2410:. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the
2756:
1502:. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro-magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus.
2836:
1203:
1734:
1526:(PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR,
2221:) of those affected. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use. Infectious diseases are commonly transmitted from person to person through direct contact. The types of contact are through person to person and droplet spread. Indirect contact such as airborne transmission, contaminated objects, food and drinking water, animal person contact, animal reservoirs, insect bites, and environmental reservoirs are another way infectious diseases are transmitted.
1725:. An ever-wider array of infectious agents can cause serious harm to individuals with immunosuppression, so clinical screening must often be broader. Additionally, the expression of symptoms is often atypical, making a clinical diagnosis based on presentation more difficult. Thirdly, diagnostic methods that rely on the detection of antibodies are more likely to fail. A rapid, sensitive, specific, and untargeted test for all known human pathogens that detects the presence of the organism's DNA rather than antibodies is therefore highly desirable.
1515:
2185:, or the study and analysis of who, why and where disease occurs, and what determines whether various populations have a disease, is another important tool used to understand infectious disease. Epidemiologists may determine differences among groups within a population, such as whether certain age groups have a greater or lesser rate of infection; whether groups living in different neighborhoods are more likely to be infected; and by other factors, such as gender and race. Researchers also may assess whether a disease
633:
3956:
1783:. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large.
3355:
12047:
727:
12077:
1242:), and the environment that supports its growth. Other ingredients are often added to the plate to aid in identification. Plates may contain substances that permit the growth of some bacteria and not others, or that change color in response to certain bacteria and not others. Bacteriological plates such as these are commonly used in the clinical identification of infectious bacterium. Microbial culture may also be used in the identification of
3941:
explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygyny may also be due to a lower male: female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.
609:
12087:
1568:
2461:
12067:
2312:
12057:
14004:
13992:
2217:). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious, transmissible, or communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called
871:
624:. The chain of events involves several steps – which include the infectious agent, reservoir, entering a susceptible host, exit and transmission to new hosts. Each of the links must be present in a chronological order for an infection to develop. Understanding these steps helps health care workers target the infection and prevent it from occurring in the first place.
2118:. The second is an iatrogenic infection. This type of infection is one that is transmitted from a health care worker to a patient. A nosocomial infection is also one that occurs in a health care setting. Nosocomial infections are those that are acquired during a hospital stay. Lastly, a community-acquired infection is one in which the infection is acquired from a whole community.
66:
802:'s "Rational Clinical Examination Series" quantified the importance of increased pain as an indicator of infection. The review showed that the most useful finding is an increase in the level of pain makes infection much more likely, but the absence of pain (negative likelihood ratio range, 0.64–0.88) does not rule out infection (summary LR 0.64–0.88).
3932:
transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher
798:. Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds can be classified as infected and how much risk of progression exists. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the
3976:, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur
2399:) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an
1952:(the severity of the disease they cause) is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread. Many of the most common primary pathogens of humans only infect humans, however, many serious diseases are caused by organisms acquired from the environment or that infect non-human hosts.
665:, nose, eyes, genitalia, anus, or the microbe can enter through open wounds. While a few organisms can grow at the initial site of entry, many migrate and cause systemic infection in different organs. Some pathogens grow within the host cells (intracellular) whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids.
2710:
show that people dramatically differ in their susceptibility to infection. This may be because of general health, age, or their immune status, e.g. when they have been infected previously. However, it also has become clear that there are genetic factor which determine susceptibility to infection. For
1929:
and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depend upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However, a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself
1537:
Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not
577:
The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness, heat, swelling and pain. One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain, pain that is in a specific part of the body. For example, if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria, pain occurs at the site of the infection.
2385:
virus, for example, incapacitate those infected extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, those affected by this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the
1480:
methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This
644:
Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those with compromised or weakened immune systems have an increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have
3635:
theorized: "Leprosy, fever, consumption, diseases of the eye, and other infectious diseases spread from one person to another by sexual union, physical contact, eating together, sleeping together, sitting together, and the use of same clothes, garlands and pastes." This book has been dated to about
1745:
for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s,
1677:
sequencing-based diagnostic tests are currently being developed for clinical use and show promise as a sensitive, specific, and rapid way to diagnose infection using a single all-encompassing test. This test is similar to current PCR tests; however, an untargeted whole genome amplification is used
1505:
Instrumentation can be used to read extremely small signals created by secondary reactions linked to the antibody – antigen binding. Instrumentation can control sampling, reagent use, reaction times, signal detection, calculation of results, and data management to yield a cost-effective automated
1119:
and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens, and by
852:
Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some
2575:
The organism that is the target of an infecting action of a specific infectious agent is called the host. The host harbouring an agent that is in a mature or sexually active stage phase is called the definitive host. The intermediate host comes in contact during the larvae stage. A host can be
2371:
when given as prevention rather as treatment of infection. However, long term use of antibiotics leads to resistance of bacteria. While humans do not become immune to antibiotics, the bacteria does. Thus, avoiding using antibiotics longer than necessary helps preventing bacteria from forming
3931:
Several studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen
3567:. Ships and other cargo carriers often harbor unintended "passengers", that can spread diseases to faraway destinations. While with international jet-airplane travel, people infected with a disease can carry it to distant lands, or home to their families, before their first symptoms appear.
3940:
which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative
1111:
are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are based upon the likelihood that a patient came in contact with a particular agent, the presence of a microbe in a community, and other
3982:
exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were affected by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another
2697:
is the concept that healthcare providers should treat an infection with an antimicrobial that specifically works well for the target pathogen for the shortest amount of time and to only treat when there is a known or highly suspected pathogen that will respond to the medication.
1346:
is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.
1664:
Given the wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and helminthic pathogens that cause debilitating and life-threatening illnesses, the ability to quickly identify the cause of infection is important yet often challenging. For example, more than half of cases of
853:
viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body. Some viruses once acquired never leave the body. A typical example is the herpes virus, which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise.
1178:
The diagnosis is aided by the presenting symptoms in any individual with an infectious disease, yet it usually needs additional diagnostic techniques to confirm the suspicion. Some signs are specifically characteristic and indicative of a disease and are called
8542:
An
English translation of the Sushruta samhita, based on original Sanskrit text. Edited and published by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna. With a full and comprehensive introd., translation of different readings, notes, comparative views, index, glossary and
1123:
Many infectious organisms are identified without culture and microscopy. This is especially true for viruses, which cannot grow in culture. For some suspected pathogens, doctors may conduct tests that examine a patient's blood or other body fluids for
1358:
attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as
2576:
anything living and can attain to asexual and sexual reproduction. The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1
702:. Neither of these colonizations are considered infections. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions, and even the most
565:
In general, viral infections are systemic. This means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time; i.e. a runny nose, sinus congestion, cough, body aches etc. They can be local at times as in viral
3421:
killed an estimated 60 million
Europeans during the 18th century (approximately 400,000 per year). Up to 30% of those infected, including 80% of the children under 5 years of age, died from the disease, and one-third of the survivors went
7390:
Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, Urban TJ, Heinzen EL, Qiu P, Bertelsen AH, Muir AJ, Sulkowski M, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB (2009). "Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance".
1315:. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound
1491:, that is retrieved from a patient's throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require
3340:. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world.
918:, wherein foodstuffs or water become contaminated (by people not washing their hands before preparing food, or untreated sewage being released into a drinking water supply) and the people who eat and drink them become infected. Common
896:
For infecting organisms to survive and repeat the infection cycle in other hosts, they (or their progeny) must leave an existing reservoir and cause infection elsewhere. Infection transmission can take place via many potential routes:
533:
As bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms, it can be difficult to distinguish which is the cause of a specific infection. Distinguishing the two is important, since viral infections cannot be cured by
2661:
to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include
2592:, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in
1762:
as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific
3758:
did important work demonstrating the contagiousness of typhoid and cholera through contaminated water. Both are credited with decreasing epidemics of cholera in their towns by implementing measures to prevent contamination of water.
2390:
is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the
1754:, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of
1268:
can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified using alternatives to growth in culture or animals. Some viruses may be grown in
3403:
to the areas of
Central and South America by European explorers during the 15th and 16th centuries caused pandemics among the native inhabitants. Between 1518 and 1568 disease pandemics are said to have caused the population of
3553:. As countries make use of their rain forests, by building roads through forests and clearing areas for settlement or commercial ventures, people encounter insects and other animals harboring previously unknown microorganisms.
2082:(the root cause) is a secondary infection. Primary pathogens often cause primary infection and often cause secondary infection. Usually, opportunistic infections are viewed as secondary infections (because immunodeficiency or
2138:
be identifiable only in patients who have the disease, and not in healthy controls, and second, that patients who contract the infectious agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that
3731:(1313–1374) hypothesised that infectious diseases were caused by "minute bodies" and described how they can be transmitted through garments, vessels and earrings. Ideas of contagion became more popular in Europe during the
1246:: the medium, in this case, being cells grown in culture that the virus can infect, and then alter or kill. In the case of viral identification, a region of dead cells results from viral growth, and is called a "plaque".
5955:
Van den Bruel A, Haj-Hassan T, Thompson M, Buntinx F, Mant D (March 2010). "Diagnostic value of clinical features at presentation to identify serious infection in children in developed countries: a systematic review".
2598:, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from
2376:
One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include
520:
for much or even all of their course in a given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an
1234:, a form of solid medium that supplies carbohydrates and proteins necessary for growth, along with copious amounts of water. A single bacterium will grow into a visible mound on the surface of the plate called a
9121:
9102:
7442:
Thomas DL, Thio CL, Martin MP, Qi Y, Ge D, O'Huigin C, Kidd J, Kidd K, Khakoo SI, Alexander G, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Donfield SM, Rosen HR, Tobler LH, Busch MP, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB, Carrington M (2009).
3560:. The rapid growth of cities in many developing countries tends to concentrate large numbers of people into crowded areas with poor sanitation. These conditions foster transmission of contagious diseases.
1083:
is complex; with studies have shown that there were no clear relationship between the two. There is still a small number of evidence that partially suggests a link between virulence and transmissibility.
4966:
1238:, which may be separated from other colonies or melded together into a "lawn". The size, color, shape and form of a colony is characteristic of the bacterial species, its specific genetic makeup (its
1367:
allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the
1226:
is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Many pathogenic
2555:
Immune resistance to an infectious disease requires a critical level of either antigen-specific antibodies and/or T cells when the host encounters the pathogen. Some individuals develop natural
2335:, wearing gloves, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.
1166:
The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost, as often there is no specific treatment, the cause is obvious, or the outcome of an infection is likely to be
1779:
origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with
794:, and other advanced technologies have made more apparent to humans in recent decades is that microbial colonization is very common even in environments that humans think of as being nearly
5654:
Mordecai EA, Cohen JM, Evans MV, Gudapati P, Johnson LR, Lippi CA, Miazgowicz K, Murdock CC, Rohr JR, Ryan SJ, Savage V, Shocket MS, Stewart Ibarra A, Thomas MB, Weikel DP (27 April 2017).
5758:
3392:
of 1347 to 1352 killed 25 million in Europe over five years. The plague reduced the old world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century.
9040:
Horneck G., Eschweiler, U., Reitz, G., Wehner, J., Willimek, R., Strauch, K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I".
4370:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study"
2715:
infections may be asymptomatic, suggesting that many people are naturally protected from disease. Large genetic studies have defined risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, and
2475:
Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host and the offending organism is ultimately cleared after the symptoms of the disease have waned. This process requires
4433:
Infectious disease is the subspecialty of internal medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases of all types, in all organs, and in all ages of patients.
6932:
Hosainzadegan H, Khalilov R, Gholizadeh P (February 2020). "The necessity to revise Koch's postulates and its application to infectious and non-infectious diseases: a mini-review".
1323:. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with
1194:
increases the risk of a serious infection by greater than 5 fold. Other important indicators include parental concern, clinical instinct, and temperature greater than 40 °C.
7735:
Klunk J, Vilgalys TP, Demeure CE, Cheng X, Shiratori M, Madej J, Beau R, Elli D, Patino MI, Redfern R, DeWitte SN, Gamble JA, Boldsen JL, Carmichael A, Varlik N (November 2022).
3706:, gave warnings about how contagion can contaminate water, food, and garments, and could spread through the water supply, and may have implied contagion to be unseen particles.
3539:. The construction of new villages and housing developments in rural areas force animals to live in dense populations, creating opportunities for microbes to mutate and emerge.
856:
Persistent infections cause millions of deaths globally each year. Chronic infections by parasites account for a high morbidity and mortality in many underdeveloped countries.
13680:
2744:. People who inherited two copies of a complete variant of the gene were twice as likely to have survived the plague as those who inherited two copies of a truncated variant.
2723:(IFN). Autoantibodies against type I IFNs were found in up to 13.7% of patients with life-threatening COVID-19, indicating that a complex interaction between genetics and the
912:. If an infected person coughs or sneezes on another person the microorganisms, suspended in warm, moist droplets, may enter the body through the nose, mouth or eye surfaces.
2150:
However, Koch's postulates cannot usually be tested in modern practice for ethical reasons. Proving them would require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a
6722:
2719:
from 659 patients with severe COVID-19 revealed genetic variants that appear to be associated with life-threatening disease. One gene identified in these studies is type I
2747:
Susceptibility also determined the epidemiology of infection, given that different populations have different genetic and environmental conditions that affect infections.
7047:"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures including hand-washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings"
5419:
4417:
2552:
which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections.
7808:
2432:
until the incubation period has passed and the disease manifests itself or the person remains healthy. Groups may undergo quarantine, or in the case of communities, a
1092:
Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as
8857:
2331:
remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a
1151:) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent. The images are useful in detection of, for example, a bone
11064:
9347:
1930:
in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians, therefore, classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses – either as
8961:
7097:
2201:, which is a global epidemic. If the cause of the infectious disease is unknown, epidemiology can be used to assist with tracking down the sources of infection.
4974:
3936:
and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with
468:, can also cause human disease, which conceptually are similar to infections, but invasion of a human or animal body by these macroparasites is usually termed
10231:
8354:
Peter Daszak, Andrew A. Cunningham, Alex D. Hyatt (27 January 2000). "Emerging
Infectious Diseases of Wildlife – Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health".
8413:
5315:
Hotez PJ, Bundy DA, Beegle K, Brooker S, Drake L, de Silva N, Montresor A, Engels D, Jukes M (2006), Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G (eds.),
1470:
together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an
582:
is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear. A cut that produces pus and milky-colored liquid is most likely infected.
4945:
671:
colonization refers to non-replicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All
9023:
3665:
and attempting to blend it with his own early contagion theory. He mentioned that people can transmit disease to others by breath, noted contagion with
12525:
2617:
can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (
719:, prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host, preventing infection and speeding
13580:
7832:
2179:. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture.
3867:(lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as
3320:. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include
3546:. The introduction of new crops attracts new crop pests and the microbes they carry to farming communities, exposing people to unfamiliar diseases.
2054:). Primary pathogens may also cause more severe disease in a host with depressed resistance than would normally occur in an immunosufficient host.
6093:"Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease, is virulent to its triatomine vector Rhodnius prolixus in a temperature-dependent manner"
4347:
1710:
genomes are sequenced and aligned to the taxonomically classified pathogen genomes to generate an antimicrobial resistance profile – analogous to
2563:
of some agents although they have had little or no contact with the agent, these natural antibodies confer specific protection to adults and are
327:
7076:
5619:
Mideo N, Alizon S, Day T (September 2008). "Linking within- and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious diseases".
5256:
Torgerson PR, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, Speybroeck N, Willingham AL, Kasuga F, Rokni MB, Zhou XN, Fèvre EM, Sripa B, Gargouri N (2015-12-03).
12723:
10669:
7295:
5766:
2449:
2323:
Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another.
12612:
6733:
6026:"Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α promotes the extracellular survival of obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii"
4583:
1554:. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.
6177:"Single Viruses on the Fluorescence Microscope: Imaging Molecular Mobility, Interactions and Structure Sheds New Light on Viral Replication"
2327:
was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of infections caused by surgery. Frequent
12763:
12758:
11057:
10223:
9340:
9219:
8267:
4177:
1550:). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent
8186:
8074:
5258:"World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis"
1454:
from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither
8127:
1379:
stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups
4251:
11576:
7881:
2645:) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied
3669:, and discussed the transmission of disease through water and dirt. The concept of invisible contagion was later discussed by several
1495:. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive.
11917:
4318:
2102:, and community-acquired infection. A mixed infection is an infection that is caused by two or more pathogens. An example of this is
5370:
13687:
7804:
783:
2154:
produced as a pure culture. Conversely, even clearly infectious diseases do not always meet the infectious criteria; for example,
1350:
Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic
1273:
eggs. Another useful identification method is
Xenodiagnosis, or the use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent.
13160:
11516:
11074:
11050:
9333:
8010:
6719:
4022:
2755:
2544:. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for
1925:, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few
1462:, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic., of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein
233:
94:
40:
12944:
6767:
6711:
2602:
demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.
1899:
infections, symptoms take longer to develop than in acute infections but arise more quickly than those of chronic infections. A
1387:, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinomycetota genera
12773:
11251:
11004:
10991:
9605:
9361:
5572:"Spatial and temporal dynamics of epidemics of the rust fungus Uromyces valerianae on populations of its host Valeriana salina"
5411:
4421:
4192:
3840:
3670:
3457:
interactions. Diseases can emerge when existing parasites become pathogenic or when new pathogenic parasites enter a new host.
3429:
killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe; by 1918 one in six deaths in France were still caused by TB.
1948:
Primary pathogens cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic
5549:
4699:
13631:
13559:
10276:
8297:
7905:
7289:
7167:
7142:
6689:
6643:
6500:
6159:
6008:
5328:
4624:
9618:
7557:
6466:
4453:
1481:
binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "
13165:
11816:
10793:
10251:
7190:
4491:
4026:
1879:) when they mean that some of the pathogens are present but that no clinically apparent infection (no disease) is present.
17:
8251:
4081:
in ways "not observed on Earth" and in ways that "can lead to increases in growth and virulence". More recently, in 2017,
3653:(1025), which later became the most authoritative medical textbook in Europe up until the 16th century. In Book IV of the
2965:. The following table lists the top infectious disease by number of deaths in 2002. 1993 data is included for comparison.
13197:
12949:
12875:
12728:
12123:
9930:
8867:
6657:
5342:
4653:
1256:
In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as
12555:
8951:
4808:
1632:
1299:
bug, which takes a blood meal from a person suspected of having been infected. The bug is later inspected for growth of
13607:
12914:
12547:
12434:
11952:
11294:
10996:
8620:
8589:
4683:
4167:
4147:
3796:
10000:
4763:
4519:
1604:
1277:
is the most significant example, because it is difficult to directly demonstrate the presence of the causative agent,
13019:
10426:
10421:
8159:
7105:
6753:
5726:
5144:
5098:
4794:
3025:
1651:
1112:
epidemiological considerations. Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified.
1027:
10031:
5394:
734:
The variables involved in the outcome of a host becoming inoculated by a pathogen and the ultimate outcome include:
13648:
13586:
12556:
12402:
10965:
10505:
9912:
9528:
9212:
4058:
3703:
2611:
1006:
842:
815:
can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host.
7319:
6350:"Erythrocyte Binding Preference of Human Pandemic Influenza Virus A and Its Effect on Antibody Response Detection"
3366:
With their potential for unpredictable and explosive impacts, infectious diseases have been major actors in human
13207:
13175:
13170:
12999:
11204:
10099:
5227:
4162:
3978:
1669:, a severe illness affecting the brain, remain undiagnosed,despite extensive testing using the standard of care (
1611:
5903:"Review: Chlamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health"
2954:
An estimated 1,680 million people died of infectious diseases in the 20th century and about 10 million in 2010.
525:. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host.
493:
of an infection depend on the type of disease. Some signs of infection affect the whole body generally, such as
13265:
12870:
12070:
11942:
11376:
10840:
10438:
10157:
10135:
9566:
7957:
7852:
5656:"Detecting the impact of temperature on transmission of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya using mechanistic models"
3511:. Under disease invasion, when a parasite invades a new host species, it may become pathogenic in the new host.
2835:
1711:
1589:
965:
833:. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with
8984:
6467:"Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing: How Does It Work and Is It Coming to Your Clinical Microbiology Lab?"
4937:
3294:
Note: Other causes of death include maternal and perinatal conditions (5.2%), nutritional deficiencies (0.9%),
2406:
Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of
13063:
12768:
10808:
9506:
2839:
2585:
2581:
2016:
1485:" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent,
846:
706:
organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection. Some colonizing bacteria, such as
44:
8983:
Dose K, Bieger-Dose A, Dillmann R, Gill M, Kerz O, Klein A, Meinert H, Nawroth T, Risi S, Stridde C (1995).
14024:
13900:
11922:
10835:
9988:
9751:
9466:
5052:
Reddy M, Gill SS, Wu W, et al. (Feb 2012). "Does this patient have an infection of a chronic wound?".
4217:
2392:
1618:
9660:
7829:
5442:
4997:"Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management"
974:, diseases that are transmitted primarily by oral means may be caught through direct oral contact such as
11566:
10877:
10748:
10684:
10652:
10600:
9897:
9879:
9205:
9186:
Information concerning vaccine research clinical trials for
Emerging and re-Emerging Infectious Diseases.
6348:
Makkoch J, Prachayangprecha S, Payungporn S, Chieochansin T, Songserm T, Amonsin A, Poovorawan Y (2012).
4733:
4187:
4172:
4142:
4127:
4070:
3488:
2433:
2251:
2099:
1687:
1428:
654:
3627:
speculated that plagues were spread by "certain seeds of plague", which were present in the air. In the
13982:
13895:
13185:
12622:
12605:
11546:
10433:
9846:
9586:
8612:
8409:
8202:
Barquet N (15 October 1997). "Smallpox: The
Triumph over the Most Terrible of the Ministers of Death".
4339:
4132:
3763:
proved beyond doubt that certain diseases are caused by infectious agents, and developed a vaccine for
1683:
1679:
1585:
1527:
257:
33:
8808:
Nettle D (2009). "Ecological influences on human behavioural diversity: a review of recent findings".
5787:
Weaver JS, Omar IM, Mar WA, Klauser AS, Winegar BA, Mlady GW, McCurdy WE, Taljanovic MS (2022-03-05).
1718:
and allow for the optimization of treatment using the most effective drugs for a patient's infection.
1600:
675:
are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a
228:. Infectious diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). The branch of
13941:
13235:
11975:
11261:
10937:
10927:
10622:
10558:
10281:
10246:
10049:
10026:
9812:
9625:
9183:
8695:
Beretta M (2003). "The revival of
Lucretian atomism and contagious diseases during the renaissance".
8397:
8071:
7800:
4182:
3524:
3359:
2958:
2694:
1715:
1523:
1156:
8453:"The seeds of disease: an explanation of contagion and infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance"
7269:
7046:
6893:"The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus"
1202:
501:, night sweats, chills, aches and pains. Others are specific to individual body parts, such as skin
13931:
13854:
13190:
13155:
13150:
13145:
11767:
11689:
11684:
11604:
11364:
11224:
11133:
10755:
10617:
10492:
10346:
9461:
9451:
9136:
8862:
8215:
3640:
2683:
2437:
2271:
1992:
1703:
1695:
1368:
6730:
4575:
2734:
gene, encoding endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2, seem to increase the susceptibility to the
13673:
13636:
13569:
13550:
13346:
13318:
13280:
13275:
13255:
12778:
12509:
12116:
11747:
11721:
11138:
11128:
10942:
10860:
10726:
10256:
10054:
9761:
9699:
9533:
9501:
4212:
4157:
2690:
2241:
2169:
2071:
2011:). An opportunistic disease requires impairment of host defenses, which may occur as a result of
1987:
1975:
1961:
1936:
1733:
1670:
1578:
1343:
1283:
in a patient, which therefore makes it difficult to definitively make a diagnosis. In this case,
1219:
865:
650:
9613:
8271:
8179:
1990:, and they may also result from (otherwise innocuous) microbes acquired from other hosts (as in
1849:
any presence of a particular pathogen at all (no matter how little) but also is often used in a
13872:
13849:
13818:
13617:
13546:
12540:
11339:
11287:
10529:
10314:
10064:
9937:
9543:
9400:
9390:
9190:
4207:
4041:
4009:. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the
3816:
3577:
2545:
2190:
1895:
infection, symptoms usually develop gradually over weeks or months and are slow to resolve. In
876:
672:
198:
8094:
1857:
infection (in other words, a case of infectious disease). This fact occasionally creates some
819:
can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example,
14029:
13795:
13612:
13446:
13441:
12892:
12838:
12748:
12297:
12265:
11990:
11876:
11849:
11822:
11774:
11728:
11423:
10850:
10482:
10351:
9859:
9766:
9685:
8575:
7874:
7213:"The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions"
4243:
4197:
3751:
3740:
3649:
3520:
3492:
2658:
2630:
2418:
2256:
2095:
1966:
Opportunistic pathogens can cause an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance (
1812:
1804:, whereas an infection that is active but does not produce noticeable symptoms may be called
1780:
1742:
1459:
1444:
1288:
1054:
940:
715:
275:
263:
217:
9630:
6490:
369:, a group of organisms causing infection of skin and other superficial structures in humans.
13936:
13882:
13495:
13436:
13227:
12865:
12743:
12694:
12661:
12595:
12467:
12462:
12419:
12369:
12260:
12239:
12010:
11970:
11837:
11651:
11646:
11626:
11561:
11413:
11256:
11194:
10932:
10825:
10771:
10699:
10689:
10381:
10236:
10109:
9716:
9325:
9049:
8999:
8904:
8363:
7748:
7456:
7400:
7224:
6037:
5583:
4122:
3922:
The disease might be dangerous to other patients, and the patient might have to be isolated
3836:
3772:
3747:
by being the first to observe microorganisms, allowing for easy visualization of bacteria.
3699:
3688:
2679:
2622:
2564:
2537:
2436:
may be imposed to prevent infection from spreading beyond the community, or in the case of
2407:
2127:
2108:
1407:
Biochemical tests used in the identification of infectious agents include the detection of
1258:
1040:
919:
571:
522:
190:
7578:
O'Brien DJ, Gould IM (August 2013). "Maximizing the impact of antimicrobial stewardship".
4272:
2540:
of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by
2213:
when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g.,
1534:
of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already.
640:; there is pus (yellow) and resultant inflammation (redness and swelling around the nail).
8:
13964:
13905:
13836:
13769:
13418:
13384:
13270:
13093:
13036:
13031:
12977:
12808:
12676:
12648:
12600:
12424:
12392:
12234:
12202:
12090:
12032:
12015:
11674:
11391:
11123:
11118:
11093:
11019:
11009:
10975:
10580:
10018:
9854:
9665:
9254:
9125:
5362:
4222:
4202:
4112:
3736:
3583:
3450:
3382:
2654:
2381:, distance traveled by those affected, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of
2063:
1979:
1904:
1866:
1825:
1771:
or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the
1320:
676:
595:
555:
252:
221:
205:
174:
104:
74:
13088:
12828:
9130:
9053:
9003:
8908:
8772:
8558:
8540:
8367:
7752:
7460:
7404:
7228:
7003:
6993:
6976:
6041:
5587:
2042:, or as a result of an infectious disease with immunosuppressive activity (such as with
1222:
to isolate a pathogen from the appropriate clinical specimen. In a microbial culture, a
578:
Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat. An
13751:
13451:
13285:
13026:
12987:
12972:
12848:
12833:
12818:
12738:
12656:
12452:
12444:
12429:
12397:
12377:
12285:
12109:
11980:
11937:
11927:
11716:
11669:
11636:
11631:
11381:
11359:
11103:
11098:
11088:
10743:
10738:
10647:
10627:
10261:
10104:
10069:
9923:
9889:
9439:
9307:
8927:
8890:
8793:
8748:
8723:
8672:
8637:
8485:
8452:
8339:
8314:
8227:
8119:
8006:
7777:
7736:
7717:
7655:
7622:
7603:
7526:
7501:
7477:
7444:
7424:
7367:
7342:
7281:
7250:
7071:
7016:
6957:
6909:
6892:
6868:
6843:
6819:
6792:
6607:
6574:
6550:
6517:
6442:
6409:
6382:
6349:
6325:
6292:
6211:
6176:
6127:
6092:
6068:
6025:
5981:
5929:
5902:
5878:
5845:
5821:
5788:
5737:
5718:
5706:
5682:
5655:
5601:
5541:
5494:
5292:
5257:
5204:
5171:
5155:
5136:
5124:
5029:
4996:
4914:
4889:
4865:
4830:
4557:
4394:
4369:
4310:
4273:"Trends in Epidemiology and Microbiology of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in Children"
4006:
3820:
3503:
that had been confined to a remote habitat has a wider distribution and possibly a new
2533:
2529:, and has the potential to be more devastating than direct damage caused by a microbe.
2484:
2266:
2210:
2156:
2079:
2039:
1887:
Different terms are used to describe how and where infections present over time. In an
1721:
Metagenomic sequencing could prove especially useful for diagnosis when the patient is
1691:
1625:
1264:
1108:
1104:
821:
684:
590:
490:
427:
9675:
9197:
6743:
6708:
6268:
6235:
5969:
4385:
3519:
human pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and rickettsia, and spread of
2471:. Over the course of her career as a cook, she infected 53 people, three of whom died.
1891:
infection, symptoms develop rapidly; its course can either be rapid or protracted. In
1338:(fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific
13823:
13741:
13710:
13574:
13541:
13374:
13215:
13105:
12994:
12855:
12680:
12643:
12533:
12489:
12076:
12050:
11932:
11902:
11881:
11844:
11827:
11742:
11706:
11696:
11591:
11511:
11455:
11418:
11403:
11344:
11311:
11280:
11230:
11154:
11108:
11029:
10970:
10830:
10783:
10585:
10087:
9756:
9746:
9736:
9538:
9521:
9385:
9278:
9147:
9065:
9061:
9015:
9011:
8932:
8825:
8753:
8704:
8677:
8659:
8616:
8585:
8521:
8490:
8472:
8379:
8293:
8219:
8054:
7782:
7764:
7721:
7709:
7701:
7660:
7642:
7595:
7531:
7482:
7416:
7372:
7285:
7242:
7163:
7138:
7021:
7008:
6961:
6949:
6914:
6873:
6824:
6759:
6749:
6685:
6649:
6639:
6612:
6594:
6555:
6537:
6496:
6447:
6429:
6387:
6369:
6330:
6312:
6273:
6255:
6251:
6216:
6198:
6155:
6132:
6114:
6073:
6055:
6004:
5973:
5934:
5883:
5865:
5826:
5808:
5722:
5707:"Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control"
5687:
5636:
5596:
5571:
5533:
5486:
5334:
5324:
5297:
5279:
5209:
5191:
5140:
5069:
5034:
5016:
4919:
4870:
4852:
4800:
4790:
4679:
4620:
4483:
4399:
4314:
4302:
4294:
4152:
4137:
4107:
4078:
3973:
3890:
3852:
3800:
3674:
3378:) is a disease that affects people over an extensive geographical area. For example:
3349:
2720:
2500:
2441:
2349:
2306:
2024:
2008:
1722:
1279:
1079:
985:
787:
768:
398:
386:
112:
89:
13520:
8952:"Alarming Study Indicates Why Certain Bacteria Are More Resistant to Drugs in Space"
8509:
8435:
8231:
7254:
5985:
5605:
5545:
5498:
4367:
837:
develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The
616:
There is a general chain of events that applies to infections, sometimes called the
13867:
13500:
13485:
13341:
13202:
13115:
12409:
12275:
12161:
12060:
11752:
11737:
11614:
11489:
11445:
11184:
11159:
11113:
11024:
10960:
10947:
10776:
10765:
10657:
10637:
10472:
10386:
10361:
10092:
10039:
9978:
9869:
9516:
9444:
9057:
9007:
8922:
8912:
8817:
8788:
8780:
8743:
8735:
8667:
8651:
8480:
8464:
8405:
8371:
8334:
8326:
8211:
8109:
8044:
7952:
7930:
7898:
7772:
7756:
7691:
7650:
7634:
7607:
7587:
7521:
7513:
7472:
7464:
7428:
7408:
7362:
7354:
7277:
7232:
7066:
7058:
6998:
6988:
6941:
6904:
6863:
6855:
6814:
6804:
6602:
6586:
6545:
6529:
6437:
6421:
6377:
6361:
6320:
6304:
6263:
6247:
6206:
6188:
6122:
6104:
6063:
6045:
5965:
5924:
5914:
5873:
5857:
5816:
5800:
5732:
5714:
5677:
5667:
5628:
5591:
5525:
5476:
5287:
5269:
5199:
5183:
5150:
5132:
5061:
5024:
5008:
4909:
4901:
4860:
4842:
4703:
4549:
4389:
4381:
4284:
3989:
3909:
3905:
3628:
3609:
3528:
3496:
3473:
3436:) killed 25–50 million people (about 2% of world population of 1.7 billion). Today
3272:
2735:
2594:
2521:
The immune system response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high
2135:
2114:
1983:
1967:
1699:
1316:
1239:
1235:
1044:
946:
909:
350:
344:
334:
269:
135:
13041:
8846:, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 337–63.
5513:
4553:
13996:
13782:
13756:
13505:
13303:
13110:
13068:
12954:
12934:
12904:
12887:
12813:
12803:
12733:
12672:
12668:
12617:
12477:
12457:
12080:
12025:
11886:
11871:
11854:
11794:
11789:
11733:
11711:
11408:
11354:
11334:
11042:
10892:
10887:
10731:
10679:
10487:
10464:
10309:
10286:
9670:
9635:
9511:
9456:
9141:
8917:
8606:
8375:
8255:
8190:
7993:
7989:
7836:
7591:
7549:
6977:"Differentiating Epidemic from Endemic or Sporadic Infectious Disease Occurrence"
6737:
6726:
6715:
6109:
5672:
5446:
5398:
5274:
4445:
3481:
3415:
epidemic occurred between 1556 and 1560, with an estimated mortality rate of 20%.
3073:
2740:
2000:
1737:
A temporary drive-in testing site for COVID-19 set up with tents in a parking lot
1467:
1415:
products characteristic of a particular infectious agent. Since bacteria ferment
1116:
955:
924:
885:
691:
658:
366:
288:
9640:
8784:
8244:
7184:
14008:
13877:
13642:
13369:
13260:
13220:
13100:
12921:
12860:
12499:
12494:
12414:
11912:
11866:
11679:
11609:
11428:
10922:
10855:
10798:
10570:
10459:
10451:
10376:
10329:
10324:
10271:
9995:
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9771:
9731:
9680:
9645:
9483:
9419:
9152:
8821:
8739:
7985:
7969:
7760:
7131:
7062:
6945:
6859:
6740:(1996). Baron, Samuel MD. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
6590:
6030:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5632:
5317:"Helminth Infections: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis"
4755:
4475:
4046:
4030:
3950:
3933:
3876:
3812:
3713:
3587:
3504:
3469:
2671:
2642:
2626:
2560:
2411:
2338:
2246:
2012:
1922:
1514:
1384:
1364:
1330:
techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with
1274:
1191:
1070:
881:
826:
764:
708:
695:
567:
443:
412:
225:
213:
143:
8655:
8468:
6518:"Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation – viral strategies and host response"
6425:
6365:
5316:
4847:
4784:
4645:
14018:
13969:
13525:
13510:
13480:
13475:
13330:
13083:
13078:
12982:
12627:
12382:
12195:
11995:
11784:
11779:
11641:
11581:
11484:
11174:
11164:
10803:
10760:
10719:
10612:
10595:
10553:
10266:
9817:
9786:
9407:
9266:
8663:
8476:
8353:
8078:
7981:
7768:
7705:
7646:
7358:
6631:
6598:
6541:
6433:
6373:
6347:
6316:
6259:
6202:
6118:
6059:
5869:
5812:
5391:
5283:
5195:
5020:
4856:
4298:
4090:
4036:
4001:
3960:
3776:
3760:
3728:
3662:
3325:
2759:
Deaths due to infectious and parasitic diseases per million persons in 2012:
2724:
2667:
2638:
2634:
2549:
2476:
2468:
2302:
2020:
1970:) or if they have unusual access to the inside of the body (for example, via
1834:
1829:
1817:
1492:
1463:
1455:
1389:
1355:
1284:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1180:
889:
816:
756:
720:
646:
579:
550:
372:
182:
163:
108:
12882:
9653:
9115:
9111:
7696:
7679:
7237:
7212:
6050:
5804:
4289:
3987:. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include
978:, or by indirect contact such as by sharing a drinking glass or a cigarette.
632:
13951:
13946:
13918:
13746:
13723:
13602:
13245:
13140:
13073:
13014:
13009:
12689:
12580:
12560:
12484:
12314:
12290:
12280:
12185:
12173:
12166:
12000:
11985:
11811:
11536:
11386:
11371:
11317:
11014:
10952:
10714:
10694:
10642:
10590:
10541:
10341:
10291:
9902:
9473:
9312:
9290:
9249:
9232:
9069:
9039:
9019:
8936:
8829:
8757:
8708:
8681:
8383:
8330:
8058:
7973:
7786:
7713:
7664:
7623:"Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Narrative Review"
7599:
7535:
7486:
7445:"Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus"
7420:
7376:
7246:
7012:
6953:
6918:
6877:
6828:
6763:
6653:
6616:
6559:
6533:
6491:
Kayser, Fritz H, Kurt A Bienz, Johannes Eckert, Rolf M Zinkernagel (2005).
6451:
6391:
6334:
6277:
6220:
6136:
6091:
Elliot SL, Rodrigues Jd, Lorenzo MG, Martins-Filho OA, Guarneri AA (2015).
6077:
5977:
5938:
5887:
5830:
5691:
5640:
5537:
5490:
5338:
5301:
5213:
5087:
5073:
5038:
4923:
4874:
4804:
4511:
4487:
4403:
4306:
3898:
3848:
3844:
3784:
3771:
provided the study of infectious diseases with a scientific basis known as
3755:
3666:
3557:
3550:
3454:
3426:
3313:
3095:
2556:
2526:
2517:
or by T lymphocytes, which will kill a cell parasitized by a microorganism.
2508:
2492:
2440:, into a community. Public health authorities may implement other forms of
2422:
2368:
2358:
2328:
2278:
2234:
2182:
2144:
2140:
2103:
2035:
1971:
1666:
1499:
1482:
1416:
1253:
may also be grown in culture as a means of identifying a particular agent.
637:
517:
439:
377:
361:
315:
194:
8525:
8494:
8223:
8151:
8049:
8032:
5919:
2197:, with a fast arising, and unusually high number of cases in a region; or
1498:
Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as
13805:
13800:
13389:
13379:
13240:
13046:
12929:
12897:
12823:
12685:
12576:
12568:
12472:
12338:
12219:
12214:
12190:
11859:
11804:
11701:
11556:
11531:
11349:
11218:
11212:
11169:
10907:
10709:
10632:
10607:
10356:
10336:
10241:
10201:
10125:
9496:
9491:
9412:
9395:
8842:
Molnar, R. E., 2001, "Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey": In:
8563:. Gerstein – University of Toronto. Oxford : At the Clarendon Press.
6809:
5861:
5065:
5012:
4368:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (17 December 2014).
4117:
4066:
4054:
3768:
3732:
3710:
3543:
3461:
3433:
3389:
3250:
2650:
2577:
2541:
2480:
2464:
2429:
2345:
2290:
2131:
2051:
1916:
1764:
1674:
1518:
Nucleic acid testing conducted using an Abbott Laboratories ID Now device
1487:
1477:
1335:
1324:
1296:
662:
469:
355:
7468:
7412:
5465:"Digest: Little evidence exists for a virulence-transmission trade-off*"
3362:
in 1720 killed 100,000 people in the city and the surrounding provinces.
3354:
2126:
One manner of proving that a given disease is infectious, is to satisfy
1682:
for a specific infectious agent. This amplification step is followed by
1231:
1132:
that indicate presence of a specific pathogen that the doctor suspects.
570:
or "pink eye" and herpes. Only a few viral infections are painful, like
13665:
13515:
13490:
13180:
13130:
12504:
12347:
12343:
12319:
12248:
12229:
11947:
11832:
11799:
11571:
11521:
11506:
11501:
11494:
11479:
11469:
11179:
10845:
10820:
10788:
10565:
10546:
10536:
10524:
10371:
9983:
9955:
9781:
9741:
8123:
7977:
7517:
7315:
6308:
5514:"Virulence-driven trade-offs in disease transmission: A meta-analysis*"
5512:
Acevedo MA, Dillemuth FP, Flick AJ, Faldyn MJ, Elderd BD (April 2019).
5255:
4753:
4086:
3995:
3916:
3886:
The disease has not been definitively diagnosed after an initial workup
3872:
3808:
3804:
3780:
3744:
3717:
3612:, that diseases could spread from an infected person to others. In his
3591:
3329:
3206:
2712:
2663:
2657:
antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is
2618:
2364:
2286:
2218:
2161:
1978:
may be caused by microbes ordinarily in contact with the host, such as
1850:
1846:
1791:
1776:
1759:
1747:
1551:
1539:
1372:
1334:
based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially
1312:
1247:
1034:
1023:
776:
726:
699:
574:. The pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning.
535:
510:
446:
are sometimes termed infestations, but are sometimes called infections.
435:
393:
340:
321:
309:
303:
281:
209:
81:
9094:
8437:
History of the Peloponnesian War, done into English by Richard Crawley
6193:
5954:
5529:
5481:
5464:
5235:
4561:
2842:
for infectious and parasitic diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
2066:
of an individual's current health problem, a secondary infection is a
1903:
infection is an initial site of infection from which organisms travel
13564:
13135:
13003:
12359:
12302:
12224:
12132:
12020:
11762:
11757:
11621:
11599:
11474:
11438:
11189:
10917:
10396:
9429:
9424:
9300:
7942:
Diarrheal diseases are caused by many different organisms, including
7926:
7922:
7805:"Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 by cause, and Member State, 2004"
7638:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3658:
3564:
3477:
3437:
3412:
3385:, from 541 to 542, killed between 50% and 60% of Europe's population.
3321:
3162:
2675:
2589:
2514:
neutralization of viruses so that these organisms cannot enter cells,
2378:
2282:
2214:
1949:
1858:
1768:
1412:
1408:
1380:
1376:
1250:
1140:
1100:
1097:
1019:
951:
935:
767:
species remain harmless on the skin, but, when present in a normally
746:
680:
608:
449:
423:
420:
8114:
5187:
5172:"Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?"
4905:
3843:
and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of
2693:
infections the treatment may cause more side-effects than benefits.
1567:
39:"Infectious disease" redirects here. For the medical specialty, see
13406:
13399:
13394:
13364:
13120:
13056:
13051:
12514:
12309:
12270:
12255:
12178:
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11526:
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10319:
9864:
9434:
9377:
9295:
9261:
9241:
8895:
8581:
7947:
7848:
6934:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
6090:
4082:
4074:
4050:
3937:
3868:
3832:
3788:
3644:
3632:
3516:
3508:
3500:
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3449:
In most cases, microorganisms live in harmony with their hosts via
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3396:
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3228:
2830:
2826:
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2488:
2445:
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2198:
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2186:
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1926:
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1227:
1187:
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1129:
1066:
1058:
989:
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703:
431:
416:
245:
229:
170:
139:
8891:"Spaceflight Promotes Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
8858:"Space flight shown to alter ability of bacteria to cause disease"
8290:
Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans
7045:
Bloomfield SF, Aiello AE, Cookson B, O'Boyle C, Larson EL (2007).
7044:
2319:, is an effective way to prevent the spread of infectious disease.
13125:
12564:
12387:
12352:
12332:
12209:
12146:
12005:
11465:
11433:
11326:
10704:
10575:
9828:
9283:
8956:
8514:
International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
8440:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Dent. pp. 131–132.
7943:
6638:(4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
4995:
Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG (2015).
3955:
3679:
3536:
3367:
3337:
3333:
3317:
3184:
3140:
3118:
2646:
2504:
2460:
2428:
In cases where infection is merely suspected, individuals may be
2324:
2316:
2230:
2067:
2047:
2043:
1996:
1707:
1543:
1538:
benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the
1531:
1451:
1424:
1339:
1311:
Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is
1152:
1125:
1062:
984:, Some diseases that are transmissible by direct contact include
930:
812:
795:
494:
404:
116:
78:
9166:
5999:
Murray PR (2021). "Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases".
4890:"Resident viruses and their interactions with the immune system"
13728:
13428:
13413:
12699:
10912:
10477:
10130:
9726:
9106:
6931:
6890:
6291:
Flint HJ, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Louis P, Forano E (2012-07-01).
6174:
5439:
4094:
3969:
3764:
3405:
3400:
2716:
2495:. Immunity mediated by these two factors may be manifested by:
2332:
2311:
2176:
2083:
2032:
2028:
1443:
are usually detected in these tests when bacteria are grown in
1360:
1270:
1183:
signs; but these are rare. Not all infections are symptomatic.
1167:
1011:
830:
688:
292:
186:
7737:"Evolution of immune genes is associated with the Black Death"
4725:
3507:. Parasites jumping from nonhuman to human hosts are known as
2193:, with a steady level of regular cases occurring in a region;
1115:
Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by
612:
Chain of infection; the chain of events that lead to infection
13423:
13308:
12909:
12843:
10141:
9271:
9177:
7849:"Could Ebola rank among the deadliest communicable diseases?"
6891:
Barberis I, Bragazzi NL, Galluzzo L, Martini M (March 2017).
4673:
3792:
3624:
2963:
International Classification of Disease (ICD) code categories
2731:
2522:
2387:
2382:
2260:
1862:
1698:
using large databases of thousands of pathogen and commensal
1440:
1432:
1420:
1243:
1160:
1136:
1015:
1002:, transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, soil).
838:
834:
791:
772:
668:
506:
498:
477:
178:
147:
120:
14003:
12101:
9355:
6175:
Parveen N, Borrenberghs D, Rocha S, Hendrix J (2018-05-10).
4994:
4756:"Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases"
3735:, particularly through the writing of the Italian physician
2499:
a direct effect upon a pathogen, such as antibody-initiated
683:
relationship with the host. An example of the former is the
12718:
11272:
9594:
8982:
6293:"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut"
5511:
4062:
3894:
3684:
3309:
3051:
2361:, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.
2353:
2075:
2062:
While a primary infection can practically be viewed as the
1772:
1751:
1093:
993:
975:
870:
849:
invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.
799:
502:
465:
461:
457:
453:
7502:"Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century"
7182:
5789:"Magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal infections"
5653:
4420:. Association of American Medical Colleges. Archived from
694:, and an example of the latter are the various species of
65:
8642:
7799:
7734:
4828:
3305:
3047:
2962:
2396:
1755:
1351:
1148:
297:
8538:
7210:
6630:
Boldogh I, Albrecht T, Porter DD (1996), Baron S (ed.),
6024:
Joyce BR, Queener SF, Wek RC, Sullivan WJ (2010-10-05).
3296:
noncommunicable conditions (58.8%), and injuries (9.1%).
1828:. Some viral infections can also be latent, examples of
9227:
9171:
6023:
5900:
5314:
3608:) was the first person to write, in his account of the
2738:, the disease caused by an infection with the bacteria
2074:
of that root cause. For example, an infection due to a
1820:. An infection that is inactive or dormant is called a
1431:
products is commonly used in bacterial identification.
8287:
6791:
Patil NK, Guo Y, Luan L, Sherwood ER (November 2017).
4540:
Brown PJ (1987). "Microparasites and Macroparasites".
3799:
and near-eradication of these diseases, respectively.
3720:
in the 14th century, the Arab physicians Ibn Khatima (
3515:
Several human activities have led to the emergence of
13980:
7550:"Antibiotics: List of Common Antibiotics & Types"
7389:
7098:""Generalized Infectious Cycle" Diagram Illustration"
6629:
6290:
6150:
Murray PR (2021). "Microscopy and In Vitro Culture".
4754:
National Institutes of Health (US), Study BS (2007),
3476:
to the parasites or the parasites may evolve greater
2467:(a.k.a. Typhoid Mary) was an asymptomatic carrier of
1758:
in specific communities permitted the advancement of
730:
This image depicts the steps of pathogenic infection.
84:
migrating through the mosquito midgut epithelial cell
9084:
7340:
6790:
5786:
2341:
used to prevent transmission of infections include:
1792:
Subclinical versus clinical (latent versus apparent)
1673:) and state-of-the-art clinical laboratory methods.
7183:Programs NR, Normand J, Vlahov D, Moses LE (1995).
6748:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
5569:
4829:Negut I, Grumezescu V, Grumezescu AM (2018-09-18).
4789:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
4270:
4089:and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space.
3847:. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by
3440:
kills about 250,000 to 500,000 worldwide each year.
2689:Not all infections require treatment, and for many
1592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1190:, rapid breathing, poor peripheral perfusion, or a
27:
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
11072:
9167:European Center for Disease Prevention and Control
8095:"Infectious Diseases and Human Population History"
7441:
7211:Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM (May 2001).
7130:
5321:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries
4646:"NIPA - Bacteria - Bacterial vs. Viral infections"
2588:(brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with
1120:directly identifying an organism by its genotype.
13581:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
8836:
8433:
8268:"Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy"
7677:
6793:"Targeting Immune Cell Checkpoints during Sepsis"
4938:"Bacterial Pathogenesis at Washington University"
3639:A basic form of contagion theory was proposed by
2281:where infection is the most common cause include
2175:– however the organism can be cultured in rabbit
1065:itself but that transmits infection by conveying
14016:
8033:"The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases"
7577:
7157:
6233:
5704:
5462:
3882:An infectious disease team may be alerted when:
1865:discussion; to get around this it is common for
1824:. An example of a latent bacterial infection is
9172:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8721:
6786:
6784:
6495:. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 398.
5756:
5570:Ericson L, Burdon JJ, Müller WJ (August 1999).
3304:The top three single agent/disease killers are
2487:against infectious diseases may be mediated by
2189:is sporadic, or just an occasional occurrence;
1910:
328:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
8882:
8507:
8216:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010
8184:National Center for Biotechnology Information.
7318:. Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford.
5759:"Diagnosis of Infectious Disease - Infections"
5618:
4576:"Runny Nose: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment"
2970:Worldwide mortality due to infectious diseases
2727:is important for natural resistance to Covid.
2701:
779:, multiply without resistance and cause harm.
13681:
12541:
12117:
11288:
11234:
11058:
9707:
9341:
9213:
8943:
8849:
8801:
8546:. Gerstein – University of Toronto. Calcutta.
8292:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
7921:Lower respiratory infections include various
7267:
7128:
5323:(2nd ed.), Washington (DC): World Bank,
5169:
4887:
4473:
4271:Sehgal M, Ladd HJ, Totapally B (2020-12-01).
3855:specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated"
2372:mutations that aide in antibiotic resistance.
1506:process for diagnosis of infectious disease.
825:releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and
752:the quantity or load of the initial inoculant
516:In certain cases, infectious diseases may be
232:that focuses on infections is referred to as
8092:
8072:"Infectious and Epidemic Disease in History"
7347:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
7274:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
7270:"Modeling the control of infectious disease"
6968:
6925:
6884:
6835:
6781:
6407:
5843:
5412:"Clinical Infectious Disease – Introduction"
4178:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
3915:The disease has not responded to first line
2417:A general method to prevent transmission of
908:, and the resultant infection can be termed
742:and the access to host regions that it gains
542:Comparison of viral and bacterial infection
244:Infections are caused by infectious agents (
169:Infections can be caused by a wide range of
142:, their multiplication, and the reaction of
8855:
8249:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
8030:
7133:Six degrees: the science of a connected age
7038:
6797:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
5950:
5948:
5711:International Encyclopedia of Public Health
5051:
2094:Other types of infection consist of mixed,
2089:
800:Journal of the American Medical Association
13688:
13674:
12548:
12534:
12124:
12110:
11577:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
11295:
11281:
11065:
11051:
9348:
9334:
9220:
9206:
8283:
8281:
7341:Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Carmo EH (2006).
6897:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
5846:"Cost-Effective Respiratory Virus Testing"
5367:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4831:"Treatment Strategies for Infected Wounds"
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4516:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4450:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2536:) may be acquired following a disease, by
1955:
1173:
64:
11918:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
8926:
8916:
8792:
8747:
8694:
8671:
8484:
8338:
8113:
8088:
8086:
8048:
8024:
7875:"The World Health Report (Annex Table 2)"
7776:
7695:
7654:
7620:
7525:
7476:
7366:
7236:
7070:
7020:
7002:
6992:
6908:
6867:
6818:
6808:
6606:
6549:
6441:
6381:
6324:
6267:
6210:
6192:
6126:
6108:
6067:
6049:
5928:
5918:
5877:
5820:
5736:
5705:Seventer JM, Hochberg NS (October 2016).
5681:
5671:
5595:
5480:
5401:fungusfocus.com – Retrieved on 2010-01-21
5291:
5273:
5203:
5154:
5028:
4913:
4864:
4846:
4393:
4288:
3811:, which Florey and Chain then developed.
3571:
2961:collects information on global deaths by
2511:and killing, as occurs for some bacteria,
2209:Infectious diseases are sometimes called
1999:) or from the environment as a result of
1652:Learn how and when to remove this message
1557:
181:. Hosts can fight infections using their
13695:
9033:
8807:
8560:Studies in the medicine of ancient India
8312:
7124:
7122:
6841:
6703:
6701:
6154:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
6003:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
5945:
4782:
4726:"Infection Cycle Symptoms and Treatment"
4674:Robert N. Golden, Fred Peterson (2009).
3954:
3353:
2834:
2754:
2459:
2310:
1732:
1513:
1509:
1201:
884:that transmits the pathogens that cause
869:
725:
631:
607:
146:tissues to the infectious agent and the
10422:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
9595:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
8949:
8556:
8278:
8201:
7678:Beck DB, Aksentijevich I (2020-10-23).
7499:
7186:The Effects of Needle Exchange Programs
6403:
6401:
5894:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4614:
4597:
4418:"Infectious Disease, Internal Medicine"
4023:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3432:The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 (or the
2570:
2259:(an infection that originates within a
2224:
1319:, or with instruments as complex as an
829:releases toxins that produce shock and
375:, including the human-pathogenic genus
41:Infectious diseases (medical specialty)
14:
14017:
11252:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
11005:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
10897:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
8964:from the original on 14 September 2017
8635:
8539:Susruta, Bhishagratna KL (1907–1916).
8450:
8083:
7580:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
6679:
6515:
6149:
5998:
5901:Ljubin-Sternak S, Mestrovic T (2014).
5463:Hector TE, Booksmythe I (April 2019).
4762:, National Institutes of Health (US),
4361:
4193:Outline of infectious disease concepts
3926:
3835:of infectious diseases falls into the
3826:
2263:or in the closely surrounding tissues)
2057:
1882:
1728:
1371:of microbes as well. Two methods, the
13669:
12529:
12105:
11276:
11046:
9329:
9201:
9178:Infectious Disease Society of America
8985:"ERA-experiment "space biochemistry""
8976:
8889:Kim W, et al. (April 29, 2013).
8770:
8573:
8398:"Annals of medical history. v.1 1917"
7119:
7051:American Journal of Infection Control
6974:
6741:
6698:
6675:
6673:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5122:
4539:
3487:Human activity is involved with many
3408:to fall from 20 million to 3 million.
3343:
1767:diagnostic identification, and later
1218:Many diagnostic approaches depend on
528:
484:
480:(although they do not secrete toxins)
12056:
11817:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
10252:Compartmental models in epidemiology
9721:
8604:
6848:The Nursing Clinics of North America
6572:
6398:
4888:Duerkop BA, Hooper LV (2013-07-01).
4678:. Infobase Publishing. p. 181.
4633:
4027:Medical treatment during spaceflight
3743:(1632–1723) advanced the science of
3444:
2229:Infections can be classified by the
2121:
2027:chemicals (as might occur following
1943:
1590:adding citations to reliable sources
1561:
1419:in patterns characteristic of their
1402:
1197:
1039:, due to medical procedures such as
784:gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
12066:
8888:
8856:Caspermeyer J (23 September 2007).
8508:Rastogi N, Rastogi R (1985-01-01).
8288:Krauss H, Weber A, Appel M (2003).
7855:from the original on 27 August 2021
7680:"Susceptibility to severe COVID-19"
7506:Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry
7308:
7162:. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.
6994:10.1128/microbiolspec.AME-0007-2019
6579:Central European Journal of Urology
5844:Pinsky BA, Hayden RT (2019-08-26).
5757:Vazquez-Pertejo MT (October 2022).
4676:The Truth About Illness and Disease
4474:Mada PK, Jamil RT, Alam MU (2019),
4085:were found to be more resistant to
4057:. On April 29, 2013, scientists in
2483:of the pathogen. Specific acquired
771:space, such as in the capsule of a
128:
24:
13608:Eradication of infectious diseases
13365:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
12435:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
11953:Medical Scientist Training Program
8270:. 20 February 2006. Archived from
8245:Multidrug-Resistant "Tuberculosis"
8007:"WHO | The top 10 causes of death"
7343:"Infectious diseases epidemiology"
7322:from the original on 2 August 2019
7282:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00015-3
6770:from the original on June 29, 2009
6670:
6410:"Reference genes in real-time PCR"
5745:
5719:10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6
5392:Intestinal Parasites and Infection
4168:List of diseases caused by insects
4148:Eradication of infectious diseases
4093:have been observed to survive the
3795:, which would later result in the
3495:enabling a parasite to occupy new
2548:. There is also the phenomenon of
1210:plates growing colonies of common
759:status of the host being colonized
603:
538:whereas bacterial infections can.
389:, which are usually divided into:
189:hosts react to infections with an
25:
14041:
13198:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
9080:
8722:Moorhead Robert (November 2002).
7189:. National Academies Press (US).
6471:American Society for Microbiology
5621:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4760:NIH Curriculum Supplement Series
3859:will generally be treated by the
3787:developed effective vaccines for
3647:(known as Avicenna in Europe) in
2610:When infection attacks the body,
2204:
2134:), which require that first, the
1871:
1786:
1080:virulence versus transmissibility
1030:or one acquired during pregnancy.
1010:, directly from the mother to an
497:, loss of appetite, weight loss,
208:used to treat infections include
14002:
13990:
13587:Alternative vaccination schedule
12557:Artificial induction of immunity
12403:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
12085:
12075:
12065:
12055:
12046:
12045:
11001:Economics of Infectious Diseases
9029:from the original on 2022-10-09.
8764:
8724:"William Budd and typhoid fever"
8715:
8688:
8629:
8598:
8567:
8550:
8532:
8501:
8444:
8427:
8390:
8347:
8306:
8260:
7911:from the original on 2022-10-09.
7887:from the original on 2022-10-09.
7621:Oran DP, Topol EJ (2020-09-01).
6718:materials included in the text:
6684:. New York: Norton. p. 39.
6252:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4497-4501.2003
6240:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
6234:Saubolle MA, Sussland D (2003).
6097:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
5850:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
5660:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
5597:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00384.x
5373:from the original on 2 June 2023
5137:10.1016/B978-012699057-7/50008-4
4059:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
3944:
2448:or temporary restrictions (e.g.
2386:eye. Thus, the initial stage of
1566:
1026:. It can occur as a result of a
954:. Most of these pathogens cause
649:are particularly susceptible to
12086:
8950:Dvorsky G (13 September 2017).
8608:Law and Piety in Medieval Islam
8577:Encyclopedia of the Black Death
8416:from the original on 2023-11-17
8238:
8195:
8173:
8162:from the original on 2023-03-28
8144:
8133:from the original on 2016-03-03
8065:
8037:New England Journal of Medicine
8013:from the original on 2017-05-30
7999:
7962:
7936:
7915:
7891:
7867:
7841:
7822:
7811:from the original on 2021-08-28
7793:
7728:
7671:
7614:
7571:
7560:from the original on 2021-03-10
7542:
7493:
7435:
7383:
7334:
7298:from the original on 2023-03-05
7261:
7204:
7193:from the original on 2021-03-10
7176:
7151:
7090:
7079:from the original on 2020-06-19
7035:Higurea & Pietrangelo 2016
7029:
6660:from the original on 2020-04-14
6623:
6566:
6509:
6484:
6464:
6458:
6341:
6284:
6227:
6168:
6143:
6084:
6017:
5992:
5837:
5780:
5698:
5647:
5612:
5563:
5552:from the original on 2022-12-04
5505:
5456:
5433:
5422:from the original on 2017-04-20
5404:
5385:
5355:
5345:from the original on 2016-10-10
5308:
5249:
5228:"Chronic Infection Information"
5220:
5163:
5116:
5104:from the original on 2022-10-09
5080:
5045:
4988:
4959:
4948:from the original on 2016-12-03
4930:
4881:
4822:
4811:from the original on 2016-04-25
4776:
4766:from the original on 2023-06-26
4747:
4736:from the original on 2023-11-10
4718:
4692:
4667:
4656:from the original on 2023-11-10
4586:from the original on 2022-05-10
4568:
4522:from the original on 2019-12-25
4494:from the original on 2020-06-19
4476:"Cryptococcus (Cryptococcosis)"
4456:from the original on 2020-04-01
4350:from the original on 2022-01-22
4321:from the original on 2021-04-13
4254:from the original on 2018-07-19
4163:List of causes of death by rate
3979:Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
3908:is of an uncommon nature (e.g.
3631:, the ancient Indian physician
3614:On the Different Types of Fever
2750:
2315:Washing one's hands, a form of
1577:needs additional citations for
1474:and has no metabolic function.
964:, with the result being called
859:
657:, generally occurs through the
627:
13419:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
11943:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
11377:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
11010:Infectious disease informatics
10841:Transmission-based precautions
8777:Bacterial Infections of Humans
8434:Thucydides, Crawley R (1914).
7958:Intestinal infectious diseases
7276:, Elsevier, pp. 173–215,
6844:"Emerging Infectious Diseases"
5763:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
5088:"Polio: Questions and Answers"
4615:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
4533:
4504:
4467:
4438:
4410:
4332:
4264:
4236:
4016:
2348:, which are applied to living
2086:was the predisposing factor).
1712:antibiotic sensitivity testing
982:Transmission by direct contact
966:sexually transmitted infection
922:transmitted pathogens include
337:, further subclassified into:
13:
1:
12950:Group B streptococcal disease
12769:Vaccines for Children Program
12131:
10427:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
10202:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
9563:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
8636:Majeed A (22 December 2005).
8615:. pp. 106, 114, 189–90.
8093:Dobson AP, Carter ER (1996).
7851:. CBC News. 20 October 2014.
7137:. London: William Heinemann.
6632:"Persistent Viral Infections"
6354:Annals of Laboratory Medicine
5970:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62000-6
5170:Rouse BT, Sehrawat S (2010).
5001:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4619:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
4554:10.1525/can.1987.2.1.02a00120
4386:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
4229:
4045:, a bacterium that can cause
3972:is a subject of interest for
3803:discovered the world's first
3721:
3692:
3623:), the Greco-Roman physician
3617:
3602:
3595:
2840:Disability-adjusted life year
2605:
2586:Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b
2582:Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a
2296:
2017:chronic granulomatous disease
1907:to another area of the body.
1306:
1230:are easily grown on nutrient
687:species, which colonizes the
353:); filamentous fungi such as
166:resulting from an infection.
13901:Obstetric labor complication
11923:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
11690:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
11302:
9989:Aerosol-generating procedure
9767:Silent/Subclinical infection
9467:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
9062:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N
9012:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R
8918:10.1371/journal.pone.0062437
8638:"How Islam changed medicine"
8376:10.1126/science.287.5452.443
8031:Fauci AS, Morens DM (2012).
7592:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283631046
6575:"Colonization and infection"
6522:Journal of Oral Microbiology
6110:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003646
5673:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005568
5275:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001920
4617:Sherris Medical Microbiology
4218:Vaccine-preventable diseases
3489:emerging infectious diseases
3026:Lower respiratory infections
2730:Similarly, mutations in the
2393:human immunodeficiency virus
1921:Among the many varieties of
1911:Primary versus opportunistic
1522:Technologies based upon the
1186:In children the presence of
1087:
392:Unicellular organisms (e.g.
7:
10653:Vaccine-preventable disease
10601:Monoclonal antibody therapy
8785:10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_1
8204:Annals of Internal Medicine
7627:Annals of Internal Medicine
6414:Journal of Applied Genetics
6408:Kozera B, Rapacz M (2013).
5793:Polish Journal of Radiology
4188:Neglected tropical diseases
4173:List of infectious diseases
4143:Hospital-acquired infection
4100:
4071:International Space Station
4005:and a tyrannosaur from the
3819:, the first broad spectrum
3683:("impure substances"). The
3472:can lead to hosts becoming
2702:Susceptibility to infection
2649:. Severe infections of the
2455:
2444:, such as school closings,
2252:Respiratory tract infection
1796:Symptomatic infections are
1746:prior to the appearance of
1688:third-generation sequencing
874:A southern house mosquito (
343:, including yeasts such as
291:and related agents such as
10:
14046:
13896:Complications of pregnancy
10794:Respiratory source control
8992:Advances in Space Research
8822:10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.013
8773:"Epidemiological Concepts"
8740:10.1177/014107680209501115
8613:Cambridge University Press
8510:"Leprosy in ancient India"
7968:Tropical diseases include
7761:10.1038/s41586-022-05349-x
7063:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001
6946:10.1007/s10096-019-03681-1
6860:10.1016/j.cnur.2019.02.006
6707:This section incorporates
6591:10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art19
5633:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.009
4446:"Types of Fungal Diseases"
4133:Epidemiological transition
4020:
3948:
3661:, outlining the classical
3575:
3482:immunopathological disease
3347:
2824:
2559:antibodies to the surface
2503:-dependent bacteriolysis,
2479:to kill or inactivate the
2452:) to control an epidemic.
2300:
2277:In addition, locations of
1959:
1914:
1832:are any of those from the
1706:genes within pathogen and
1684:next-generation sequencing
1135:Other techniques (such as
863:
807:
749:of the particular organism
738:the route of entry of the
653:. Entrance to the host at
258:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
193:response, often involving
38:
34:Infection (disambiguation)
31:
13960:
13942:Connective tissue disease
13927:
13914:
13891:
13863:
13845:
13832:
13814:
13791:
13778:
13765:
13737:
13719:
13701:
13626:
13595:
13534:
13466:
13357:
13329:
13296:
12965:
12796:
12789:
12708:
12636:
12588:
12443:
12368:
12139:
12041:
11963:
11901:
11662:
11590:
11545:
11454:
11325:
11310:
11262:Social history of viruses
11244:
11203:
11147:
11081:
10984:
10938:Global Health Initiatives
10928:Evolutionary epidemiology
10876:
10668:
10623:Post-exposure prophylaxis
10559:Antimicrobial stewardship
10517:
10504:
10409:
10300:
10282:Multiplicity of infection
10247:Basic reproduction number
10222:
10194:
10180:
10166:
10150:
10118:
10080:
10023:Percutaneous inoculation
10009:
9971:
9964:
9946:
9878:
9845:
9838:
9802:
9795:
9698:
9585:
9507:Host–pathogen interaction
9482:
9376:
9369:
9239:
9088:
8656:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1486
8469:10.1017/s0025727300042241
8451:Nutton V (January 1983).
7956:to name a few. See also:
7835:17 September 2021 at the
7801:World Health Organization
7158:Preston, Richard (1995).
7102:science.education.nih.gov
6842:McArthur DB (June 2019).
6426:10.1007/s13353-013-0173-x
6366:10.3343/alm.2012.32.4.276
5176:Nature Reviews Immunology
4848:10.3390/molecules23092392
4702:. Rencare. Archived from
4482:, StatPearls Publishing,
4183:Multiplicity of infection
3968:Evidence of infection in
3698:–1336), while discussing
3535:Encroachment on wildlife
3525:globalization and disease
3360:Great Plague of Marseille
3291:
2959:World Health Organization
2695:Antimicrobial stewardship
2653:are usually treated with
2532:Resistance to infection (
1716:antimicrobial stewardship
1524:polymerase chain reaction
1342:present on a pathogen. A
1157:spongiform encephalopathy
1077:The relationship between
1051:Vector-borne transmission
847:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
782:An interesting fact that
100:
88:
72:
63:
58:
13932:Musculoskeletal disorder
13855:Gastrointestinal disease
12945:Clostridioides difficile
11877:Transplantation medicine
11768:Clinical neurophysiology
11685:Obstetric anesthesiology
11605:Interventional radiology
11365:Digestive system surgery
10756:Protective sequestration
10618:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
9909:Generational difference
9462:Horizontal gene transfer
9452:Antimicrobial resistance
9191:Microbes & Infection
8863:Arizona State University
8844:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
7359:10.1136/jech.2003.011593
7268:von Csefalvay C (2023),
4650:www.antibiotics-info.org
4065:, reported that, during
3750:In the mid-19th century
3677:who referred to them as
2438:protective sequestration
2339:Antimicrobial substances
2272:Intra-amniotic infection
2090:Other types of infection
1704:antimicrobial resistance
1696:taxonomic classification
1369:taxonomic classification
1287:involves the use of the
651:opportunistic infections
434:(cestodes), and flukes (
239:
13208:Tick-borne encephalitis
12510:Microbiological culture
12140:Principles of pathology
11748:Intensive care medicine
11722:Mass gathering medicine
11567:Maternal–fetal medicine
10943:Microbial phylogenetics
10861:Wastewater surveillance
10382:Geographic distribution
10257:Critical community size
10055:Surgical site infection
9903:Iatrogenic/Medical care
9822:Microbial translocation
9818:Endogenous reactivation
9813:Normal flora overgrowth
9762:Opportunistic infection
9534:Opportunistic infection
9184:Vaccine Research Center
8771:Evans AS (2009-05-29).
8410:2027/mdp.39015016778261
7697:10.1126/science.abe7591
7500:Fair RJ, Tor Y (2014).
7238:10.1126/science.1061020
6516:Grinde B (2013-10-25).
6051:10.1073/pnas.1007610107
5805:10.5114/pjr.2022.113825
5363:"How Infections Spread"
5232:persistentinfection.net
4290:10.1542/hpeds.2020-0174
4213:Transmission (medicine)
4158:Isolation (health care)
3879:and other specialists.
3499:. When that happens, a
3005:All infectious diseases
2711:instance, up to 40% of
2546:opportunistic pathogens
2242:Urinary tract infection
1988:upper respiratory tract
1976:Opportunistic infection
1962:Opportunistic infection
1956:Opportunistic pathogens
1937:opportunistic pathogens
1830:latent viral infections
1671:microbiological culture
1530:, are derived from the
1447:liquid or solid media.
1344:fluorescence microscope
1220:microbiological culture
1174:Symptomatic diagnostics
916:Fecal-oral transmission
866:Transmission (medicine)
763:As an example, several
673:multicellular organisms
655:host–pathogen interface
442:). Diseases caused by
43:. For the journal, see
13873:Female genital disease
13850:Maxillofacial disorder
13819:Cardiovascular disease
13618:List of vaccine topics
12613:Mathematical modelling
11340:Cardiothoracic surgery
11015:Microbial bioterrorism
10638:efficacy/effectiveness
10046:Surgical intervention
9938:Breakthrough infection
9560:Genetic predisposition
9544:Susceptible individual
9391:Germ theory of disease
8331:10.3201/eid1907.AC1907
8313:Potter P (July 2013).
8254:March 9, 2010, at the
7129:Watts, Duncan (2003).
6975:Riley LW (July 2019).
6534:10.3402/jom.v5i0.22766
4786:Bacterial Pathogenesis
4208:Threshold host density
4042:Salmonella typhimurium
4039:experiment found that
3965:
3636:the sixth century BC.
3578:Germ theory of disease
3572:Germ theory of disease
3363:
2951:
2822:
2472:
2320:
1738:
1558:Metagenomic sequencing
1519:
1215:
1028:pre-existing infection
893:
877:Culex quinquefasciatus
731:
641:
613:
13796:Neurological disorder
13613:Vaccinate Your Family
13064:Japanese encephalitis
12473:Diagnostic immunology
12298:Programmed cell death
12266:Liquefactive necrosis
11991:Personalized medicine
11850:Reproductive medicine
11775:Occupational medicine
11729:Evolutionary medicine
10851:Universal precautions
9809:Endogenous overgrowth
9661:Poultry and livestock
8189:June 1, 2009, at the
8180:Smallpox and Vaccinia
8050:10.1056/NEJMra1108296
6981:Microbiology Spectrum
5440:Pathogens and vectors
5125:"Infectious Diseases"
4971:www.lifeextension.com
4542:Cultural Anthropology
4340:"Antiprotozoal Drugs"
4198:Sentinel surveillance
4077:seem to adapt to the
3958:
3869:laboratory scientists
3823:antibacterial drugs.
3741:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
3657:, Ibn Sina discussed
3650:The Canon of Medicine
3425:In the 19th century,
3357:
2838:
2758:
2565:passively transmitted
2538:asymptomatic carriage
2463:
2314:
2257:Odontogenic infection
2237:infected, including:
2106:, which is caused by
1993:Clostridium difficile
1781:anti-retroviral drugs
1750:for the treatment of
1736:
1692:alignment comparisons
1517:
1510:PCR-based diagnostics
1460:reverse transcriptase
1205:
1047:of infected material.
1007:Vertical transmission
941:Entamoeba histolytica
873:
729:
716:Viridans streptococci
661:in orifices like the
635:
611:
276:Clostridium botulinum
264:Staphylococcus aureus
156:transmissible disease
13937:Soft tissue disorder
13883:Male genital disease
13696:Major Disease groups
13496:John Franklin Enders
12468:Medical microbiology
12463:Transfusion medicine
12420:Immunohistochemistry
12370:Anatomical pathology
12261:Coagulative necrosis
12011:Traditional medicine
11971:Alternative medicine
11838:Addiction psychiatry
11652:Transfusion medicine
11647:Medical microbiology
11562:Gynecologic oncology
11414:Reproductive surgery
11257:Smallpox eradication
11195:Israel Jacob Kligler
10953:Genomic reassortment
10933:Genetic epidemiology
10772:Health communication
10700:Flattening the curve
10690:Disease surveillance
10473:Systemic/Generalized
10237:Animal disease model
9717:Asymptomatic carrier
8870:on 14 September 2017
8274:on 20 February 2006.
8210:(8_Part_1): 635–42.
7978:lymphatic filariasis
7830:'20th Century Death'
6810:10.3390/ijms18112413
6745:Medical Microbiology
6720:Medical Microbiology
6636:Medical Microbiology
6493:Medical microbiology
6152:Medical Microbiology
6001:Medical Microbiology
5907:Journal of Pathogens
5862:10.1128/JCM.00373-19
5416:microbiologybook.org
5066:10.1001/jama.2012.98
5013:10.1128/CMR.00134-14
4783:Peterson JW (1996).
4123:Copenhagen Consensus
3689:Ibn al-Haj al-Abdari
3493:environmental change
3395:The introduction of
2571:Host genetic factors
2421:-borne pathogens is
2408:small-world networks
2225:By anatomic location
2109:Bacteroides fragilis
2007:wound infections or
2003:introduction (as in
1867:health professionals
1741:There is usually an
1586:improve this article
1291:of the Chagas agent
1259:Mycobacterium leprae
1061:that does not cause
1000:Vehicle transmission
904:, also known as the
523:asymptomatic carrier
160:communicable disease
32:For other uses, see
18:Communicable disease
14025:Infectious diseases
13965:Congenital disorder
13906:Postpartum disorder
13837:Respiratory disease
13770:Hematologic disease
12677:Virus-like particle
12601:Vaccine ingredients
12425:Electron microscopy
12393:Molecular pathology
12271:Gangrenous necrosis
12203:Cellular adaptation
12033:History of medicine
12016:Veterinary medicine
11823:Preventive medicine
11675:Adolescent medicine
11517:Infectious diseases
11082:Individual diseases
11075:infectious diseases
11020:Pandemic prevention
10976:Viral phylodynamics
10957:Re-emerging disease
10846:Travel restrictions
10050:Postoperative wound
10019:Blood-borne disease
10001:Respiratory droplet
9913:Vertical/Congenital
9898:Nosocomial/Hospital
9855:Spillover infection
9054:1995AdSpR..16h.105H
9004:1995AdSpR..16h.119D
8909:2013PLoSO...862437K
8697:Medicina Nei Secoli
8557:Hoernle AF (1907).
8368:2000Sci...287..443D
8152:"NCpedia | NCpedia"
7753:2022Natur.611..312K
7469:10.1038/nature08463
7461:2009Natur.461..798T
7413:10.1038/nature08309
7405:2009Natur.461..399G
7229:2001Sci...292.1155F
6042:2010PNAS..10717200J
6036:(40): 17200–17205.
5920:10.1155/2014/183167
5588:1999JEcol..87..649E
4344:The Free Dictionary
4277:Hospital Pediatrics
4248:The Free Dictionary
4223:Waterborne diseases
4203:Spillover infection
4113:Blood-borne disease
4053:when cultivated in
3927:Society and culture
3827:Medical specialists
3737:Girolamo Fracastoro
3549:The destruction of
3523:diseases, see also
3411:The first European
3383:Plague of Justinian
2972:
2938: 25,000–50,000
2930: 12,500–25,000
2211:contagious diseases
2130:(first proposed by
2058:Secondary infection
1980:pathogenic bacteria
1905:via the bloodstream
1883:Course of infection
1855:clinically apparent
1826:latent tuberculosis
1729:Indication of tests
1427:, the detection of
1321:electron microscope
1053:, transmitted by a
962:Sexual transmission
596:Pathogenic bacteria
556:Bacterial infection
543:
234:infectious diseases
173:, most prominently
134:is the invasion of
95:Infectious diseases
75:electron micrograph
13752:Metabolic disorder
13653:Never to phase III
13452:Hexavalent vaccine
13266:Epstein–Barr virus
13161:Oxford–AstraZeneca
12849:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
12453:Clinical chemistry
12445:Clinical pathology
12430:Immunofluorescence
12398:Forensic pathology
12378:Surgical pathology
12286:Fibrinoid necrosis
11981:Molecular oncology
11938:Doctor of Medicine
11928:Master of Medicine
11845:Radiation oncology
11717:Emergency medicine
11670:Addiction medicine
11637:Clinical chemistry
11632:Clinical pathology
11424:Transplant surgery
11382:Orthopedic surgery
11360:Colorectal surgery
10966:Selection pressure
10262:Force of infection
9890:Contagious disease
9825:Endogenous seeding
9722:Chain of infection
9646:Injection drug use
9557:Vaccination status
9440:Case fatality rate
9358:infectious disease
9229:Infectious disease
8077:July 12, 2012, at
7828:David McCandless,
7518:10.4137/PMC.S14459
6736:2009-02-19 at the
6725:2009-07-01 at the
6714:2009-06-29 at the
6309:10.4161/gmic.19897
5576:Journal of Ecology
5445:2017-10-05 at the
5397:2010-10-28 at the
5369:. 1 January 2016.
5129:Molecular Medicine
4007:Kirtland Formation
3966:
3841:Infectious Disease
3364:
3344:Historic pandemics
3074:Diarrheal diseases
2968:
2952:
2823:
2706:Pandemics such as
2473:
2321:
2267:Vaginal infections
2157:Treponema pallidum
2080:penetrating trauma
2040:ionizing radiation
2009:compound fractures
1739:
1702:. Simultaneously,
1520:
1265:Treponema pallidum
1216:
1109:diarrheal diseases
1105:respiratory system
894:
822:Clostridium tetani
732:
685:anaerobic bacteria
642:
622:transmission chain
618:chain of infection
614:
591:Pathogenic viruses
541:
529:Bacterial or viral
491:signs and symptoms
485:Signs and symptoms
413:worms or helminths
154:, also known as a
152:infectious disease
46:Infectious Disease
13978:
13977:
13824:Lymphatic disease
13742:Endocrine disease
13711:Parasitic disease
13663:
13662:
13575:Vaccines and SIDS
13462:
13461:
13236:Hepatitis A and B
13212:Varicella zoster
12669:Subunit/component
12523:
12522:
12490:Mass spectrometry
12099:
12098:
11933:Master of Surgery
11897:
11896:
11882:Tropical medicine
11828:Prison healthcare
11743:Hospital medicine
11707:Disaster medicine
11697:Aviation medicine
11512:Hospital medicine
11419:Surgical oncology
11404:Pediatric surgery
11398:
11345:Endocrine surgery
11270:
11269:
11231:COVID-19 pandemic
11225:HIV/AIDS pandemic
11155:Alexander Fleming
11040:
11039:
11030:Tropical medicine
10971:Synthetic biology
10872:
10871:
10831:Social distancing
10784:Outbreak response
10405:
10404:
10232:Agent-based model
10218:
10217:
10214:
10213:
10210:
10209:
9757:Natural reservoir
9747:Infectious period
9737:Incubation period
9694:
9693:
9650:Natural disaster
9619:Tropical diseases
9602:Biodiversity loss
9539:Risk of infection
9529:Microbiome health
9522:Immunosuppression
9323:
9322:
9162:
9161:
8810:Trends Ecol. Evol
8650:(7531): 1486–87.
8574:Byrne JP (2012).
8299:978-1-55581-236-2
7803:(February 2009).
7747:(7935): 312–319.
7690:(6515): 404–405.
7455:(7265): 798–801.
7399:(7262): 399–401.
7291:978-0-323-95389-4
7223:(5519): 1155–60.
7169:978-0-385-49522-6
7144:978-0-393-04142-2
6691:978-0-393-60257-9
6680:Foster J (2018).
6645:978-0-9631172-1-2
6502:978-3-13-131991-3
6246:(10): 4497–4501.
6194:10.3390/v10050250
6161:978-0-323-67450-8
6010:978-0-323-67450-8
5530:10.1111/evo.13692
5482:10.1111/evo.13724
5330:978-0-8213-6179-5
5123:Trent RJ (2005).
4894:Nature Immunology
4626:978-0-8385-8529-0
4512:"About Parasites"
4283:(12): 1021–1030.
4153:Infection control
4138:Foodborne illness
4108:Biological hazard
4079:space environment
3974:paleopathologists
3910:tropical diseases
3893:(for example, in
3891:immunocompromised
3853:internal medicine
3833:medical treatment
3801:Alexander Fleming
3773:Koch's postulates
3675:Ayyubid Sultanate
3445:Emerging diseases
3350:List of epidemics
3302:
3301:
3273:Tropical diseases
2922: 6250–12,500
2819: 3,955–6,812
2813: 2,477–3,954
2807: 1,194–2,476
2477:immune mechanisms
2442:social distancing
2325:Aseptic technique
2307:Infection control
2128:Koch's postulates
2122:Infectious or not
2025:immunosuppressive
1944:Primary pathogens
1932:primary pathogens
1723:immunocompromised
1700:reference genomes
1662:
1661:
1654:
1636:
1450:The isolation of
1403:Biochemical tests
1280:Trypanosoma cruzi
1198:Microbial culture
972:Oral transmission
906:respiratory route
788:16S ribosomal RNA
601:
600:
562:Typical symptoms
349:(the most common
197:, followed by an
150:they produce. An
126:
125:
53:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
14037:
14007:
14006:
13995:
13994:
13993:
13986:
13868:Urologic disease
13690:
13683:
13676:
13667:
13666:
13554:MMR autism fraud
13501:Maurice Hilleman
13486:Hilary Koprowski
12794:
12793:
12550:
12543:
12536:
12527:
12526:
12410:Gross processing
12276:Caseous necrosis
12126:
12119:
12112:
12103:
12102:
12089:
12088:
12079:
12069:
12068:
12059:
12058:
12049:
12048:
11753:Medical genetics
11738:General practice
11615:Nuclear medicine
11490:Gastroenterology
11446:Vascular surgery
11396:
11323:
11322:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11274:
11273:
11236:
11185:Ignaz Semmelweis
11160:Maurice Hilleman
11067:
11060:
11053:
11044:
11043:
11025:Tropical disease
10961:Reverse zoonosis
10948:One Health Model
10777:Health education
10766:Community health
10685:Cordon sanitaire
10658:Ring vaccination
10628:Repurposed drugs
10515:
10514:
10434:Gastrointestinal
10277:Machine learning
10081:Gastrointestinal
10032:Intravenous line
9969:
9968:
9883:/Cross-infection
9870:Reverse zoonosis
9843:
9842:
9800:
9799:
9705:
9704:
9686:War and conflict
9554:Nutrition status
9517:Immunodeficiency
9374:
9373:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9327:
9326:
9240:Disciplines and
9222:
9215:
9208:
9199:
9198:
9086:
9085:
9074:
9073:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9028:
8989:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8930:
8920:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8866:. Archived from
8853:
8847:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8751:
8719:
8713:
8712:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8675:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8605:Reid MH (2013).
8602:
8596:
8595:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8488:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8362:(5452): 443–49.
8351:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8319:Emerg Infect Dis
8310:
8304:
8303:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8264:
8258:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8199:
8193:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8132:
8117:
8099:
8090:
8081:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8052:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8003:
7997:
7966:
7960:
7940:
7934:
7931:acute bronchitis
7919:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7903:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7879:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7845:
7839:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7780:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7699:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7658:
7639:10.7326/M20-3012
7618:
7612:
7611:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7529:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7480:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7240:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7136:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7104:. Archived from
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7074:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7006:
6996:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6912:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6871:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6812:
6788:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6742:Baron S (1996).
6729:Fourth Edition:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6610:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6405:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6328:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6214:
6196:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6112:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6053:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5964:(9717): 834–45.
5952:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5922:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5856:(9): e00373–19.
5841:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5765:. Archived from
5754:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5484:
5460:
5454:
5451:MetaPathogen.com
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5408:
5402:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5277:
5268:(12): e1001920.
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:on July 22, 2015
5234:. Archived from
5224:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5092:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5032:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4973:. Archived from
4967:"Print Friendly"
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4850:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4706:on March 5, 2012
4696:
4690:
4689:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4612:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4580:Cleveland Clinic
4572:
4566:
4565:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4380:(9963): 117–71.
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4292:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4240:
4128:Cordon sanitaire
4097:of outer space.
3990:Acrocanthosaurus
3906:infectious agent
3726:
3723:
3697:
3694:
3671:Islamic scholars
3629:Sushruta Samhita
3622:
3619:
3610:plague of Athens
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3529:wildlife disease
3298:
2973:
2967:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2717:genome sequences
2450:circuit breakers
2434:cordon sanitaire
2160:, the causative
2136:infectious agent
2115:Escherichia coli
1984:gastrointestinal
1982:or fungi in the
1968:immunodeficiency
1861:or prompts some
1822:latent infection
1714:– to facilitate
1657:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1594:
1570:
1562:
1317:light microscope
1303:within its gut.
1295:, an uninfected
947:Escherichia coli
910:airborne disease
636:Infection of an
544:
540:
411:Macroparasites (
351:fungal infection
270:Escherichia coli
130:
68:
56:
55:
21:
14045:
14044:
14040:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14035:
14034:
14015:
14014:
14013:
14001:
13991:
13989:
13981:
13979:
13974:
13956:
13923:
13910:
13887:
13859:
13841:
13828:
13810:
13787:
13783:Mental disorder
13774:
13761:
13757:Immune disorder
13733:
13715:
13697:
13694:
13664:
13659:
13658:
13643:Clinical trials
13622:
13591:
13530:
13506:Stanley Plotkin
13468:
13458:
13370:Cancer vaccines
13353:
13347:Schistosomiasis
13325:
13319:Trypanosomiasis
13292:
13256:Cytomegalovirus
13166:Pfizer–BioNTech
12961:
12785:
12734:Vaccine wastage
12704:
12632:
12584:
12554:
12524:
12519:
12478:Immunopathology
12458:Hematopathology
12439:
12364:
12135:
12130:
12100:
12095:
12037:
12026:Chief physician
11959:
11904:
11893:
11887:Travel medicine
11872:Sports medicine
11855:Sexual medicine
11795:Palliative care
11790:Pain management
11734:Family medicine
11712:Diving medicine
11658:
11586:
11548:
11541:
11457:
11450:
11409:Plastic surgery
11355:General surgery
11335:Cardiac surgery
11316:
11314:
11306:
11301:
11271:
11266:
11240:
11205:Major epidemics
11199:
11143:
11077:
11071:
11041:
11036:
10980:
10893:Antigenic shift
10888:Antigenic drift
10879:
10868:
10732:Barrier nursing
10680:Contact tracing
10671:
10664:
10509:
10507:
10500:
10411:
10401:
10302:
10296:
10287:Serial interval
10206:
10190:
10181:Cervico-vaginal
10176:
10167:Trans-placental
10162:
10146:
10114:
10076:
10012:Vascular system
10011:
10005:
9960:
9948:
9942:
9882:
9874:
9834:
9791:
9709:
9690:
9581:
9512:Immune response
9478:
9457:Drug resistance
9401:Infectious dose
9365:
9354:
9324:
9319:
9235:
9226:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9097:
9083:
9078:
9077:
9038:
9034:
9026:
8987:
8981:
8977:
8967:
8965:
8948:
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8887:
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8873:
8871:
8854:
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8837:
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8603:
8599:
8592:
8572:
8568:
8555:
8551:
8537:
8533:
8506:
8502:
8457:Medical History
8449:
8445:
8432:
8428:
8419:
8417:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8352:
8348:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8286:
8279:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8256:Wayback Machine
8243:
8239:
8200:
8196:
8191:Wayback Machine
8178:
8174:
8165:
8163:
8156:www.ncpedia.org
8150:
8149:
8145:
8136:
8134:
8130:
8115:10.2307/1312814
8097:
8091:
8084:
8070:
8066:
8029:
8025:
8016:
8014:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7994:trypanosomiasis
7990:schistosomiasis
7967:
7963:
7941:
7937:
7920:
7916:
7908:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7884:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7837:Wayback Machine
7827:
7823:
7814:
7812:
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7733:
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7676:
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7619:
7615:
7576:
7572:
7563:
7561:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7498:
7494:
7440:
7436:
7388:
7384:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7316:"Herd Immunity"
7314:
7313:
7309:
7301:
7299:
7292:
7266:
7262:
7209:
7205:
7196:
7194:
7181:
7177:
7170:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7127:
7120:
7111:
7109:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7082:
7080:
7057:(10): S27–S64.
7043:
7039:
7034:
7030:
6973:
6969:
6930:
6926:
6889:
6885:
6840:
6836:
6789:
6782:
6773:
6771:
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6738:Wayback Machine
6727:Wayback Machine
6716:Wayback Machine
6706:
6699:
6692:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6661:
6646:
6628:
6624:
6573:Dani A (2014).
6571:
6567:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6463:
6459:
6406:
6399:
6346:
6342:
6289:
6285:
6232:
6228:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6148:
6144:
6103:(3): e0003646.
6089:
6085:
6022:
6018:
6011:
5997:
5993:
5953:
5946:
5899:
5895:
5842:
5838:
5785:
5781:
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5770:
5755:
5746:
5729:
5703:
5699:
5666:(4): e0005568.
5652:
5648:
5617:
5613:
5568:
5564:
5555:
5553:
5510:
5506:
5461:
5457:
5447:Wayback Machine
5438:
5434:
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5405:
5399:Wayback Machine
5390:
5386:
5376:
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5348:
5346:
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5313:
5309:
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5250:
5241:
5239:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5188:10.1038/nri2802
5168:
5164:
5147:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5090:
5086:
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5081:
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4989:
4980:
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4965:
4964:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4906:10.1038/ni.2614
4886:
4882:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4730:Infection Cycle
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4672:
4668:
4659:
4657:
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4269:
4265:
4257:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4103:
4033:
4021:Main articles:
4019:
3953:
3947:
3934:fertility rates
3929:
3889:The patient is
3877:bacteriologists
3829:
3724:
3695:
3620:
3605:
3598:
3580:
3574:
3447:
3399:, measles, and
3352:
3346:
3295:
3292:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914: 5000–6250
2911:
2907:
2906: 4000–5000
2903:
2899:
2898: 3000–4000
2895:
2891:
2890: 2000–3000
2887:
2883:
2882: 1000–2000
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801: 517–1,193
2798:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2741:Yersinia pestis
2704:
2672:aminoglycosides
2608:
2573:
2561:polysaccharides
2458:
2414:virus in 2001.
2309:
2301:Main articles:
2299:
2227:
2207:
2124:
2092:
2060:
2038:), exposure to
2019:), exposure to
2013:genetic defects
1964:
1958:
1946:
1919:
1913:
1885:
1794:
1789:
1731:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1571:
1560:
1512:
1468:red blood cells
1405:
1309:
1200:
1176:
1117:medical history
1107:infections and
1090:
1045:transplantation
1018:or baby during
956:gastroenteritis
925:Vibrio cholerae
902:Droplet contact
886:West Nile fever
868:
862:
843:mad cow disease
810:
638:ingrown toenail
630:
606:
604:Pathophysiology
551:Viral infection
547:Characteristic
531:
487:
242:
226:antihelminthics
54:
51:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14043:
14033:
14032:
14027:
14012:
14011:
13999:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13972:
13967:
13961:
13958:
13957:
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13949:
13944:
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13928:
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13924:
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13912:
13911:
13909:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13880:
13878:Breast disease
13875:
13870:
13864:
13861:
13860:
13858:
13857:
13852:
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13840:
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13521:Katalin Karikó
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13311:
13300:
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13291:
13290:
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13288:
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13278:
13276:Herpes simplex
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13268:
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13188:
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13176:Sinopharm BIBP
13173:
13168:
13163:
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13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13126:Bharat Biotech
13123:
13113:
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12784:
12783:
12782:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12753:
12752:
12751:
12749:Vaccine injury
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12712:
12710:
12709:Administration
12706:
12705:
12703:
12702:
12697:
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12683:
12666:
12665:
12664:
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12625:
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12553:
12552:
12545:
12538:
12530:
12521:
12520:
12518:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12500:Flow cytometry
12497:
12495:Chromatography
12492:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12449:
12447:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12415:Histopathology
12412:
12406:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12374:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12363:
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12253:
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12245:
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12217:
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12207:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12182:
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12171:
12170:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12143:
12141:
12137:
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12121:
12114:
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12097:
12096:
12094:
12093:
12083:
12073:
12063:
12053:
12042:
12039:
12038:
12036:
12035:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11967:
11965:
11964:Related topics
11961:
11960:
11958:
11957:
11956:
11955:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11913:Medical school
11909:
11907:
11899:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11889:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11867:Sleep medicine
11864:
11863:
11862:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11841:
11840:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11814:
11809:
11808:
11807:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11731:
11726:
11725:
11724:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11693:
11692:
11687:
11680:Anesthesiology
11677:
11672:
11666:
11664:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11656:
11655:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11610:Neuroradiology
11607:
11596:
11594:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11553:
11551:
11547:Obstetrics and
11543:
11542:
11540:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11462:
11460:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11442:
11441:
11431:
11429:Trauma surgery
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11392:Otolaryngology
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11331:
11329:
11320:
11318:subspecialties
11308:
11307:
11300:
11299:
11292:
11285:
11277:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11248:
11246:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11238:
11228:
11227:(1981–present)
11222:
11216:
11209:
11207:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11085:
11083:
11079:
11078:
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11069:
11062:
11055:
11047:
11038:
11037:
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11034:
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11032:
11022:
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10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
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10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10923:Emergent virus
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10895:
10890:
10884:
10882:
10874:
10873:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10858:
10856:Vector control
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10799:N95 respirator
10791:
10786:
10781:
10780:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10758:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10741:
10736:
10735:
10734:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10676:
10674:
10672:pharmaceutical
10666:
10665:
10663:
10662:
10661:
10660:
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10650:
10645:
10640:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
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10593:
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10583:
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10562:
10561:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10539:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10521:
10519:
10518:Pharmaceutical
10512:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10498:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10469:Cardiovascular
10467:
10462:
10457:
10454:
10449:
10448:Nervous system
10446:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10424:
10415:
10413:
10407:
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10327:
10317:
10312:
10306:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10272:Infection rate
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10228:
10226:
10220:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10191:
10189:
10188:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10144:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10122:
10120:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10037:
10034:
10029:
10027:Injection site
10021:
10015:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9996:Dental aerosol
9993:
9992:
9991:
9981:
9975:
9973:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9952:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9918:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9892:
9886:
9884:
9880:Human-to-human
9876:
9875:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9851:
9849:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9826:
9823:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9806:
9804:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9777:Super-spreader
9774:
9772:Superinfection
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9713:
9711:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9681:Vector control
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9610:Climate zones
9608:
9606:Climate change
9603:
9600:
9597:
9591:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9561:
9558:
9555:
9552:
9549:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9488:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9422:
9420:Quorum sensing
9417:
9416:
9415:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9393:
9388:
9382:
9380:
9371:
9367:
9366:
9353:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9330:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9246:
9244:
9237:
9236:
9225:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9169:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9144:
9133:
9118:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9089:Classification
9082:
9081:External links
9079:
9076:
9075:
9042:Adv. Space Res
9032:
8975:
8942:
8881:
8848:
8835:
8816:(11): 618–24.
8800:
8763:
8734:(11): 561–64.
8714:
8687:
8628:
8622:978-1107067110
8621:
8597:
8591:978-1598842531
8590:
8584:. p. 29.
8566:
8549:
8531:
8500:
8443:
8426:
8404:. p. 14.
8389:
8346:
8305:
8298:
8277:
8259:
8237:
8194:
8172:
8143:
8082:
8064:
8023:
7998:
7986:onchocerciasis
7970:Chagas disease
7961:
7935:
7914:
7890:
7866:
7840:
7821:
7792:
7727:
7670:
7633:(5): 362–367.
7613:
7570:
7541:
7492:
7434:
7382:
7333:
7307:
7290:
7260:
7203:
7175:
7168:
7150:
7143:
7118:
7089:
7037:
7028:
6967:
6940:(2): 215–218.
6924:
6883:
6854:(2): 297–311.
6834:
6780:
6754:
6697:
6690:
6669:
6644:
6622:
6565:
6508:
6501:
6483:
6457:
6420:(4): 391–406.
6397:
6360:(4): 276–282.
6340:
6303:(4): 289–306.
6283:
6226:
6167:
6160:
6142:
6083:
6016:
6009:
5991:
5944:
5893:
5836:
5779:
5744:
5727:
5697:
5646:
5627:(9): 511–517.
5611:
5582:(4): 649–658.
5562:
5524:(4): 636–647.
5504:
5475:(4): 858–859.
5455:
5432:
5403:
5384:
5354:
5329:
5307:
5248:
5219:
5182:(7): 514–526.
5162:
5145:
5115:
5079:
5044:
5007:(3): 603–661.
4987:
4958:
4929:
4880:
4821:
4795:
4775:
4746:
4717:
4691:
4685:978-1438126371
4684:
4666:
4632:
4625:
4596:
4567:
4532:
4518:. 2019-02-25.
4503:
4466:
4452:. 2019-06-27.
4437:
4409:
4360:
4331:
4263:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4091:Microorganisms
4049:, became more
4047:food poisoning
4031:Space medicine
4018:
4015:
3970:fossil remains
3951:Paleopathology
3949:Main article:
3946:
3943:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3913:
3902:
3887:
3851:physicians or
3828:
3825:
3813:Gerhard Domagk
3714:bubonic plague
3606: 400 BCE
3576:Main article:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3513:
3512:
3485:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3393:
3386:
3345:
3342:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:Cause of death
2977:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2874: 500–1000
2870:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2703:
2700:
2668:cephalosporins
2643:antihelminthic
2623:antitubercular
2613:anti-infective
2607:
2604:
2572:
2569:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2457:
2454:
2412:foot-and-mouth
2374:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2298:
2295:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2247:Skin infection
2244:
2226:
2223:
2206:
2205:Contagiousness
2203:
2143:species cause
2123:
2120:
2091:
2088:
2059:
2056:
1960:Main article:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1923:microorganisms
1912:
1909:
1884:
1881:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Classification
1785:
1730:
1727:
1660:
1659:
1642:September 2024
1574:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1511:
1508:
1456:RNA replicases
1404:
1401:
1385:Actinomycetota
1365:crystal violet
1308:
1305:
1275:Chagas disease
1199:
1196:
1192:petechial rash
1175:
1172:
1159:produced by a
1089:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1057:, which is an
1048:
1031:
1003:
997:
986:athlete's foot
979:
969:
959:
913:
864:Main article:
861:
858:
827:staphylococcus
817:Microorganisms
809:
806:
765:staphylococcal
761:
760:
753:
750:
745:the intrinsic
743:
709:Corynebacteria
698:that exist on
696:staphylococcus
629:
626:
605:
602:
599:
598:
593:
588:
584:
583:
575:
568:conjunctivitis
563:
559:
558:
553:
548:
530:
527:
486:
483:
482:
481:
475:
474:
473:
447:
409:
384:
383:
382:
370:
332:
286:
241:
238:
222:antiprotozoals
183:immune systems
124:
123:
102:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
73:False-colored
70:
69:
61:
60:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14042:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13998:
13988:
13987:
13984:
13971:
13970:Fetal disease
13968:
13966:
13963:
13962:
13959:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13929:
13926:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13913:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13893:
13890:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13862:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13847:
13844:
13838:
13835:
13834:
13831:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13816:
13813:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13793:
13790:
13784:
13781:
13780:
13777:
13771:
13768:
13767:
13764:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13739:
13736:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13718:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13703:
13700:
13691:
13686:
13684:
13679:
13677:
13672:
13671:
13668:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13629:
13625:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13582:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13527:
13526:Drew Weissman
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13511:H. Fred Clark
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13481:Louis Pasteur
13479:
13477:
13476:Edward Jenner
13474:
13473:
13471:
13465:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13447:DTwP-HepB-Hib
13445:
13443:
13442:DTaP-IPV-HepB
13440:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13433:combination:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13408:
13405:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13372:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13356:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13336:
13334:
13332:
13331:Helminthiasis
13328:
13320:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13310:
13307:
13306:
13305:
13302:
13301:
13299:
13295:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13233:
13232:combination:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13213:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13118:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13086:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13049:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13005:
13001:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12993:
12989:
12986:
12985:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12964:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12942:
12940:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12930:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
12928:
12927:
12926:combination:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12907:
12906:
12903:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12868:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12841:
12840:
12839:Meningococcus
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12829:Leptospirosis
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12795:
12792:
12788:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12764:Vaccine court
12762:
12760:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12719:GAVI Alliance
12717:
12716:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12707:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12667:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12635:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12607:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12591:
12587:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12551:
12546:
12544:
12539:
12537:
12532:
12531:
12528:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12482:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12446:
12442:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12383:Cytopathology
12381:
12379:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12371:
12367:
12361:
12358:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12335:
12334:
12330:
12328:
12327:Accumulations
12325:
12324:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12304:
12301:
12300:
12299:
12296:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12258:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12246:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12197:
12196:Wound healing
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12172:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12149:
12148:
12145:
12144:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12127:
12122:
12120:
12115:
12113:
12108:
12107:
12104:
12092:
12084:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12072:
12064:
12062:
12054:
12052:
12044:
12043:
12040:
12034:
12031:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11996:Public health
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11976:Allied health
11974:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11962:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11906:
11900:
11888:
11885:
11884:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11861:
11858:
11857:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11802:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11785:Oral medicine
11783:
11781:
11780:Ophthalmology
11778:
11776:
11773:
11769:
11766:
11765:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11661:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11642:Cytopathology
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11624:
11623:
11620:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11593:
11589:
11583:
11582:Urogynecology
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11485:Endocrinology
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11453:
11447:
11444:
11440:
11437:
11436:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11298:
11293:
11291:
11286:
11284:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11243:
11233:(2019–present
11232:
11229:
11226:
11223:
11220:
11217:
11214:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11206:
11202:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11175:Louis Pasteur
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11165:Edward Jenner
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11134:Typhoid fever
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11068:
11063:
11061:
11056:
11054:
11049:
11048:
11045:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10983:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10875:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10836:Sterilization
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10804:Surgical mask
10802:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10767:
10764:
10763:
10762:
10761:Public health
10759:
10757:
10754:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10673:
10667:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10613:Phage therapy
10611:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10597:
10596:Immunotherapy
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10554:Antimicrobial
10552:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10503:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10447:
10445:Genitourinary
10444:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10435:
10432:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10408:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10303:in population
10299:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10267:Herd immunity
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10225:
10221:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10193:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10151:Genitourinary
10149:
10143:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10093:Contamination
10091:
10090:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10079:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10061:Vector-borne
10060:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9967:
9963:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9847:Cross-species
9844:
9841:
9837:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9788:
9787:Window period
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9752:Latent period
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9697:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9631:Deforestation
9629:
9627:
9624:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9576:Stress levels
9575:
9572:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9481:
9475:
9472:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9408:Pathogenicity
9406:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9368:
9363:
9359:
9351:
9346:
9344:
9339:
9337:
9332:
9331:
9328:
9314:
9313:ectoparasites
9311:
9310:
9309:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9263:
9260:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9223:
9218:
9216:
9211:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9193:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9134:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9048:(8): 105–18.
9047:
9043:
9036:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8998:(8): 119–29.
8997:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8963:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8885:
8869:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8839:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8804:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8759:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8710:
8706:
8703:(2): 129–54.
8702:
8698:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8632:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8601:
8593:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8578:
8570:
8562:
8561:
8553:
8545:
8544:
8535:
8527:
8523:
8520:(4): 541–43.
8519:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8447:
8439:
8438:
8430:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8315:"Summer buzz"
8309:
8301:
8295:
8291:
8284:
8282:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8253:
8250:
8246:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8176:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8108:(2): 115–26.
8107:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8087:
8080:
8079:archive.today
8076:
8073:
8068:
8060:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8043:(5): 454–61.
8042:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7982:leishmaniasis
7979:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7907:
7900:
7894:
7883:
7876:
7870:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7825:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7788:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7731:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7586:(4): 352–58.
7585:
7581:
7574:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7353:(3): 192–95.
7352:
7348:
7344:
7337:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7207:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7179:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7125:
7123:
7108:on 2009-09-24
7107:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7032:
7023:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6903:(1): E9–E12.
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6785:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6755:9780963117212
6751:
6747:
6746:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6709:public domain
6704:
6702:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6676:
6674:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6402:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6236:"Nocardiosis"
6230:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5949:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5913:(183167): 3.
5912:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5799:: e141–e162.
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5769:on 2024-01-02
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5728:9780128037089
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:PLOS Medicine
5259:
5252:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5146:9780126990577
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:(6): 605–11.
5059:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4977:on 2016-12-02
4976:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4947:
4944:. St. Louis.
4943:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4900:(7): 654–59.
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4796:9780963117212
4792:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:(1): 155–71.
4547:
4543:
4536:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4434:
4424:on 2015-02-06
4423:
4419:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4037:Space Shuttle
4032:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4011:Herrerasaurus
4008:
4004:
4003:
4002:Tyrannosaurus
3998:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3985:Herrerasaurus
3981:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3961:Herrerasaurus
3957:
3952:
3945:Fossil record
3942:
3939:
3935:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:immunologists
3870:
3866:
3865:pulmonologist
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:medical field
3834:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:sulphonamides
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:Edward Jenner
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:Louis Pasteur
3757:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:Ibn al-Khatib
3719:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:miasma theory
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621: 175 AD
3615:
3611:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:Uncontrolled
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3505:host organism
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:, leading to
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:poliomyelitis
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3290:
3287:9, 10, 16–18
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:(in millions)
2991:
2987:Percentage of
2986:
2984:(in millions)
2981:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2946: ≥50,000
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2866: 250–500
2861:
2853:
2850: no data
2845:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2795: 284–516
2789: 213–283
2783: 172–212
2777: 115–171
2757:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2725:immune system
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2691:self-limiting
2687:
2685:
2684:tetracyclines
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:antiprotozoal
2636:
2635:antiparasitic
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:treated with
2579:
2568:
2567:to newborns.
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2550:herd immunity
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:opsonoization
2502:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:T lymphocytes
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2469:typhoid fever
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:disinfectants
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2303:Public health
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:antimicrobial
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1875:(rather than
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:Herpesviridae
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603: –
1602:
1598:
1597:Find sources:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1575:This article
1573:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:refrigeration
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:hemagglutinin
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:carbohydrates
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:Mycobacterium
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:electrostatic
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:xenodiagnosis
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:growth medium
1221:
1213:
1212:Gram negative
1209:
1208:nutrient agar
1204:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1181:pathognomonic
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
903:
900:
899:
898:
892:among others.
891:
890:avian malaria
887:
883:
879:
878:
872:
867:
857:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
741:
737:
736:
735:
728:
724:
722:
721:wound healing
718:
717:
712:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:immune system
645:a suppressed
639:
634:
625:
623:
619:
610:
597:
594:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:ear infection
576:
573:
569:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
545:
539:
537:
526:
524:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
479:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
391:
390:
388:
385:
381:
379:
374:
373:Basidiomycota
371:
368:
367:dermatophytes
365:species; and
364:
363:
359:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
339:
338:
336:
333:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:) including:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
71:
67:
62:
57:
49:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
14030:Epidemiology
13952:Chondropathy
13947:Bone disease
13919:Skin disease
13747:Malnutrition
13724:Benign tumor
13705:
13603:Epidemiology
13579:
13551:
13437:DTaP-IPV/Hib
13228:Yellow fever
13141:EpiVacCorona
12893:Tuberculosis
12866:Pneumococcal
12834:Lyme disease
12662:Heterologous
12572:
12561:Immunization
12485:Enzyme assay
12331:
12326:
12315:Karyorrhexis
12291:Myocytolysis
12281:Fat necrosis
12186:Inflammation
12174:Hemodynamics
12167:Pathogenesis
12151:
12001:Rural health
11986:Nanomedicine
11537:Rheumatology
11468: /
11387:Hand surgery
11372:Neurosurgery
11139:Yellow fever
11129:Tuberculosis
10744:Notification
10715:Hand washing
10710:Food hygiene
10695:Disinfection
10591:Immunization
10542:Anthelmintic
10530:prophylactic
10418:Respiratory
10342:Hyperendemic
10292:WAIFW matrix
9947:Environment-
9700:Transmission
9676:Urbanization
9474:Host tropism
9370:Determinants
9357:
9356:Concepts in
9291:Parasitology
9250:Bacteriology
9233:microbiology
9228:
9189:
9146:
9135:
9120:
9101:
9045:
9041:
9035:
8995:
8991:
8978:
8968:14 September
8966:. Retrieved
8955:
8945:
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8900:
8894:
8884:
8874:14 September
8872:. Retrieved
8868:the original
8861:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8813:
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8401:
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8318:
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8272:the original
8262:
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8183:
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8164:. Retrieved
8155:
8146:
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8105:
8101:
8067:
8040:
8036:
8026:
8015:. Retrieved
8001:
7974:dengue fever
7964:
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7938:
7917:
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7869:
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7843:
7824:
7813:. Retrieved
7795:
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7740:
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7630:
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7573:
7562:. Retrieved
7553:
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7350:
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7324:. Retrieved
7310:
7300:, retrieved
7273:
7263:
7220:
7216:
7206:
7195:. Retrieved
7185:
7178:
7160:The hot zone
7159:
7153:
7132:
7110:. Retrieved
7106:the original
7101:
7092:
7081:. Retrieved
7054:
7050:
7040:
7031:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6937:
6933:
6927:
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6847:
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6800:
6796:
6772:. Retrieved
6744:
6682:Microbiology
6681:
6662:, retrieved
6635:
6625:
6585:(1): 86–87.
6582:
6578:
6568:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6492:
6486:
6476:17 September
6474:. Retrieved
6470:
6460:
6417:
6413:
6357:
6353:
6343:
6300:
6297:Gut Microbes
6296:
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5782:
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5767:the original
5762:
5710:
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5663:
5659:
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5624:
5620:
5614:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5554:. Retrieved
5521:
5517:
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5468:
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5435:
5424:. Retrieved
5415:
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5375:. Retrieved
5366:
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5320:
5310:
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5261:
5251:
5240:. Retrieved
5236:the original
5231:
5222:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5128:
5118:
5106:. Retrieved
5095:immunize.org
5094:
5082:
5057:
5053:
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5004:
5000:
4990:
4979:. Retrieved
4975:the original
4970:
4961:
4950:. Retrieved
4941:
4932:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4838:
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4813:. Retrieved
4785:
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4759:
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4738:. Retrieved
4729:
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4704:the original
4694:
4675:
4669:
4658:. Retrieved
4649:
4616:
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4579:
4570:
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4524:. Retrieved
4515:
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4496:, retrieved
4479:
4469:
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4449:
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4432:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:the original
4412:
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4373:
4363:
4352:. Retrieved
4343:
4334:
4323:. Retrieved
4280:
4276:
4266:
4256:, retrieved
4247:
4238:
4061:, funded by
4040:
4034:
4010:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3967:
3959:
3930:
3899:chemotherapy
3881:
3849:primary care
3845:Epidemiology
3830:
3785:Albert Sabin
3756:William Budd
3749:
3708:
3700:Islamic diet
3678:
3667:tuberculosis
3654:
3648:
3638:
3613:
3581:
3558:urbanization
3551:rain forests
3521:vector-borne
3514:
3448:
3427:tuberculosis
3365:
3303:
3293:
3096:Tuberculosis
2969:
2956:
2953:
2771: 82–114
2751:Epidemiology
2746:
2739:
2729:
2705:
2688:
2621:; including
2612:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2574:
2554:
2531:
2527:inflammation
2520:
2509:phagocytosis
2474:
2427:
2423:pest control
2416:
2405:
2375:
2369:prophylactic
2337:
2329:hand washing
2322:
2279:inflammation
2276:
2235:organ system
2233:location or
2228:
2208:
2183:Epidemiology
2181:
2172:
2168:, cannot be
2155:
2149:
2145:tuberculosis
2141:Mycobacteria
2125:
2113:
2107:
2104:appendicitis
2093:
2072:complication
2061:
2036:chemotherapy
1991:
1965:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1872:colonization
1870:
1869:to speak of
1854:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1777:geographical
1740:
1720:
1678:rather than
1667:encephalitis
1663:
1648:
1639:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1596:
1584:Please help
1579:verification
1576:
1536:
1521:
1504:
1500:immunoassays
1497:
1486:
1483:Strep throat
1476:
1471:
1449:
1429:fermentation
1406:
1394:
1388:
1349:
1310:
1300:
1292:
1278:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1217:
1185:
1177:
1165:
1134:
1122:
1114:
1091:
1078:
1076:
1050:
1037:transmission
1033:
1005:
999:
981:
971:
961:
945:
939:
929:
923:
915:
905:
901:
895:
875:
860:Transmission
855:
851:
820:
811:
804:
781:
762:
733:
714:
707:
667:
643:
628:Colonization
621:
617:
615:
532:
518:asymptomatic
515:
488:
440:schistosomes
415:) including
403:
397:
378:Cryptococcus
376:
362:Pneumocystis
360:
354:
345:
326:
320:
316:Rabies virus
314:
310:Lyssaviruses
308:
302:
296:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
243:
203:
195:inflammation
168:
159:
155:
151:
131:
127:
45:
29:
13806:Ear disease
13801:Eye disease
13639:from market
13535:Controversy
13469:researchers
13385:Hepatitis B
13271:Hepatitis C
13216:Chicken pox
13042:Hepatitis E
13037:Hepatitis B
13032:Hepatitis A
12978:Chikungunya
12955:Shigellosis
12809:Brucellosis
12695:Therapeutic
12649:Inactivated
12589:Development
12577:Inoculation
12569:Vaccination
12339:Hemosiderin
12220:Hyperplasia
12215:Hypertrophy
12191:Cell damage
12071:Wikiproject
11860:Venereology
11805:Neonatology
11702:Dermatology
11557:Gynaecology
11549:gynaecology
11532:Pulmonology
11350:Eye surgery
11312:Specialties
11221:(1918–1920)
11219:Spanish flu
11215:(1346–1353)
11213:Black Death
11170:Robert Koch
11073:History of
10997:Eradication
10908:Biosecurity
10633:Vaccination
10608:Inoculation
10586:Drug safety
10581:Combination
10508:and Control
10456:Soft tissue
10410:Anatomical
10377:Seasonality
10357:Mesoendemic
10337:Holoendemic
10330:Farr's laws
10242:Attack rate
10040:Animal bite
10036:Insect bite
9972:Respiratory
9599:Air quality
9587:Environment
9497:Comorbidity
9413:Attack rate
9396:Infectivity
8728:J R Soc Med
8463:(1): 1–34.
8325:(3): 1184.
5131:: 193–220.
4841:(9): 2392.
4700:"Infection"
4244:"infection"
4118:Coinfection
4087:antibiotics
4067:spaceflight
4017:Outer space
3917:antibiotics
3797:eradication
3769:Robert Koch
3733:Renaissance
3725: 1369
3711:Black Death
3696: 1250
3544:agriculture
3542:Changes in
3462:Coevolution
3434:Spanish flu
3390:Black Death
3374:(or global
3251:Hepatitis B
2992:Deaths 1993
2982:Deaths 2002
2765: 28–81
2655:intravenous
2637:(including
2578:hepatitis C
2542:vaccination
2465:Mary Mallon
2430:quarantined
2365:antibiotics
2346:antiseptics
2291:salpingitis
2132:Robert Koch
2052:HIV disease
1917:Coinfection
1853:implying a
1813:subclinical
1806:inapparent,
1765:serological
1675:Metagenomic
1601:"Infection"
1552:neurotoxins
1540:clostridial
1488:S. pyogenes
1478:Serological
1354:due to the
1336:fluorescent
1325:biochemical
1271:embryonated
1073:to another.
936:rotaviruses
677:mutualistic
663:oral cavity
536:antibiotics
470:infestation
356:Aspergillus
218:antifungals
210:antibiotics
206:medications
14019:Categories
13570:Thiomersal
13516:Paul Offit
13491:Jonas Salk
13467:Inventors/
13338:research:
13315:research:
13252:research:
13181:Skycovione
13171:Sanofi–GSK
13116:SARS-CoV-2
13027:Hantavirus
12988:rVSV-ZEBOV
12973:Adenovirus
12941:research:
12819:Diphtheria
12657:Attenuated
12505:Blood bank
12348:Lipofuscin
12344:Lipochrome
12320:Karyolysis
12249:Cell death
12230:Metaplasia
11833:Psychiatry
11819:(PM&R)
11812:Phlebology
11800:Pediatrics
11627:Anatomical
11592:Diagnostic
11572:Obstetrics
11522:Nephrology
11507:Hematology
11502:Geriatrics
11495:Hepatology
11480:Cardiology
11470:Immunology
11180:Jonas Salk
10880:infections
10821:Sanitation
10789:Quarantine
10648:resistance
10566:Antiseptic
10547:Ascaricide
10537:Antifungal
10525:Antibiotic
10506:Prevention
10439:Intestinal
10372:Prevalence
10352:Inequality
10301:Occurrence
10100:Breastmilk
9984:Bioaerosol
9956:Sapronosis
9931:Horizontal
9803:Endogenous
9782:Viral load
9742:Index case
9308:Entomology
9148:DiseasesDB
8420:2023-11-17
8402:HathiTrust
8166:2023-11-17
8137:2013-11-27
8102:BioScience
8017:2015-09-24
7927:influenzas
7923:pneumonias
7859:21 October
7815:2020-10-05
7564:2020-11-10
7302:2023-03-02
7197:2022-10-20
7112:2010-01-21
7083:2017-03-26
6774:2013-11-27
6664:2020-01-23
6187:(5): 250.
5773:2024-01-02
5556:2022-06-28
5426:2017-04-19
5377:17 October
5349:2021-08-13
5242:2010-01-14
4981:2016-12-02
4952:2016-12-02
4815:2022-10-20
4770:2023-11-17
4740:2023-11-10
4660:2023-11-10
4590:2022-04-22
4526:2019-12-09
4498:2019-12-09
4480:StatPearls
4460:2019-12-09
4428:2015-08-20
4354:2022-04-22
4325:2021-03-26
4258:2023-11-17
4230:References
4013:specimen.
3996:Allosaurus
3815:developed
3809:penicillin
3805:antibiotic
3781:Jonas Salk
3745:microscopy
3718:Al-Andalus
3643:physician
3599: 460
3592:Thucydides
3590:historian
3491:, such as
3348:See also:
3330:diphtheria
3207:Meningitis
2997:1993 Rank
2989:all deaths
2858: ≤250
2825:See also:
2721:interferon
2713:SARS-CoV-2
2680:quinolones
2676:macrolides
2664:penicillin
2659:resistance
2631:antifungal
2619:antibiotic
2606:Treatments
2501:complement
2489:antibodies
2297:Prevention
2287:meningitis
2219:quarantine
2162:spirochete
2100:nosocomial
2096:iatrogenic
2064:root cause
1915:See also:
1760:hypotheses
1743:indication
1612:newspapers
1542:diseases (
1373:Gram stain
1313:microscopy
1307:Microscopy
1297:triatomine
1248:Eukaryotic
1130:antibodies
1035:Iatrogenic
1024:childbirth
952:tape worms
920:fecal-oral
790:analysis,
777:peritoneum
700:human skin
511:runny nose
450:Arthropods
438:, such as
436:trematodes
424:roundworms
399:Toxoplasma
341:Ascomycota
322:Ebolavirus
304:Rhinovirus
282:Salmonella
214:antivirals
201:response.
82:sporozoite
77:showing a
13706:Infection
13649:Phase III
13637:Withdrawn
13565:Pox party
13375:ALVAC-CEA
13297:Protozoan
13186:Sputnik V
13136:CoronaVac
13106:Rotavirus
13004:Pandemrix
12856:Pertussis
12797:Bacterial
12681:Synthetic
12644:Conjugate
12596:Adjuvants
12573:Infection
12360:Steatosis
12303:Apoptosis
12240:Glandular
12225:Dysplasia
12157:Neoplasia
12152:Infection
12133:Pathology
12021:Physician
11905:education
11763:Neurology
11758:Narcology
11622:Pathology
11600:Radiology
11475:Angiology
11439:Andrology
11190:John Snow
10992:Discovery
10918:Disease X
10878:Emerging
10826:Screening
10727:Isolation
10571:Antiviral
10397:Twindemic
10347:Incidence
10224:Modelling
10187:Perinatal
10119:Cutaneous
10010:Linked to
9920:Perinatal
9839:Exogenous
9831:formation
9573:Pregnancy
9430:Endotoxin
9425:Virulence
9301:helminths
9242:pathogens
9194:(journal)
8664:0959-8138
8477:0025-7273
7899:"Table 5"
7769:1476-4687
7722:225041500
7706:0036-8075
7647:1539-3704
7554:Drugs.com
7512:: 25–64.
7326:11 August
7022:198135563
6962:201283277
6731:Chapter 8
6599:2080-4806
6542:0901-8328
6528:: 22766.
6434:1234-1983
6374:2234-3806
6317:1949-0976
6260:0095-1137
6203:1999-4915
6119:1935-2735
6060:0027-8424
5870:0095-1137
5813:1733-134X
5713:: 22–39.
5518:Evolution
5469:Evolution
5284:1549-1277
5196:1474-1741
5021:0893-8512
4942:StudyBlue
4857:1420-3049
4835:Molecules
4315:227067133
4299:2154-1663
3897:or after
3861:internist
3857:pneumonia
3821:synthetic
3752:John Snow
3709:When the
3659:epidemics
3584:Antiquity
3565:transport
3478:virulence
3474:resistant
3455:commensal
3438:Influenza
3413:influenza
3322:pertussis
3163:Pertussis
2647:topically
2627:antiviral
2590:ribavirin
2446:lockdowns
2379:virulence
2367:, called
2283:pneumonia
2215:influenza
2029:poisoning
2023:drugs or
2015:(such as
2001:traumatic
1950:virulence
1927:pathogens
1877:infection
1859:ambiguity
1843:infection
1841:The word
1769:genotypic
1445:selective
1413:enzymatic
1409:metabolic
1381:Bacillota
1377:acid-fast
1363:stain or
1251:parasites
1145:PET scans
1141:CAT scans
1101:abscesses
1098:cutaneous
1088:Diagnosis
1069:from one
1067:pathogens
1041:injection
1020:pregnancy
934:species,
747:virulence
689:mammalian
681:commensal
444:helminths
432:tapeworms
421:parasitic
417:nematodes
387:Parasites
295:. (E.g.
246:pathogens
204:Specific
187:Mammalian
171:pathogens
140:pathogens
132:infection
113:parasitic
105:Bacterial
90:Specialty
59:Infection
48:(journal)
13997:Medicine
13407:Prostvac
13400:Gardasil
13395:Cervarix
13342:Hookworm
13221:Shingles
13203:Smallpox
13121:Corbevax
13057:Gardasil
13052:Cervarix
12790:Vaccines
12744:Schedule
12715:Global:
12623:Timeline
12565:Vaccines
12515:Serology
12310:Pyknosis
12256:Necrosis
12235:Squamous
12179:Ischemia
12051:Category
11527:Oncology
11458:medicine
11456:Internal
11304:Medicine
11124:Syphilis
11119:Smallpox
11094:HIV/AIDS
10901:EARS-Net
10816:Safe sex
10768:services
10739:Lockdown
10510:measures
10412:location
10392:Syndemic
10387:Sporadic
10367:Pandemic
10362:Outbreak
10320:Epidemic
10173:Prenatal
10065:Mosquito
9949:to-human
9924:Neonatal
9917:Prenatal
9865:Zoonosis
9710:concepts
9641:Humidity
9626:Commerce
9502:Diabetes
9435:Exotoxin
9296:protozoa
9279:Mycology
9262:Virology
9255:bacteria
9070:11542695
9024:Archived
9020:11542696
8962:Archived
8937:23658630
8896:PLOS ONE
8830:19683831
8779:: 1–50.
8758:12411628
8709:15309812
8682:16373721
8582:ABC-CLIO
8414:Archived
8384:10642539
8252:Archived
8232:20357515
8187:Archived
8160:Archived
8128:Archived
8075:Archived
8059:22296079
8011:Archived
7948:botulism
7906:Archived
7904:. 1995.
7882:Archived
7880:. 2004.
7853:Archived
7833:Archived
7809:Archived
7787:36261521
7714:33093097
7665:32491919
7600:23806898
7558:Archived
7536:25232278
7487:19759533
7421:19684573
7377:16476746
7320:Archived
7296:archived
7255:16914744
7247:11303090
7191:Archived
7077:Archived
7013:31325286
7004:10957193
6954:31440916
6919:28515626
6878:31027668
6829:29135922
6768:Archived
6764:21413252
6734:Archived
6723:Archived
6712:Archived
6658:archived
6654:21413348
6617:24982790
6560:24167660
6452:24078518
6392:22779069
6335:22572875
6278:14532173
6221:29748498
6137:25793495
6078:20855600
5986:28014329
5978:20132979
5939:25614838
5888:31142607
5831:35505859
5692:28448507
5641:18657880
5606:86478171
5550:Archived
5546:73418339
5538:30734920
5499:85448255
5491:30900249
5443:Archived
5420:Archived
5395:Archived
5371:Archived
5343:archived
5339:21250326
5302:26633705
5214:20577268
5099:Archived
5074:22318282
5039:26016486
4946:Archived
4924:23778792
4875:30231567
4809:Archived
4805:21413346
4764:archived
4734:Archived
4654:Archived
4584:Archived
4520:Archived
4492:archived
4488:28613714
4454:Archived
4404:25530442
4348:Archived
4319:Archived
4307:33208389
4252:archived
4101:See also
4083:bacteria
4075:microbes
4051:virulent
3938:polygyny
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