217:, for instance, is comminution (or substance breakdown) by rubbing. Furthermore, methods of trituration include levigation, which is the trituration of a powder with a non-solvent liquid, and pulverization by intervention, which is trituration with a solvent that can be easily removed after the substance has been broken down.
342:
207:> 30 μm) machines like the ball mill, vertical roller mill, hammer mill, roller press or high compression roller mill, vibration mill, jet mill and others are used. For yet finer grind sizes (sometimes referred to as "ultrafine grinding"), specialist mills such as the
174:
depending on the feed properties such as hardness at various size ranges and application requirements such as throughput and maintenance. The most common machines for the comminution of coarse feed material (primary crushers) are the
131:, which assumes that the total work useful in breakage is inversely proportional to the square root of the diameter of the product particles, theoretically that the work input varies as the length of the new cracks made in breakage.
391:
247:
100:
Within industrial uses, the purpose of comminution is to reduce the size and to increase the surface area of solids. It is also used to free useful materials from
112:
The comminution of solid materials consumes energy, which is being used to break up the solid into smaller pieces. The comminution energy can be estimated by:
307:
Kanda, Yoshiteru; Kotake, Naoya (2007). "Chapter 12: Comminution Energy and
Evaluation in Fine Grinding". In Salman, Agba D.; Hounslow, Michael J. (eds.).
134:
479:
122:
406:
203:(SAG) mills depending on feed properties and application requirements. For comminution of finer particle size ranges (20mm > P
949:
472:
500:
318:
279:
195:. Primary crusher products in intermediate feed particle size ranges (100mm > P80 > 20mm) can be ground in
308:
269:
579:
574:
465:
1108:
853:
739:
137:, which modifies Bond's law by substituting the square root with an exponent that depends on the material.
863:
1022:
429:
Kick, F.M. Das Gesetz der proportionalen
Widerstände und seine anwendung felix. Leipzig, Germany. 1885.
232:
166:
There are several methods of comminution. Comminution of solid materials requires different types of
58:
626:
196:
229: – Device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting
748:
155:
916:
884:
835:
636:
488:
119:, which assumes that the energy consumed is proportional to the newly generated surface area;
46:
1103:
701:
357:
648:
631:
200:
8:
969:
858:
744:
691:
497:
116:
369:
361:
146:
There are three forces which are typically used to affect the comminution of particles:
125:, which related the energy to the sizes of the feed particles and the product particles;
799:
696:
508:
147:
70:
996:
734:
527:
314:
275:
128:
62:
451:
Bond, F.C. The third theory of comminution.Trans. AIME, vol. 193, 1952. pp. 484–494.
1077:
982:
954:
542:
532:
365:
101:
1067:
1027:
903:
719:
711:
226:
171:
82:
54:
38:
1017:
848:
814:
778:
686:
569:
557:
392:"Relationships between comminution energy and product size for a magnetite ore"
192:
66:
1097:
1072:
977:
959:
944:
939:
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809:
804:
94:
30:
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729:
724:
681:
184:
151:
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671:
214:
176:
90:
78:
457:
1082:
1032:
825:
764:
754:
611:
552:
93:
of food. In general medicine, it is one of the most traumatic forms of
924:
889:
759:
643:
586:
235: – Function representing relative sizes of particles in a system
86:
1052:
819:
791:
616:
104:
materials in which they are embedded, and to concentrate minerals.
26:
399:
Journal of the
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
244: – Machine designed to reduce large objects into smaller ones
676:
653:
621:
547:
241:
208:
167:
74:
50:
42:
34:
1057:
564:
248:
Electromagnetic vortex intensifier with ferromagnetic particles
16:
Reduction of solid materials to a smaller average particle size
591:
23:
1062:
310:
Handbook of Powder
Technology, Volume 12: Particle breakage
537:
343:"Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones"
302:
300:
298:
237:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
295:
81:, and other fields, accomplished with many types of
389:
390:Jankovic, A.; Dundar, H.; Mehta, R. (March 2010),
383:
1095:
442:, Ch. 130. Amazon.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
473:
350:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1008:
306:
480:
466:
250:- Special equipment for ultrafine grinding
487:
261:
33:to a smaller average particle size, by
1096:
340:
107:
461:
334:
267:
370:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.001053
13:
14:
1120:
501:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
274:. Wiley-VCH Verlag. p. 130.
268:Gupty, Chiranjib Kumar (2003).
445:
432:
423:
313:. Elsevier. pp. 529–551.
1:
854:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
254:
53:, it occurs naturally during
7:
220:
10:
1125:
233:Particle size distribution
161:
1045:
995:
968:
915:
902:
872:
834:
790:
777:
710:
664:
602:
520:
507:
495:
405:: 141–146, archived from
141:
57:in the upper part of the
49:, or other processes. In
580:Underground in soft rock
575:Underground in hard rock
89:, it is the result of
908:(by aqueous solution)
740:Gravity Concentration
489:Extractive metallurgy
438:Bond, Fred C. (1975)
341:Sibson, R.H. (1986).
191:> 20 mm) and
65:, it is an important
1109:Industrial processes
1023:Hall–Héroult process
702:Mechanical screening
22:is the reduction of
745:Magnetic separation
692:Cyclonic separation
513:(by physical means)
498:Metallurgical assay
362:1986AREPS..14..149S
271:Chemical Metallurgy
183:> 100 mm),
108:Energy requirements
826:Refractory linings
697:Gyratory equipment
509:Mineral processing
71:mineral processing
1091:
1090:
1041:
1040:
1002:
997:Electrometallurgy
991:
990:
950:Gold chlorination
909:
898:
897:
784:
773:
772:
735:Jig concentrators
533:Natural resources
528:Geological survey
514:
440:It Happened to Me
29:from one average
1116:
1006:
1005:
1001:(by electricity)
1000:
983:Pan amalgamation
955:Gold cyanidation
945:In situ leaching
913:
912:
907:
788:
787:
782:
543:Economic geology
518:
517:
512:
482:
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459:
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1119:
1118:
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1115:
1114:
1113:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1037:
1028:Castner process
999:
987:
964:
906:
904:Hydrometallurgy
894:
868:
864:IsaKidd process
830:
781:
769:
720:Froth flotation
706:
660:
598:
511:
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491:
486:
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321:
305:
296:
286:
284:
282:
266:
262:
257:
236:
227:Mill (grinding)
223:
206:
201:semi-autogenous
190:
182:
164:
144:
117:Rittinger's law
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:Electrowinning
1014:
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993:
992:
989:
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986:
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869:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
849:Parkes process
846:
840:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
817:
815:Flash smelting
812:
807:
802:
796:
794:
785:
779:Pyrometallurgy
775:
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757:
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594:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
562:
561:
560:
558:Precious metal
555:
550:
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535:
530:
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522:
515:
505:
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492:
485:
484:
477:
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382:
333:
319:
294:
280:
259:
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253:
252:
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222:
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193:hammer crusher
188:
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143:
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120:
109:
106:
67:unit operation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1121:
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1101:
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1056:
1054:
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1044:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
984:
981:
979:
978:Patio process
976:
975:
973:
971:
967:
961:
960:Bayer process
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Tank leaching
938:
936:
935:Dump leaching
933:
931:
930:Heap leaching
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
911:
905:
901:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
871:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
837:
833:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:Zinc smelting
808:
806:
805:Lead smelting
803:
801:
800:Iron smelting
798:
797:
795:
793:
789:
786:
780:
776:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
713:
712:Concentration
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
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690:
688:
685:
683:
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670:
669:
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628:
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623:
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609:
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589:
588:
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566:
563:
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554:
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541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
523:
519:
516:
510:
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502:
499:
494:
490:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
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463:
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448:
441:
435:
426:
412:on 2013-03-06
408:
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371:
367:
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359:
355:
351:
344:
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322:
320:9780080553467
316:
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283:
281:9783527605255
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159:
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149:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
113:
105:
103:
98:
96:
95:bone fracture
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Earth's crust
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:particle size
28:
25:
21:
1010:Electrolysis
970:Amalgamation
725:Jameson cell
682:Hydrocyclone
603:
447:
439:
434:
425:
414:, retrieved
407:the original
402:
398:
385:
373:. Retrieved
353:
349:
336:
324:. Retrieved
309:
285:. Retrieved
270:
263:
213:
185:cone crusher
165:
145:
135:Holmes's law
111:
99:
19:
18:
1104:Comminution
1046:Co-products
880:Calcination
844:Cupellation
760:Dry washing
749:Magnetation
672:Ore sorting
637:Pebble mill
604:Comminution
215:Trituration
177:jaw crusher
156:compression
91:mastication
79:electronics
20:Comminution
1098:Categories
1083:Stamp sand
1033:Downs cell
765:Buddle pit
755:Rocker box
612:Stamp mill
553:Base metal
521:Extraction
416:2015-06-16
326:August 20,
287:August 22,
255:References
211:are used.
197:autogenous
179:(1m > P
129:Bond's law
123:Kick's law
925:Lixiviant
890:Liquation
783:(by heat)
644:Ball mill
587:Recycling
87:dentistry
47:vibrating
27:materials
1053:Tailings
917:Leaching
885:Roasting
836:Refining
820:ISASMELT
792:Smelting
649:Rod mill
632:SAG mill
617:Arrastra
221:See also
199:(AG) or
168:crushers
75:ceramics
63:industry
55:faulting
39:grinding
35:crushing
1078:Red mud
1068:Clinker
822:furnace
730:Panning
687:Trommel
677:Vanning
654:IsaMill
627:AG mill
622:Crusher
570:Surface
548:Mineral
358:Bibcode
356:: 156.
242:Crusher
209:IsaMill
162:Methods
51:geology
43:cutting
1058:Gangue
859:Poling
665:Sizing
565:Mining
375:2 July
317:
278:
154:, and
148:impact
142:Forces
102:matrix
873:Other
592:Scrap
410:(PDF)
395:(PDF)
346:(PDF)
172:mills
152:shear
85:. In
61:. In
24:solid
1073:Chat
1063:Slag
377:2011
328:2010
315:ISBN
289:2010
276:ISBN
170:and
83:mill
538:Ore
403:110
366:doi
69:in
1100::
401:,
397:,
364:.
354:14
352:.
348:.
297:^
205:80
189:80
187:(P
181:80
158:.
150:,
97:.
77:,
73:,
45:,
41:,
37:,
751:)
747:(
481:e
474:t
467:v
419:.
379:.
368::
360::
330:.
291:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.