22:
137:
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208:, well before the cultivation of crops or the domestication of other animals. The dog is often hypothesised to be a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal pathway into domestication. Archaeological evidence, such as the Bonn-Oberkassel dog dating to ~14,000BP, supports the hypothesis that dog domestication preceded the emergence of agriculture and began close to the
233:
population that remained in a boreal coniferous forest. Although these two populations spend a period of the year in the same place, and though there was evidence of gene flow between them, the difference in prey–habitat specialization has been sufficient to maintain genetic and even coloration divergence.
220:
early hunters, assisted in the capture of prey, or provided defense from large competing predators at kills. However, the extent to which proto-domestic wolves could have become dependent on this way of life prior to domestication and without human provisioning is unclear and highly debated. In contrast,
240:
with unique mitochondrial signatures. The skull shape, tooth wear, and isotopic signatures suggested these remains were derived from a population of specialist megafauna hunters and scavengers that became extinct while less specialized wolf ecotypes survived. Analogous to the modern wolf ecotype that
167:
The commensal pathway was traveled by animals that fed on refuse around human habitats or by animals that preyed on other animals drawn to human camps. Those animals established a commensal relationship with humans in which the animals benefited but the humans received little benefit or harm. Those
432:
Historically, commensalism has been recognized as the usual type of association between brittle stars and octocorals. In this association, the ophiurans benefit directly by being elevated through facilitating their feeding by suspension, while the octocorals do not seem to benefit or be harmed by
232:
A mitochondrial, microsatellite, and Y-chromosome assessment of two wolf populations in North
America combined with satellite telemetry data revealed significant genetic and morphological differences between one population that migrated with and preyed upon caribou and another territorial ecotype
224:
may have become fully dependent on a commensal lifestyle before being domesticated by preying on other commensal animals, such as rats and mice, without any human provisioning. Debate over the extent to which some wolves were commensal with humans prior to domestication stems from debate over the
219:
The wolves more likely drawn to human camps were the less-aggressive, subdominant pack members with lowered flight response, higher stress thresholds, and less wary around humans, and therefore better candidates for domestication. Proto-dogs might have taken advantage of carcasses left on site by
468:
are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant. Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, phoretic mites may hinder their host by
228:
The earliest sign of domestication in dogs was the neotenization of skull morphology and the shortening of snout length that results in tooth crowding, reduction in tooth size, and a reduction in the number of teeth, which has been attributed to the strong selection for reduced aggression. This
179:
population to a domestic one could only have taken place after the animals had progressed from anthropophily to habituation, to commensalism and partnership, at which point the establishment of a reciprocal relationship between animal and human would have laid the foundation for domestication,
436:
Recent studies in the Gulf of Mexico have suggested that there are actually some benefits to the octocorals, such as receiving a cleaning action by the brittle star as it slowly moves around the coral. In some cases, a close relationship occurs between cohabiting species, with the interaction
279:
is capable of living under considerable environmental stress, and thus is capable of colonising the upper gastrointestinal tract where relatively few examples of the body's gut flora can survive due to highly acidic or alkaline conditions produced by gastric acid and digestive juices. While
365:
Commensalistic relationships between microorganisms include situations in which the waste product of one microorganism is a substrate for another species. One good example is nitrification-the oxidation of ammonium ion to nitrate. Nitrification occurs in two steps: first, bacteria such as
421:. Due to the currents flowing upward along seamount ridges, atop these ridges there are colonies of suspension feeding corals and sponges, and brittle stars that grip tight to them and get up off the sea floor. A specific documented commensal relationship is between the ophiuran
241:
has evolved to track and prey upon caribou, a
Pleistocene wolf population could have begun following mobile hunter-gatherers, thus slowly acquiring genetic and phenotypic differences that would have allowed them to more successfully adapt to the human habitat.
62:
The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the
404:
formation provides another example. The colonization of a newly exposed surface by one type of microorganism (an initial colonizer) makes it possible for other microorganisms to attach to the microbially modified surface.
397:
stimulates the proliferation of more acid-tolerant microorganisms, which may be only a minor part of the microbial community at neutral pH. A good example is the succession of microorganisms during milk spoilage.
720:
Williams, E. H.; Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A.; Bunkley-Williams, L.; Bonde, R. K.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Preen, A.; Cockcroft, V. G. (2003). "Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet".
1169:
Thalmann O, Shapiro B, Cui P, Schuenemann VJ, Sawyer SK, Greenfield DL, et al. (November 2013). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a
European origin of domestic dogs".
456:
Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely
393:
Commensalistic associations also occur when one microbial group modifies the environment to make it better suited for another organism. The synthesis of acidic waste products during
168:
animals that were most capable of taking advantage of the resources associated with human camps would have been the 'tamer' individuals: less aggressive, with shorter
1444:
Leonard JA, Vilà C, Fox-Dobbs K, Koch PL, Wayne RK, Van
Valkenburgh B (July 2007). "Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph".
2089:
1905:"Preadaptive plateau in Rhabditida (Nematoda) allowed the repeated evolution of zooparasites, with an outlook on evolution of life cycles within Spiroascarida"
304:, a common bacterial species, is known best for its numerous pathogenic strains that can cause numerous illnesses and conditions. However, many strains of
91:
The word "commensalism" is derived from the word "commensal", meaning "eating at the same table" in human social interaction, which in turn comes through
1889:
3020:
2273:
1931:"Relationships between phoretic mites and their carrier, the banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis Oliver (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"
229:
process may have begun during the initial commensal stage of dog domestication, even before humans began to be active partners in the process.
469:
making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.
592:
Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include
3164:
2082:
28:
are specially adapted to attach themselves to larger fish (or other animals, in this case a sea turtle) that provide locomotion and food.
3234:
766:"Large-scale assessment of commensalistic-mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos"
634:
is one animal associating with another until the latter dies, then the former feeds on the corpse of the latter. Examples include some
1632:"Size structure of dense populations of the brittle star Ophiura sarsii (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) in the bathyal zone around Japan"
2806:
2771:
1389:"Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou"
67:
organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consistent with its habits, as in the
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also benefits from the variable ambient conditions created by the body's mucous membranes, and as such can be found in the
172:
distances. Later, these animals developed closer social or economic bonds with humans and led to a domestic relationship.
3437:
863:"Human activities and landscape features interact to closely define the distribution and dispersal of an urban commensal"
3190:
3013:
2854:
2266:
1730:"Callogorgia spp. and Their Brittle Stars: Recording Unknown Relationships in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea"
284:
normally produces no symptoms, in individuals who are immunocompromised or suffering from existing conditions such as
2526:
1606:
1681:"Mutualistic symbiosis with ophiuroids limited the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep-sea octocorals"
3825:
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2982:
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668:– long-term interactions between different biological species, which can be mutualistic, commensal or parasitic
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including captivity and then human-controlled breeding. From this perspective, animal domestication is a
151:) are commensals, having lived alongside humans for thousands of years after being domesticated from the
493:
Like all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived
47:
gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with
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are metabiotic commensals, and are present on roughly 20 to 30% of the human population as part of the
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125:
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1904:
1534:"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks"
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3720:
3690:
3494:
2957:
2839:
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1986:"Interactions between Phoretic Mites and the Arabian Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes agamemnon arabicus"
837:
169:
2998:
2629:
1387:
Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff HD, Gates CC, Mariani S, Paquet PC, Vilà C, Wayne RK (October 2007).
861:
Tang, Qian; Low, Gabriel Weijie; Lim, Jia Ying; Gwee, Chyi Yin; Rheindt, Frank E. (21 July 2018).
122:, refers to professors eating at the same table as students (as they live in the same "college").
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36:
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feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals. Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal
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3710:
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1241:
1178:
1095:
1033:
874:
730:
209:
115:
1360:
Turnbull PF, Reed CA (1974). "The fauna from the terminal
Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave".
998:
8:
3795:
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3462:
3352:
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2934:
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2796:
2395:
2146:
1230:"An Ecological and Evolutionary Framework for Commensalism in Anthropogenic Environments"
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457:
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48:
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2018:
1985:
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1021:
1002:
954:
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548:. Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
505:
184:
process in which a population responds to selective pressure while adapting to a novel
1866:
1798:
Durden LA (June 1991). "Pseudoscorpions
Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea".
1558:
1533:
1020:
Larson G, Karlsson EK, Perri A, Webster MT, Ho SY, Peters J, et al. (June 2012).
200:
was the first domesticated animal, and was domesticated and widely established across
3695:
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2443:
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2005:
1970:
1958:
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1612:
1602:
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1507:"Dogs likely originated in Europe more than 18,000 years ago, UCLA biologists report"
1479:
1418:
1413:
1388:
1308:
1287:
Morey DF (1992). "Size, shape and development in the evolution of the domestic dog".
1269:
1202:
1148:
1061:
908:
890:
797:
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742:
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662:– where both organisms occupy the same dwelling, but do not interfere with each other
1728:
Mejía-Quintero, Katherine; Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Montoya-Cadavid, Erika (2021).
1491:
1430:
1022:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"
1006:
958:
236:
A different study has identified the remains of a population of extinct
Pleistocene
225:
level of human intentionality in the domestication process, which remains untested.
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2013:
1997:
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185:
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1229:
1026:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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In deep-sea, benthic environments there is an associative relationship between
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21:
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2009:
1962:
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live on and in the human body as part of its natural flora. The fungal genus
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110:
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3215:
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Janssens L, Giemsch L, Schmitz R, Street M, Van Dongen S, Crombé P (2018).
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912:
801:
418:
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oxidize ammonium to nitrite; and second, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by
368:
321:
285:
159:). Due to its range being expanded with human assistance, the pigeon has a
136:
2001:
1984:
Al-Deeb, Mohammad Ali; Muzaffar, Sabir Bin; Sharif, Eyas
Mohammad (2012).
1727:
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1152:
104:
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2614:
2576:
2551:
2541:
2506:
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2433:
2136:
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671:
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that benefit at least one of the participants and cause harm to neither.
597:
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205:
181:
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842:. International scientific series. Vol. 19. London: Henry S. King.
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461:
309:
76:
56:
1707:
886:
556:
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3639:
3367:
2811:
2781:
2581:
2536:
2511:
2448:
2438:
2413:
2405:
2350:
2281:
2224:
2209:
2203:
1325:
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665:
631:
601:
541:
509:
494:
465:
446:
325:
213:
152:
80:
40:
2097:
1819:
650:– where both organisms experience mutual benefit in the relationship
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is the use of a second organism for permanent housing. Examples are
508:
is one animal attached to another exclusively for transport, mainly
3740:
3669:
3200:
3028:
2707:
2619:
2566:
2521:
1581:
Watling, Les; France, Scott C.; Pante, Eric; Simpson, Anne (2011).
1131:
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635:
574:
266:
75:
and other fishes. Remoras feed on their hosts' fecal matter, while
477:
114:, meaning "table" or "meal". Commensality, at the Universities of
3730:
3537:
3407:
3402:
3029:
2977:
2637:
2282:
2141:
2105:
2098:
656:– where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism.
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401:
201:
44:
763:
2044:
581:
537:
521:
517:
72:
68:
25:
1227:
1765:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1761:
1228:
Hulme-Beaman A, Dobney K, Cucchi T, Searle JB (August 2016).
1168:
577:
270:
1078:
584:) that grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees.
1531:
545:
513:
482:
390:
spp. because they use nitrite to obtain energy for growth.
221:
1019:
445:
Whether the relationship between humans and some types of
1580:
529:
525:
464:
in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example,
350:, will also engage in commensalism for similar purposes.
197:
55:, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; and
1443:
1386:
1081:"A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered"
764:
Mikula P, Hadrava J, Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P (2018).
353:
188:
that includes another species with evolving behaviors.
1767:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
131:
1983:
83:
or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals.
987:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
497:
to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.
1841:
Tajovský K, Mock A, Krumpál M (2001). "Millipedes (
1840:
1532:Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H (July 1997).
51:, in which both organisms benefit from each other;
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937:Zeder MA (2012). "The Domestication of Animals".
244:
3817:
1890:National Council for Science and the Environment
1834:
1221:
1164:
1162:
408:
1678:
860:
59:, where one is harmed and the other benefits.
3014:
2267:
2083:
1928:
102:, meaning "sharing a table", from the prefix
1884:. In Mcginley, M.; Cleveland, C. J. (eds.).
1791:
1359:
1353:
1159:
1072:
984:
980:
978:
976:
974:
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970:
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128:introduced the term "commensalism" in 1876.
1525:
1498:
1437:
1380:
1320:
1318:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
835:
757:
596:, which develop on and infest corpses, and
3235:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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2017:
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699:. Harvard University Press. p. 354.
684:
386:spp. benefit from their association with
3133:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2772:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1630:Fujita, Toshihiko; Ohta, Suguru (1990).
1315:
1124:
919:
555:
476:
135:
20:
3165:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1902:
1778:
1679:Girard, F.; Fu, B.; Fisher, CR (2016).
1504:
3818:
2973:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1797:
690:
437:beginning from their juvenile stages.
3002:
2255:
2071:
1879:
1286:
999:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813
936:
2988:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1324:
1130:
16:Beneficial symbiosis between species
3438:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
939:Journal of Anthropological Research
836:van Beneden, Pierre-Joseph (1876).
292:can occur, in which populations of
132:Examples of commensal relationships
13:
3191:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1935:International Journal of Acarology
1599:10.1016/B978-0-12-385529-9.00002-0
1583:"Biology of deep-water octocorals"
814:
14:
3842:
2527:Generalist and specialist species
2037:
1289:Journal of Archaeological Science
1234:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1088:Journal of Archaeological Science
425:Lyman and the octocoral primnoid
3250:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2043:
1903:Sudhaus, W. (30 December 2010).
1847:European Journal of Soil Biology
1760:
1414:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03458.x
743:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x
604:shells to protect their bodies.
566:growing on an oak tree in Mexico
212:when hunter-gatherers preyed on
3270:Relative abundance distribution
2983:Plant defense against herbivory
2850:Competitive exclusion principle
2562:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1977:
1922:
1896:
1873:
1772:
1721:
1672:
1623:
1574:
697:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
674:– species commensal with humans
607:
2855:Consumer–resource interactions
1688:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1636:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1505:Wolpert S (14 November 2013).
854:
839:Animal parasites and messmates
829:
808:
713:
551:
1:
3701:Biological data visualization
3528:Environmental niche modelling
3255:Population viability analysis
1955:10.1080/01647954.2019.1656286
1867:10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01108-6
1538:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1145:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687
678:
587:
3186:Density-dependent inhibition
1309:10.1016/0305-4403(92)90049-9
951:10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.201
626:
440:
409:Octocorals and Brittle Stars
86:
7:
3655:Liebig's law of the minimum
3490:Resource selection function
2381:Metabolic theory of ecology
1734:Frontiers in Marine Science
822:Online Etymology Dictionary
641:
427:Metallogorgia melanotrichos
382:spp. and similar bacteria.
10:
3847:
3555:Niche apportionment models
3275:Relative species abundance
2479:Primary nutritional groups
2376:List of feeding behaviours
2167:Behavior-altering parasite
1880:Hogan, C. Michael (2011).
1587:Advances in Marine Biology
1255:10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.001
500:
254:
108:, meaning "together", and
43:) in which members of one
3804:
3736:Ecosystem based fisheries
3678:
3578:
3503:
3376:
3348:Interspecific competition
3313:
3240:Minimum viable population
3173:
3098:Maximum sustainable yield
3083:Intraspecific competition
3078:Effective population size
3041:
2958:Anti-predator adaptations
2943:
2822:
2749:
2706:
2628:
2595:
2492:
2469:Photosynthetic efficiency
2404:
2298:
2177:Host–parasite coevolution
2112:
1990:Journal of Insect Science
1781:Biology of the Bromeliads
1747:10.3389/fmars.2021.735039
1466:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072
1108:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004
867:Evolutionary Applications
487:Pseudolynchia canariensis
161:cosmopolitan distribution
126:Pierre-Joseph van Beneden
3726:Ecological stoichiometry
3691:Alternative stable state
1522:Statement by Wayne, R.K.
848:10.5962/bhl.title.132633
693:"Ch.17-Social Symbiosis"
512:, examples of which are
472:
324:, as well as inside the
3826:Biological interactions
3570:Ontogenetic niche shift
3433:Ideal free distribution
3343:Ecological facilitation
3093:Malthusian growth model
3063:Consumer-resource model
2920:Paradox of the plankton
2885:Energy systems language
2605:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2572:Optimal foraging theory
2547:Heterotrophic nutrition
2102:biological interactions
2061:Encyclopædia Britannica
1362:Fieldiana: Anthropology
1191:10.1126/science.1243650
1047:10.1073/pnas.1203005109
723:Journal of Fish Biology
191:
149:Columba livia domestica
3716:Ecological forecasting
3660:Marginal value theorem
3458:Landscape epidemiology
3393:Cross-boundary subsidy
3328:Biological interaction
2678:Microbial intelligence
2366:Green world hypothesis
567:
490:
204:before the end of the
164:
71:that ride attached to
37:biological interaction
29:
3721:Ecological humanities
3620:Ecological energetics
3565:Niche differentiation
3428:Habitat fragmentation
3196:Ecological extinction
3143:Small population size
2895:Feed conversion ratio
2875:Ecological succession
2807:San Francisco Estuary
2721:Ecological efficiency
2663:Microbial cooperation
2002:10.1673/031.012.12801
1886:Encyclopedia of Earth
559:
480:
453:is still unanswered.
301:Staphylococcus aureus
296:grow out of control.
288:, a condition called
139:
24:
3746:Evolutionary ecology
3711:Ecological footprint
3706:Ecological economics
3630:Ecological threshold
3625:Ecological indicator
3495:Source–sink dynamics
3448:Land change modeling
3443:Insular biogeography
3295:Species distribution
3034:Modelling ecosystems
2693:Microbial metabolism
2532:Intraguild predation
2321:Biogeochemical cycle
2287:Modelling ecosystems
2192:Parasitic castration
2132:Deception in animals
2052:at Wikimedia Commons
1845:) in birdsˈ nests".
1550:10.1128/CMR.10.3.505
621:species interactions
210:Last Glacial Maximum
3796:Theoretical ecology
3771:Natural environment
3635:Ecosystem diversity
3605:Ecological collapse
3595:Bateman's principle
3550:Limiting similarity
3463:Landscape limnology
3285:Species homogeneity
3123:Population modeling
3118:Population dynamics
2935:Trophic state index
1947:2019IJAca..45..361B
1859:2001EJSB...37..321T
1812:1991Biotr..23..204D
1779:Benzing DH (1980).
1700:2016MEPS..549...89G
1648:1990MEPS...64..113F
1458:2007CBio...17.1146L
1405:2007MolEc..16.4149M
1339:1999AmSci..87.....T
1301:1992JArSc..19..181M
1246:2016TEcoE..31..633H
1183:2013Sci...342..871T
1139:(5319): 1687–1689.
1100:2018JArSc..92..126J
1038:2012PNAS..109.8878L
879:2018EvApp..11.1598T
735:2003JFBio..63.1176W
563:Tillandsia bourgaei
433:this relationship.
265:Numerous genera of
3807:Outline of ecology
3756:Industrial ecology
3751:Functional ecology
3615:Ecological deficit
3560:Niche construction
3523:Ecosystem engineer
3300:Species–area curve
3221:Introduced species
3036:: Other components
2968:Deimatic behaviour
2870:Ecological network
2802:North Pacific Gyre
2787:hydrothermal vents
2726:Ecological pyramid
2673:Microbial food web
2484:Primary production
2429:Foundation species
2231:Cleaning symbiosis
1787:: Mad River Press.
1785:Eureka, California
1657:10.3354/meps064113
1347:10.1511/1999.2.160
1327:American Scientist
783:10.7717/peerj.4520
691:Wilson EO (1975).
568:
491:
423:Ophiocreas oedipus
332:species including
165:
30:
3813:
3812:
3696:Balance of nature
3453:Landscape ecology
3338:Community ecology
3280:Species diversity
3216:Indicator species
3211:Gradient analysis
3088:Logistic function
2996:
2995:
2953:Animal coloration
2930:Trophic mutualism
2668:Microbial ecology
2459:Photoheterotrophs
2444:Myco-heterotrophy
2356:Ecosystem ecology
2341:Carrying capacity
2306:Abiotic component
2249:
2248:
2048:Media related to
1888:. Washington DC:
1708:10.3354/meps11697
1393:Molecular Ecology
887:10.1111/eva.12650
815:Harper, Douglas.
706:978-0-674-00089-6
372:spp. and certain
3838:
3513:Ecological niche
3485:selection theory
3305:Umbrella species
3290:Species richness
3226:Invasive species
3206:Flagship species
3113:Population cycle
3108:Overexploitation
3073:Ecological yield
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2905:Mesotrophic soil
2845:Climax community
2777:Marine food webs
2716:Biomagnification
2517:Chemoorganotroph
2371:Keystone species
2331:Biotic component
2276:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2233:
2219:
2212:
2187:Kleptoparasitism
2172:Brood parasitism
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:. 29 April 2023.
2047:
2032:
2031:
2021:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1941:(6–7): 361–365.
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1642:(1/2): 113–122.
1627:
1621:
1620:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1416:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1017:
1011:
1010:
982:
963:
962:
934:
917:
916:
906:
873:(9): 1598–1608.
858:
852:
851:
833:
827:
826:
812:
806:
805:
795:
785:
761:
755:
754:
729:(5): 1176–1183.
717:
711:
710:
688:
638:and some mites.
540:or beetles, and
449:is commensal or
238:Beringian wolves
175:The leap from a
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3800:
3786:Systems ecology
3674:
3645:Extinction debt
3610:Ecological debt
3600:Bioluminescence
3581:
3574:
3543:marine habitats
3518:Ecological trap
3499:
3379:
3372:
3315:
3309:
3265:Rapoport's rule
3260:Priority effect
3201:Endemic species
3169:
3128:Population size
3044:
3037:
3027:
2997:
2992:
2945:
2939:
2925:Trophic cascade
2835:Bioaccumulation
2818:
2745:
2702:
2624:
2591:
2488:
2400:
2361:Ecosystem model
2294:
2280:
2250:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2215:
2208:
2108:
2096:
2055:
2040:
2035:
1982:
1978:
1927:
1923:
1912:Palaeodiversity
1907:
1901:
1897:
1878:
1874:
1839:
1835:
1820:10.2307/2388309
1796:
1792:
1777:
1773:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1628:
1624:
1609:
1579:
1575:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1452:(13): 1146–50.
1446:Current Biology
1442:
1438:
1399:(19): 4149–70.
1385:
1381:
1358:
1354:
1323:
1316:
1285:
1281:
1226:
1222:
1177:(6160): 871–4.
1167:
1160:
1129:
1125:
1117:1854/LU-8550758
1083:
1077:
1073:
1032:(23): 8878–83.
1018:
1014:
983:
966:
935:
920:
859:
855:
834:
830:
813:
809:
762:
758:
718:
714:
707:
689:
685:
681:
644:
629:
610:
590:
554:
534:pseudoscorpions
503:
475:
443:
411:
363:
263:
253:
194:
170:fight-or-flight
134:
89:
35:is a long-term
17:
12:
11:
5:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:Microecosystem
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3665:Thorson's rule
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Assembly rules
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3475:
3473:Patch dynamics
3470:
3468:Metapopulation
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:Storage effect
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Neutral theory
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Native species
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Overpopulation
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Nutrient cycle
2907:
2902:
2900:Feeding frenzy
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Energy quality
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Cascade effect
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Microbial loop
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Lithoautotroph
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2630:Microorganisms
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2587:Prey switching
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Photosynthesis
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Chemosynthesis
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Abiotic stress
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2057:"Commensalism"
2053:
2039:
2038:External links
2036:
2034:
2033:
1976:
1921:
1895:
1882:"Commensalism"
1872:
1833:
1790:
1771:
1720:
1671:
1622:
1607:
1573:
1524:
1511:UCLA News Room
1497:
1436:
1379:
1352:
1314:
1295:(2): 181–204.
1279:
1240:(8): 633–645.
1220:
1158:
1123:
1071:
1012:
964:
945:(2): 161–190.
918:
853:
828:
817:"commensalism"
807:
756:
712:
705:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
643:
640:
628:
625:
609:
606:
589:
586:
580:(such as many
553:
550:
502:
499:
474:
471:
442:
439:
410:
407:
374:crenarchaeotes
362:
352:
347:S. epidermidis
341:S. lugdunensis
330:Staphylococcus
322:nasal cavities
261:Staphylococcus
252:
250:Staphylococcus
243:
193:
190:
182:coevolutionary
133:
130:
97:Medieval Latin
88:
85:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Urban ecology
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Kleiber's law
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Foster's rule
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2741:Trophic level
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2698:Phage ecology
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Microbial mat
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Bacteriophage
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Decomposition
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Mesopredators
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Apex predator
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Biotic stress
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Hyperparasite
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:Inter-species
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:9780123855299
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:(3): 505–20.
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1368:(3): 81–146.
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
849:
845:
841:
840:
832:
824:
823:
818:
811:
803:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
708:
702:
698:
694:
687:
683:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
639:
637:
633:
624:
622:
618:
614:
605:
603:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
576:
572:
565:
564:
560:Inquilinism:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
498:
496:
488:
484:
479:
470:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:brittle stars
416:
406:
403:
399:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
370:
360:
356:
351:
349:
348:
343:
342:
337:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
295:
291:
290:aspergillosis
287:
283:
278:
277:
272:
268:
262:
258:
251:
247:
242:
239:
234:
230:
226:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
178:
173:
171:
162:
158:
157:Columba livia
154:
150:
146:
145:feral pigeons
142:
138:
129:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
106:
101:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
23:
19:
3776:Regime shift
3761:Macroecology
3482:
3478:
3418:Edge effects
3388:Biogeography
3333:Commensalism
3332:
3181:Biodiversity
3058:Allee effect
2797:kelp forests
2750:Example webs
2615:Detritivores
2454:Organotrophs
2434:Kinetotrophs
2386:Productivity
2122:Commensalism
2121:
2060:
2050:Commensalism
1996:(128): 128.
1993:
1989:
1979:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1875:
1853:(4): 321–3.
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1806:(2): 204–6.
1803:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1691:
1687:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1330:
1326:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1174:
1170:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1091:
1087:
1074:
1029:
1025:
1015:
990:
986:
942:
938:
870:
866:
856:
838:
831:
820:
810:
773:
769:
759:
726:
722:
715:
696:
686:
630:
616:
613:Facilitation
612:
611:
608:Facilitation
600:, which use
598:hermit crabs
591:
569:
561:
504:
492:
486:
455:
444:
435:
431:
426:
422:
412:
400:
395:fermentation
392:
388:Nitrosomonas
387:
383:
377:
369:Nitrosomonas
367:
364:
358:
355:Nitrosomonas
354:
345:
339:
333:
329:
313:
305:
299:
298:
293:
286:tuberculosis
281:
274:
264:
249:
245:
235:
231:
227:
218:
195:
177:synanthropic
174:
166:
156:
148:
124:
109:
103:
99:
90:
61:
33:Commensalism
32:
31:
18:
3413:Disturbance
3316:interaction
3138:Recruitment
3068:Depensation
2860:Copiotrophs
2731:Energy flow
2653:Lithotrophy
2597:Decomposers
2577:Planktivore
2552:Insectivore
2542:Heterotroph
2507:Bacterivore
2474:Phototrophs
2424:Chemotrophs
2396:Restoration
2346:Competition
2157:Synnecrosis
2137:Inquilinism
2127:Competition
1516:10 December
1475:10261/61282
1199:10261/88173
1094:: 126–138.
993:: 115–136.
672:Synanthrope
571:Inquilinism
552:Inquilinism
458:mutualistic
451:mutualistic
384:Nitrobacter
379:Nitrobacter
359:Nitrobacter
294:Aspergillus
282:Aspergillus
276:Aspergillus
257:Aspergillus
246:Aspergillus
206:Pleistocene
100:commensalis
3820:Categories
3781:Sexecology
3358:Parasitism
3323:Antibiosis
3158:Resistance
3153:Resilience
3043:Population
2963:Camouflage
2915:Oligotroph
2830:Ascendency
2792:intertidal
2782:cold seeps
2736:Food chain
2537:Herbivores
2512:Carnivores
2439:Mixotrophs
2414:Autotrophs
2293:components
2238:Mycorrhiza
2217:Intraguild
2197:Parasitoid
2162:Parasitism
2152:Neutralism
2117:Amensalism
1918:: 117–130.
1800:Biotropica
1593:: 41–122.
1333:(2): 160.
679:References
660:Parabiosis
654:Parasitism
619:describes
588:Metabiosis
542:millipedes
510:arthropods
485:on a fly (
415:octocorals
335:S. warneri
310:skin flora
255:See also:
81:herbivores
77:pilot fish
57:parasitism
53:amensalism
3831:Symbiosis
3686:Allometry
3640:Emergence
3368:Symbiosis
3353:Mutualism
3148:Stability
3053:Abundance
2865:Dominance
2823:Processes
2812:tide pool
2708:Food webs
2582:Predation
2567:Omnivores
2494:Consumers
2449:Mycotroph
2406:Producers
2351:Ecosystem
2316:Behaviour
2225:Symbiosis
2210:Carnivore
2204:Predation
2147:Mutualism
2010:1536-2442
1971:202867426
1963:0164-7954
1843:Diplopoda
1756:2296-7745
1694:: 89–98.
1265:2164/6176
895:1752-4571
776:: e4520.
751:0022-1112
666:Symbiosis
648:Mutualism
636:nematodes
632:Necromeny
627:Necromeny
617:probiosis
602:gastropod
575:epiphytic
520:(such as
495:symbioses
481:Phoretic
466:epiphytes
462:parasitic
447:gut flora
441:Arguments
326:ear canal
314:S. aureus
306:S. aureus
214:megafauna
153:rock dove
120:Cambridge
95:from the
87:Etymology
49:mutualism
41:symbiosis
3741:Endolith
3670:Xerosere
3582:networks
3398:Ecocline
2944:Defense,
2620:Detritus
2522:Foraging
2391:Resource
2028:23448160
1666:24844596
1617:21962750
1492:14039133
1484:17583509
1431:14459019
1423:17725575
1374:29782462
1274:27297117
1207:24233726
1066:22615366
1007:56381833
959:85348232
913:30344630
802:29576981
642:See also
357:spp and
328:. Other
267:bacteria
141:Domestic
3731:Ecopath
3538:Habitat
3408:Ecotype
3403:Ecotone
3380:ecology
3378:Spatial
3314:Species
3174:Species
3045:ecology
3030:Ecology
2978:Mimicry
2946:counter
2890:f-ratio
2638:Archaea
2326:Biomass
2299:General
2291:Trophic
2283:Ecology
2142:Mimicry
2106:ecology
2019:3637038
1943:Bibcode
1855:Bibcode
1828:2388309
1808:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1644:Bibcode
1568:9227864
1454:Bibcode
1401:Bibcode
1335:Bibcode
1297:Bibcode
1242:Bibcode
1215:1526260
1179:Bibcode
1171:Science
1153:9180076
1133:Science
1096:Bibcode
1057:3384140
1034:Bibcode
904:6183452
875:Bibcode
793:5863707
731:Bibcode
594:maggots
582:orchids
538:mammals
522:beetles
518:insects
506:Phoresy
501:Phoresy
402:Biofilm
202:Eurasia
69:remoras
45:species
2762:Rivers
2658:Marine
2026:
2016:
2008:
1969:
1961:
1826:
1754:
1713:24 May
1664:
1615:
1605:
1566:
1559:172932
1556:
1490:
1482:
1429:
1421:
1372:
1272:
1213:
1205:
1151:
1064:
1054:
1005:
957:
911:
901:
893:
800:
790:
749:
703:
578:plants
116:Oxford
93:French
73:sharks
26:Remora
3679:Other
3580:Other
3533:Guild
3505:Niche
2757:Lakes
1967:S2CID
1908:(PDF)
1824:JSTOR
1684:(PDF)
1662:JSTOR
1488:S2CID
1427:S2CID
1370:JSTOR
1211:S2CID
1084:(PDF)
1003:S2CID
955:S2CID
770:PeerJ
546:birds
526:flies
514:mites
483:mites
473:Types
271:fungi
186:niche
111:mensa
2767:Soil
2024:PMID
2006:ISSN
1959:ISSN
1752:ISSN
1715:2023
1613:PMID
1603:ISBN
1564:PMID
1518:2014
1480:PMID
1419:PMID
1270:PMID
1203:PMID
1149:PMID
1062:PMID
909:PMID
891:ISSN
798:PMID
747:ISSN
701:ISBN
530:bees
417:and
344:and
320:and
318:oral
269:and
259:and
248:and
222:cats
196:The
192:Dogs
143:and
118:and
105:com-
65:host
2104:in
2014:PMC
1998:doi
1951:doi
1863:doi
1816:doi
1742:doi
1704:doi
1692:549
1652:doi
1595:doi
1554:PMC
1546:doi
1470:hdl
1462:doi
1409:doi
1343:doi
1305:doi
1260:hdl
1250:doi
1195:hdl
1187:doi
1175:342
1141:doi
1137:276
1112:hdl
1104:doi
1052:PMC
1042:doi
1030:109
995:doi
947:doi
899:PMC
883:doi
844:doi
788:PMC
778:doi
739:doi
615:or
544:on
536:on
532:),
528:or
516:on
460:or
361:spp
198:dog
3822::
3228:/
3032::
2289::
2285::
2059:.
2022:.
2012:.
2004:.
1994:12
1992:.
1988:.
1965:.
1957:.
1949:.
1939:45
1937:.
1933:.
1914:.
1910:.
1861:.
1851:37
1849:.
1822:.
1814:.
1804:23
1802:.
1783:.
1750:.
1740:.
1736:.
1732:.
1702:.
1690:.
1686:.
1660:.
1650:.
1640:64
1638:.
1634:.
1611:.
1601:.
1591:60
1589:.
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1562:.
1552:.
1542:10
1540:.
1536:.
1509:.
1486:.
1478:.
1468:.
1460:.
1450:17
1448:.
1425:.
1417:.
1407:.
1397:16
1395:.
1391:.
1366:63
1364:.
1341:.
1331:87
1329:.
1317:^
1303:.
1293:19
1291:.
1268:.
1258:.
1248:.
1238:31
1236:.
1232:.
1209:.
1201:.
1193:.
1185:.
1173:.
1161:^
1147:.
1135:.
1110:.
1102:.
1092:92
1090:.
1086:.
1060:.
1050:.
1040:.
1028:.
1024:.
1001:.
991:45
989:.
967:^
953:.
943:68
941:.
921:^
907:.
897:.
889:.
881:.
871:11
869:.
865:.
819:.
796:.
786:.
772:.
768:.
745:.
737:.
727:63
725:.
695:.
524:,
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338:,
312:.
216:.
163:.
3483:K
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3479:r
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3008:v
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2091:e
2084:t
2077:v
2030:.
2000::
1973:.
1953::
1945::
1916:3
1892:.
1869:.
1865::
1857::
1830:.
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1810::
1769:.
1758:.
1744::
1738:8
1717:.
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1668:.
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1619:.
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1570:.
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1520:.
1494:.
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1433:.
1411::
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1337::
1311:.
1307::
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1262::
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1217:.
1197::
1189::
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1155:.
1143::
1120:.
1114::
1106::
1098::
1068:.
1044::
1036::
1009:.
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961:.
949::
915:.
885::
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850:.
846::
825:.
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780::
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741::
733::
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155:(
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