1386: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1300: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270:), where the 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:Fars Province 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1108:S. v. graecus 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:S. v. jitkowi 1093: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 987: 984:and adjacent 983: 979: 976: 973: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 919: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 889: 886: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 855: 853: 849: 844: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828:Dnieper River 825: 821: 818: 815: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785:Bashkortostan 782: 779: 776: 774: 770: 766: 764: 761: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 729:. Birds from 728: 724: 720: 718: 715: 712: 709: 707: 703: 698: 696: 695:Faroe Islands 693: 690: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670: 669:North America 666: 662: 658: 655: 653: 649: 635: 626: 622: 616: 611: 608: 607:Faroe Islands 604: 598: 593: 590: 586: 580: 575: 572: 566: 561: 558: 557: 556: 554: 550: 546: 536: 534: 529: 526: 525:mitochondrial 523:retreat, and 522: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 467: 466:Indo-European 462: 456: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429: 424: 423:Carl Linnaeus 414: 412: 408: 407:least concern 402: 400: 396: 391: 389: 388:birds of prey 385: 384:invertebrates 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:United States 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270: 265: 244: 223: 219: 215: 210: 206: 202: 197: 195: 189: 186: 185:Binomial name 182: 178: 177: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142:Passeriformes 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 91: 86: 82: 76: 71: 70:Least Concern 60: 56: 51: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 8090: 8064: 8040: 8029: 7981: 7959: 7937: 7910: 7906: 7887: 7868: 7858: 7831: 7812: 7790: 7771: 7760:the original 7751: 7737: 7733: 7713: 7686: 7678: 7657: 7634: 7615: 7605: 7582: 7563: 7544: 7521: 7502: 7498: 7479: 7469: 7446: 7427: 7408: 7397:the original 7378: 7358: 7345: 7325: 7304: 7294: 7278: 7256: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7210: 7201: 7144: 7140: 7098: 7094: 7056: 7052: 7024:. 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Retrieved 4685: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4484: 4481:Bird-Banding 4480: 4474: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4428:. Retrieved 4421:the original 4392: 4388: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4287: 4276:the original 4255: 4251: 4242: 4220:. Retrieved 4213:the original 4208: 4174:(1): 31–48. 4171: 4167: 4161: 4153: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4073:. Retrieved 4068: 4062: 4040:. Retrieved 4033:the original 4020: 4016: 3987:. Retrieved 3982: 3972: 3964: 3959: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3852: 3844: 3802:cite journal 3769: 3765: 3759: 3745:cite journal 3710: 3706: 3700: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3652: 3636: 3631: 3622: 3611:. Retrieved 3607:the original 3602: 3571: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3501: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3406: 3372: 3366: 3341: 3337: 3310:. Retrieved 3303:the original 3282: 3278: 3270:Acridotheres 3269: 3265: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3194:the original 3189: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3141: 3136: 3127: 3115:. Retrieved 3101: 3095: 3089: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3027: 3013: 3002: 2989: 2969: 2943: 2927: 2921: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2866: 2862: 2858:bird feeders 2854: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2792: 2790: 2767: 2757: 2748: 2709: 2697: 2659: 2644: 2641:Soviet Union 2630: 2580: 2570: 2566: 2561:as being of 2556: 2543:Grand Bahama 2535: 2494:Eastern Cape 2490:Western Cape 2478:Cecil Rhodes 2475: 2472:South Africa 2454: 2429:Central Park 2422: 2411:, California 2399:, California 2368: 2318: 2309:Buenos Aires 2302: 2282: 2253: 2234: 2190: 2166: 2161: 2147: 2140:Haemoproteus 2138: 2124: 2118: 2115:saprophagous 2110: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077:O. sylviarum 2076: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1957: 1945: 1937: 1934:Common mynas 1929: 1907: 1902: 1894: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1830: 1818: 1810: 1802: 1790: 1782: 1777:such as the 1771: 1756: 1739: 1732: 1723: 1675: 1673:incubation. 1669: 1663: 1647: 1629:invertebrate 1620: 1613: 1609: 1590:roseate tern 1502:grasshoppers 1498:damsel flies 1467: 1447: 1421: 1413: 1390: 1355: 1347: 1338: 1321: 1311: 1283:Vocalization 1277: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1182: 1164: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1104:poltaratskyi 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1068: 1054: 1036: 1024: 1003: 996:purpurascens 995: 982:Turkmenistan 966: 958: 954: 951:purpurascens 950: 942: 931:between the 929:poltaratskyi 928: 925:Central Asia 912: 905:purpurascens 904: 882: 871: 851: 840:purpurascens 839: 811: 799:and western 791:and central 772: 755:S. v. granti 754: 746: 742: 726: 722: 711:Hartert, EJO 705: 683: 651: 620: 602: 584: 570: 542: 509: 502:polyphyletic 497: 496:. The genus 479: 436: 432: 426: 420: 403: 392: 363:South Africa 320: 305: 277: 273: 268: 267: 263: 261: 242: 221: 193: 191: 175: 174: 162: 18: 8509:Neotropical 8470:NatureServe 8405:iNaturalist 8115:Wikispecies 7909:Dermanyssus 7249:Cited texts 6341:"Starling ( 6098:"Starlings" 6029:. New York. 4997:Cabe, P R. 4105:(161): 46. 3560:(2): 36–37. 3117:19 November 2670:woodpeckers 2538:Saint Kitts 2532:West Indies 2482:Clanwilliam 2397:Napa Valley 2365:New Zealand 2265:sclerophyll 2095:D. gallinae 1954:woodpeckers 1895:Strix aluco 1847:Buteo buteo 1742:faecal sacs 1657:acts as an 1514:caddisflies 1494:dragonflies 1482:crane flies 1171:Description 1129:to central 1113:, 1905 and 1094:, 1891 and 1082:zetlandicus 1055:Birds from 1041:Hume, 1873 1037:S. v. minor 1004:S. v. humii 988:to eastern 978:Afghanistan 894:Volga Delta 834:to western 797:Lake Baikal 747:zetlandicus 637:Subspecies 632:Subspecies 510:S. vulgaris 445:Old English 343:New Zealand 243:Introduced: 8642:Categories 8607:Xeno-canto 7026:2013-01-09 6939:2007-12-17 6914:2013-01-07 6798:2020-10-05 6749:2020-10-05 6681:2020-10-05 6647:2013-01-10 6552:2020-10-05 6523:2013-04-25 6495:2013-01-10 6438:2012-12-29 6355:2013-01-03 6240:2012-01-04 6199:2013-01-13 6112:2013-01-02 5939:2012-12-29 5933:"Starling" 5841:2013-01-12 5815:: 487–500. 5762:2013-01-12 5402:Salmonella 5230:2013-01-01 5175:: 208–214. 5076:2012-12-30 5005:2013-12-30 4939:Bird Study 4874:2012-12-31 4825:2015-02-20 4697:2013-01-20 4487:(2): 123. 4430:2013-03-03 4222:2013-01-19 4075:2013-01-01 4042:2013-01-17 3989:2013-01-10 3613:2013-01-22 3312:2012-12-27 3140:protonym: 3068:References 3042:S. indicus 2948:Mabinogion 2924:ethologist 2878:Starlicide 2736:blackberry 2705:frugivores 2676:and other 2666:nuthatches 2662:chickadees 2637:nest boxes 2591:red-listed 2585:) and the 2514:Oranjemund 2498:Free State 2293:New Guinea 2245:Merseyside 2177:retrovirus 1989:Mallophaga 1859:little owl 1751:Fledglings 1734:Incubation 1682:polygamous 1678:monogamous 1666:copulation 1582:food waste 1562:omnivorous 1550:amphibians 1542:earthworms 1474:arthropods 1428:marshlands 1417:fertiliser 1393:flock size 1334:repertoire 1205:iridescent 1185:wing chord 1146:caucasicus 1142:Stresemann 1009:Brooks, WE 986:Uzbekistan 955:caucasicus 947:allopatric 868:Lake Sevan 836:Asia Minor 640:Authority 559:Subspecies 545:subspecies 539:Subspecies 519:during an 335:Palearctic 323:subspecies 307:Mabinogion 7705:1796-220X 7163:1746-6148 7059:(1): 15. 6587:947048499 6277:Raffaele 6160:231642505 6001:243468840 5993:2201-1919 5655:1042-7260 5315:(2006) p. 4968:Bubo bubo 4272:208065551 4121:252034217 3951:1465-7279 3932:0908.2677 3892:0003-3472 3651:del Hoyo 3635:del Hoyo 2962:Manawydan 2935:mealworms 2892:million. 2778:turboprop 2701:omnivores 2633:wireworms 2451:Polynesia 2326:Melbourne 2315:Australia 2261:heathland 2181:lymphomas 2179:-induced 2135:Protozoan 2108:louse-fly 2085:species, 1972:squirrels 1903:Bubo bubo 1891:tawny owl 1887:Tyto alba 1871:Asio otus 1827:red kites 1747:Nestlings 1720:, Ireland 1708:, Germany 1659:olfactory 1510:lacewings 1385:Rotterdam 1230:or small 1157:Ticehurst 1078:faroensis 1074:gene flow 1061:St. Kilda 1057:Fair Isle 1027:given by 888:Lorenz, T 832:Black Sea 806:plumage. 735:St. Kilda 731:Fair Isle 723:faroensis 646:Comments 486:Old World 405:being of 359:Argentina 339:Australia 289:Sturnidae 282:passerine 170:Species: 152:Sturnidae 108:Kingdom: 102:Eukaryota 8475:2.103906 8462:22710886 8423:10878529 8257:bob15820 8208:22710886 8203:BirdLife 8192:BioLib: 8100:Wikidata 8019:Archived 7980:(2000). 7958:(2003). 7856:(1957). 7655:(1961). 7603:(1758). 7467:(1831). 7277:(2003). 7181:21324202 7147:(1): 9. 7117:29224857 6999:19 March 6994:NBC News 6817:The RSPB 6707:28283265 6595:20919578 6405:85979624 6182:Notornis 6152:33464634 5734:31559034 5726:14582799 5718:20460340 5679:37814865 5671:11428395 5663:20096036 5616:30135214 5585:34122492 5517:16269731 5452:11558914 5444:20095155 5436:25599161 5320:Archived 5311:Higgins 5278:14825028 5224:Archived 5169:Notornis 5116:53153787 4920:85142585 4904:: 1–18. 4857:Notornis 4768:53161825 4693:. 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