Commercial Crew Program

1331: 899: 29: 890: 2437: 1720:(CFT), which visited ISS during the Crew-8 mission. Problems with the Boeing spacecraft caused NASA to extend its mission and ultimately to bring the spacecraft back to Earth without crew. The Crew-8 mission was extended and its Dragon was fitted with two additional makeshift crew seats to allow it to serve as a "lifeboat" for the CFT crew if evacuation is needed before Crew-9 docks. The Crew-9 launch was delayed and Crew-9 modified to launch with only two crew and two empty seats. The crew of CFT will return on Crew-9 at the end of its mission. 1130: 1229: 1391: 237: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2872: 2860: 2792: 2779: 2755: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2527: 2425: 2413: 2311: 2299: 2225: 2201: 2189: 2111: 2087: 2075: 1973: 1961: 1883: 1859: 1847: 2035: 1803: 3087: 2831: 2605: 2715: 2373: 2259: 2149: 1921: 2487: 6844:"To ensure the agency keeps its commitment for safe operations via a continuous U.S. presence aboard the International Space Station until commercial crew capabilities are routinely available, NASA has completed negotiations with the State Space Corporation Roscosmos to purchase one additional Soyuz seat for a launch this fall," NASA said in a statement Tuesday. NASA has not ruled out paying Russia's space agency for an additional Soyuz seat on a launch next April. 1473:, reaction control, and launch escape, are utilized by Starliner. Eight reaction control engines on the spacecraft's crew module and 28 reaction control engines on the spacecraft's service module provide 380 newtons (85 pounds-force) and 445 newtons (100 pounds-force) each, respectively. Also located on the service module, 20 custom-made Orbital Maneuvering and Attitude Control (OMAC) engines provide 6,700 newtons (1,500 pounds-force) of thrust each, while four 9724: 2539: 8414:...the first operational Crew Dragon mission, Crew-1. NASA said in a July 22 media advisory it anticipated a launch no earlier than late September. NASA approved a contract modification in May that allows SpaceX to reuse boosters and capsule starting on the Crew-2 mission, which would launch in 2021. McErlean said NASA expects that the Crew-2 will use the Falcon 9 booster that launches Crew-1, and the capsule from the ongoing Demo-2 mission. 9732: 2099: 3073: 2896: 2767: 2681: 2563: 2449: 2335: 1997: 1202:

spaceflight. The second CPC series manifested as Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap), the final phase of the CCDev program, where NASA would certify an operator to run crewed flights to the ISS through an open competition. The window for proposal submissions was closed on 22 January 2014. Sierra Nevada announced a week later that a privately funded orbital test flight of a Dream Chaser spacecraft, using an

3855:...the certification products contracts (CPC) crew transportation systems will meet agency safety requirements and standards to launch American astronauts to the International Space Station from the United States, ending the agency's reliance on Russia for these transportation services. This includes data that will result in developing engineering standards, tests and analyses of the crew transportation systems design. 2213: 2998: 2884: 2551: 2323: 1985: 1871: 1216:

the GAO discredited Sierra Nevada's claims against NASA; Sierra Nevada accepted the decision. The company laid off 90 staff members working on the Dream Chaser following the CCtCap result, and repurposed the spacecraft as a for-hire vehicle for commercial spaceflight. A cargo variant of the Dream Chaser would later be developed and selected by NASA to fly uncrewed resupply missions to the ISS under a

1186:. The program's third round, Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap), aimed to financially support the development of winning proposals over 21 months through to May 2014, in preparation for crewed missions to the ISS within five years. Despite winning awards in CCDev 1 and CCDev 2, Blue Origin decided against competing in CCiCap, opting instead to rely on private investment from their owner, 8878:"NASA announces the agency intends to acquire "up to three additional crew flights to the International Space Station" from SpaceX, with the company halfway through its initial 6 flight contract and Boeing's Starliner capsule not yet operational, NASA says it may need to use the additional Crew Dragon flights "as early as 2023," effectively giving an additional buffer for any more Starliner delays" 232: 9360: 8796: 8679: 8550: 4596:...NASA outlined the next phase of its strategy to enable the certification of commercial crew transportation systems to and from the International Space Station (ISS). Phase 1 of the certification strategy, the Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase, was awarded last December to SpaceX, SNC and Boeing for amounts that did not exceed $ 10 million per company. 1414:

After earlier plans of SpaceX to use new capsules for every crewed flight for NASA both agreed to reuse Crew Dragon capsules for NASA flights. In 2022, SpaceX stated that a capsule can be reused up to fifteen times. Crew Dragon spacecraft can spend up to a week in free flight without being docked to the ISS. Each Crew Dragon capsule is equipped with a

1323:. When Boeing OFT-2 was on the pad preparing for launch on 3 August 2021, problems were encountered with 13 valves in the capsule's propulsion system. The launch was scrubbed, and the capsule eventually returned to the factory. Analysis of the problem was still underway in September 2021 and launch was postponed indefinitely. This uncrewed test, 1522:– will serve as landing ranges for returning Starliner spacecraft, though in an emergency scenario, it is also equipped to perform a splashdown return. Boeing's CCtCap contract values each seat on a CST-100 flight to be between US$ 91–99 million, while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's OIG to be around US$ 90 million. 1258:, Boeing received options for up to five seats on Soyuz flights, which NASA purchased from Boeing. NASA announced the astronauts chosen to pilot the Crew Dragon and Starliner vehicles in August 2018, and two months later penned the launch of demonstration missions for the Crew Dragon and Starliner for dates in 2019. The uncrewed 8450:...the two U.S. crew members who will be on that flight to the Station in May 2020 is completely dependent on whether Starliner or Dragon flies the mission. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi Noguchi will be on that first crew rotation mission regardless of which commercial partner flies it. 5321:...it's been working through challenges related to the mass of the spacecraft and aeroacoustic issues related to integration with its United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 launch vehicle. In a follow-up to Caret's comments, Boeing spokeswoman Rebecca Regan told GeekWire that those factors contributed to the schedule slip. 7803:, "It makes parachute-aided splashdowns in the ocean when its work on orbit is done. SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk had previously stated that Crew Dragon would eventually be capable of touchdowns on terra firma, using parachutes and retrorocket firings But that option is apparently no longer in the works." 7090:, "Although the ships seem like a nod to the past—Apollo-style "capsules" instead of the spaceplanes astronauts rode to orbit for 30 years Both the Starliner and Crew Dragon will travel to the station and dock automatically, with no astronaut input. (The crew can take manual control if something goes wrong.)" 6176:...the company will no longer launch an uncrewed test flight to the International Space Station in April, Reuters has reported. The flight is being pushed back to August. This Starliner schedule slip will also delay Boeing's first crewed test flight, according to the same reporting, from August to November. 8296:...Crew-1, that will see four astronauts—three astronauts from NASA (Mike Hopkins, Shannon Walker and Victor Glover) and one, Soichi Noguchi, from JAXA, the Japanese space agency—head from Florida to the ISS for a planned six-month expedition. Crew-1 will be SpaceX's first scheduled crew rotation mission. 6880:

SpaceX successfully launched a unique Falcon 9 rocket at LC-39A for the in-flight abort test of their Crew Dragon spacecraft. The uncrewed test flight saw the spacecraft demonstrate its ability to escape a failing rocket mid-flight. Sunday's launch occurred at 10:30 AM Eastern, with a successful test

6731:

The repeat flight likely will occur sometime in October or November, meaning the company probably won't fly a mission with astronauts on board this year Repeating the mission and investigating other problems with Starliner is an expensive proposition: Earlier this year, Boeing said it was taking a $

6399:

As an Atlas 5 rocket arced upward into the pre-dawn sky from Cape Canaveral in Florida on Friday morning On top of the rocket was Starliner, a capsule built by Boeing, part of a NASA strategy to delegate to private companies to handle the astronaut transportation. The mission will now be cut short,

5014:

GAO disagreed with Sierra Nevada's arguments about NASA's evaluation Sierra Nevada also claimed NASA did not adequately review the realism of SpaceX's low bid and its financial resources, among several other issues the GAO concluded "were not supported by the evaluation record or by the terms of the

4936:

NASA issued a stop-work order to Boeing and SpaceX on Oct 2, only to rescind it a week later on the grounds that a delay to development of the transportation service, "poses risks to the ISS crew, jeopardizes continued operation of the ISS, would delay meeting critical crew size requirements, and may

4133:

Boeing received the largest Commercial Crew Development award, an agreement valued at $ 92.3 million, to finish the preliminary design of the CST-100 capsule Sierra Nevada received $ 20 million in the first CCDev competition in February 2010, using that funding to develop manufacturing tooling, fire

3628:

To get to the moon and then eventually go on to Mars will take much more money and technology than the U.S. space program has now, according to a report released today by an independent panel convened, at White House request Keep Ares and Orion going -- but recognize they probably won't be ready for

1359:

in case of an emergency. The crew cabins of both spacecraft feature 11 cubic meters (390 cubic feet) of pressurized volume, and can be configured to carry up to seven crew each, though NASA will only send up to four crew on each mission in the program; an extension to occupy a fifth seat is available

1338:

On February 28, 2022, NASA announced that it had awarded three additional crew missions to SpaceX bringing the total crew missions for SpaceX to nine and the total contract value to $ 3,490,872,904. In September 2022, NASA announced yet another addition, this time of five missions, bringing the total

8077:

The Crew Module is equipped with 12 Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters that can produce 100 lbf of thrust each. The Service Module contains 28 RCS thrusters that produce 85 lbf thrust each and 20 Orbital Maneuvering and Attitude Control (OMAC) engines. The OMACs produce 1,500 lbf thrust each.

6766:

Boeing told investors earlier this year it was taking a $ 410 million charge against its earnings to cover the expected costs of a second unpiloted test flight. "We have chosen to refly our Orbital Flight Test to demonstrate the quality of the Starliner system," Boeing said in a statement . "Flying

6065:

Boeing now plans to carry out an uncrewed test flight of its CST-100 Starliner commercial crew vehicle late this year or early next year as it addresses a problem found during a recent test of the spacecraft's abort engines. That revised schedule will push back a crewed test flight of the vehicle to

5841:

When SpaceX launched its first Crew Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station last week, the gleaming white vehicle soared into space on its maiden voyage. Now, Crew Dragon is back, and it doesn't look so new. SpaceX's Crew Dragon returned to Earth today (March 8) with a smooth splashdown

4556:

NASA expects the final phase of the competition — known as the Commercial Crew Transport Capability program, or CCtCAP — to result in a fleet of commercial spacecraft that are certified to transport crew by 2017. Those same three companies have already been granted about $ 10 million each for Phase

4361:

Also not included in this latest round of funding was Blue Origin of Kent., Wash., a company owned by billionaire Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos that is developing private spacecraft for suborbital and orbital flights. The company did receive a NASA funding award in 2011 for its orbital crew vehicle,

3551:

The big question for the next NASA administrator will be whether he going to reverse the decision to delete the ISS service role from the Crew Exploration Vehicle's mission. The CEV was sold at least partly on the basis that it would replace the planned Orbital Space Plane (OSP), which was supposed

1689:

On 3 December 2021, NASA made clear it would secure up to an additional three flights from SpaceX to maintain an uninterrupted U.S. capability for human access to the space station. The background to this was that SpaceX was likely to launch its sixth flight in early 2023 potentially before Boeing's

1413:

class of spacecraft, which is an upgraded version of the first-generation Dragon. It measures 3.7 meters (12 feet) wide, 4.4 meters (14 feet) tall without its trunk, and 7.2 meters (24 feet) with its trunk. While trunks are discarded prior to capsule reentry, crew cabins are designed to be reusable.

8115:

The OMAC thrusters are 1,500-pound (6,672-newton) thrust class and are used for low-altitude launch abort attitude control, maneuvering, and stage-separation functions The spacecraft's RCS engines are 100-pound (445-newton) thrust class and provide high-altitude abort attitude control and on-orbit

8035:

Aerojet Rocketdyne, an aerospace propulsion contractor based in Sacramento, California, also announced this week it secured an expected contract from Boeing to provide thrusters, fuel tanks and abort engines for the CST-100 Starliner commercial crew capsule. Each shipset includes four 40,000-pound

7462:

Shotwell also noted that SpaceX is planning to reuse its Crew Dragon capsules. That was in doubt previously, as the leader of NASA's Commercial Crew program said in 2018 that SpaceX would use a new capsule each time the company flew the agency's astronauts. "We can fly crew more than once on a Crew

6957:

On Sunday morning, SpaceX successfully launched one of its last big flight tests for NASA, a launch that could pave the way for the company to carry passengers into space later this year. With this test now complete, the next big flight of the Crew Dragon will have people on board: NASA astronauts

6917:

SpaceX completed its last major test before flying astronauts to space on Sunday, in a critical high-speed mission that lasted mere minutes. It's a crucial milestone for Musk's space company, as it will be key in determining whether NASA certifies the company's capsule to begin flying the agency's

6554:

NASA chief of human spaceflight Doug Loverro said Friday that he decided to escalate the incident. So he designated Starliner's uncrewed mission, during which the spacecraft flew a shortened profile and did not attempt to dock with the International Space Station, as a "high visibility close call."

6286:

NASA's commercial crew partner Boeing has achieved a key milestone on the way to actually flying astronauts aboard its CST-100 Starliner: Demonstrating that its launch pad abort system works as designed, which is a key safety system that NASA requires to be in place before the aerospace company can

6102:

But the agency is staring down a real possibility that it might not be able to send people into space after next year. That risk likely increased after Boeing discovered a problem in a new spacecraft system the company designed for NASA. The issue – a fuel leak – appeared on June 2, as Ars Technica

5914:

SpaceX's historic Crew Dragon spacecraft that launched for the first time last month appears to have exploded, according to reports, potentially delaying the return to flight of humans from American soil. On Saturday, April 20, an explosion was reported at a test stand at SpaceX's Landing Zone 1 in

5729:

The first unpiloted test flight of a SpaceX commercial Dragon capsule intended to eventually ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station is moving to January, NASA announced Thursday. The first unpiloted test flight of a Boeing Starliner commercial crew ship is now targeted for the

1685:

and thus becoming to be a part of the Soyuz-Dragon crew swap system, that is, keeping at least one NASA astronaut and one Roscosmos cosmonaut on each of the crew rotation missions. That would ensure both countries would have a presence on the station, and ability to maintain their separate systems,

1282:

in November 2019. NASA accepted the test as successful even though one of three parachutes failed to deploy, since the system landed as designed under two parachutes. Boeing conducted the Orbital Flight Test in December 2019 and encountered major malfunctions of Starliner's software which precluded

1215:

upheld a decision to allow development of the Crew Dragon and Starliner to proceed during the protest, citing concerns for crewed operations of the ISS in the event of a delay to the Commercial Crew Program. The GAO declined Sierra Nevada's protest in January 2015, stating that evidence gathered by

5990:

Koenigsmann said the "anomaly" occurred during a series of tests with the spacecraft, approximately one-half second before the firing of the SuperDraco thrusters. At that point, he said, "There was an anomaly and the vehicle was destroyed." Before this accident, SpaceX and NASA had been targeting

4245:

NASA announced today the winners of the third round of commercial crew development funding, called the Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap). NASA said these awards will enable a launch of astronauts from U.S. soil in the next five years. each company negotiated how much work they could

3404:

NASA formed the Constellation Program in 2005 The Initial Capability (IC) comprised elements necessary to service the ISS by 2015 with crew rotations: including the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle, and the supporting ground and mission infrastructure to enable these

8244:

But with the new generation of US commercial crew vehicles, which can accommodate four astronauts, it will finally become possible to increase the station's crew size to its originally conceived number of seven, including four USOS crewmembers. establishing the norm for all subsequent commercial

1477:

engines provide 178,000 newtons (40,000 pounds-force) of thrust each in a launch abort scenario. During a nominal flight without a launch abort, Starliner can use unspent fuel reserved for its RS-88 engines to help its OMAC engines perform the orbital insertion burn, following separation from the

1093:

found that the program's funding and resources were insufficient to execute its goals without significant delays to its schedule and an increase of US$ 3 billion in funding, which prompted NASA to start considering alternatives to the program. The Constellation program was officially cancelled in

8371:

Even with the anomaly that occurred last month, Ms. Lueders was able to update the NAC directly on the current hardware readiness dates for the In Flight Abort test and the Demo-2 crew mission, both of which now have to use different Crew Dragon capsules than originally planned. Current capsule

7398:

The first iteration of SpaceX's Dragon has successfully flown twenty missions to the ISS to date CRS-20 is the last flight of the first-generation Dragon spacecraft, with the cargo version of the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft expected to take over services next year as part of Phase 2 of the CRS

6514:

High Visibility (Mishaps or Close Calls). Those particular mishaps or close calls, regardless of theamount of property damage or personnel injury, that the Administrator, Chief/OSMA, CD,ED/OHO, or the Center SMA director judges to possess a high degree of programmatic impact or public, media, or

6436:

NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said that an independent review team has identified several issues during the Orbital Flight Test (OFT) mission, particularly when it comes to the spacecraft's software. Along with the previously disclosed error with Starliner's onboard timer, a second software

5542:

a new solicitation filed by NASA on Tuesday reveals that the agency is indeed seeking to purchase Soyuz seats for 2019 (NASA will negotiate with Boeing for these additional seats, which Boeing received from Russia's Energia as compensation for the settlement of a lawsuit involving the Sea Launch

1460:

Boeing's CST-100 Starliner – "CST" an acronym for "Crew Space Transportation" – measures 4.6 meters (15 feet) in diameter and 5.1 meters (17 feet) in height. The crew module of Starliner can be reused for up to ten flights, while the service module is expended during each flight. Various engines

1206:

launch vehicle intended to be purchased by Sierra Nevada, was planned to occur on 1 November 2016. On 16 September 2014, CCtCap concluded with SpaceX's Crew Dragon and Boeing's Starliner being the sole winners, with SpaceX receiving US$ 2.6 billion contract and Boeing a US$ 4.2 billion contract.

4899:

A judge Tuesday allowed NASA to move forward with new contracts to develop private space taxis despite a legal challenge to the deals worth up to $ 6.8 billion. NASA claimed it "best serves the United States" to enable the commercial crew systems as soon as possible, and that delays to flights

1530:

NASA missions to the ISS launch on an average every six months. As part of the original contracts Boeing and SpaceX each were initially contracted for up to six operational flights. NASA later contracted with SpaceX for up to an additional eight flights as a contingency if Starliner is further

7971:

NASA will likely pay about $ 90 million for each astronaut who flies aboard Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule on International Space Station (ISS) missions, the report estimated. The per-seat cost for SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule, meanwhile, will be around $ 55 million, according to the OIG's

7714:

SpaceX has built the thrusters into the capsule's outer walls. Eight SuperDraco engines are embedded in the hull and will "push" the capsule away from the rocket in an emergency. Boeing's CST-100 Starliner uses a similar launch escape system as the one on the Crew Dragon, but instead of eight

7075:

SpaceX's Crew Dragon, a crewed version of the company's robotic Dragon cargo ship, is one of two commercial space taxis that NASA will use to ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station. Boeing's CST-100 Starliner is the other. Both spacecraft are designed to carry up to seven

5049:

Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) has laid off employees who were working on the company's offering under NASA's Commercial Crew Program (CCP), the Dream Chaser space plane. SNC has also stated that it will continue to develop the spacecraft for possible use with other nations' human-rated space

1236:

While the first flights of Commercial Crew Program were originally intended to be launched by the end of 2017, Boeing announced in May 2016 that their first crewed flight would be delayed to 2018 due to problems integrating with Starliner's Atlas V N22 launch vehicle. In December 2016, SpaceX

966:

The spacecraft are owned and operated by the vendor, and crew transportation is provided to NASA as a commercial service. Each mission sends up to four astronauts to the ISS. Operational flights occur approximately once every six months for missions that last for approximately six months. A

9228:"High-visibility mishap" and "high-visibility close call" are designations which describe incidents that impact the mission's spacecraft and/or crew with a high degree of public, media, and/or political attention. "High-visibility close call" had previously been used to describe an aborted 4788:

Sierra Nevada Corp. has protested NASA's award of contracts worth up to $ 6.8 billion to Boeing and SpaceX to fly astronauts to the International Space Station. The U.S. Government Accountability Office must rule on the legal challenge by Jan. 5. Sierra Nevada cited "serious questions and

1201:

In December 2012, the three CCiCap winners were each given an additional USD$ 10 million in funding as the first of two series of "certification products contracts" (CPC) to allow for further testing, engineering standards, and design analysis to meet NASA's safety requirements for crewed

7624:, "Crew Dragon is also outfitted with an emergency escape system, which consists of eight SuperDraco engines built into the capsule's walls. If something goes wrong at any point during a Crew Dragon flight, these engines can fire up and carry the spacecraft and its passengers to safety." 3976:

With NASA's Commercial Crew Development program, or CCDev 2, and the encouragement of commercial space firms to produce their own vehicles, the number of potential 'space-taxis' has swelled, with virtually every established and up-and-coming space company either producing – or proposing

1141:

allocated US$ 1.3 billion for an expansion of the existing Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program over three years. While the program's first round of competition in 2010 focused on funding development of various human spaceflight technologies in the private sector as part of the

1190:, to continue development on crewed spaceflight. The competition for CCiCap funding ended in August 2012, with US$ 212.5 million allocated to Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser, US$ 440 million allocated to SpaceX's Crew Dragon, and US$ 460 million allocated to Boeing's Starliner. While 6664:

An independent review of the decisions that led to a failed test of Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule found systematic and widespread missteps in the legacy company's testing procedures and software development NASA has declared Boeing's mission a "high visibility close call"

4016:

Four private companies are the leaders in the effort to build commercial spaceships to carry astronauts to low-Earth orbit and the International Space Station after the space shuttles retire. NASA recently handed out the second wave of contracts in its Commercial Crew Development

1025:

for the system: pad abort, uncrewed orbital test, launch abort, and crewed orbital test. Operational missions were initially planned to begin in 2017, with missions alternating between the two providers. Delays required NASA to purchase additional seats on Soyuz spacecraft up to

8521:

The agency has approved the use of preflown Crew Dragon capsules and Falcon 9 rockets on SpaceX's crewed missions to the International Space Station (ISS) The first flight with used hardware could be Crew-2, the second contracted mission, which will likely lift off sometime in

1021:, and SpaceX to develop proposals for ISS crew transport vehicles. In 2014, NASA awarded separate fixed-price contracts to Boeing and SpaceX to develop their respective systems and to fly astronauts to the ISS. Each contract required four successful demonstrations to achieve 1446:(OIG) to be around US$ 55 million. Per-mission cost for the first contract extension (missions 7, 8, and 9) is $ 258.7 million ($ 64.6 million/seat), and per-mission cost for the second contract extension (missions 10 through 14) is $ 288 million ($ 72 million/seat). 4976:"Based on our review of the issues, we concluded that these arguments were not supported by the evaluation record or by the terms of the solicitation," Smith said in the GAO statement. Sierra Nevada, in a statement issued Jan. 5, accepted the decision by the GAO... 3869:, "A pair of privately owned spaceships, Boeing's Starliner and SpaceX's Crew Dragon, are set to make their debut within the next few months ending NASA's post-space-shuttle reliance on the Soyuz to ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station." 6591:

An International Space Station mishap that nearly killed an astronaut last year happened because of a clogged spacesuit filter, a NASA investigation board said on Wednesday. "This was a high-visibility close call," said NASA's human exploration chief William

6471:

Boeing missed a pair of software errors during the Starliner's Orbital Flight Test. One prevented the spacecraft from docking with the International Space Station, and the other could have resulted in catastrophic damage to the capsule during its return to

1012:

began in 2011 as NASA shifted from internal development of crewed vehicles to perform ISS crew rotation to commercial industry development of transport to the ISS. A series of open competitions over the following two years saw successful bids from Boeing,

8078:

This suborbital trajectory was requested by Boeing so that under normal conditions, Starliner can then burn most of its unused launch abort fuel (via the Orbit Insertion Burn) to lighten its mass before it boosts its orbit to phase up to the Station.

6139:

Boeing's first test flight was slated for April but it has been pushed to August, according to two people with direct knowledge of the matter. The new schedule means that Boeing's crewed mission, initially scheduled for August, will be delayed until

3706:

It authorises $ 1.3bn over the next three years for commercial companies to begin taxiing crew to the International Space Station (ISS). It brings to an end the Bush-era Constellation programme which had set the agency the task of going back to the

7852:

Crew Dragon $ 60 - $ 67 million; Starliner $ 91 - $ 99 million Starliner and Crew Dragon per-seat costs use the total contract value for operations divided by the maximum 24 seats available. The upper range reflects the inclusion of NASA's program

7788:

SpaceX's DragonFly test vehicle has arrived at its test facility in McGregor, Texas. DragonFly will be attached to a large crane, ahead of a series of test firings of its SuperDraco thrusters to set the stage towards the eventual goal of propulsive

4668:"Today we're very proud to announce that we have now formally negotiated our orbital spaceflight," said Mark Sirangelo, the head of Sierra Nevada Space Systems. "We have acquired an Atlas V rocket and established a launch date of November 1, 2016... 6400:

without docking at the International Space Station and likely delaying plans that are already a couple of years behind schedule. the spacecraft's clock was set to the wrong time, and a flawed thruster burn pushed the capsule into the wrong orbit.

5171:

The nation's space agency selected three commercial companies for the next round of missions to resupply the International Space Station, giving a vote of confidence to incumbents SpaceX and Orbital ATK and choosing a new player, Sierra Nevada

4285:

NASA has committed $ 1.1 billion over the next 21 months to support spaceship development efforts by the Boeing Co., SpaceX and Sierra Nevada Corp., with the aim of having American astronauts flying once more on American spacecraft within five

1249:

for American astronauts past 2018, the GAO expressed concerns and recommended in February 2017 that NASA develop a plan for crew rotation in the event of further delays. Following the settlement of a lawsuit against Russian space manufacturer

5469:

NASA currently has contracts with Russia through 2018 to get its astronauts to the station. However, a delay of test flights into 2019 would necessarily push the first "operational" commercial crew flights into spring or summer of 2019 at a

4401:"We got $ 25 million from the NASA commercial crew program, and that represents less than 5 percent of what our founder has put into the company," Alexander said. That would mean Bezos' investment in Blue Origin is at least $ 500 million. 1262:

mission was launched on 2 March 2019, in which a Crew Dragon successfully docked with the ISS and returned to Earth six days after launch. The capsule used in the mission, however, was accidentally destroyed in a static fire test of its

8207:, "Each company has contracted for up to six additional taxi flights, during which the Starliner or Crew Dragon will dock with the station, remain attached for six months as a lifeboat for the crew, then return the astronauts to Earth." 8036:

thrust launch abort engines for the CST-100's pusher escape system and 24 orbital maneuvering and attitude control thrusters, each generating 1,500 pounds of thrust for low-altitude abort attitude control and in-space orbit adjustments.

8283: 6025:

However, both an in-flight abort test and the Demo-2 crewed flight test were delayed after the Demo-1 spacecraft, being prepared for the in-flight abort test, was destroyed during preparations for a static-fire test in April at Cape

5208:

The winners, Orbital ATK, SpaceX, and the newcomer Sierra Nevada Corporation, will be responsible for providing new cargo, disposing of unneeded cargo, and safely bringing back research samples from the International Space Station

3591:

Based largely on existing technologies, the Orbital Space Plane would provide safe, affordable access to the International Space Station. The Orbital Space Plane will be able to support a Space Station crew rotation of four to six

5396:

In the wake of its September 1st rocket explosion, SpaceX has officially delayed the first crewed flight of its Crew Dragon vehicle the first flight of the Crew Dragon with people on board is now slated to take place in May of

4859:

Judge Marian Blank Horn of the United States Court of Federal Claims has cleared the way for NASA to proceed with its plans to have Boeing and SpaceX develop their spacecraft under the Commercial Crew transportation Capability

1287:(Boeing OFT-2) was scheduled for July 2021, with Boeing covering the cost of the flight in lieu of additional CCDev funding. Amid further uncertainties about the Commercial Crew Program's progress, NASA purchased a seat on the 5158: 3779:

Obama's blueprint for NASA would cancel the Constellation program, the family of rockets and hardware now in development to replace the aging space shuttle, and would call instead on commercial vendors to fly astronauts to

7931:

Eventually, a round-trip seat on the Crew Dragon is expected to cost about $ US55 million. A seat on Starliner will cost about $ US90 million. That's according to a November 2019 report from the NASA Office of Inspector

5284:

Boeing's executive vice president Leanne Caret made the announcement, reports GeekWire, telling investors at a briefing: "We're working toward our first unmanned flight in 2017, followed by a manned astronaut flight in

7195:

That Crew Dragon, which is the fully operational version, is designed for stays of at least 210 days, and the crew complement of four astronauts, including three from NASA and one from Japan's space agency, is already

8183:, "Landing Site: Western U.S. Starliner will parachute to dry land, like Soyuz, and use airbags to cushion the impact. Landing sites at White Sands, NM; Dugway Proving Ground, UT; Edwards AFB, CA; Willcox Playa, AZ." 7149:, "Seating Capacity: Up to 7 NASA required that each vehicle be able to transport four people to and from the station. A fifth seat is available on both vehicles. Each company advertises a seating capacity of seven." 5235: 3322:

The initial spurt of new funding will be used to begin work on what a "crew exploration vehicle," which O'Keefe said will "look totally different" from the space shuttle. Lunar missions will begin between 2015 and

8484:

Strapped into the Soyuz MS-16/62S command module's center seat was veteran cosmonaut Anatoli Ivanishin, joined by rookie flight engineer Ivan Vagner on the left and Navy SEAL-turned-astronaut Chris Cassidy on the

6806:

Roscosmos and NASA signed a contract for the delivery of one American astronaut on a crewed Soyuz MS spacecraft in Autumn 2020. The head of NASA, Jim Bridenstein also admitted the possibility of buying a second

7751:

Besides launch abort, SuperDraco thrusters will allow SpaceX's spacecraft to land propulsively on the ground, the company says. Propulsive Dragon landing tests are slated to begin at McGregor under the DragonFly

6126: 5036: 4095:

Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), which currently has a contract to carry cargo to the International Space Station, will receive $ 75 million to make its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon space capsule ready for

3021:

Falcon 9 first-stage boosters have a four-digit serial number. A decimal point followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, B1061.1 and B1061.2 represent the first and second flights of booster

4846: 4710:

On Tuesday, the space agency picked Boeing and SpaceX to transport astronauts to the International Space Station NASA will pay Boeing $ 4.2 billion and SpaceX $ 2.6 billion to certify, test and fly their crew

5901: 3480:

The spacecraft, NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), could even carry six-astronaut crews to the International Space Station (ISS) or fly automated resupply shipments as needed, NASA chief Michael Griffin

6651: 6326:

Boeing said Nov. 7 that a misplaced pin prevented a parachute from deploying during a pad abort test of its CST-100 Starliner vehicle three days earlier, the only flaw in a key test of that commercial crew

5769:

NASA has announced the first crewed flight by a SpaceX rocket to the International Space Station (ISS) is expected to take place in June 2019. A flight on Boeing spacecraft is set to follow in August 2019.

5582:

NASA has quietly signed a contract with Boeing for up to five additional Soyuz seats to provide for both additional U.S. crewmembers on the International Space Station and margin for commercial crew delays.

1697:

have agreed to an annual seat-swapping agreement for three flights each. In 2022, 2023, and 2024, a Russian cosmonaut will fly on one Crew Dragon flight per year while an American astronaut will fly on one

5692:

NASA on Friday named the astronaut test pilots who will be the first to fly SpaceX and Boeing capsules launched from Florida to the International Space Station, within a year or less, according to updated

5132:

After losing a NASA commercial crew competition earlier this month, Sierra Nevada Corp. (SNC) has laid off about 100 employees who had been working on its Dream Chaser vehicle, the company confirmed Sept.

4737: 8273: 6348: 4825:

Space Systems filed the formal protest with the U.S. Government Accountability Office on Sept. 26 over rejection of its bid for NASA's commercial crew contract to shuttle astronauts to the space station.

6628:

After the spacesuit incident — which NASA calls a "high visibility close call" — space agency officials halted all non-emergency spacewalks until they could learn more about what caused the malfunction.

4232: 4193: 6753: 6498: 4775: 4655: 3056:

The CCP spacecraft missions usually overlap with brief intervals during which two are docked at the same time. Crew-2 did not overlap with Crew-3 because of an unexpected delay of the Crew-3 launch.

7255:, "Designers are working to a challenging safety standard: a 1-in-270 chance of a fatal accident, as compared to the 1-in-90 chance calculated for the space shuttle by the time it retired in 2011." 6831: 4963: 4750:

SpaceX and Boeing are splitting NASA's $ 6.8 billion Commercial Crew Transportation Capability award, or CCtCap SpaceX will get $ 2.6 billion and Boeing will receive $ 4.2 billion, officials said.

745: 8102: 7879: 4697: 5087:

Sierra Nevada's Mark Sirangelo told the Denver Post the companies plans to go forward with development of the spacecraft and bid on future contracts. The news companies on the heals [

4632:

Engineers at Sierra Nevada Corporation have announced that the Dream Chaser will make its first orbital flight on 1 November 2016. The Dream Chaser will launch attached to an Atlas V rocket...

6458: 6201: 7350:

Another very important difference is the nose cone, which hinges to reveal the NASA Docking System (NDS). The cargo-only Dragon uses the larger Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) for docking...

5977: 1442:. SpaceX's CCtCap contract values each seat on a Crew Dragon flight to be between US$ 60–67 million on the first six missions, while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's 1283:

an intended docking with the ISS and prompted a truncation of the mission. The Orbital Flight Test was declared a "high-visibility close call" by NASA following an independent review, and a

963:

spacecraft becomes operational no earlier than 2025. NASA has contracted for six operational missions from Boeing and fourteen from SpaceX, ensuring sufficient support for ISS through 2030.

5620:

NASA has named the astronauts chosen to fly on commercial spacecraft made by Boeing and SpaceX to and from the International Space Station, the research laboratory that orbits around Earth.

5456: 7107:, "("CST," by the way, stands for "crew space transportation.") Starliner also features sleek touch-screen displays and has about the same amount of internal volume as the SpaceX capsule." 5679: 3743:

He pledged to revive the Orion spacecraft, initially cancelled along the rest of NASA's Constellation program building new rockets and spacecraft. Now in deep space missions, Obama said.

1482:

during launch. Once in space, Starliner spacecraft can survive up to 60 hours in free flight. Unlike Crew Dragon, Starliner is designed to return to Earth on land instead of ocean, using

8022: 4325:

SpaceX was awarded a $ 440 million contract Boeing won a contract valued at $ 460 million Nevada was awarded $ 212.5 million The CCiCap contracts will run between now and May 31, 2014

3615: 1360:

to NASA. Both spacecraft can last up to 210 days in space docked to the ISS. In addition, the spacecraft were designed to meet NASA's per-mission safety standard of a 1-in-270 chance of

7839: 5951:

Nobody was injured, but the capsule — which flew a successful uncrewed demonstration mission to the International Space Station (ISS) just last month — may have incurred serious damage.

5357:

NASA has confirmed that the commercial space taxis being developed by SpaceX and the Boeing Co. will start carrying astronauts to the International Space Station no earlier than 2018...

1745:

NASA hopes to extend the seat-swapping arrangement with Roscosmos to include Starliner flights after Starliner has enough flights, which will be no earlier than the Starliner-2 flight.

5529: 5001: 1681:

initially assigned to Starliner crewed flights were reassigned to Crew-5 mission after delays in the Starliner program. The fourth astronaut on Crew-5 is filled by a Russian cosmonaut

1146:, its second round, CCDev 2, focused on proposals for spacecraft capable of shuttling astronauts to and from the ISS. The competition for CCDev 2 funding concluded in April 2011, with 4812: 1705:

On 31 August 2022, NASA awarded SpaceX with an additional 5 flights bringing the total number of contracted Crew Dragon flights to 14. The additional flights will run through 2030.

6944: 6904: 5383: 5147: 4886: 4437:

In the end, Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations Directorate William Gerstenmaier opted to award Boeing with $ 460m, SpaceX with $ 440 and SNC with $ 212.5m.

7918: 7610:...Crew Dragon does not need a significant number of systems critical for longer stays in space, as it is only designed to support humans for approximately one week in free-flight. 5643: 5433:

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and its commercial satellite payload were destroyed by an explosion at their launchpad in Florida early Thursday (Sept. 1) during a typically routine test.

7514: 5891: 6541: 4543: 4619: 728: 7484: 7449: 5248:

SpaceX, though, planned to complete certification earlier than either Boeing or Sierra Nevada, giving it more margin to achieve NASA's goal of certification by the end of 2017.

6273: 4557:

1 of the CCtCAP certification process, which focuses on flight safety and performance requirements. NASA said applications for Phase 2 funding should be submitted by Jan. 22.

4206:

Last night, SpaceX launched more than 1,000 pounds of supplies bound for the International Space Station on the first of 12 missions in its 1.6 billion USD contract with NASA.

3693: 7892:

According to the NASA audit, the SpaceX Crew Dragon's per-seat cost works out at an estimated $ 55 million while a seat on Boeing's Starliner is approximately $ 90 million...

9526: 7122:, "The Starliner has a diameter of 15 feet (4.5 meters); a length of 16.5 feet (5 m), which includes the service module; and a volume of about 390 cubic feet (11 cubic md)." 3652: 3110: 1702:

flight per year. This arrangement ensures that ISS will have at least one crew member to operate essential services even if one or the other type of spacecraft is grounded.

871: 8401: 7161:, "Once the Starliner is attached to the space station, it's designed to stay there for 210 days — ample time to allow for the usual crew stays of six months, or 180 days." 6578: 5195: 6052: 4424: 3803: 1217: 8471: 8064: 6163: 3444:

The vehicle will be capable of transporting cargo and up to six crew members to and from the International Space Station. It can carry four astronauts for lunar missions.

1295:

in the event that operational missions in the program are further delayed, with the purchase of additional Soyuz seats beyond MS-17 being described as a possibility. The

8231: 7182: 6116: 5028: 3927: 1355:

will join it in this role after it is human-rated. Both spacecraft are automated but can be remotely controlled from the ground or manually controlled by their crew via

6089: 4583: 4157: 8358: 5865: 4838: 4082: 1086: 5878:

NASA officials confirmed around 2:30 am ET that the capsule successfully detached from the space station. and it splash down in the Atlantic Ocean around 8:45 am ET.

1275:, which had both been delayed due to a failed test of Starliner's abort system, were further pushed without explanation from dates in early-to-mid 2019 to late 2019. 9044:"Распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от 10.06.2022 № 1532-р ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" 6515:

political interest including, but not limited to, mishaps and close calls that impact flight hardware, flight software, or completion of critical mission milestones.

6361:

Only two of the three main parachutes deployed, an issue Boeing has attributed to the lack of a secure connection between the pilot chute and one of the main chutes.

4913: 9544: 6641: 5344: 5074: 3145: 706: 7675:

The first test of the SuperDraco was an impressive demonstration of what the engine could do, not only sustaining its 71,000 newtons (16,000 pounds) of thrust...

7212: 4727: 9311: 8729: 7137:, "The gumdrop-shaped cargo Dragon is 14.4 feet tall and 12 feet wide at the base (4.4 by 3.7 meters), with 390 cubic feet (11 cubic meters) of internal volume." 6423: 6340: 6214:...which will fly on the inaugural flight of the Starliner spacecraft now slated to launch late September or early October from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. 4272: 3963: 3881:"NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds" 1375:

implementation is used by Starliner and ISS, while Crew Dragon uses a compatible IDSS implementation developed by SpaceX. The IDSS docks are used instead of the

7775: 7538:"McErlean: NASA's plans call for reusing the Falcon 9 booster from the Crew-1 mission on the Crew-2 mission, and to reuse the Demo-2 capsule for Crew-2 as well" 6718: 5716: 3061: 1094:

2010, with NASA repurposing Orion for exploration beyond Earth, and collaborating with commercial partners for ISS crew rotation and other crewed activities in

5493: 4222: 4183: 3172: 7052: 6867: 4040: 8437: 7315:

The Starliner is designed to be flown up to 10 times before it needs replacement the new NASA Docking System (NDS) that will be used to dock with the ISS...

6745: 6485: 3665:

Looking at alternatives to the Constellation program is an apparent reaction to the final Augustine Commission report, which will be made public on Thursday.

3359:

Eleven companies have been selected "to conduct preliminary concept studies for human lunar exploration and the development of the crew exploration vehicle."

1330: 8696: 8332:

Not just NASA astronauts will fly aboard Crew Dragon—Japan's Soichi Noguchi will be 1 of 4 crewmembers on the very next flight scheduled for September 2020.

6767:

another uncrewed flight will allow us to complete all flight test objectives and evaluate the performance of the second Starliner vehicle at no cost to the

5420: 5308: 4764: 4645: 3629:

regular use until 2017. To do all this, the panel said NASA would need substantially more funding -- an additional $ 3 billion annually starting next year.

7738: 5607: 3842: 6823: 6677: 5828: 3766: 3199: 10424: 8094: 5271: 3890: 7869: 7385: 6313: 5506:

Because of the likelihood for delays, the GAO report recommends that NASA come up with a backup plan for getting its astronauts to the ISS beyond 2018.

4687: 3031:

A decimal point followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, C207.1 and C207.2 represent the first and second flights of Dragon C207,

6615: 4388: 6386: 3940:

NASA announced a set of Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) awards, using $ 50 million they agency got as part of a larger grant of stimulus funding.

1030:

until Crew Dragon missions commenced in 2020. Crew Dragon continues to handle all missions until Starliner becomes operational no earlier than 2025.

864: 6450: 6190: 5938: 4473:

As part of the new agreements, Sierra Nevada will receive $ 212.5 million, SpaceX will receive $ 440 million, and Boeing will receive $ 460 million.

9193: 5967: 8508: 7958: 7302: 5991:

early October for the first crewed Dragon mission to the station. Now, that will almost certainly be delayed by at least several months into 2020.

5792: 5756: 5446: 5119: 10429: 9540: 5669: 937: 723: 8660: 8568: 7597: 6237: 5805:

SpaceX's Crew Dragon has successfully launched on its maiden voyage! The spacecraft lifted off as scheduled on 2 March at 02:49 EST (07:49 UTC).

4312: 3578: 8014: 5569: 4460: 3730: 3605: 1143: 8258: 7909:"SpaceX is set to launch astronauts on Wednesday. Here's how Elon Musk's company became NASA's best shot at resurrecting American spaceflight" 7829: 7701: 4003: 409: 8862: 8586: 5519: 4990: 4494: 3837: 3467: 8781: 8755: 4802: 4489: 967:

spacecraft remains docked to the ISS during its mission, and missions usually overlap by at least a few days. Between the retirement of the

9517: 8608: 8319: 7337: 7241:

The CST 100 can operate autonomously for up to 60 hours of free-flight The vehicle can stay docked to a host complex for up to 210 days...

857: 6934: 6894: 6263: 5373: 4876: 1198:

launch vehicle and spacecraft was a finalist, it was rejected due to concerns about the lack of detail in Alliant Techsystems's proposal.

9304: 9018: 5633: 5225: 213: 9279: 9269: 9165: 7506: 898: 8391: 6531: 6437:

issue could have potentially led to a slight but problematic collision of two of the spacecraft's components, investigators determined.

4533: 3903:

Through an open competition for funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, NASA has awarded Space Act Agreements...

3105: 1380: 1119: 1009: 8634: 7908: 6555:

This relatively rare designation for NASA's human spaceflight program falls short of "loss of mission" but is nonetheless fairly rare.

6042: 4609: 3309: 9124: 7476: 7439: 3683: 1422:

engines, which provide 71,000 newtons (16,000 pounds-force) of thrust each. These engines were originally intended to also perform a

716: 7172: 9262: 9258: 3431: 3234: 2048: 1934: 1818: 8168:, "But Starliner touches down on land, not in the ocean, and therefore also sports impact-cushioning airbags at its rounded base." 7428:, "Reusable?: Yes, Dragons are reusable, although test flights will fly new vehicles. Cargo trunk is discarded after each flight." 5185: 4072: 3642: 6568: 6103:

first reported, when Boeing test-fired four thrusters designed to propel the Starliner away from a potential launchpad emergency.

4120: 750: 4414: 4348: 3793: 1182:. SpaceX had previously been contracted by NASA to operate ISS resupply flights with their Dragon spacecraft, as part of NASA's 9297: 8463: 8054: 6153: 3115: 528: 8221: 3919: 10545: 9095: 8535: 7661: 6080:"Leaky valves on Boeing's new spacecraft are increasing the risk that NASA astronauts could lose access to the space station" 4573: 4147: 2728: 2618: 2500: 2386: 2272: 2162: 1604: 1368: 1212: 553: 8348: 5855: 4262: 3511:

was placed on hold. Eventually, the OSP would be superseded-or morphed into-the requirements for what eventually became the

10535: 768: 7023: 6079: 4923: 3494: 10530: 9342: 4918: 3538: 3346: 1175: 956: 941: 813: 788: 304: 63: 5334: 5066: 3816:...and offers $ 6 billion over five years to support commercially built spaceships to launch NASA astronauts into space. 3269: 3135: 9472: 7225: 504: 6413: 4953: 3953: 8927: 8815:"JAXA has announced their WAKATA Koichi @Astro_Wakata is headed for the International Space Station aboard SpaceX's…" 7765: 6707: 5706: 1583:

during testing. While NASA astronauts were given assignments to either Crew Dragon or Starliner flights, Noguchi – a

394: 222: 6972:"Nearly two months after discovering a problem with its Starliner spacecraft, Boeing is still searching for answers" 6250:

Boeing's CST-100 Starliner crewed vehicle aced a crucial safety test this morning (Nov. 4) in the New Mexico desert.

5483: 3162: 9510: 7645: 7062: 6857: 6303: 6066:

the middle of 2019, said John Mulholland, vice president and program manager of Boeing's commercial crew program...

4030: 1443: 1296: 1208: 803: 773: 359: 145: 8427: 8195:, "If an emergency takes place, though, the spacecraft can splash down in the ocean, just like Apollo and Dragon." 7998:, "Reusable?: Yes Crew capsule can be reflown up to 10 times. Service module will be discarded after each flight." 4378: 3388: 8132: 6007: 5410: 5298: 4512:

Four proposals passed the Acceptability Screening and were evaluated by the full PEP ATK Aerospace Systems (ATK)

4170:

Orbital and SpaceX won a combined 3.5 billion dollars Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract back in 2008...

1299:

was successfully conducted in January 2020, setting the stage for the final, crewed test flight of Crew Dragon –

1050: 738: 711: 521: 369: 7728: 6971: 5596: 3832: 1430:

having been equipped for such capabilities, but these plans were ultimately abandoned in favor of a traditional

6486:"NASA Procedural Requirements for Mishap and Close Call Reporting, Investigating, and Recordkeeping w/Change 6" 5818: 5634:"These are the astronauts NASA assigned for SpaceX and Boeing to launch the first crews from the US since 2011" 3880: 3756: 3189: 1138: 1066: 1043: 683: 8836: 5261: 10525: 10520: 9447: 7375: 3295: 2947: 1587:

astronaut – was open for assignment to whichever spacecraft would launch the first operational mission. With

9723: 8992: 6793: 3568: 10550: 7560: 6605: 3564: 1324: 1284: 1183: 1163: 1039: 344: 6375: 5559: 1603:

of the ISS was completely staffed with four crew. Crew-2 launched in April 2021, using a previously-flown

1334:

Both commercial Crew vehicles Crew Dragon and Starliner docked to ports on harmony module at the same time

9530: 9503: 9467: 9394: 5928: 2661: 1470: 1082: 1078: 929: 688: 538: 481: 81: 9731: 9495: 6642:"Boeing had 49 gaps in testing for its astronaut capsule before failed flight, independent review finds" 5109: 9457: 9323: 8498: 7948: 7364:, "Crew Dragon is a modified version of its cargo counterpart, and will also launch atop the Falcon 9." 7294: 5782: 5746: 3140: 1268: 1211:(GAO) in response, citing "serious questions and inconsistencies in the source selection process." The 1022: 416: 354: 7986:, "Head / Leg Room: Diameter: 15 ft. Height: 16.6 ft. Dimensions include service (propulsion) module." 889: 7589: 6227: 4302: 2417: 1739: 1507: 1376: 1272: 1167: 1018: 995: 818: 678: 476: 471: 252: 5656:

NASA named five astronauts to the first two Boeing flights and four to the first two SpaceX flights.

4450: 3757:"Phased Out: Obama's NASA Budget Would Cancel Constellation Moon Program, Privatize Manned Launches" 3720: 9229: 7691: 3993: 3610: 2942: 2205: 1729: 1658: 1487: 1352: 1179: 1062: 733: 643: 597: 379: 5484:"SpaceX and Boeing probably won't be flying astronauts to the station until 2019, report suggests" 5029:"SNC lays off staff, files protest over NASA CCP selections, mulls Dream Chaser's future – Update" 3457: 10353: 9416: 9043: 7211:

Burghardt, Michael; Ingham, Jay; Lembeck, Michael F.; Reiley, Keith; Wood, Michael (1 May 2013).

6493: 4499: 4485: 3374:

Neubek, Deborah J.; Rattigan, Jennifer L.; Stegemoeller, Charles; Thomas, L. Dale (20 May 2011).

1717: 1540: 516: 8309: 7328: 7268: 1579:, but was reassigned following a scheduling change resulting from the accidental destruction of 10540: 7641: 6997: 4937:

result in the U.S. failing to perform the commitments it made in its international agreements."

3833:"NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil" 3291: 3032: 2217: 1829: 1662: 1567: 1499: 1479: 833: 384: 4134:

a Dream Chaser maneuvering engine and deliver parts of a structural mock-up of the spacecraft.

907:

The Crew Dragon (left) and Starliner (right) approaching the ISS on their respective missions.

28: 9482: 9442: 9437: 9411: 8733: 8314: 7834: 5787: 4077: 2627: 2509: 2395: 2281: 2057: 1943: 1625: 1491: 1279: 1251: 1099: 1070: 798: 404: 364: 316: 289: 6706: 6374: 6189: 5595: 5146: 4989: 4763: 1738:

is planned to occur no earlier than August 2025. It depends on successful completion of the

1151: 9452: 9289: 9112:

Andrei Fedyaev will fly on another SpaceX mission in the spring of 2023, according to NASA.

8881: 8877: 8818: 8499:"NASA says SpaceX can reuse Crew Dragon capsules and rockets on astronaut missions: report" 8055:"Boeing, ULA launches Starliner, suffers orbital insertion issue – will return home Sunday" 7576:

Walker revealed at the briefing SpaceX plans to build a fifth and likely final Crew Dragon.

7541: 6158: 5742: 4223:"NASA Announces Winners in Commercial Crew Funding; Which Company Will Get to Space First?" 3299: 3092: 2436: 1415: 1361: 1267:

engines in April 2019, causing further delays to launch of future Crew Dragon flights. The

533: 509: 459: 150: 7949:"Here's How Much NASA Is Paying Per Seat on SpaceX's Crew Dragon & Boeing's Starliner" 1716:

missions were both modified in response to the unexpected need to support the crew of the

1319:

launched on 23 April 2021 and it landed on 9 November 2021, two days before the launch of

1237:

announced their first crewed flights would also be delayed to 2018, following the loss of

8: 9374: 8432: 8353: 8226: 8059: 7770: 7380: 6862: 6784:"Роскосмос подтвердил подписание контракта на доставку астронавта NASA на корабле "Союз"" 6713: 6573: 5153: 4732: 4578: 4419: 4152: 4035: 3761: 2737: 2685: 2171: 1690:

first operational flight, and NASA concluded that only SpaceX had the capability needed.

1588: 1372: 1191: 1159: 922: 648: 577: 294: 9249: 8274:"'Historic' NASA-SpaceX Rocket Launch Will Begin New Era In Human Spaceflight This Week" 8245:

crew vehicles, which will then continue to launch at a cadence of once every six months.

7295:"First manned flight test of Boeing's Starliner to the ISS extended, but launch delayed" 3421: 10470: 10406: 10226: 6935:"SpaceX successfully tests escape system on new spacecraft — while destroying a rocket" 6678:"NASA Invites Media to Prelaunch, Launch Activities for Boeing's Orbital Flight Test-2" 6381: 5602: 3078: 2913: 2771: 2567: 2303: 1851: 1699: 1674: 1600: 1554: 1462: 1427: 1300: 1259: 1074: 7715:

SuperDraco engines, it uses four RS-88 engines, which are built by Aerojet Rocketdyne.

7590:"DeepSpace: SpaceX takes huge step towards Mars with flawless Crew Dragon performance" 7537: 6746:"After problem-plagued test flight, Boeing will refly crew capsule without astronauts" 4112: 1002:

launch vehicle. Instead of a splashdown, a Starliner capsule will return on land with

10480: 7657: 5148:"Sierra Nevada Corp. joins SpaceX and Orbital ATK in winning NASA resupply contracts" 4646:"Sierra Nevada Dreamchaser Will Launch on First Orbital Flight Test in November 2016" 4362:

but wasn't among the seven vying for a spot in the CCiCap round, NASA officials said.

4338: 4188: 3502: 2193: 1654: 1308: 1304: 925: 793: 778: 399: 349: 8814: 5597:"NASA Names Astronauts for Boeing and SpaceX Flights to International Space Station" 4059:] biconic-shape capsule, of which very little is currently in the public domain. 10460: 9404: 7913: 7729:"SpaceX's SuperDraco Thruster for Manned Dragon Spacecraft Passes Big Test (Video)" 7649: 6824:"NASA inks deal with Roscosmos to ensure continuous U.S. presence on space station" 6646: 6084: 4683: 3533: 3341: 2845: 2783: 2649: 2555: 2543: 2441: 2091: 1863: 1813: 1634: 1580: 1550: 1466: 1455: 1390: 1195: 991: 979: 960: 567: 431: 426: 192: 176: 7413:, "Diameter: 12.1 ft. Height: 23.6 ft. Dimensions include Dragon's cargo "trunk."" 4184:"SpaceX successfully launches first International Space Station re-supply mission" 10465: 10401: 10336: 10316: 10281: 9379: 9337: 7635: 5819:"SpaceX's Crew Dragon Looks Just Like a Toasted Marshmallow After Fiery Re-Entry" 4807: 4692: 3100: 2796: 2531: 2315: 2229: 2103: 1989: 1965: 1686:

if either Soyuz or commercial crew vehicles are grounded for an extended period.

1670: 1666: 1642: 1616: 1608: 1410: 1404: 1348: 1246: 1228: 1107: 1095: 952: 838: 654: 441: 389: 374: 321: 269: 236: 171: 6895:"Fiery SpaceX test of Crew Dragon capsule was 'picture perfect,' Elon Musk says" 6708:"After botched test flight, Boeing will refly its Starliner spacecraft for NASA" 6414:"Boeing's 2nd Starliner software glitch could have led to an in-space collision" 6228:"Boeing Tests Starliner Spacecraft's Launch Abort System for Rocket Emergencies" 1315:, on 16 November 2020. It stayed docked to the ISS as planned until 2 May 2021. 1129: 10391: 9389: 9384: 9125:"NASA, SpaceX Reset Crew-7 Launch to Friday, Aug. 25 – Commercial Crew Program" 8392:"NASA safety panel has lingering doubts about Boeing Starliner quality control" 4839:"Judge allows NASA to move forward on production of Commercial Crew spacecraft" 4650: 4227: 3958: 3647: 2978: 2810: 2453: 2001: 1977: 1887: 1875: 1620: 1612: 1562: 1558: 1439: 1435: 1046: 945: 660: 436: 421: 279: 274: 9069: 8969: 8942: 8900:"Russian-US seat swap agreement to be in force through the end of 2024 — NASA" 7653: 7463:

Dragon," Shotwell said. "I'm pretty sure NASA is going to be okay with reuse."

6043:"Boeing delays Starliner uncrewed test flight after abort engine test problem" 5335:"NASA confirms delay in commercial crew flights to 2018, pushing the envelope" 3528: 3336: 10514: 10450: 10381: 10342: 10321: 10311: 10296: 10286: 10261: 10251: 10236: 10114: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9993: 9978: 9948: 9477: 9462: 9320: 9233: 8800: 8683: 8554: 6196: 5374:"SpaceX officially delays first crewed flight of its Dragon capsule for NASA" 5299:"Boeing's Starliner schedule for sending astronauts into orbit slips to 2018" 4996: 4770: 4614: 2990: 2973: 2961: 2923: 2919: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2871: 2859: 2820: 2816: 2791: 2778: 2754: 2704: 2698: 2673: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2526: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2429: 2424: 2412: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2327: 2310: 2298: 2248: 2242: 2224: 2200: 2188: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2110: 2086: 2074: 2024: 2020: 2014: 1972: 1960: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1882: 1858: 1846: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1678: 1650: 1630: 1576: 1546: 1515: 1384: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1292: 987: 972: 968: 828: 560: 499: 466: 326: 116: 8661:"NASA Assigns Astronauts to Agency's SpaceX Crew-4 Mission to Space Station" 6451:"Boeing says thorough testing would have caught Starliner software problems" 6117:"Boeing delays by months test flights for U.S. human space program: sources" 5892:"SpaceX's Crew Dragon Suffers 'Anomaly' And May Have Exploded During A Test" 1423: 9988: 9968: 9953: 9943: 9928: 9902: 9892: 9877: 9872: 9852: 9842: 9817: 9802: 8222:"Commercial rotation plans firming up as US Segment crew to increase early" 7332: 6536: 6483: 5972: 5524: 5451: 5411:"Launchpad Explosion Destroys SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket, Satellite in Florida" 4728:"NASA Picks SpaceX and Boeing to Fly U.S. Astronauts on Private Spaceships" 4343: 2966: 2864: 2115: 1646: 1486:

to cushion the vehicle's impact with the ground. Four sites in the western

1356: 1171: 1090: 1073:

was established, which envisioned a revised Crew Exploration Vehicle named

843: 607: 587: 8428:"Station mission planning reveals new target Commercial Crew launch dates" 8349:"NASA briefly updates status of Crew Dragon anomaly, SpaceX test schedule" 6341:"Boeing identifies cause of chute malfunction, preps for Starliner launch" 5929:"SpaceX Crew Dragon Accident Another Bump in the Road for Commercial Crew" 5093:] of Sierra Nevada laying off 90 people from the Dream Chaser program. 971:

in 2011 and the first operational CCP mission in 2020, NASA relied on the

10396: 10359: 10348: 10326: 10306: 10291: 10276: 10266: 10256: 10246: 10231: 10221: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10180: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10129: 10124: 10119: 9787: 9772: 9762: 9752: 9711: 9706: 9696: 9691: 9676: 9661: 9641: 9626: 9596: 9525: 8372:

reassignments: SN 207; Original Assignment Crew-2; New Assignment Crew-1

8015:"Aerojet Rocketdyne wins propulsion contracts worth nearly $ 1.4 billion" 5968:"Dragon was destroyed just before the firing of its SuperDraco thrusters" 2339: 1824: 1735: 1682: 1592: 1288: 1147: 1027: 1014: 783: 638: 614: 592: 446: 8782:"NASA Announces Astronaut Changes for Upcoming Commercial Crew Missions" 8756:"NASA Assigns Astronaut Jessica Watkins to NASA's SpaceX Crew-4 Mission" 8609:"NASA, ESA Choose Astronauts for SpaceX Crew-3 Mission to Space Station" 7477:"SpaceX on track to launch first NASA astronauts in May, president says" 7440:"SpaceX on track to launch first NASA astronauts in May, president says" 7329:"SpaceX Crew Dragon: Launched and docked. Now, about that splashdown..." 8387: 7177: 6299: 6268: 6264:"Boeing's Starliner crew spacecraft launch pad abort test is a success" 6038: 6003: 5555: 5447:"Technical troubles likely to delay commercial crew flights until 2019" 5221: 5190: 5105: 4949: 4803:"So Sierra Nevada protested NASA space-taxi contract, but what's next?" 4529: 4383: 4374: 4258: 3915: 3375: 3002: 2759: 2079: 1638: 1511: 1503: 1431: 1419: 1264: 1255: 1187: 1081:(ISS) in addition to its lunar exploration goals. Orion superseded the 983: 808: 624: 619: 602: 7907:

McFall-Johnsen, Morgan; Mosher, Dave; Secon, Holly (26 January 2020).

6606:"Spacesuit Leak That Nearly Drowned Astronaut Could Have Been Avoided" 5670:"NASA names first astronauts to fly SpaceX, Boeing ships from Florida" 5262:"Astronauts won't be flying to space in Boeing's Starliner until 2018" 2830: 1607:

and a refurbished Crew Dragon for the first time. The mission carried

1367:

The spacecraft and the ISS have docking mechanisms that implement the

1311:

to the ISS in May 2020. SpaceX launched its first operational flight,

1102:

in 2011. This arrangement would additionally end NASA's dependency on

1085:, which was specifically designed for ISS crew rotation. In 2009, the 9151:"Medics find Russian cosmonauts fit for flying on Crew Dragon to ISS" 9019:"SpaceX, ULA postpone launches as Hurricane Ian moves toward Florida" 8503: 8396: 8259:"NASA, SpaceX Invite Media to Crew-1 Mission Update, Target New Date" 8095:"Launch Abort Engines for Boeing's CST-100 Starliner undergo testing" 7953: 7733: 7696: 7057: 6939: 6610: 6418: 6308: 6232: 6047: 6012: 5933: 5823: 5674: 5564: 5488: 5415: 5378: 5266: 5230: 5114: 4958: 4881: 4455: 3998: 3798: 3794:"Obama Budget Scraps NASA Moon Plan for '21st Century Space Program'" 3725: 3462: 3194: 3167: 2714: 2604: 2486: 2372: 2258: 2148: 2034: 1920: 1802: 1694: 1103: 632: 4148:"Orbital's Antares closing in on debut launch following pad arrival" 3376:"Constellation program Lessons Learned; Volume I: Executive Summary" 1364:, which is less risky than the 1-in-90 chance of the Space Shuttle. 986:

in the ocean near Florida. The program's first operational mission,

9150: 8899: 7692:"The Emergency Launch Abort Systems of SpaceX and Boeing Explained" 7213:"Design Considerations for a Commercial Crew Transportation System" 6998:"Touchdown! Boeing's Starliner returns to Earth from space station" 5751: 5711: 5520:"As leadership departs, NASA quietly moves to buy more Soyuz seats" 5339: 5303: 4538: 4339:"NASA awards $ 1.1 billion to develop three commercial space taxis" 4267: 3879:

Byerly, Josh; Edwards, Ashley; Hautaluoma, Grey (1 February 2010).

3688: 3507:

Following the Columbia accident in February 2003, planning for the

3495:"NASA's New Launch Systems May Include the Return of the Space Tug" 3426: 3190:"Crew Dragon and Starliner: A Look at the Upcoming Astronaut Taxis" 1599:

marked the first time since the Space Shuttle program in which the

1245:, the Crew Dragon's launch vehicle. With no further flights in the 1242: 582: 9194:"Mission Specialist Assigned to NASA's Boeing Starliner-1 Mission" 8635:"Kayla Barron Joins NASA's SpaceX Crew-3 Mission to Space Station" 5856:"SpaceX Crew Dragon, built to carry humans, returns home from ISS" 4900:

planned by 2017 would put the International Space Station at risk.

4534:"NASA outlines the final steps in plan for next manned spaceships" 4263:"NASA announces $ 1.1 billion in support for a trio of spaceships" 3270:""NASA and SpaceX finalize extension of commercial crew contract"" 16:

NASA human spaceflight program for the International Space Station

9983: 9973: 9963: 9938: 9933: 9923: 9897: 9887: 9882: 9867: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9832: 9822: 9812: 9807: 9792: 9782: 9777: 9757: 9681: 9671: 9666: 9656: 9646: 9636: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9586: 9581: 8885: 8822: 8799:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

8682:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

8553:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7545: 7053:"This Is SpaceX's 1st Crewed Dragon Spaceship Destined for Space" 6783: 6121: 4688:"SpaceX, Boeing land NASA contracts to carry astronauts to space" 2937: 2538: 2098: 1519: 1203: 999: 572: 198: 7507:"NASA agrees to fly astronauts on reused Crew Dragon spacecraft" 7173:"NASA and SpaceX set historic first astronaut launch for May 27" 4451:"NASA Awards $ 1.1 Billion in Support for 3 Private Space Taxis" 4415:"NASA CCiCAP funding for SpaceX, Boeing and SNC's crew vehicles" 3373: 9611: 9601: 9591: 9571: 9561: 9399: 9283: 9273: 8278: 8140: 8128: 7874: 7220: 6532:"NASA declares Starliner mishap a "high visibility close call"" 6484:

NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (24 October 2011).

5896: 5186:"NASA Adds Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser To ISS Supply Vehicles" 4490:"Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Integrated Capability" 2985: 2895: 2766: 2680: 2562: 2448: 2334: 1996: 1713: 1709: 1483: 1394:

Commercial Crew Program vehicles docked to ISS at the same time

1238: 1155: 1003: 948: 823: 729:

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

284: 68: 5783:"Crew Dragon Safely on the Way to International Space Station" 5747:"First SpaceX mission with astronauts set for June 2019: NASA" 4954:"GAO Denies Sierra Nevada Protest of Commercial Crew Contract" 3059: 1549:

mission, the first operational flight in the program, carried

1327:, launched on 19 May 2022, and landed successfully on 25 May. 1158:

receiving US$ 75 million to develop a crewed version of their

1006:

at one of four designated sites in the western United States.

9166:"NASA Adjusts Crew-9 Launch Date for Operational Flexibility" 9096:"SpaceX rockets to fly Russian cosmonauts with new NASA deal" 7870:"Why SpaceX Is A Game Changer For NASA [Infographic]" 7024:"NASA Awards SpaceX Additional Crew Flights to Space Station" 6858:"SpaceX conducts successful Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test" 6376:"Boeing Starliner Ends Up in Wrong Orbit After Clock Problem" 3111:

List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station

2997: 2883: 2550: 2322: 2212: 1984: 1870: 1474: 9359: 9319: 8587:"NASA, SpaceX Adjust Next Crew Launch Date to Space Station" 7210: 3643:"NASA Administrator Orders Study of Heavy Lift Alternatives" 3563: 3163:"How Boeing's Commercial CST-100 Starliner Spacecraft Works" 1339:

to fourteen and the total contract value to $ 4.93 billion.

231: 9253: 9170: 8904: 8707: 8569:"NASA Announces Astronauts to Fly on SpaceX Crew-2 Mission" 8307: 7444: 6899: 6788: 6682: 6304:"Missing pin blamed for Boeing pad abort parachute anomaly" 6191:"Boeing readies 'astronaut' for likely October test launch" 5707:"NASA revises launch targets for Boeing, SpaceX crew ships" 5638: 4914:"Why NASA Rejected Sierra Nevada's Commercial Crew Vehicle" 4574:"NASA Outlines its Plans for Commercial Crew Certification" 4307: 3885: 3573: 3383: 3239: 1584: 1495: 1058: 933: 247: 58: 8863:"NASA to Secure Additional Commercial Crew Transportation" 8730:"Commanding role for ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti" 8536:"NASA, SpaceX Invite Media to Next Commercial Crew Launch" 3044:

Crew-11 will fly in late 2025 if Starliner-1 is not ready.

7906: 6008:"Commercial crew providers prepare for fall test flights" 5860: 5089: 4055: 3304: 8154:

Service Module: 4 Launch Abort Engines, 40,000 lbf each

8088: 8086: 4113:"Four firms plan to get the most out of NASA investment" 4031:"Four companies win big money via NASA's CCDEV-2 awards" 1232:

Crew Dragon C204 (right), later destroyed during testing

8970:"NASA's SpaceX Crew-9 Mission Overview News Conference" 8928:"NASA Awards SpaceX More Crew Flights to Space Station" 8464:"Soyuz crew docks with the International Space Station" 6881:

resulting in the safe splashdown of the Dragon vehicle.

4721: 4719: 4610:"Mini space shuttle gears up to chase astronaut dreams" 4379:"Bezos Investment in Blue Origin Exceeds $ 500 Million" 4246:

get done in the 21-month period that this award covers.

4053:

Blue Origin's $ 22m award is for their their [

3878: 8837:"Rogozin says Crew Dragon safe for Russian cosmonauts" 8215: 8213: 4991:"Sierra Nevada loses Commercial Crew contract protest" 4073:"Private Spacecrafts to Carry Humans Get NASA Funding" 3994:"Four Companies at Forefront of Commercial Space Race" 3493:

Cowing, Keith L.; Sietzen, Frank Jr. (7 August 2005).

8993:"Russia may skip first operational Starliner mission" 8944:

NASA's Boeing Crew Flight Test Status News Conference

8342: 8340: 8083: 8048: 8046: 8044: 7902: 7900: 7637:

SpaceX's Dragon: America's Next Generation Spacecraft

5226:"NASA Details Why Boeing, SpaceX Won Commercial Crew" 5145:

Davenport, Christian; Fung, Brian (14 January 2016).

4765:"Sierra Nevada files protest over NASA crew contract" 3831:

Perrotto, Trent; Thomas, Candrea (10 December 2012).

1531:

delayed and to ensure service to the ISS until 2030.

978:

A Crew Dragon spacecraft is launched to space atop a

8310:"Your Guide to Crew Dragon's First Astronaut Flight" 8008: 8006: 8004: 7830:"NASA's Commercial Crew Program is a Fantastic Deal" 5741: 5020: 4830: 4716: 4567: 4565: 3920:"CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now?" 3748: 3606:"Augustine Commission: NASA's Plans 'Unsustainable'" 3068: 982:

launch vehicle and the capsule returns to Earth via

8964: 8962: 8419: 8210: 7561:"SpaceX to launch last new cargo Dragon spacecraft" 6817: 6815: 4106: 4104: 3954:"Numerous Companies Propose Possible 'Space Taxis'" 3721:"NASA's New Asteroid Mission Could Save the Planet" 1409:SpaceX's Crew Dragon is a variant of the company's 1133:

Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser, non-selected finalist

8337: 8127: 8041: 7897: 7766:"SpaceX DragonFly arrives at McGregor for testing" 7757: 7367: 6154:"Boeing's Starliner test flight delayed by months" 5560:"NASA signs agreement with Boeing for Soyuz seats" 4877:"Judge: NASA can move forward with Boeing, SpaceX" 4216: 4214: 9094:Wattles, Jackie; Pavlova, Uliana (15 July 2022). 8580: 8578: 8455: 8001: 7634:Seedhouse, Erik (2015). Cressy, Christine (ed.). 6849: 6633: 6071: 4789:inconsistencies in the source selection process." 4562: 4406: 4139: 4022: 3908: 3684:"US politicians cement a new philosophy for Nasa" 10512: 8959: 8176: 8174: 6812: 6737: 6698: 6569:"Spacewalk Mishap Tied to Clogged Helmet Filter" 6525: 6523: 6442: 6332: 5961: 5959: 5138: 5067:"Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser Program to Continue" 4682: 4101: 3512: 3235:"NASA Updates Commercial Crew Planning Manifest" 1351:to shuttle astronauts to and from the ISS. The 8875: 8560: 8382: 8380: 8250: 7942: 7940: 7823: 7821: 7685: 7683: 7130: 7128: 7115: 7113: 7046: 7044: 5889: 4678: 4676: 4637: 4211: 3945: 3634: 3290: 3228: 3226: 724:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 9185: 9093: 8774: 8575: 7320: 7288: 7286: 6928: 6926: 6366: 6181: 5587: 5061: 4981: 4905: 4755: 4601: 4330: 4175: 3830: 3416: 9511: 9305: 8171: 7552: 7164: 6670: 6520: 5956: 5511: 5438: 5367: 5365: 5144: 4870: 4868: 4495:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3987: 3985: 3886:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3838:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3574:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3492: 3458:"NASA's New Moon Plans: 'Apollo on Steroids'" 865: 9163: 8490: 8377: 8301: 7937: 7863: 7861: 7818: 7720: 7680: 7627: 7581: 7376:"CRS-20 – Final Dragon 1 arrives at the ISS" 7206: 7204: 7125: 7110: 7041: 6477: 6255: 5177: 4794: 4673: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4484: 4146:Bergin, Chris; Smith, Ron (1 October 2012). 3677: 3675: 3673: 3552:to be a true multipurpose manned spacecraft. 3520: 3328: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3223: 2829: 2713: 2603: 2485: 2371: 2257: 2147: 2033: 1919: 1801: 1723: 8308:The Planetary Society staff (20 May 2020). 7529: 7283: 7263: 7261: 7170: 6995: 6923: 6597: 6405: 6292: 6261: 6145: 6031: 5996: 5774: 5548: 5214: 5183: 5110:"Sierra Nevada Lays Off Dream Chaser Staff" 5098: 4942: 4367: 4145: 3597: 3508: 1748: 1241:in an accidental launch pad explosion of a 951:began providing service in 2020, using the 746:Department of State Office of Space Affairs 9518: 9504: 9358: 9312: 9298: 8204: 8180: 7995: 7983: 7812: 7535: 7421: 7419: 7410: 7252: 7146: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7087: 6970:Davenport, Christian (24 September 2021). 6781: 6219: 5920: 5810: 5661: 5475: 5402: 5362: 5326: 5290: 5253: 5055: 4865: 4442: 3982: 3866: 3785: 3712: 3133: 3106:List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches 1381:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 1178:receiving US$ 92.3 million to develop the 1120:Development of the Commercial Crew Program 1010:Development of the Commercial Crew Program 872: 858: 707:Department of Energy national laboratories 235: 230: 27: 8584: 8265: 8121: 7858: 7689: 7633: 7201: 6969: 6777: 6775: 6704: 6639: 6411: 6108: 5735: 4517: 4303:"NASA awards manned-spacecraft contracts" 4296: 4294: 4251: 3991: 3826: 3824: 3670: 3486: 3449: 3300:"Bush unveils vision for moon and beyond" 3254: 717:Office of Commercial Space Transportation 8812: 8425: 8346: 8052: 7867: 7258: 7021: 6855: 6560: 6262:Etherington, Darrell (5 November 2019). 5883: 4643: 4300: 4220: 3640: 3526: 3410: 3369: 3367: 1389: 1329: 1227: 1170:receiving US$ 80 million to develop the 1150:receiving US$ 22 million to develop its 1128: 1077:conducting crew rotation flights to the 975:to transport its astronauts to the ISS. 936:, conducting crew rotations between the 9061: 8653: 8585:Sempsrott, Danielle (19 October 2021). 8461: 8256: 8219: 7431: 7416: 7093: 6886: 6566: 6225: 6114: 5890:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (22 April 2019). 5853: 5704: 5259: 4571: 3603: 3569:"Fact sheet number: FS-2003-05-64-MSFC" 3038: 1730:Boeing Starliner § List of flights 1595:, the arrival of the astronauts aboard 1534: 1207:Sierra Nevada filed a protest with the 751:Office of Science and Technology Policy 10513: 9191: 8704:Office of Safety and Mission Assurance 8566: 8533: 8271: 8192: 7827: 7763: 7474: 7437: 7292: 7171:Etherington, Darrell (18 April 2020). 7158: 7119: 6892: 6772: 6732:410 million charge to offset the cost. 6603: 6529: 6412:Weitering, Hanneke (8 February 2020). 6151: 6077: 5965: 5631: 5625: 5593: 5572:from the original on 22 September 2018 5517: 5444: 5184:Calandrelli, Emily (14 January 2016). 4911: 4800: 4607: 4478: 4412: 4291: 4070: 4028: 3872: 3821: 3754: 3557: 3334: 3160: 1575:was originally planned to be used for 1541:SpaceX Dragon 2 § List of flights 1144:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 1110:to deliver its astronauts to the ISS. 994:spacecraft will participate after its 9499: 9293: 9164:Niles-Carnes, Elyna (6 August 2024). 9067: 9016: 8990: 8940: 8784:(Press release). NASA. 6 October 2021 8386: 8092: 8012: 7726: 7587: 7558: 7326: 7050: 6932: 6821: 6743: 6705:Davenport, Christian (7 April 2020). 6448: 6372: 6338: 6298: 6037: 6002: 5847: 5816: 5780: 5698: 5554: 5481: 5408: 5371: 5332: 5296: 5220: 5104: 5026: 4948: 4836: 4528: 4448: 4391:from the original on 18 December 2016 4373: 4336: 4257: 4110: 4085:from the original on 19 December 2019 4064: 3951: 3914: 3791: 3718: 3455: 3364: 3267: 3232: 1369:International Docking System Standard 1347:The Commercial Crew Program uses the 1213:United States Court of Federal Claims 9727:International Space Station Insignia 9068:Clark, Stephen (22 September 2022). 9017:Clark, Stephen (28 September 2022). 8934: 8876:@thesheetztweetz (3 December 2021). 8496: 8165: 8053:Gebhardt, Chris (19 December 2019). 7946: 7800: 7690:Weitering, Hanneke (24 April 2019). 7621: 7425: 7373: 7361: 7134: 7104: 7022:Herridge, Linda (28 February 2022). 6287:put astronauts inside the Starliner. 5926: 5667: 5198:from the original on 1 February 2016 4987: 4919:Aviation Week & Space Technology 4874: 4761: 4725: 4181: 3682:Amos, Jonathan (30 September 2010). 3681: 3618:from the original on 26 October 2009 3527:Dinerman, Taylor (31 January 2005). 3284: 3187: 1633:launched in November 2021, carrying 8440:from the original on 21 August 2019 8361:from the original on 21 August 2019 8234:from the original on 21 August 2019 8013:Clark, Stephen (27 November 2015). 7340:from the original on 21 August 2019 7305:from the original on 21 August 2019 6893:Sheetz, Michael (19 January 2020). 6640:Carrazana, Chabeli (6 March 2020). 6604:Kramer, Miriam (26 February 2014). 6449:Clark, Stephen (28 February 2020). 6373:Chang, Kenneth (20 December 2019). 6226:Bartels, Meghan (4 November 2019). 6204:from the original on 21 August 2019 6187: 5705:Harwood, William (4 October 2018). 4644:Atkinson, Nancy (23 January 2014). 4301:Hardwood, William (3 August 2012). 3641:Atkinson, Nancy (21 October 2009). 3422:"Nasa names new spacecraft 'Orion'" 3202:from the original on 21 August 2019 3161:Howell, Elizabeth (8 August 2018). 3148:from the original on 21 August 2019 1565:to the ISS in November 2020 aboard 1291:mission to ensure participation in 1065:in its final report. Following the 1057:– called for crewed flights to the 942:International Space Station program 13: 9735:International Space Station Emblem 9730: 9722: 9192:Cawley, James (22 November 2023). 8257:Northon, Karen (26 October 2020). 8220:Harding, Pete (26 February 2017). 6339:Clark, Stephen (7 November 2019). 6115:Johnson, Eric M. (21 March 2019). 5610:from the original on 4 August 2018 5027:Rhian, Jason (26 September 2014). 4572:Grondin, Yves-A. (5 August 2013). 4071:Sauser, Brittany (22 April 2011). 3992:Moskowitz, Clara (28 April 2011). 3581:from the original on 4 August 2012 3456:Malik, Tariq (19 September 2005). 3233:Scott, Heather (12 October 2023). 3116:List of Atlas launches (2020–2029) 1434:return near Florida in either the 955:spacecraft, and NASA plans to add 529:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska 505:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 14: 10562: 9243: 8697:"SMSR Integrated Master Schedule" 8511:from the original on 30 June 2020 8462:Harwood, William (9 April 2020). 8404:from the original on 24 July 2020 7961:from the original on 27 June 2020 7921:from the original on 27 June 2020 7882:from the original on 27 June 2020 7842:from the original on 27 June 2020 7764:Bergin, Chris (21 October 2015). 7517:from the original on 16 July 2020 7475:Sheetz, Michael (10 March 2020). 7438:Sheetz, Michael (10 March 2020). 6856:Atkinson, Ian (17 January 2020). 6567:Vergano, Dan (26 February 2014). 5632:Sheetz, Michael (4 August 2018). 5482:Grush, Loren (16 February 2017). 5409:Malik, Tariq (1 September 2016). 5372:Grush, Loren (12 December 2016). 4762:Dean, James (26 September 2014). 4658:from the original on 8 March 2019 4622:from the original on 8 March 2019 4608:Rutkin, Aviva (27 January 2014). 4586:from the original on 8 March 2019 4546:from the original on 8 March 2019 4463:from the original on 8 March 2019 4427:from the original on 8 March 2019 4351:from the original on 8 March 2019 4315:from the original on 8 March 2019 4275:from the original on 8 March 2019 4235:from the original on 8 March 2019 4221:Atkinson, Nancy (3 August 2012). 4196:from the original on 8 March 2019 4160:from the original on 8 March 2019 4123:from the original on 8 March 2019 4043:from the original on 8 March 2019 4006:from the original on 8 March 2019 3966:from the original on 8 March 2019 3952:Rhian, Jason (20 December 2010). 3845:from the original on 8 March 2019 3806:from the original on 8 March 2019 3769:from the original on 8 March 2019 3733:from the original on 8 March 2019 3696:from the original on 8 March 2019 3655:from the original on 8 March 2019 3604:Sunseri, Gina (22 October 2009). 3541:from the original on 8 March 2019 3470:from the original on 8 March 2019 3434:from the original on 8 March 2019 3394:from the original on 8 March 2019 3349:from the original on 8 March 2019 3312:from the original on 8 March 2019 1591:having arrived at the ISS during 1223: 9157: 9143: 9117: 9087: 9036: 9010: 8984: 8947:. NASA. Event occurs at 1:22:00 8920: 8892: 8869: 8855: 8829: 8806: 8794: 8748: 8722: 8689: 8677: 8627: 8601: 8548: 8527: 8474:from the original on 25 May 2020 8426:Gebhardt, Chris (20 June 2019). 8322:from the original on 25 May 2020 8286:from the original on 25 May 2020 8198: 8186: 8159: 8105:from the original on 25 May 2020 8093:Rhian, Jason (2 November 2016). 8067:from the original on 25 May 2020 8025:from the original on 8 June 2020 7989: 7977: 7815:, "Landing Site: Atlantic Ocean" 7806: 7794: 7778:from the original on 25 May 2020 7741:from the original on 25 May 2020 7704:from the original on 25 May 2020 7615: 7600:from the original on 26 May 2020 7559:Foust, Jeff (19 November 2022). 7499: 7487:from the original on 25 May 2020 7468: 7452:from the original on 25 May 2020 7404: 7388:from the original on 25 May 2020 7355: 7246: 7185:from the original on 26 May 2020 7152: 7140: 7081: 7015: 6989: 6963: 6947:from the original on 25 May 2020 6933:Grush, Loren (19 January 2020). 6907:from the original on 25 May 2020 6870:from the original on 25 May 2020 6834:from the original on 25 May 2020 6796:from the original on 25 May 2020 6756:from the original on 25 May 2020 6721:from the original on 25 May 2020 6686:(Press release). 3 February 2021 6654:from the original on 25 May 2020 6618:from the original on 25 May 2020 6581:from the original on 25 May 2020 6544:from the original on 25 May 2020 6504:from the original on 25 May 2020 6461:from the original on 25 May 2020 6426:from the original on 25 May 2020 6389:from the original on 25 May 2020 6351:from the original on 25 May 2020 6316:from the original on 25 May 2020 6276:from the original on 25 May 2020 6240:from the original on 25 May 2020 6166:from the original on 21 May 2019 6129:from the original on 21 May 2019 6092:from the original on 25 May 2020 6055:from the original on 25 May 2020 5980:from the original on 21 May 2019 5941:from the original on 21 May 2019 5904:from the original on 21 May 2019 5868:from the original on 21 May 2019 5854:Wattles, Jackie (8 March 2019). 5831:from the original on 21 May 2019 5795:from the original on 21 May 2019 5759:from the original on 21 May 2019 5719:from the original on 21 May 2019 5682:from the original on 21 May 2019 5646:from the original on 21 May 2019 5532:from the original on 21 May 2019 5518:Berger, Eric (18 January 2017). 5496:from the original on 21 May 2019 5459:from the original on 21 May 2019 5445:Berger, Eric (28 January 2017). 5423:from the original on 21 May 2019 5386:from the original on 21 May 2019 5347:from the original on 21 May 2019 5333:Boyle, Alan (12 December 2016). 5311:from the original on 21 May 2019 5274:from the original on 21 May 2019 5238:from the original on 28 May 2024 5161:from the original on 21 May 2019 5122:from the original on 21 May 2019 5077:from the original on 21 May 2019 5039:from the original on 21 May 2019 5004:from the original on 21 May 2019 4966:from the original on 28 May 2024 4889:from the original on 21 May 2019 4849:from the original on 21 May 2019 4837:Rhian, Jason (23 October 2014). 4815:from the original on 21 May 2019 4801:Keeney, Laura (3 October 2014). 4778:from the original on 21 May 2019 4740:from the original on 21 May 2019 4726:Wall, Mike (17 September 2014). 4700:from the original on 21 May 2019 4111:Clark, Stephen (25 April 2011). 3930:from the original on 5 June 2013 3893:from the original on 12 May 2013 3792:Malik, Tariq (1 February 2010). 3755:Matson, John (1 February 2010). 3268:Foust, Jeff (1 September 2022). 3175:from the original on 26 May 2020 3134:Reichhardt, Tony (August 2018). 3085: 3071: 3025: 3015: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2790: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1418:consisting of eight of SpaceX's 1209:Government Accountability Office 1098:following the retirement of the 990:, launched on 16 November 2020. 897: 888: 10501:† - mission failed to reach ISS 9222: 8941:Stich, Steve (24 August 2024). 8347:Gebhardt, Chris (29 May 2019). 8133:"Reporter's Starliner Notebook" 7947:Wall, Mike (16 November 2019). 7868:McCarthy, Niall (4 June 2020). 7327:Speed, Richard (4 March 2019). 6744:Clark, Stephen (6 April 2020). 6152:Haynes, Korey (21 March 2019). 5594:Zraick, Karen (3 August 2018). 4912:Norris, Guy (11 October 2014). 4875:Dean, James (22 October 2014). 4413:Bergin, Chris (3 August 2012). 4029:Bergin, Chris (18 April 2011). 3860: 3335:Dinkin, Sam (25 October 2004). 3136:"Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!" 1124: 739:Space Weather Prediction Center 712:Federal Aviation Administration 522:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport 8865:. NASA Blogs. 3 December 2021. 7293:Szondy, David (4 April 2019). 7269:"Sealed with Care – A Q&A" 6822:Clark, Stephen (12 May 2020). 6078:Mosher, Dave (3 August 2018). 5260:Vincent, James (12 May 2016). 4988:Dean, James (5 January 2015). 4449:Malik, Tariq (3 August 2012). 4337:Malik, Tariq (3 August 2012). 1398: 1218:Commercial Resupply Services 2 1139:NASA Authorization Act of 2010 1113: 1067:NASA Authorization Act of 2005 684:National Reconnaissance Office 1: 9448:HL-20 Personnel Launch System 8813:@jaxa_wdc (12 October 2021). 8567:Potter, Sean (28 July 2020). 8534:Potter, Sean (5 March 2021). 8272:Carter, Jamie (23 May 2020). 7828:Dreier, Casey (19 May 2020). 7051:Malik, Tariq (26 June 2019). 6530:Berger, Eric (6 March 2020). 6188:Joy, Rachel (2 August 2019). 5817:Malik, Tariq (8 March 2019). 5781:Davis, Jason (2 March 2019). 5668:Dean, James (3 August 2018). 4182:Tann, Nick (8 October 2012). 3719:Malik, Tariq (6 April 2010). 3529:"What do we do with the ISS?" 3121: 1669:in April 2022. US astronauts 1342: 1033: 122:16 November 2020 – 2 May 2021 10546:Projects established in 2011 10495:Ongoing spaceflights are in 7588:Ralph, Eric (6 March 2019). 7536:@jeff_foust (23 July 2020). 7399:program, also known as CRS2. 7374:Gray, Tyler (9 March 2020). 6958:Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. 5927:Wall, Mike (21 April 2019). 3565:Marshall Space Flight Center 3188:Wall, Mike (3 August 2018). 1605:Falcon 9 first-stage booster 1449: 1325:Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2 1303:– which launched astronauts 1184:Commercial Resupply Services 339:Robotic spaceflight programs 7: 10536:International Space Station 9531:International Space Station 9343:International Space Station 8497:Wall, Mike (18 June 2020). 7224:. p. 3. Archived from 6996:Josh Dinner (25 May 2022). 5966:Berger, Eric (3 May 2019). 5297:Boyle, Alan (11 May 2016). 5065:staff (25 September 2014). 3141:Air & Space/Smithsonian 3064: 3051: 1525: 1444:Office of Inspector General 1426:upon return to Earth, with 1297:SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test 1079:International Space Station 930:International Space Station 926:crew transportation service 689:United States Space Command 539:Vandenberg Space Force Base 305:International Space Station 223:United States space program 10: 10567: 10531:Human spaceflight programs 9458:Manned Orbiting Laboratory 9324:human spaceflight programs 8991:Foust, Jeff (5 May 2024). 7727:Leone, Dan (29 May 2014). 6782:TASS staff (13 May 2020). 1727: 1538: 1453: 1402: 1285:second Orbital Flight Test 1269:Boeing Orbital Flight Test 1117: 264:Human spaceflight programs 10491: 10440: 10417: 10371: 10211: 10079: 9913: 9742: 9720: 9551: 9537: 9430: 9367: 9356: 9330: 7654:10.1007/978-3-319-21515-0 3337:"Implementing the vision" 1724:Boeing Starliner Missions 1508:White Sands Missile Range 1377:Common Berthing Mechanism 1168:Sierra Nevada Corporation 819:Sierra Nevada Corporation 763:Commercial space industry 679:United States Space Force 185: 164: 159: 138: 130: 109: 101: 96: 88: 77: 51: 43: 38: 26: 9048:publication.pravo.gov.ru 8667:. NASA. 12 February 2021 8615:. NASA. 14 December 2020 5915:Cape Canaveral, Florida. 5842:in the Atlantic Ocean... 4486:Gerstenmaier, William H. 3420:staff (23 August 2006). 1749:Operational CCP missions 1736:first operational flight 1488:contiguous United States 1353:Boeing CST-100 Starliner 1063:Crew Exploration Vehicle 932:(ISS) under contract to 734:Office of Space Commerce 410:Solar System Exploration 9250:Commercial Crew Program 1718:Boeing Crew Flight Test 1385:first-generation Dragon 1383:spacecraft such as the 1273:Boeing Crew Flight Test 1089:appointed by President 915:Commercial Crew Program 673:National security space 517:Wallops Flight Facility 22:Commercial Crew Program 9736: 9728: 8261:(Press release). NASA. 7642:Daytona Beach, Florida 6494:The Campbell Institute 3033:Crew Dragon Resilience 2834: 2718: 2608: 2490: 2376: 2262: 2218:Samantha Cristoforetti 2152: 2038: 1924: 1806: 1734:As of August 2024 the 1663:Samantha Cristoforetti 1500:Edwards Air Force Base 1428:the first test vehicle 1395: 1335: 1233: 1134: 834:United Launch Alliance 9734: 9726: 8734:European Space Agency 8315:The Planetary Society 7835:The Planetary Society 7271:. NASA. 3 August 2020 5788:The Planetary Society 5108:(25 September 2014). 4686:(17 September 2014). 4488:(10 September 2012). 4078:MIT Technology Review 2833: 2717: 2607: 2489: 2375: 2261: 2151: 2037: 1923: 1805: 1492:Dugway Proving Ground 1393: 1333: 1280:Boeing Pad Abort Test 1278:Boeing conducted the 1231: 1132: 1100:Space Shuttle program 1071:Constellation program 923:commercially operated 554:Space launch vehicles 10526:2020s in spaceflight 10521:2010s in spaceflight 10425:List of ISS visitors 9545:Uncrewed ISS flights 9453:Man in Space Soonest 8972:. NASA. 26 July 2024 8955:– via YouTube. 5743:Agence France-Presse 5558:(28 February 2017). 4532:(19 November 2013). 4502:on 10 September 2012 4377:(18 December 2016). 3505:on 2 February 2013. 3093:United States portal 1535:Crew Dragon Missions 1416:launch escape system 1362:catastrophic failure 1166:launch vehicle, the 1164:human-rated Falcon 9 1087:Augustine Commission 510:Kennedy Space Center 460:NASA Astronaut Corps 10551:Private spaceflight 9468:Orbital Space Plane 9395:Apollo Applications 8641:. NASA. 17 May 2021 8433:NASASpaceFlight.com 8354:NASASpaceFlight.com 8227:NASASpaceFlight.com 8099:Spaceflight Insider 8060:NASASpaceFlight.com 7771:NASASpaceFlight.com 7381:NASASpaceFlight.com 6976:The Washington Post 6863:NASASpaceFlight.com 6714:The Washington Post 6574:National Geographic 6302:(7 November 2019). 5224:(21 January 2015). 5154:The Washington Post 5033:Spaceflight Insider 4843:Spaceflight Insider 4733:Scientific American 4579:NASASpaceFlight.com 4420:NASASpaceFlight.com 4153:NASASpaceFlight.com 4036:NASASpaceFlight.com 3918:(4 February 2011). 3762:Scientific American 3384:NASA History Office 3298:(15 January 2004). 2686:Alexander Grebenkin 1677:and JAXA astronaut 1480:Centaur upper stage 1467:orbital maneuvering 1373:NASA Docking System 1192:Alliant Techsystems 1083:Orbital Space Plane 1040:Aldridge Commission 998:, launched atop an 649:Space Launch System 160:Vehicle information 23: 10407:Boeing Starliner-1 9737: 9729: 9527:Human spaceflights 8762:. 16 November 2021 8141:The Boeing Company 8129:The Boeing Company 7221:The Boeing Company 6382:The New York Times 6006:(20 August 2019). 5745:(5 October 2018). 5603:The New York Times 4952:(5 January 2015). 4926:on 27 October 2014 3079:Spaceflight portal 2914:Boeing Starliner-1 2838:NET February 2025 2835: 2772:Aleksandr Gorbunov 2722:28 September 2024 2719: 2609: 2568:Konstantin Borisov 2491: 2377: 2304:Nicole Aunapu Mann 2263: 2153: 2039: 1925: 1807: 1740:Crewed Flight Test 1675:Nicole Aunapu Mann 1601:US Orbital Segment 1463:Aerojet Rocketdyne 1424:propulsive landing 1396: 1349:SpaceX Crew Dragon 1336: 1234: 1135: 946:space manufacturer 417:Planetary Observer 395:Planetary Missions 21: 10508: 10507: 9493: 9492: 9266: 9070:"Launch Schedule" 8930:. 31 August 2022. 8843:. 26 October 2021 8131:(December 2019). 7663:978-3-319-21515-0 7065:on 21 August 2019 6041:(2 August 2018). 5071:SpaceRef Business 4261:(3 August 2012). 4189:The Baltimore Sun 3011: 3010: 2841:Falcon 9 Block 5 2042:11 November 2021 1810:15 November 2020 1379:used by previous 1180:CST-100 Starliner 1162:spacecraft and a 1154:capsule concept, 1152:biconic nose cone 1042:– established by 996:final test flight 882: 881: 794:Firefly Aerospace 779:Bigelow Aerospace 207: 206: 186:Launch vehicle(s) 165:Crewed vehicle(s) 10558: 10461:Boeing Starliner 9520: 9513: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9362: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9256: 9237: 9226: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9107: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8701: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8518: 8516: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8445: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8390:(24 July 2020). 8384: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8366: 8344: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8217: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8137: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8090: 8081: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8050: 8039: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8010: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7944: 7935: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7914:Business Insider 7904: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7825: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7687: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7571: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7513:. 23 June 2020. 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7290: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7265: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7217: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7123: 7117: 7108: 7102: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7061:. Archived from 7048: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6875: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6710: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6647:Orlando Sentinel 6637: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6549: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6490: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6193: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6085:Business Insider 6075: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730:March timeframe. 5726: 5724: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5599: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5084: 5082: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5009: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4922:. Archived from 4909: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4684:Associated Press 4680: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4526: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4498:. Archived from 4482: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4050: 4048: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4011: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3924:NewSpace Journal 3912: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3534:The Space Review 3524: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3501:. Archived from 3490: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3387:. pp. 2–3. 3380: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3342:The Space Review 3332: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3230: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3001: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2977: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2943:Boeing Starliner 2934:NET August 2025 2926: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2886: 2875: 2874: 2863: 2862: 2823: 2795: 2794: 2784:Barry E. Wilmore 2782: 2781: 2770: 2769: 2758: 2757: 2725:Falcon 9 Block 5 2707: 2684: 2683: 2672: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2650:Matthew Dominick 2648: 2647: 2615:Falcon 9 Block 5 2597: 2566: 2565: 2556:Satoshi Furukawa 2554: 2553: 2544:Andreas Mogensen 2542: 2541: 2530: 2529: 2497:Falcon 9 Block 5 2479: 2452: 2451: 2442:Sultan Al Neyadi 2440: 2439: 2428: 2427: 2416: 2415: 2383:Falcon 9 Block 5 2365: 2338: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2269:Falcon 9 Block 5 2251: 2228: 2227: 2216: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2191: 2159:Falcon 9 Block 5 2141: 2114: 2113: 2102: 2101: 2092:Thomas Marshburn 2090: 2089: 2078: 2077: 2045:Falcon 9 Block 5 2027: 2000: 1999: 1988: 1987: 1976: 1975: 1964: 1963: 1931:Falcon 9 Block 5 1913: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1862: 1861: 1850: 1849: 1814:Falcon 9 Block 5 1795: 1753: 1752: 1649:to the ISS, and 1635:Thomas Marshburn 1471:attitude control 1461:manufactured by 1456:Boeing Starliner 992:Boeing Starliner 980:Falcon 9 Block 5 961:Boeing Starliner 928:to and from the 901: 892: 874: 867: 860: 814:Northrop Grumman 380:Mars Exploration 253:U.S. Space Force 239: 234: 225: 209: 208: 193:Falcon 9 Block 5 123: 39:Program overview 31: 24: 20: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10487: 10436: 10413: 10367: 10207: 10075: 9909: 9738: 9718: 9547: 9541:ISS expeditions 9533: 9524: 9494: 9489: 9473:Orion (nuclear) 9426: 9363: 9354: 9348:Commercial Crew 9326: 9318: 9280:CCtCap contract 9270:CCtCap contract 9246: 9241: 9240: 9227: 9223: 9213: 9212: 9202: 9200: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9162: 9158: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9132: 9131:. 3 August 2023 9123: 9122: 9118: 9105: 9103: 9092: 9088: 9078: 9076: 9074:Spaceflight Now 9066: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9027: 9025: 9023:Spaceflight Now 9015: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8989: 8985: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8960: 8950: 8948: 8939: 8935: 8926: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8908:. 4 August 2022 8898: 8897: 8893: 8874: 8870: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8811: 8807: 8795: 8787: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8678: 8670: 8668: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8565: 8561: 8549: 8541: 8539: 8532: 8528: 8514: 8512: 8495: 8491: 8477: 8475: 8468:Spaceflight Now 8460: 8456: 8443: 8441: 8424: 8420: 8407: 8405: 8385: 8378: 8364: 8362: 8345: 8338: 8325: 8323: 8306: 8302: 8289: 8287: 8270: 8266: 8255: 8251: 8237: 8235: 8218: 8211: 8205:Reichhardt 2018 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8181:Reichhardt 2018 8179: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8147: 8145: 8135: 8126: 8122: 8108: 8106: 8091: 8084: 8070: 8068: 8051: 8042: 8028: 8026: 8019:Spaceflight Now 8011: 8002: 7996:Reichhardt 2018 7994: 7990: 7984:Reichhardt 2018 7982: 7978: 7964: 7962: 7945: 7938: 7924: 7922: 7905: 7898: 7885: 7883: 7866: 7859: 7845: 7843: 7826: 7819: 7813:Reichhardt 2018 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7781: 7779: 7762: 7758: 7744: 7742: 7725: 7721: 7707: 7705: 7688: 7681: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7648:. p. 132. 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7603: 7601: 7586: 7582: 7569: 7567: 7557: 7553: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7511:Spaceflight Now 7505: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7473: 7469: 7455: 7453: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7417: 7411:Reichhardt 2018 7409: 7405: 7391: 7389: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7343: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7308: 7306: 7291: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7253:Reichhardt 2018 7251: 7247: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7215: 7209: 7202: 7188: 7186: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7147:Reichhardt 2018 7145: 7141: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7094: 7088:Reichhardt 2018 7086: 7082: 7068: 7066: 7049: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6968: 6964: 6950: 6948: 6931: 6924: 6910: 6908: 6891: 6887: 6873: 6871: 6854: 6850: 6837: 6835: 6828:Spaceflight Now 6820: 6813: 6799: 6797: 6780: 6773: 6759: 6757: 6750:Spaceflight Now 6742: 6738: 6724: 6722: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6657: 6655: 6638: 6634: 6621: 6619: 6602: 6598: 6584: 6582: 6565: 6561: 6547: 6545: 6528: 6521: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6464: 6462: 6455:Spaceflight Now 6447: 6443: 6429: 6427: 6410: 6406: 6392: 6390: 6371: 6367: 6354: 6352: 6345:Spaceflight Now 6337: 6333: 6319: 6317: 6297: 6293: 6279: 6277: 6260: 6256: 6243: 6241: 6224: 6220: 6207: 6205: 6186: 6182: 6169: 6167: 6150: 6146: 6132: 6130: 6113: 6109: 6095: 6093: 6076: 6072: 6058: 6056: 6036: 6032: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5997: 5983: 5981: 5964: 5957: 5944: 5942: 5925: 5921: 5907: 5905: 5888: 5884: 5871: 5869: 5852: 5848: 5834: 5832: 5815: 5811: 5798: 5796: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5760: 5740: 5736: 5722: 5720: 5703: 5699: 5685: 5683: 5666: 5662: 5649: 5647: 5630: 5626: 5613: 5611: 5592: 5588: 5575: 5573: 5553: 5549: 5543:joint venture). 5535: 5533: 5516: 5512: 5499: 5497: 5480: 5476: 5462: 5460: 5443: 5439: 5426: 5424: 5407: 5403: 5389: 5387: 5370: 5363: 5350: 5348: 5331: 5327: 5314: 5312: 5295: 5291: 5277: 5275: 5258: 5254: 5241: 5239: 5219: 5215: 5201: 5199: 5182: 5178: 5164: 5162: 5143: 5139: 5125: 5123: 5103: 5099: 5080: 5078: 5060: 5056: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5021: 5007: 5005: 4986: 4982: 4969: 4967: 4947: 4943: 4929: 4927: 4910: 4906: 4892: 4890: 4873: 4866: 4852: 4850: 4835: 4831: 4818: 4816: 4808:The Denver Post 4799: 4795: 4781: 4779: 4760: 4756: 4743: 4741: 4724: 4717: 4703: 4701: 4693:The Japan Times 4681: 4674: 4661: 4659: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4623: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4563: 4549: 4547: 4527: 4518: 4505: 4503: 4483: 4479: 4466: 4464: 4447: 4443: 4430: 4428: 4411: 4407: 4394: 4392: 4372: 4368: 4354: 4352: 4335: 4331: 4318: 4316: 4299: 4292: 4278: 4276: 4256: 4252: 4238: 4236: 4219: 4212: 4199: 4197: 4180: 4176: 4163: 4161: 4144: 4140: 4126: 4124: 4117:Spaceflight Now 4109: 4102: 4088: 4086: 4069: 4065: 4046: 4044: 4027: 4023: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3983: 3969: 3967: 3950: 3946: 3933: 3931: 3913: 3909: 3896: 3894: 3877: 3873: 3867:Reichhardt 2018 3865: 3861: 3848: 3846: 3829: 3822: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3786: 3772: 3770: 3753: 3749: 3736: 3734: 3717: 3713: 3699: 3697: 3680: 3671: 3658: 3656: 3639: 3635: 3621: 3619: 3602: 3598: 3584: 3582: 3562: 3558: 3544: 3542: 3525: 3521: 3491: 3487: 3473: 3471: 3454: 3450: 3437: 3435: 3415: 3411: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3352: 3350: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3313: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3272:. spacenews.com 3266: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3231: 3224: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3178: 3176: 3151: 3149: 3124: 3101:Artemis program 3091: 3086: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2945: 2929: 2918: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2826: 2815: 2802: 2797:Sunita Williams 2789: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2735: 2726: 2710: 2703: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2662:Michael Barratt 2654: 2642: 2625: 2616: 2600: 2585: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2532:Jasmin Moghbeli 2524: 2507: 2498: 2494:26 August 2023 2482: 2471: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2404:185d, 22h, 42m 2393: 2384: 2368: 2357: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2279: 2270: 2266:5 October 2022 2254: 2247: 2234: 2230:Jessica Watkins 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2169: 2160: 2144: 2133: 2120: 2108: 2104:Matthias Maurer 2096: 2084: 2072: 2055: 2046: 2030: 2019: 2006: 1994: 1990:Akihiko Hoshide 1982: 1970: 1966:Shane Kimbrough 1958: 1952:199d, 17h, 44m 1941: 1932: 1916: 1905: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1852:Michael Hopkins 1844: 1827: 1816: 1798: 1787: 1765:Launch vehicle 1751: 1732: 1726: 1667:Jessica Watkins 1643:Matthias Maurer 1617:Akihiko Hoshide 1609:Shane Kimbrough 1543: 1537: 1528: 1458: 1452: 1407: 1405:SpaceX Dragon 2 1401: 1345: 1226: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1096:low Earth orbit 1036: 911: 910: 909: 908: 904: 903: 902: 894: 893: 878: 849: 848: 839:Virgin Galactic 799:Lockheed Martin 764: 756: 755: 702: 694: 693: 674: 666: 665: 556: 546: 545: 495: 487: 486: 462: 452: 451: 370:Lunar Precursor 360:Large Strategic 340: 332: 331: 310:Commercial Crew 265: 257: 221: 203: 197: 181: 155: 126: 121: 97:Program history 73: 34: 33:Logo since 2014 17: 12: 11: 5: 10564: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10392:SpaceX Crew-10 10386: 10385: 10384: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10339: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10178: 10172: 10167: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9523: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9371: 9369: 9365: 9364: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9340: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9317: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9277: 9267: 9245: 9244:External links 9242: 9239: 9238: 9220: 9219: 9211: 9210: 9184: 9156: 9142: 9129:blogs.nasa.gov 9116: 9086: 9060: 9035: 9009: 8983: 8958: 8933: 8919: 8891: 8884:) – via 8868: 8854: 8828: 8821:) – via 8805: 8773: 8747: 8721: 8688: 8652: 8626: 8600: 8574: 8559: 8526: 8489: 8454: 8418: 8376: 8336: 8300: 8264: 8249: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8170: 8158: 8120: 8082: 8040: 8000: 7988: 7976: 7936: 7896: 7857: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7756: 7719: 7679: 7662: 7626: 7614: 7580: 7551: 7544:) – via 7528: 7498: 7467: 7430: 7415: 7403: 7366: 7354: 7319: 7282: 7257: 7245: 7200: 7163: 7151: 7139: 7124: 7109: 7092: 7080: 7040: 7014: 6988: 6962: 6922: 6885: 6848: 6811: 6792:(in Russian). 6771: 6736: 6697: 6669: 6632: 6596: 6559: 6519: 6497:. p. 49. 6476: 6441: 6404: 6365: 6331: 6291: 6254: 6218: 6180: 6144: 6107: 6070: 6030: 5995: 5955: 5919: 5882: 5846: 5809: 5773: 5734: 5697: 5660: 5624: 5586: 5547: 5510: 5474: 5437: 5401: 5361: 5325: 5289: 5252: 5213: 5176: 5137: 5097: 5054: 5019: 5015:solicitation." 4980: 4941: 4904: 4864: 4829: 4793: 4754: 4715: 4672: 4651:Universe Today 4636: 4600: 4561: 4516: 4477: 4441: 4405: 4366: 4329: 4290: 4250: 4228:Universe Today 4210: 4174: 4138: 4100: 4063: 4021: 3981: 3959:Universe Today 3944: 3907: 3871: 3859: 3820: 3784: 3747: 3711: 3669: 3648:Universe Today 3633: 3596: 3567:(1 May 2003). 3556: 3519: 3485: 3448: 3409: 3363: 3327: 3296:O'Brien, Miles 3283: 3253: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3185: 3158: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3082: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3037: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2979:Michael Fincke 2969: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2813: 2811:SpaceX Crew-10 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2762: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2639: 2637: 2636:Docked at ISS 2634: 2622: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2521: 2519: 2518:199d, 2h, 20m 2516: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2454:Andrey Fedyaev 2444: 2432: 2420: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2390: 2381: 2378: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2293: 2291: 2290:157d, 10h, 1m 2288: 2276: 2267: 2264: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2194:Kjell Lindgren 2183: 2181: 2180:170d, 13h, 3m 2178: 2166: 2157: 2156:27 April 2022 2154: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2069: 2067: 2066:176d, 2h, 39m 2064: 2052: 2043: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 2002:Thomas Pesquet 1992: 1980: 1978:Megan McArthur 1968: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1938: 1929: 1928:23 April 2021 1926: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1888:Shannon Walker 1878: 1876:Soichi Noguchi 1866: 1854: 1841: 1839: 1838:167d, 6h, 29m 1836: 1822: 1811: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1728:Main article: 1725: 1722: 1655:Kjell Lindgren 1621:Thomas Pesquet 1613:Megan McArthur 1563:Shannon Walker 1559:Soichi Noguchi 1539:Main article: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1454:Main article: 1451: 1448: 1440:Gulf of Mexico 1436:Atlantic Ocean 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1344: 1341: 1225: 1224:Post-selection 1222: 1194:'s integrated 1126: 1123: 1118:Main article: 1115: 1112: 1051:Space Shuttle 1049:following the 1047:George W. Bush 1035: 1032: 906: 905: 896: 895: 887: 886: 885: 884: 883: 880: 879: 877: 876: 869: 862: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 774:Ball Aerospace 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 731: 721: 720: 719: 709: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 686: 681: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 661:Vulcan Centaur 658: 651: 646: 641: 636: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 605: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 557: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 531: 526: 525: 524: 514: 513: 512: 507: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 413: 412: 407: 402: 392: 387: 385:New Millennium 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 313: 312: 302: 301: 300: 287: 282: 277: 272: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 256: 255: 250: 244: 241: 240: 227: 226: 218: 217: 205: 204: 202: 201: 195: 189: 187: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 168: 166: 162: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 146:Cape Canaveral 142: 140: 139:Launch site(s) 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 125: 124: 119: 113: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 84:crew transport 79: 75: 74: 72: 71: 66: 61: 55: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10563: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10541:NASA programs 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10451:Space Shuttle 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10382:SpaceX Crew-9 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10343:SpaceX Crew-8 10340: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10322:SpaceX Crew-7 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10312:SpaceX Crew-6 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10297:SpaceX Crew-5 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10287:SpaceX Crew-4 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10262:SpaceX Crew-3 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10252:SpaceX Crew-2 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10237:SpaceX Crew-1 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10227:SpaceX Demo-2 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10115:Soyuz TMA-20M 10113: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10090:Soyuz TMA-16M 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10054:Soyuz TMA-12M 10052: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10029:Soyuz TMA-08M 10027: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10004:Soyuz TMA-04M 10002: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9979:Soyuz TMA-02M 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9733: 9725: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9521: 9516: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9438:Constellation 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9412:Space Shuttle 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9321:United States 9315: 9310: 9308: 9303: 9301: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9235: 9234:Expedition 36 9231: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9160: 9152: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9113: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9024: 9020: 9013: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8971: 8965: 8963: 8946: 8945: 8937: 8929: 8923: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8801:public domain 8783: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8736:. 28 May 2021 8735: 8731: 8725: 8710:. 7 June 2021 8709: 8705: 8698: 8692: 8685: 8684:public domain 8666: 8662: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8588: 8581: 8579: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8555:public domain 8537: 8530: 8523: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8373: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8268: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8214: 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8143: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8117: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8037: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7972:calculations. 7960: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7943: 7941: 7933: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7862: 7854: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7822: 7814: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7684: 7676: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7420: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7351: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7289: 7287: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7254: 7249: 7242: 7231:on 1 May 2013 7227: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7207: 7205: 7197: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7143: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6927: 6919: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6701: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6666: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6592:Gerstenmaier. 6580: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6197:Florida Today 6192: 6184: 6177: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5544: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5210: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5134: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5051: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4997:Florida Today 4992: 4984: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4771:Florida Today 4766: 4758: 4751: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4615:New Scientist 4611: 4604: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3986: 3978: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3083: 3080: 3069: 3057: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3018: 3014: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2991:Joshua Kutryk 2987: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2920:Expedition 73 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2901:Kirill Peskov 2897: 2892: 2890: 2889:Takuya Onishi 2885: 2880: 2878: 2877:Nichole Ayers 2873: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844:Crew Dragon ( 2843: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2817:Expedition 72 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2705:Expedition 72 2702: 2700: 2699:SpaceX Crew-9 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2674:Jeanette Epps 2670: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2612:4 March 2024 2611: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Expedition 70 2584: 2582: 2581:SpaceX Crew-8 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473:Expedition 69 2470: 2468: 2467:SpaceX Crew-7 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2430:Warren Hoburg 2426: 2421: 2419: 2418:Stephen Bowen 2414: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2380:2 March 2023 2379: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2359:Expedition 68 2356: 2354: 2353:SpaceX Crew-6 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2328:Koichi Wakata 2324: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2249:Expedition 68 2246: 2244: 2243:SpaceX Crew-5 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2136: 2135:Expedition 67 2132: 2130: 2129:SpaceX Crew-4 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2021:Expedition 66 2018: 2016: 2015:SpaceX Crew-3 2013: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1907:Expedition 65 1904: 1902: 1901:SpaceX Crew-2 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1864:Victor Glover 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1789:Expedition 64 1786: 1784: 1783:SpaceX Crew-1 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1679:Koichi Wakata 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Chris Cassidy 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Victor Glover 1548: 1542: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516:Willcox Playa 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1406: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1357:touch screens 1354: 1350: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1321:SpaceX Crew-3 1318: 1317:SpaceX Crew-2 1314: 1313:SpaceX Crew-1 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:SpaceX Demo-2 1298: 1294: 1293:Expedition 64 1290: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1260:SpaceX Demo-1 1257: 1253: 1248: 1247:Soyuz program 1244: 1240: 1230: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1108:Soyuz program 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1038:In 2004, the 1031: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019:Sierra Nevada 1016: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:SpaceX Crew-1 985: 981: 976: 974: 973:Soyuz program 970: 969:Space Shuttle 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924: 920: 916: 900: 891: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 855: 853: 852: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 760: 759: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 698: 697: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 634: 630: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 610: 606: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 563: 559: 558: 555: 550: 549: 540: 537: 536: 535: 534:Western Range 532: 530: 527: 523: 520: 519: 518: 515: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 501: 500:Eastern Range 498: 497: 491: 490: 483: 482:Space Shuttle 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 461: 456: 455: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 411: 408: 406: 405:New Frontiers 403: 401: 398: 397: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365:Lunar Orbiter 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 336: 335: 328: 327:Lunar Gateway 325: 323: 320: 318: 317:Constellation 315: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 299: 298: 293: 292: 291: 290:Space Shuttle 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 261: 260: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 243: 242: 238: 233: 229: 228: 224: 220: 219: 215: 211: 210: 200: 196: 194: 191: 190: 188: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 167: 163: 158: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 120: 118: 117:SpaceX Crew-1 115: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 54: 50: 47:United States 46: 42: 37: 30: 25: 19: 10496: 10358: 10341: 9989:Soyuz TMA-22 9969:Soyuz TMA-21 9944:Soyuz TMA-19 9929:Soyuz TMA-18 9903:Soyuz TMA-17 9893:Soyuz TMA-16 9873:Soyuz TMA-14 9853:Soyuz TMA-13 9843:Soyuz TMA-12 9818:Soyuz TMA-11 9803:Soyuz TMA-10 9483: 9418: 9405:Apollo–Soyuz 9347: 9259:1 March 2019 9224: 9215: 9214: 9201:. Retrieved 9197: 9187: 9175:. Retrieved 9169: 9159: 9145: 9133:. Retrieved 9128: 9119: 9111: 9104:. Retrieved 9099: 9089: 9079:23 September 9077:. Retrieved 9073: 9063: 9051:. Retrieved 9047: 9038: 9026:. Retrieved 9022: 9012: 9000:. Retrieved 8996: 8986: 8974:. Retrieved 8949:. Retrieved 8943: 8936: 8922: 8910:. Retrieved 8903: 8894: 8871: 8857: 8845:. Retrieved 8840: 8831: 8808: 8786:. Retrieved 8776: 8764:. Retrieved 8759: 8750: 8738:. Retrieved 8724: 8712:. Retrieved 8703: 8691: 8669:. Retrieved 8664: 8655: 8643:. Retrieved 8638: 8629: 8617:. Retrieved 8612: 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8562: 8540:. Retrieved 8529: 8520: 8513:. Retrieved 8502: 8492: 8483: 8476:. Retrieved 8467: 8457: 8449: 8442:. Retrieved 8431: 8421: 8413: 8406:. Retrieved 8395: 8370: 8363:. Retrieved 8352: 8331: 8324:. Retrieved 8313: 8303: 8295: 8288:. Retrieved 8277: 8267: 8252: 8243: 8236:. Retrieved 8225: 8200: 8188: 8161: 8153: 8146:. Retrieved 8139: 8123: 8116:maneuvering. 8114: 8107:. Retrieved 8098: 8076: 8069:. Retrieved 8058: 8034: 8027:. Retrieved 8018: 7991: 7979: 7970: 7963:. Retrieved 7952: 7930: 7923:. Retrieved 7912: 7891: 7884:. Retrieved 7873: 7851: 7844:. Retrieved 7833: 7808: 7796: 7787: 7780:. Retrieved 7769: 7759: 7750: 7743:. Retrieved 7732: 7722: 7713: 7706:. Retrieved 7695: 7674: 7667:. Retrieved 7636: 7629: 7617: 7609: 7602:. Retrieved 7593: 7583: 7575: 7568:. Retrieved 7564: 7554: 7531: 7519:. Retrieved 7510: 7501: 7489:. Retrieved 7480: 7470: 7461: 7454:. Retrieved 7443: 7433: 7406: 7397: 7390:. Retrieved 7379: 7369: 7357: 7349: 7342:. Retrieved 7333:The Register 7331: 7322: 7314: 7307:. Retrieved 7298: 7273:. Retrieved 7248: 7240: 7233:. Retrieved 7226:the original 7219: 7194: 7187:. Retrieved 7176: 7166: 7154: 7142: 7083: 7074: 7067:. Retrieved 7063:the original 7056: 7031:. Retrieved 7027: 7017: 7005:. Retrieved 7001: 6991: 6981:27 September 6979:. Retrieved 6975: 6965: 6956: 6949:. Retrieved 6938: 6916: 6909:. Retrieved 6898: 6888: 6879: 6872:. Retrieved 6861: 6851: 6843: 6836:. Retrieved 6827: 6805: 6798:. Retrieved 6787: 6765: 6758:. Retrieved 6749: 6739: 6730: 6723:. Retrieved 6712: 6700: 6688:. Retrieved 6681: 6672: 6663: 6656:. Retrieved 6645: 6635: 6627: 6620:. Retrieved 6609: 6599: 6590: 6583:. Retrieved 6572: 6562: 6553: 6546:. Retrieved 6537:Ars Technica 6535: 6513: 6506:. Retrieved 6492: 6479: 6470: 6463:. Retrieved 6454: 6444: 6435: 6428:. Retrieved 6417: 6407: 6398: 6391:. Retrieved 6380: 6368: 6360: 6353:. Retrieved 6344: 6334: 6325: 6318:. Retrieved 6307: 6294: 6285: 6278:. Retrieved 6267: 6257: 6249: 6242:. Retrieved 6231: 6221: 6213: 6206:. Retrieved 6195: 6183: 6175: 6168:. Retrieved 6157: 6147: 6138: 6131:. Retrieved 6120: 6110: 6101: 6094:. Retrieved 6083: 6073: 6064: 6057:. Retrieved 6046: 6033: 6024: 6017:. Retrieved 6011: 5998: 5989: 5982:. Retrieved 5973:Ars Technica 5971: 5950: 5943:. Retrieved 5932: 5922: 5913: 5906:. Retrieved 5895: 5885: 5877: 5870:. Retrieved 5859: 5849: 5840: 5833:. Retrieved 5822: 5812: 5804: 5797:. Retrieved 5786: 5776: 5768: 5761:. Retrieved 5750: 5737: 5728: 5721:. Retrieved 5710: 5700: 5691: 5684:. Retrieved 5673: 5663: 5655: 5648:. Retrieved 5637: 5627: 5619: 5612:. Retrieved 5601: 5589: 5581: 5574:. Retrieved 5563: 5550: 5541: 5534:. Retrieved 5525:Ars Technica 5523: 5513: 5505: 5498:. Retrieved 5487: 5477: 5468: 5461:. Retrieved 5452:Ars Technica 5450: 5440: 5432: 5425:. Retrieved 5414: 5404: 5395: 5388:. Retrieved 5377: 5356: 5349:. Retrieved 5338: 5328: 5320: 5313:. Retrieved 5302: 5292: 5283: 5276:. Retrieved 5265: 5255: 5247: 5240:. Retrieved 5229: 5216: 5207: 5200:. Retrieved 5189: 5179: 5170: 5163:. Retrieved 5152: 5140: 5131: 5124:. Retrieved 5113: 5100: 5088: 5086: 5079:. Retrieved 5070: 5062: 5057: 5048: 5041:. Retrieved 5032: 5022: 5013: 5006:. Retrieved 4995: 4983: 4975: 4968:. Retrieved 4957: 4944: 4935: 4928:. Retrieved 4924:the original 4917: 4907: 4898: 4891:. Retrieved 4880: 4858: 4851:. Retrieved 4842: 4832: 4824: 4817:. Retrieved 4806: 4796: 4787: 4780:. Retrieved 4769: 4757: 4749: 4742:. Retrieved 4731: 4709: 4702:. Retrieved 4691: 4667: 4660:. Retrieved 4649: 4639: 4631: 4624:. Retrieved 4613: 4603: 4595: 4588:. Retrieved 4577: 4555: 4548:. Retrieved 4537: 4511: 4504:. Retrieved 4500:the original 4493: 4480: 4472: 4465:. Retrieved 4454: 4444: 4436: 4429:. Retrieved 4418: 4408: 4400: 4393:. Retrieved 4382: 4369: 4360: 4353:. Retrieved 4344:collectSPACE 4342: 4332: 4324: 4317:. Retrieved 4306: 4284: 4277:. Retrieved 4266: 4253: 4244: 4237:. Retrieved 4226: 4205: 4198:. Retrieved 4187: 4177: 4169: 4162:. Retrieved 4151: 4141: 4132: 4125:. Retrieved 4116: 4094: 4087:. Retrieved 4076: 4066: 4054: 4052: 4045:. Retrieved 4034: 4024: 4015: 4008:. Retrieved 3997: 3975: 3968:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3939: 3932:. Retrieved 3923: 3910: 3902: 3895:. Retrieved 3884: 3874: 3862: 3854: 3847:. Retrieved 3836: 3815: 3808:. Retrieved 3797: 3787: 3778: 3771:. Retrieved 3760: 3750: 3742: 3735:. Retrieved 3724: 3714: 3705: 3698:. Retrieved 3687: 3664: 3657:. Retrieved 3646: 3636: 3627: 3620:. Retrieved 3609: 3599: 3590: 3583:. Retrieved 3572: 3559: 3550: 3543:. Retrieved 3532: 3522: 3506: 3503:the original 3498: 3488: 3479: 3472:. Retrieved 3461: 3451: 3443: 3436:. Retrieved 3425: 3417: 3412: 3403: 3396:. Retrieved 3382: 3358: 3351:. Retrieved 3340: 3330: 3321: 3314:. Retrieved 3303: 3286: 3274:. Retrieved 3244:. Retrieved 3238: 3216: 3215: 3204:. Retrieved 3193: 3177:. Retrieved 3166: 3150:. Retrieved 3139: 3126: 3125: 3055: 3040: 3027: 3017: 2967:Scott Tingle 2865:Anne McClain 2739: 2629: 2511: 2397: 2316:Josh Cassada 2283: 2173: 2116:Kayla Barron 2059: 1945: 1831: 1762:Launch date 1744: 1733: 1707: 1704: 1692: 1688: 1671:Josh Cassada 1647:Kayla Barron 1624: 1596: 1572: 1566: 1555:Mike Hopkins 1544: 1529: 1459: 1408: 1371:(IDSS). The 1366: 1346: 1337: 1277: 1235: 1200: 1172:Dream Chaser 1136: 1125:CCDev awards 1091:Barack Obama 1052: 1037: 1023:human rating 1008: 977: 965: 918: 914: 912: 844:Virgin Orbit 653: 631: 608: 588:Falcon Heavy 561: 309: 296: 110:First flight 105:2011–present 52:Organization 18: 10466:Crew Dragon 10418:Individuals 10397:Soyuz MS-27 10360:Soyuz MS-26 10349:Soyuz MS-25 10327:Soyuz MS-24 10307:Soyuz MS-23 10292:Soyuz MS-22 10277:Soyuz MS-21 10267:Soyuz MS-20 10257:Soyuz MS-19 10247:Soyuz MS-18 10232:Soyuz MS-17 10222:Soyuz MS-16 10191:Soyuz MS-12 10165:Soyuz MS-08 10140:Soyuz MS-04 9788:Soyuz TMA-9 9773:Soyuz TMA-8 9763:Soyuz TMA-7 9753:Soyuz TMA-6 9707:Soyuz TMA-4 9692:Soyuz TMA-2 9677:Soyuz TMA-1 9662:Soyuz TM-34 9642:Soyuz TM-33 9627:Soyuz TM-32 9597:Soyuz TM-31 9263:25 May 2020 9203:22 November 8766:16 November 8671:12 February 8619:14 December 8388:Foust, Jeff 8193:Howell 2018 8144:. p. 5 7570:18 February 7196:determined. 7159:Howell 2018 7120:Howell 2018 7076:astronauts. 6918:astronauts. 6300:Foust, Jeff 6039:Foust, Jeff 6004:Foust, Jeff 5556:Foust, Jeff 5222:Foust, Jeff 5106:Foust, Jeff 5050:programs... 4950:Foust, Jeff 4530:Boyle, Alan 4375:Foust, Jeff 4259:Boyle, Alan 3916:Foust, Jeff 2938:Atlas V N22 2734:Crew Dragon 2624:Crew Dragon 2506:Crew Dragon 2392:Crew Dragon 2340:Anna Kikina 2278:Crew Dragon 2168:Crew Dragon 2054:Crew Dragon 1940:Crew Dragon 1825:Crew Dragon 1768:Spacecraft 1683:Anna Kikina 1593:Soyuz MS-16 1399:Crew Dragon 1309:Doug Hurley 1305:Bob Behnken 1289:Soyuz MS-17 1148:Blue Origin 1114:Development 1028:Soyuz MS-17 1015:Blue Origin 1000:Atlas V N22 953:Crew Dragon 944:. American 938:expeditions 921:) provides 784:Blue Origin 701:Civil space 639:New Shepard 593:LauncherOne 199:Atlas V N22 172:Crew Dragon 10515:Categories 10354:Boeing CFT 10212:Since 2020 9539:See also: 9257:(Archived 8847:29 October 8593:20 October 7178:TechCrunch 6690:4 February 6269:TechCrunch 6026:Canaveral. 5693:schedules. 5191:TechCrunch 4384:Space News 4017:program... 3292:King, John 3246:12 October 3122:References 3003:Kimiya Yui 2760:Nick Hague 2080:Raja Chari 1832:Resilience 1639:Raja Chari 1597:Resilience 1573:Resilience 1568:Resilience 1512:New Mexico 1504:California 1432:splashdown 1420:SuperDraco 1343:Spacecraft 1265:SuperDraco 1256:Sea Launch 1220:contract. 1188:Jeff Bezos 1034:Background 984:splashdown 809:Rocket Lab 494:Spaceports 10497:underline 10080:2015–2019 9914:2010–2014 9743:2005–2009 9552:1998–2004 9443:Dyna-Soar 9368:Completed 9135:12 August 9028:2 October 9002:20 August 8997:SpaceNews 8951:25 August 8841:SpaceNews 8788:6 October 8504:Space.com 8444:21 August 8397:SpaceNews 8365:21 August 8238:21 August 8166:Wall 2018 7954:Space.com 7853:overhead. 7801:Wall 2018 7789:landings. 7734:Space.com 7697:Space.com 7622:Wall 2018 7594:Teslarati 7565:SpaceNews 7426:Wall 2018 7362:Wall 2018 7344:21 August 7309:21 August 7299:New Atlas 7275:3 October 7135:Wall 2018 7105:Wall 2018 7069:21 August 7058:Space.com 7002:Space.com 6940:The Verge 6665:mishap... 6611:Space.com 6419:Space.com 6309:SpaceNews 6233:Space.com 6208:21 August 6159:Astronomy 6140:November. 6048:SpaceNews 6019:21 August 6013:SpaceNews 5934:Space.com 5824:Space.com 5675:USA Today 5565:SpaceNews 5489:The Verge 5416:Space.com 5379:The Verge 5267:The Verge 5231:SpaceNews 5115:SpaceNews 4959:SpaceNews 4882:USA Today 4860:(CCtCap). 4711:capsules. 4456:Space.com 4096:humans... 3999:Space.com 3799:Space.com 3726:Space.com 3463:Space.com 3405:missions. 3276:1 October 3217:Citations 3206:21 August 3195:Space.com 3168:Space.com 3152:21 August 2799:(landing) 2786:(landing) 2746:In orbit 2630:Endeavour 2512:Endurance 2398:Endeavour 2284:Endurance 2206:Bob Hines 2060:Endurance 1946:Endeavour 1771:Duration 1695:Roscosmos 1693:NASA and 1659:Bob Hines 1653:launched 1626:Endeavour 1545:SpaceX's 1450:Starliner 1104:Roscosmos 1044:President 959:when its 633:New Glenn 400:Discovery 350:Explorers 177:Starliner 131:Successes 10457:Present 10441:Vehicles 9431:Canceled 9417:Shuttle- 9286:and NASA 9282:between 9276:and NASA 9272:between 9177:7 August 8912:5 August 8665:NASA.gov 8639:NASA.gov 8613:NASA.gov 8509:Archived 8472:Archived 8438:Archived 8402:Archived 8359:Archived 8320:Archived 8284:Archived 8232:Archived 8103:Archived 8065:Archived 8023:Archived 7959:Archived 7932:General. 7919:Archived 7880:Archived 7840:Archived 7776:Archived 7739:Archived 7702:Archived 7646:Springer 7598:Archived 7515:Archived 7491:10 March 7485:Archived 7450:Archived 7386:Archived 7338:Archived 7303:Archived 7183:Archived 6945:Archived 6905:Archived 6868:Archived 6832:Archived 6794:Archived 6754:Archived 6719:Archived 6652:Archived 6616:Archived 6579:Archived 6542:Archived 6499:Archived 6459:Archived 6424:Archived 6387:Archived 6349:Archived 6327:vehicle. 6314:Archived 6274:Archived 6238:Archived 6202:Archived 6164:Archived 6127:Archived 6090:Archived 6053:Archived 5978:Archived 5939:Archived 5902:Archived 5866:Archived 5829:Archived 5793:Archived 5757:Archived 5752:Phys.org 5717:Archived 5712:CBS News 5680:Archived 5644:Archived 5608:Archived 5570:Archived 5530:Archived 5494:Archived 5470:minimum. 5457:Archived 5421:Archived 5384:Archived 5345:Archived 5340:GeekWire 5309:Archived 5304:GeekWire 5272:Archived 5236:Archived 5196:Archived 5159:Archived 5120:Archived 5075:Archived 5063:SpaceRef 5037:Archived 5002:Archived 4964:Archived 4887:Archived 4847:Archived 4813:Archived 4776:Archived 4738:Archived 4698:Archived 4656:Archived 4620:Archived 4584:Archived 4544:Archived 4539:NBC News 4461:Archived 4425:Archived 4389:Archived 4349:Archived 4313:Archived 4273:Archived 4268:NBC News 4233:Archived 4194:Archived 4158:Archived 4121:Archived 4083:Archived 4041:Archived 4004:Archived 3964:Archived 3928:Archived 3891:Archived 3843:Archived 3804:Archived 3767:Archived 3731:Archived 3694:Archived 3689:BBC News 3653:Archived 3616:Archived 3611:ABC News 3579:Archived 3539:Archived 3499:SpaceRef 3468:Archived 3432:Archived 3427:BBC News 3418:BBC News 3389:Archived 3347:Archived 3310:Archived 3200:Archived 3173:Archived 3146:Archived 3065:See also 3052:Timeline 2953:Planned 2851:Planned 1756:Mission 1526:Missions 1411:Dragon 2 1243:Falcon 9 1055:disaster 1053:Columbia 804:Raytheon 655:Starship 598:Minotaur 583:Falcon 9 578:Electron 432:Vanguard 427:Surveyor 295:Shuttle– 214:a series 212:Part of 102:Duration 10477:Future 10402:Axiom-4 10337:Axiom-3 10317:Axiom-2 10282:Axiom-1 10105:TMA-19M 10100:TMA-18M 10095:TMA-17M 10069:TMA-15M 10064:TMA-14M 10059:TMA-13M 10044:TMA-11M 10039:TMA-10M 10034:TMA-09M 10019:TMA-07M 10014:TMA-06M 10009:TMA-05M 9994:TMA-03M 9984:STS-135 9974:STS-134 9964:STS-133 9949:TMA-01M 9934:STS-131 9924:STS-130 9898:STS-129 9883:STS-127 9868:STS-119 9858:STS-126 9848:STS-124 9833:STS-122 9823:STS-120 9808:STS-117 9793:STS-116 9778:STS-121 9758:STS-114 9682:STS-113 9667:STS-111 9657:STS-110 9647:STS-108 9632:STS-104 9582:STS-101 9529:to the 9484:Freedom 9380:Mercury 9338:Artemis 9232:during 9106:16 July 9100:CNN.com 9053:11 June 8976:26 July 8886:Twitter 8823:Twitter 8740:13 June 8714:13 June 8571:. NASA. 8542:5 March 8522:2021... 8515:30 June 8408:24 July 7965:27 June 7925:27 June 7886:27 June 7846:27 June 7752:program 7546:Twitter 7521:23 July 7033:3 March 6122:Reuters 5397:2018... 4662:8 March 4626:8 March 4590:8 March 4550:8 March 4506:8 March 4467:8 March 4431:8 March 4395:8 March 4355:8 March 4319:8 March 4279:8 March 4239:8 March 4200:8 March 4164:8 March 4127:8 March 4089:8 March 4047:8 March 4010:8 March 3970:8 March 3934:8 March 3897:8 March 3849:8 March 3810:8 March 3773:8 March 3737:8 March 3700:8 March 3659:8 March 3622:8 March 3592:months. 3585:8 March 3545:8 March 3474:8 March 3438:8 March 3398:8 March 3353:8 March 3316:8 March 3127:Sources 2740:Freedom 2738:C212.4 2729:B1085.2 2628:C206.5 2619:B1083.1 2510:C210.3 2501:B1081.1 2396:C206.4 2387:B1078.1 2282:C210.2 2273:B1077.1 2174:Freedom 2172:C212.1 2163:B1067.4 2058:C210.1 2049:B1067.2 1944:C206.2 1935:B1061.2 1830:C207.1 1819:B1061.1 1623:aboard 1520:Arizona 1484:airbags 1438:or the 1252:Energia 1204:Atlas V 1196:Liberty 1061:with a 1004:airbags 940:of the 644:Pegasus 573:Atlas V 568:Antares 467:Mercury 442:Voyager 390:Pioneer 375:Mariner 322:Artemis 270:Mercury 151:Kennedy 92:Ongoing 78:Purpose 44:Country 10372:Future 9954:TMA-20 9878:TMA-15 9612:STS-98 9602:STS-97 9572:STS-96 9562:STS-88 9400:Skylab 9390:Apollo 9385:Gemini 9331:Active 9284:SpaceX 9274:Boeing 8645:18 May 8589:. NASA 8538:. NASA 8485:right. 8478:25 May 8326:25 May 8290:25 May 8279:Forbes 8148:25 May 8109:25 May 8071:25 May 8029:25 May 7875:Forbes 7782:25 May 7745:25 May 7708:25 May 7669:25 May 7660: 7604:26 May 7456:25 May 7392:25 May 7235:26 May 7189:26 May 7007:26 May 6951:25 May 6911:25 May 6874:25 May 6838:25 May 6807:place. 6800:25 May 6760:25 May 6725:25 May 6658:25 May 6622:25 May 6585:25 May 6548:25 May 6508:25 May 6472:Earth. 6465:25 May 6430:25 May 6393:25 May 6355:25 May 6320:25 May 6280:25 May 6244:25 May 6170:21 May 6133:21 May 6096:25 May 6059:25 May 5984:21 May 5945:21 May 5908:21 May 5897:Forbes 5872:21 May 5835:21 May 5799:21 May 5763:21 May 5723:21 May 5686:21 May 5650:21 May 5614:21 May 5576:21 May 5536:21 May 5500:21 May 5463:21 May 5427:21 May 5390:21 May 5351:21 May 5315:21 May 5285:2018." 5278:21 May 5242:21 May 5209:(ISS). 5202:21 May 5165:21 May 5126:21 May 5081:21 May 5043:21 May 5008:21 May 4970:21 May 4930:21 May 4893:21 May 4853:21 May 4819:21 May 4782:21 May 4744:21 May 4704:21 May 4286:years. 3780:orbit. 3179:26 May 3022:B1061. 2846:C213.1 1759:Patch 1714:Crew-9 1710:Crew-8 1651:Crew-4 1631:Crew-3 1577:Crew-2 1561:, and 1547:Crew-1 1514:, and 1490:– the 1239:AMOS-6 1176:Boeing 1174:, and 1160:Dragon 1156:SpaceX 1069:, the 957:Boeing 949:SpaceX 824:SpaceX 789:Boeing 477:Apollo 472:Gemini 437:Viking 422:Ranger 285:Skylab 280:Apollo 275:Gemini 216:on the 89:Status 69:SpaceX 64:Boeing 10471:Soyuz 10447:Past 10388:2025 10378:2024 10333:2024 10303:2023 10273:2022 10243:2021 10218:2020 10201:MS-15 10196:MS-13 10187:2019 10181:MS-11 10175:MS-10 10170:MS-09 10161:2018 10155:MS-07 10150:MS-06 10145:MS-05 10136:2017 10130:MS-03 10125:MS-02 10120:MS-01 10111:2016 10086:2015 10050:2014 10025:2013 10000:2012 9960:2011 9920:2010 9864:2009 9829:2008 9799:2007 9769:2006 9749:2005 9712:TMA-5 9703:2004 9697:TMA-3 9688:2003 9653:2002 9608:2001 9578:2000 9568:1999 9558:1998 9216:Notes 9102:. CNN 8882:Tweet 8819:Tweet 8700:(PDF) 8136:(PDF) 7542:Tweet 7229:(PDF) 7216:(PDF) 6502:(PDF) 6489:(PDF) 5172:Corp. 3707:Moon. 3481:said. 3392:(PDF) 3379:(PDF) 3323:2020. 1774:Crew 1700:Soyuz 1475:RS-88 1254:over 1075:Orion 769:Astra 562:Alpha 10481:Orel 10430:crew 9478:NASP 9463:Nova 9375:X-15 9254:NASA 9205:2023 9198:NASA 9179:2024 9171:NASA 9137:2023 9108:2022 9081:2022 9055:2022 9030:2022 9004:2024 8978:2024 8953:2024 8914:2022 8905:TASS 8849:2021 8790:2021 8768:2021 8760:NASA 8742:2021 8716:2021 8708:NASA 8673:2021 8647:2021 8621:2020 8595:2021 8544:2021 8517:2020 8480:2020 8446:2019 8410:2020 8367:2019 8328:2020 8292:2020 8240:2019 8150:2020 8111:2020 8073:2020 8031:2020 7967:2020 7927:2020 7888:2020 7848:2020 7784:2020 7747:2020 7710:2020 7671:2020 7658:ISBN 7606:2020 7572:2023 7523:2020 7493:2020 7481:CNBC 7458:2020 7445:CNBC 7394:2020 7346:2019 7311:2019 7277:2022 7237:2020 7191:2020 7071:2019 7035:2022 7028:NASA 7009:2022 6983:2021 6953:2020 6913:2020 6900:CNBC 6876:2020 6840:2020 6802:2020 6789:TASS 6762:2020 6727:2020 6692:2021 6683:NASA 6660:2020 6624:2020 6587:2020 6550:2020 6510:2020 6467:2020 6432:2020 6395:2020 6357:2020 6322:2020 6282:2020 6246:2020 6210:2019 6172:2019 6135:2019 6098:2020 6061:2020 6021:2019 5986:2019 5947:2019 5910:2019 5874:2019 5837:2019 5801:2019 5765:2019 5725:2019 5688:2019 5652:2019 5639:CNBC 5616:2019 5578:2019 5538:2019 5502:2019 5465:2019 5429:2019 5392:2019 5353:2019 5317:2019 5280:2019 5244:2019 5204:2019 5167:2019 5128:2019 5083:2019 5045:2019 5010:2019 4972:2019 4932:2019 4895:2019 4855:2019 4821:2019 4784:2019 4746:2019 4706:2019 4664:2019 4628:2019 4592:2019 4552:2019 4508:2019 4469:2019 4433:2019 4397:2019 4357:2019 4321:2019 4308:CNET 4281:2019 4241:2019 4202:2019 4166:2019 4129:2019 4091:2019 4049:2019 4012:2019 3977:one. 3972:2019 3936:2019 3899:2019 3851:2019 3812:2019 3775:2019 3739:2019 3702:2019 3661:2019 3624:2019 3587:2019 3547:2019 3476:2019 3440:2019 3400:2019 3355:2019 3318:2019 3278:2022 3248:2023 3240:NASA 3208:2019 3181:2020 3154:2019 2948:S2.2 1712:and 1708:The 1665:and 1645:and 1619:and 1585:JAXA 1581:C204 1496:Utah 1465:for 1307:and 1271:and 1137:The 1059:Moon 934:NASA 913:The 447:X-37 248:NASA 59:NASA 9939:132 9888:128 9838:123 9813:118 9783:115 9672:112 9637:105 9622:100 9617:102 9587:106 9419:Mir 9252:at 9230:EVA 7650:doi 5861:CNN 5133:24. 5090:sic 4056:sic 3513:CEV 3509:OSP 3305:CNN 1518:in 1510:in 1502:in 1494:in 919:CCP 829:SSL 609:III 355:GLS 345:CRS 297:Mir 82:ISS 10517:: 9592:92 9543:, 9261:, 9196:. 9168:. 9127:. 9110:. 9098:. 9072:. 9046:. 9021:. 8995:. 8961:^ 8902:. 8839:. 8758:. 8732:. 8706:. 8702:. 8663:. 8637:. 8611:. 8577:^ 8519:. 8507:. 8501:. 8482:. 8470:. 8466:. 8448:. 8436:. 8430:. 8412:. 8400:. 8394:. 8379:^ 8369:. 8357:. 8351:. 8339:^ 8330:. 8318:. 8312:. 8294:. 8282:. 8276:. 8242:. 8230:. 8224:. 8212:^ 8173:^ 8152:. 8138:. 8113:. 8101:. 8097:. 8085:^ 8075:. 8063:. 8057:. 8043:^ 8033:. 8021:. 8017:. 8003:^ 7969:. 7957:. 7951:. 7939:^ 7929:. 7917:. 7911:. 7899:^ 7890:. 7878:. 7872:. 7860:^ 7850:. 7838:. 7832:. 7820:^ 7786:. 7774:. 7768:. 7749:. 7737:. 7731:. 7712:. 7700:. 7694:. 7682:^ 7673:. 7656:. 7644:: 7640:. 7608:. 7596:. 7592:. 7574:. 7563:. 7509:. 7483:. 7479:. 7460:. 7448:. 7442:. 7418:^ 7396:. 7384:. 7378:. 7348:. 7336:. 7313:. 7301:. 7297:. 7285:^ 7260:^ 7239:. 7218:. 7203:^ 7193:. 7181:. 7175:. 7127:^ 7112:^ 7095:^ 7073:. 7055:. 7043:^ 7026:. 7000:. 6974:. 6955:. 6943:. 6937:. 6925:^ 6915:. 6903:. 6897:. 6878:. 6866:. 6860:. 6842:. 6830:. 6826:. 6814:^ 6804:. 6786:. 6774:^ 6764:. 6752:. 6748:. 6729:. 6717:. 6711:. 6680:. 6662:. 6650:. 6644:. 6626:. 6614:. 6608:. 6589:. 6577:. 6571:. 6552:. 6540:. 6534:. 6522:^ 6512:. 6491:. 6469:. 6457:. 6453:. 6434:. 6422:. 6416:. 6397:. 6385:. 6379:. 6359:. 6347:. 6343:. 6324:. 6312:. 6306:. 6284:. 6272:. 6266:. 6248:. 6236:. 6230:. 6212:. 6200:. 6194:. 6174:. 6162:. 6156:. 6137:. 6125:. 6119:. 6100:. 6088:. 6082:. 6063:. 6051:. 6045:. 6023:. 6010:. 5988:. 5976:. 5970:. 5958:^ 5949:. 5937:. 5931:. 5912:. 5900:. 5894:. 5876:. 5864:. 5858:. 5839:. 5827:. 5821:. 5803:. 5791:. 5785:. 5767:. 5755:. 5749:. 5727:. 5715:. 5709:. 5690:. 5678:. 5672:. 5654:. 5642:. 5636:. 5618:. 5606:. 5600:. 5580:. 5568:. 5562:. 5540:. 5528:. 5522:. 5504:. 5492:. 5486:. 5467:. 5455:. 5449:. 5431:. 5419:. 5413:. 5394:. 5382:. 5376:. 5364:^ 5355:. 5343:. 5337:. 5319:. 5307:. 5301:. 5282:. 5270:. 5264:. 5246:. 5234:. 5228:. 5206:. 5194:. 5188:. 5169:. 5157:. 5151:. 5130:. 5118:. 5112:. 5085:. 5073:. 5069:. 5047:. 5035:. 5031:. 5012:. 5000:. 4994:. 4974:. 4962:. 4956:. 4934:. 4916:. 4897:. 4885:. 4879:. 4867:^ 4857:. 4845:. 4841:. 4823:. 4811:. 4805:. 4786:. 4774:. 4768:. 4748:. 4736:. 4730:. 4718:^ 4708:. 4696:. 4690:. 4675:^ 4666:. 4654:. 4648:. 4630:. 4618:. 4612:. 4594:. 4582:. 4576:. 4564:^ 4554:. 4542:. 4536:. 4519:^ 4510:. 4492:. 4471:. 4459:. 4453:. 4435:. 4423:. 4417:. 4399:. 4387:. 4381:. 4359:. 4347:. 4341:. 4323:. 4311:. 4305:. 4293:^ 4283:. 4271:. 4265:. 4243:. 4231:. 4225:. 4213:^ 4204:. 4192:. 4186:. 4168:. 4156:. 4150:. 4131:. 4119:. 4115:. 4103:^ 4093:. 4081:. 4075:. 4051:. 4039:. 4033:. 4014:. 4002:. 3996:. 3984:^ 3974:. 3962:. 3956:. 3938:. 3926:. 3922:. 3901:. 3889:. 3883:. 3853:. 3841:. 3835:. 3823:^ 3814:. 3802:. 3796:. 3777:. 3765:. 3759:. 3741:. 3729:. 3723:. 3704:. 3692:. 3686:. 3672:^ 3663:. 3651:. 3645:. 3626:. 3614:. 3608:. 3589:. 3577:. 3571:. 3549:. 3537:. 3531:. 3497:. 3478:. 3466:. 3460:. 3442:. 3430:. 3424:. 3402:. 3381:. 3366:^ 3357:. 3345:. 3339:. 3320:. 3308:. 3302:. 3294:; 3256:^ 3237:. 3225:^ 3198:. 3192:. 3171:. 3165:. 3144:. 3138:. 2950:) 2924:74 2848:) 2821:73 2743:) 2731:) 2633:) 2621:) 2595:72 2591:71 2515:) 2503:) 2477:70 2401:) 2389:) 2363:69 2287:) 2275:) 2177:) 2165:) 2139:68 2063:) 2051:) 2025:67 1949:) 1937:) 1911:66 1835:) 1821:) 1793:65 1742:. 1673:, 1661:, 1657:, 1641:, 1637:, 1629:. 1615:, 1611:, 1571:. 1557:, 1553:, 1506:, 1498:, 1469:, 1387:. 1106:' 1017:, 615:IV 10177:† 9519:e 9512:t 9505:v 9313:e 9306:t 9299:v 9265:) 9236:. 9207:. 9181:. 9153:. 9139:. 9083:. 9057:. 9032:. 9006:. 8980:. 8916:. 8888:. 8880:( 8851:. 8825:. 8817:( 8803:. 8792:. 8770:. 8744:. 8718:. 8686:. 8675:. 8649:. 8623:. 8597:. 8557:. 8546:. 7652:: 7548:. 7540:( 7525:. 7495:. 7279:. 7037:. 7011:. 6985:. 6694:. 3515:. 3280:. 3250:. 3210:. 3183:. 3156:. 3035:. 2946:( 2922:/ 2819:/ 2736:( 2727:( 2626:( 2617:( 2593:/ 2589:/ 2508:( 2499:( 2475:/ 2394:( 2385:( 2361:/ 2280:( 2271:( 2170:( 2161:( 2137:/ 2056:( 2047:( 2023:/ 1942:( 1933:( 1909:/ 1828:( 1817:( 1791:/ 917:( 873:e 866:t 859:v 625:C 620:V 603:I 134:7

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Commercial Crew Program

Index