206:
164:, either by direct observation by the explorer, or by remote observation and measurement under the direction of the investigators. Systematic, targeted exploration, with simultaneous survey, and recording of data, followed by data processing, interpretation and publication, is the most effective method to increase understanding of the ocean and other underwater regions, so they can be effectively managed, conserved, regulated, and their resources discovered, accessed, and used. Less than 10% of the ocean has been mapped in any detail, even less has been visually
183:
337:
finding the desired minerals. Other evidence indicates a high probability, making it efficient to concentrate on the areas of high probability when they are found, and for the skipping areas of very low probability. Once an anomaly has been identified and interpreted to be a prospect, more detailed exploration of the potential reserve can be done by soil sampling, drilling, seismic surveys, and similar methods to assess the most appropriate method and type of
71:
149:
394:
motivation, and which is likely to be characterised by a relatively systematic approach. As the personal aspect of the experience is central to this type of exploration, the same region or range of experiences may be explored repeatedly by different people, for each can have a reasonable expectation of personal discovery.
353:
Systematic investigation is done in an orderly and organised manner, generally following a plan, though it should be a flexible plan, which is amenable to rational adaptation to suit circumstances, as the concept of exploration accepts the possibility of the unexpected being encountered, and the plan
113:
after
European scholars rediscovered the works of early Latin and Greek geographers. While the Age of Discovery was partly driven by land routes outside of Europe becoming unsafe, and a desire for conquest, the 17th century also saw exploration driven by nobler motives, including scientific discovery
97:
from
Siberia to Alaska, and moved southwards to settle in the Americas. For the most part, these cultures were ignorant of each other's existence. The second period of exploration, occurring over the last 10,000 years, saw increased cross-cultural exchange through trade and exploration, and marked a
414:
implies directed examination, but not necessarily discovery of any previously unknown or unexpected information. The activities are not mutually exclusive, and often occur simultaneously to a variable extent. The same field of investigation or region may be explored at different times by different
405:
has been defined as behavior directed toward getting information about the environment, or to locate things such as food or individuals. Exploration usually follows a sequence, in which four stages can be identified. The first phase is search, in which the subject moves around to contact relevant
336:
tools to search for anomalies, which can narrow the search area. The area to be prospected should be covered sufficiently to minimize the risk of missing something important, but it can take into account previous experience that certain geological evidence correlates with a very low probability of
393:
Exploration as the pursuit of first hand experience and knowledge is often an example of diversive and intrinsic exploration when done for personal satisfaction and entertainment, though it may also be for purposes of learning or verifying the information provided by others, which is an extrinsic
274:
during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical extraterrestrial exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing military and
81:
Geographical exploration, sometimes considered the default meaning for the more general term exploration, is the practice of discovering lands and regions of the planet Earth remote or relatively inaccessible from the origin of the explorer. The surface of the Earth not covered by water has been
289:
Urban exploration is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or hidden components of the manmade environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby, sometimes involving trespassing onto private property.
385:. A diagnostic examination explores the available evidence to try to identify likely causes for observed effects, and may also investigate further with the intention to discover additional relevant evidence. This is an instance of inspective and extrinsic exploration.
293:
The activity presents various risks, including physical danger and, if done illegally and/or without permission, the possibility of arrest and punishment. Some activities associated with urban exploration violate local or regional laws and certain broadly interpreted
82:
relatively comprehensively explored, as access is generally relatively straightforward, but underwater and subterranean areas are far less known, and even at the surface, much is still to be discovered in detail in the more remote and inaccessible wilderness areas.
406:
stimuli, to which the subject pays attention, and may approach and investigate. The sequence may be interrupted by flight if danger is recognised, or a return to search if the stimulus is not interesting or useful.
2321:
915:
Meyer, Jerrold S. (1998). "22 - Behavioral
Assessment in Developmental Neurotoxicology: Approaches Involving Unconditioned Behaviors Pharmacologic Challenges in Rodents".
93:, settling in new lands, and developing distinct cultures in relative isolation. Early explorers settled in Europe and Asia; about 14,000 years ago, some crossed the
779:
893:
1216:
Hakluyt
Society, Series I and II. Some 290 volumes of original accounts in English translation. See also its periodical, Journal of the Hakluyt Society.
656:
496:
Biesmeijer, J.; de Vries, H. (2001). "Exploration and exploitation of food sources by social insect colonies: a revision of the scout-recruit concept".
810:
109:
in the 2nd century AD. Between the 5th century and 15th century AD, most exploration was done by
Chinese and Arab explorers. This was followed by the
695:
2280:
436:
750:
2268:
410:
In all these definitions there is an implication of novelty, or unfamiliarity or the expectation of discovery in the exploration, whereas a
837:
2368:
2275:
2186:
2169:
114:
and the expansion of knowledge about the world. This broader knowledge of the world's geography meant that people were able to make
2174:
1449:
Books of the Brave: Being an
Account of Books and of Men in the Spanish Conquest and Settlement of the Sixteenth-Century New World.
1204:
History of the Earth
Sciences During the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions, with Special Emphasis on the Physical Geosciences.
728:
2424:
2191:
90:
205:
43:. Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory activity is common to most organisms capable of directed
2211:
2097:
946:
689:
616:
564:
454:
622:
570:
867:
2301:
460:
1647:
Where the Sea Breaks its Back: The Epic Story of Early
Naturalist Georg Steller and the Russian Exploration of Alaska.
769:
2404:
2326:
1006:
889:
2263:
1861:
Deep Freeze: The United States, the
International Geophysical Year, and the Origins of Antarctica’s Age of Science.
51:
foraging behaviour, where feedback from returning individuals affects the activity of other members of the group.
1066:
2181:
1036:
976:
2306:
2285:
1435:
Green
Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860.
648:
26:
1710:
The Promise of the Grand Canyon: John Wesley Powell's Perilous Journey and His Vision for the American West.
802:
2414:
2331:
2206:
1505:
The Establishment of the European Hegemony 1415–1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance.
678:
2196:
1211:
South America Called Them: Explorations of the Great Naturalists: La Condamine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce.
365:
is the identification of the nature and cause of a given phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in many different
2010:
The Art of Space: The History of Space Art, from the Earliest Visions to the Graphics of the Modern Era.
1729:
Vigil, Ralph H. "Spanish Exploration and the Great Plains in the Age of Discovery: Myth and Reality."
1300:
Felipe. Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492.
2419:
2378:
2218:
2201:
1421:
The Canary Islands After the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early Sixteenth Century.
546:
476:
324:
in rock outcrops or in sediments. More recently, however, mineral exploration also includes the use of
295:
94:
2474:
2454:
2399:
2383:
2363:
2240:
2090:
608:
22:
2479:
2358:
754:
321:
168:, and the total diversity of life and distribution of populations is similarly incompletely known.
85:
Two major eras of geographical exploration occurred in human history: The first, covering most of
65:
2464:
2409:
556:
411:
125:
40:
36:
833:
424:
311:
161:
143:
2373:
2311:
2223:
2459:
2449:
2149:
2083:
1428:
Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West.
402:
8:
2258:
1176:
The Times Atlas of World Exploration: 3,000 Years of Exploring, Explorers, and Mapmaking.
430:
366:
317:
1696:
The Dream of Lhasa: The Life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839–88), Explorer of Central Asia.
1197:
The Atlas of North American Exploration: From the Norse Voyages to the Race to the Pole.
2469:
2235:
2139:
1577:
Cultures in Conflict: Encounters Between European and Non-European Cultures, 1492–1800.
1127:
Cultures in Conflict: Encounters Between European and Non-European Cultures, 1492–1800.
774:
720:
523:
248:
2341:
2230:
2144:
1882:
Managing the Frozen South: The Creation and Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System.
1724:
Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West.
1675:
The Secret Discovery of Australia: Portuguese Ventures 250 Years Before Captain Cook.
924:
685:
612:
560:
471:
415:
explorers with different motivations, who may make similar or different discoveries.
284:
252:
213:
177:
44:
684:. Global Land Outlook (Report). United Nations Convention on Desertification. 2017.
527:
2316:
1579:
Translated by Ritchie Robertson. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
920:
513:
505:
457: – Computational navigational technique used by robots and autonomous vehicles
374:
370:
267:
232:
131:
110:
74:
1270:
The Great Ages of Discovery: How Western Civilization Learned About a Wider World.
938:
2122:
602:
550:
266:
While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable
1889:
Assault on Eternity: Richard E. Byrd and the Exploration of Antarctica, 1946–47.
1868:
Governing the Frozen Commons: The Antarctic Regime and Environmental Protection.
1803:
America’s Ocean Wilderness: A Cultural History of Twentieth-Century Exploration.
1379:
Into the Rising Sun: Vasco da Gama and the Search for the Sea Route to the East.
1129:
Translated by Ritchie Robertson. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989.
859:
2443:
260:
209:
182:
102:
48:
451: – Travel to remote places focused on the journey more than destination
1640:
Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World.
1256:
The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration and Settlement 1450–1650.
634:
582:
1968:
Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects.
1284:
The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World.
509:
2132:
1796:
The Silent Deep: The Discovery, Ecology and Conservation of the Deep Sea.
998:
448:
333:
329:
236:
190:
186:
165:
101:
Early writings about exploration date back to the 4th millennium B.C. in
1414:
Spanish Scientists in the New World: The Eighteenth-Century Expeditions.
1477:
The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600.
1328:
The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires c. 800–1650.
442:
433: – Use of a robot to maximize the knowledge over a particular area
240:
70:
1782:
SEALAB: America’s Forgotten Quest to Live and Work on the Ocean Floor.
1738:
Richard H. Kern: Expeditionary Artist in the Far Southwest, 1848–1853.
1659:
Goetzmann, William H. "The Role of Discovery in American History," in
1058:
134:, which included a world map that depicted all of Earth's continents.
1155:
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900.
518:
439: – Mechanism for enabling artificial agents to exhibit curiosity
382:
378:
362:
256:
244:
228:
198:
115:
105:. One of the earliest and most impactful thinkers on exploration was
47:
and the ability to learn, and has been described in, amongst others,
1400:
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433.
1028:
968:
463: – An American exploring and surveying expedition, 1838 to 1842
239:. While the exploration of space is currently carried out mainly by
148:
1831:
Fathoming the Ocean: The Discovery and Exploration of the Deep Sea.
1484:
The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616.
1148:
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Social Consequences of 1492.
325:
299:
98:
new era of cultural intermingling, and more recently, convergence.
2031:
Voyager: Seeking Newer Worlds in the Third Great Age of Discovery.
1996:
Robots in Space: Technology, Evolution, and Interplanetary Travel.
1789:
The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger.
1619:
Humboldt: The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt, 1769–1859.
1190:
New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery.
1982:
Beyond the Moon: A Golden Age of Planetary Exploration 1971–1978.
1754:
The Eternal Darkness: A Personal History of Deep-Sea Exploration.
106:
2017:
Journey into Space: The First Thirty Years of Space Exploration.
2003:
The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age.
2127:
338:
271:
2075:
1761:
The Silent Landscape: The Scientific Voyage of HMS Challenger.
1633:
William Henry Holmes and the Rediscovery of the American West.
1470:
The Fatal Impact: The Invasion of the South Pacific 1767–1840.
2322:
Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938
2052:
Into the Black: JPL and the American Space Program 1976–2004.
1975:
Astrofuturism: Science, Race, and Visions of Utopia in Space.
1768:
Oceanographers and the Cold War: Disciples of Marine Science.
119:
86:
2059:
To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist’s History of Lunar Exploration.
1570:
The Pathfinders: The Saga of Exploration in Southern Africa.
156:, a crewed submersible, much used for underwater exploration
1954:
In the Stream of Stars: The Soviet/American Space Art Book.
1896:
Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year.
1838:
The Edge of an Unfamiliar World: A History of Oceanography.
489:
270:, it was the development of large and relatively efficient
220:
194:
1817:
The Ocean of Truth: A Personal History of Plate Tectonics.
649:"European exploration – The Age of Discovery | Britannica"
545:
1351:
Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800.
1183:
A Big History of North America, from Montezuma to Monroe.
991:
427: – Applied branch of geophysics and economic geology
2038:
A Spacefaring People: Perspectives on Early Spaceflight.
1912:
Exploring Space: Voyages in the Solar System and Beyond.
596:
594:
592:
35:
is the process of exploring, an activity which has some
1491:
The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America.
1984:
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
1586:
South Melbourne: Macmillan Company of Australia, 1980.
1498:
A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668.
1344:
Greater France: A History of French Oversea Expansion.
1108:
3rd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1966.
1051:
2045:
Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space.
1977:
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
1935:
Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
589:
1854:
Frozen in Time: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition.
1719:
Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1981.
1703:
Finding the West: Explorations with Lewis and Clark.
1663:
ed. Daniel J. Boorstin. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.
1605:
First Across the Continent: Sir Alexander Mackenzie.
1277:
Antarctica: Great Stories from the Frozen Continent.
1157:
2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
1099:
A History of Geographical Discovery and Exploration.
1021:
961:
1989:
Apollo’s Legacy: Perspectives on the Moon Landings.
1870:
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998.
825:
1947:The Search for Life on Mars: Evolution of an Idea.
1819:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.
1791:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983.
1756:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.
1668:The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer.
1593:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.
1519:Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance 1420–1640.
1279:Surrey Hills, NSW: Reader’s Digest Services, 1985.
1101:Rev. ed. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1967.
495:
445: – Inner state causing goal-directed behavior
1919:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age.
1654:Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863.
1395:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
1307:Ocean: A History of the Atlantic Before Columbus.
600:
160:Underwater exploration is the exploration of any
77:'s 1570 world map, the world's first modern atlas
2441:
1507:3rd ed., rev. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966.
1316:2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
1251:2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
1221:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created.
1206:Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing, 1976.
247:, its physical exploration is conducted both by
1884:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
1826:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
1682:Grove Karl Gilbert: A Great Engine of Research.
1542:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
1528:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.
1514:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
1451:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
1393:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire 1415–1580.
1330:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
1323:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
1286:Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
1258:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.
641:
21:"Explorer" redirects here. For other uses, see
2281:Timeline of maritime migration and exploration
2054:New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.
2026:New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008.
1940:Imaging Saturn: The Voyager Flights to Saturn.
1833:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.
1770:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.
1670:New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.
1416:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981.
1353:Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.
437:Intrinsic motivation (artificial intelligence)
354:must survive such encounters to remain useful.
275:strategic advantages against other countries.
2269:Major explorations after the Age of Discovery
2091:
1689:How the Canyon Became Grand: A Short History.
1185:Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2022.
1169:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration.
931:
601:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (17 October 2007).
255:. Space exploration, like its classical form
118:, depicting all land known. The first modern
1949:New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981.
1891:Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1980.
1863:Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006.
1635:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2000.
1437:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
1195:Goetzmann, William H. and Glyndwr Williams.
882:
794:
671:
604:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
1942:New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982.
1805:Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008.
1798:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
1763:Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.
1726:Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1953.
1705:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2001.
1684:Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2007.
1607:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.
1565:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.
1372:City of Fortune: How Venice Ruled the Seas.
761:
123:
2276:Chronology of European exploration of Asia
2187:European maritime exploration of Australia
2170:Chronology of European exploration of Asia
2098:
2084:
2061:Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993.
1998:Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 2008.
1994:Launius, Roger D., and Howard E. McCurdy.
1991:Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2019.
1272:Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2021.
1134:The Oxford Companion to World Exploration.
908:
890:"A Guide to Fault Detection and Diagnosis"
852:
541:
539:
537:
16:Process of investigating unfamiliar things
1877:Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986
1391:Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius.
1365:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825.
917:Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology
721:"How much of the ocean have we explored?"
517:
2175:History of European exploration in Tibet
1493:New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
1486:New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
1479:New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
1458:New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
679:"Chapter 2 - Brief History of Land Use—"
204:
181:
147:
69:
2024:Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth.
2012:Minneapolis, Minn.: Zenith Press, 2014.
1656:New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.
1614:Sydney: Reader’s Digest Services, 1987.
1162:Felipe. 1492: The Year the World Began.
1143:Sydney: Reader’s Digest Services, 1987.
713:
534:
377:, with variations in the use of logic,
350:Systematic examination or investigation
2442:
2192:European land exploration of Australia
1136:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
896:from the original on 17 September 2019
860:"Mining – Prospecting and exploration"
831:
800:
767:
2212:European colonization of the Americas
2079:
1961:Russia in Space: The Failed Frontier?
1740:Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum, 1985.
914:
834:"Complete Guide to Urban Exploration"
832:Haeber, Jonathan (21 December 2008).
701:from the original on 15 November 2022
455:Simultaneous localization and mapping
1717:The Grand Canyon: Early Impressions.
1698:Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976.
1358:The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800.
1150:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972.
1069:from the original on 25 January 2023
1039:from the original on 25 January 2023
1009:from the original on 25 January 2023
979:from the original on 25 January 2023
949:from the original on 25 January 2023
625:from the original on 16 October 2022
573:from the original on 16 October 2022
1812:Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
1784:New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012.
1752:Ballard, Robert, with Will Hively.
1563:Great Surveys of the American West.
1444:New York: Dover Publications, 1988.
1346:New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
1122:New York: Dover Publications, 1979.
782:from the original on 29 August 2015
743:
659:from the original on 6 October 2022
13:
2302:1928 Great Barrier Reef expedition
1952:Hartmann, William K., et al, eds.
1591:Linnaeus: The Compleat Naturalist.
1533:Seventeenth Century North America.
1440:Jane, Cecil Jane, trans. and ed.,
1430:New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (1967).
1302:London: Macmillan Education, 1987.
1237:Northbrook, IL: Domus Books, 1976.
1085:
768:Roston, Michael (28 August 2015).
461:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
2491:
2327:Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)
1933:The Evening Star: Venus Observed.
1875:The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica.
1572:Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1985.
1235:A History of African Exploration.
870:from the original on 6 April 2020
813:from the original on 9 April 2008
259:, is one of the main sources for
2264:Timeline of European exploration
2068:New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961.
1852:Beattie, Owen, and John Geiger.
1626:The Journals of Lewis and Clark.
1540:Sixteenth Century North America.
1402:New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.
1367:New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975.
1230:New York: Knopf Doubleday, 1977.
1223:New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
1213:New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945.
925:10.1016/B978-012648860-9.50029-7
892:. gregstanleyandassociates.com.
801:Nestor, James (19 August 2007).
731:from the original on 20 May 2020
320:relied on direct observation of
227:Space exploration is the use of
2105:
1921:New York: Modern Library, 1999.
1856:Toronto: Greystone Books, 1998.
1775:The Geopolitics of Deep Oceans.
1628:Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953.
1600:New York: Harper and Row, 1973.
1472:New York: Harper and Row, 1987.
1463:The Muslim Discovery of Europe.
1388:Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952.
1360:New York: Viking Penguin, 1965.
1263:The Discovery of South America.
1242:A History of Polar Exploration.
1174:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe, ed.
1106:The Exploration of the Pacific.
840:from the original on 1 May 2021
399:Exploratory behavior in animals
381:, and experience, to determine
59:
1777:Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.
1621:New York: Octagon Books, 1979.
1558:Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 1999.
1535:Berkeley: Turtle Island, 1980.
1456:The British Empire, 1558–1983.
1423:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
1199:New York: Prentice Hall, 1992.
803:"The Art of Urban Exploration"
770:"NASA's Next Horizon in Space"
1:
2307:Austrian expedition to Brazil
2286:Timeline of space exploration
2040:Washington, D.C.: NASA, 1985.
2019:New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.
1970:Chichester, UK: Praxis, 2007.
1914:New York: Random House, 1990.
1840:New York: E. P. Dutton, 1973.
1810:The Voyage of the Challenger.
1612:The Exploration of Australia.
1465:New York: W. W. Norton, 2001.
1442:The Four Voyages of Columbus.
1374:New York: Random House, 2013.
1192:New York: Viking Press, 1986.
1141:The Exploration of Australia.
1115:New York: Random House, 1983.
482:
390:To seek experience first hand
305:
249:uncrewed robotic space probes
137:
27:Explorations (disambiguation)
2332:Whitney South Sea Expedition
2207:Exploration of North America
2005:New York: Basic Books, 1985.
1963:Chicheser, UK: Praxis, 2001.
1898:New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
1649:Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.
1642:New York: Basic Books, 2011.
1512:The Spanish Seaborne Empire.
1249:Oxford Atlas of Exploration.
1209:von Hagen, Victor Wolfgang.
1178:New York: Times Books, 1991.
341:and the economic potential.
7:
2197:Exploration of the Americas
2047:New York: Ballantine, 1994.
1419:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe.
1309:London: Head of Zeus, 2024.
1244:New York: Dial Press, 1974.
1167:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe.
418:
10:
2496:
2219:Exploration of the Pacific
2202:Settlement of the Americas
2066:The Year of the New Moons.
1973:Kilgore, De Witt Douglas.
1673:McIntyre, Kenneth Gordon.
1500:New York: Routledge, 2005.
1265:New York: Taplinger, 1979.
1164:New York: HarperOne, 2009.
609:W. W. Norton & Company
547:Royal Geographical Society
477:List of maritime explorers
309:
282:
175:
141:
63:
20:
2392:
2351:
2340:
2294:
2251:
2160:
2113:
1945:Cooper, Henry S. F., Jr.
1938:Cooper, Henry S. F., Jr.
1931:Cooper, Henry S. F., Jr.
1824:The Discovery of the Sea.
1521:New York: Atheneum, 1975.
1407:Imperial Spain 1469–1716.
1381:New York: TV Books, 1999.
1349:Bleichmar, Daniela, ed.,
1247:Oxford University Press.
23:Explorer (disambiguation)
1956:New York: Workman, 1990.
1928:New York: Penguin, 1994.
1598:Humboldt and the Cosmos.
1554:Alexander von Humboldt.
1314:The Norse Atlantic Saga.
359:Diagnostical examination
344:
302:or invasion of privacy.
278:
171:
66:Geographical exploration
54:
2033:New York: Viking, 2010.
1866:Joyner, Christopher C.
1766:Hamblin, Jacob Darwin.
1733:10, no. 1 (1990): 3–17.
1712:New York: Viking, 2018.
1691:New York: Viking, 1998.
1526:The Early Spanish Main.
1489:Morison, Samuel Eliot.
1482:Morison, Samuel Eliot.
1475:Morison, Samuel Eliot.
1171:New York: Norton, 2006.
864:Encyclopedia Britannica
807:San Francisco Chronicle
751:"How Space is Explored"
557:Oxford University Press
298:, or can be considered
126:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
2064:Wilson, J. Tuzo. IGY:
1859:Belanger, Dian Olson.
1829:Rozwadowski, Helen M.
1731:Great Plains Quarterly
1677:Sydney: Picador, 1977.
1661:American Civilization,
1652:Goetzmann, William H.
1556:Netzwerke des Wissens.
1426:Goetzmann, William H.
1412:Engstrand, Iris H. W.
1409:London: Penguin, 1963.
1336:Exploration and Empire
1188:Goetzmann, William H.
1132:Buisseret, David, ed.
753:. NASA. Archived from
425:Exploration geophysics
312:Exploration geophysics
224:
202:
162:underwater environment
157:
144:Underwater exploration
124:
78:
2312:Challenger expedition
2224:Polynesian navigation
2001:McDougall, Walter A.
1715:Schullery, Paul, ed.
1561:Bartlett, Richard W.
1386:The Course of Empire.
1181:Fernlund, Kevin Jon.
725:oceanservice.noaa.gov
510:10.1007/s002650000289
208:
185:
151:
73:
2415:Underwater explorers
2352:By country of origin
1917:Burrows, William E.
1910:Burrows, William E.
1666:Jeal, Tim. Stanley:
1638:Ferreiro, Larrie D.
1228:Plagues and Peoples.
919:. pp. 403–426.
552:Atlas of Exploration
498:Behav Ecol Sociobiol
403:Exploratory behavior
369:, such as medicine,
91:moving out of Africa
89:history, saw people
2259:Chinese exploration
2050:Westwick, Peter J.
1980:Kraemer, Robert S.
1759:Corfield, Richard.
1631:Fernlund, Kevin J.
1582:Blainey, Geoffrey.
1447:Leonard, Irving A.
1298:Fernández-Armesto,
1240:Mountfield, David.
1233:Mountfield, David.
1160:Fernández-Armesto,
431:Exploration problem
318:mineral exploration
296:anti-terrorism laws
95:Ice Age land bridge
1987:Launius, Roger D.
1926:A Man on the Moon.
1894:Sullivan, Walter.
1722:Stegner, Wallace.
1694:Rayfield, Donald.
1617:de Terra, Helmut.
1596:Botting, Douglas.
1433:Grove, Richard H.
1398:Dreyer, Edward L.
1282:Richards, John F.
1226:McNeill, William.
1153:Crosby, Alfred W.
1146:Crosby, Alfred W.
1120:The Story of Maps.
1111:Boorstin, Daniel.
1104:Beaglehole, J. C.
775:The New York Times
653:www.britannica.com
225:
203:
158:
79:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2029:Pyne, Stephen J.
1924:Chaikin, Andrew.
1873:Pyne, Stephen J.
1808:Linklater, Eric.
1687:Pyne, Stephen J.
1680:Pyne, Stephen J.
1624:DeVoto, Bernard.
1610:Cannon, Michael.
1468:Moorehead, Alan.
1384:DeVoto, Bernard.
1342:Aldrich, Robert.
1275:Reader’s Digest.
1268:Pyne, Stephen J.
1219:Mann, Charles C.
1139:Cannon, Michael.
1063:mousebehavior.org
1033:mousebehavior.org
1003:mousebehavior.org
973:mousebehavior.org
943:mousebehavior.org
691:978-92-95110-48-9
618:978-0-393-24247-8
566:978-0-19-534318-2
472:List of explorers
285:Urban exploration
253:human spaceflight
178:Space exploration
2487:
2475:History by topic
2455:Human activities
2400:Circumnavigators
2349:
2348:
2317:Dana expeditions
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2057:Wilkins, Don E.
1880:Peterson, J. J.
1787:HsĂĽ, Kenneth J.
1780:Hellwarth, Ben.
1773:Hannigan, John.
1736:Weber, David J.
1603:Bough, Barry M.
1589:Blunt, Wilfred.
1584:A Land Half Won.
1517:Penrose, Boies.
1461:Lewis, Bernard.
1370:Crowley, Roger.
1326:Scammell, G. V.
1118:Brown, Lloyd A.
1113:The Discoverers.
1097:Baker, J. N. L.
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
935:
929:
928:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
765:
759:
758:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
700:
683:
675:
669:
668:
666:
664:
645:
639:
638:
632:
630:
598:
587:
586:
580:
578:
543:
532:
531:
521:
493:
375:failure analysis
373:and engineering
371:forensic science
268:recorded history
233:space technology
132:Abraham Ortelius
129:
111:Age of Discovery
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2480:Types of travel
2440:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2425:Space travelers
2410:Polar explorers
2388:
2343:
2336:
2290:
2247:
2162:
2156:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2074:
2072:
2022:Poole, Robert.
2015:Murray, Bruce.
1966:Harvey, Brian.
1959:Harvey, Brian.
1901:
1887:Rose, Lisle E.
1843:
1836:Schlee, Susan.
1743:
1575:Bitterli, Urs.
1568:Becker, Peter.
1545:
1538:Sauer, Carl O.
1531:Sauer, Carl O.
1524:Sauer, Carl O.
1496:Newitt, Malyn.
1405:Elliott, J. H.
1333:
1321:Northern Mists.
1319:Sauer, Carl O.
1305:Haywood, John.
1292:Pre-Renaissance
1289:
1125:Bitterli, Urs.
1088:
1086:Further reading
1083:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
997:
996:
992:
982:
980:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
937:
936:
932:
913:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
858:
857:
853:
843:
841:
830:
826:
816:
814:
799:
795:
785:
783:
766:
762:
757:on 2 July 2009.
749:
748:
744:
734:
732:
719:
718:
714:
704:
702:
698:
692:
681:
677:
676:
672:
662:
660:
647:
646:
642:
628:
626:
619:
599:
590:
576:
574:
567:
544:
535:
494:
490:
485:
421:
347:
316:Traditionally,
314:
308:
287:
281:
180:
174:
146:
140:
130:, published by
68:
62:
57:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Field research
2462:
2457:
2452:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2393:By environment
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2161:Exploration by
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2114:Exploration by
2111:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2036:Roland, Alex.
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1815:Menard, H. W.
1813:
1806:
1799:
1794:Koslow, Tony.
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1708:Ross, John F.
1706:
1701:Ronda, James.
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1548:The Continents
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1377:Cuyvers, Luc.
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1050:
1020:
990:
960:
930:
907:
881:
851:
824:
793:
760:
742:
712:
690:
670:
640:
617:
588:
565:
533:
504:(2–3): 89–99.
487:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
474:
465:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
420:
417:
408:
407:
400:
396:
395:
391:
387:
386:
360:
356:
355:
351:
346:
343:
322:mineralisation
310:Main article:
307:
304:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
176:Main article:
173:
170:
142:Main article:
139:
136:
64:Main article:
61:
58:
56:
53:
49:social insects
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2492:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:Sagan, Carl.
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:Miller, Ron.
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:Parry, J. H.
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:Kroll, Gary.
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
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1739:
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1721:
1718:
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1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
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1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:Ford, Corey.
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
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1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
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1550:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:Parry, J. H.
1509:
1506:
1503:Parry, J. H.
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:Lloyd, T. O.
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:Boxer, C. R.
1362:
1359:
1356:Boxer, C. R.
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:Jones, Gwyn.
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:Parry, J. H.
1260:
1257:
1254:Parry, J. H.
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:"Investigate"
994:
978:
974:
970:
964:
948:
944:
940:
939:"Exploration"
934:
926:
922:
918:
911:
895:
891:
885:
869:
865:
861:
855:
839:
835:
828:
812:
808:
804:
797:
781:
777:
776:
771:
764:
756:
752:
746:
730:
726:
722:
716:
697:
693:
687:
680:
674:
658:
654:
650:
644:
636:
624:
620:
614:
610:
606:
605:
597:
595:
593:
584:
572:
568:
562:
558:
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548:
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529:
525:
520:
515:
511:
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453:
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438:
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429:
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404:
401:
398:
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392:
389:
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384:
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368:
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361:
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352:
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342:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
303:
301:
297:
291:
286:
276:
273:
269:
264:
262:
261:space science
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
218:
216:
211:
210:Self-portrait
207:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
169:
167:
163:
155:
150:
145:
135:
133:
128:
127:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
103:ancient Egypt
99:
96:
92:
88:
83:
76:
72:
67:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
28:
24:
19:
2106:
2071:
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2116:environment
2107:Exploration
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467:Explorers:
449:Overlanding
367:disciplines
334:geochemical
330:geophysical
300:trespassing
241:astronomers
237:outer space
235:to explore
197:during the
191:core sample
187:Buzz Aldrin
37:expectation
33:Exploration
2444:Categories
2369:Portuguese
2241:Antarctica
1746:The Oceans
1073:25 January
1059:"Approach"
1043:25 January
1013:25 January
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443:Motivation
306:Geological
245:telescopes
223:'s surface
138:Underwater
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2252:Timelines
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786:28 August
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663:6 October
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519:1874/1185
383:causality
379:analytics
363:Diagnosis
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