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voltage to X-ray intensity relationship. Photon counting detectors (PCDs) are still affected by noise but it does not change the measured counts of photons. PCDs have several potential advantages, including improving signal (and contrast) to noise ratios, reducing doses, improving spatial resolution, and through use of several energies, distinguishing multiple contrast agents. PCDs have only recently become feasible in CT scanners due to improvements in detector technologies that can cope with the volume and rate of data required. As of
February 2016, photon counting CT is in use at three sites. Some early research has found the dose reduction potential of photon counting CT for breast imaging to be very promising. In view of recent findings of high cumulative doses to patients from recurrent CT scans, there has been a push for scanning technologies and techniques that reduce ionising radiation doses to patients to sub-
2258:. The attenuation of metallic implants depends on the atomic number of the element used: Titanium usually has an amount of +1000 HU, iron steel can completely extinguish the X-ray and is, therefore, responsible for well-known line-artifacts in computed tomograms. Artifacts are caused by abrupt transitions between low- and high-density materials, which results in data values that exceed the dynamic range of the processing electronics. Two-dimensional CT images are conventionally rendered so that the view is as though looking up at it from the patient's feet. Hence, the left side of the image is to the patient's right and vice versa, while anterior in the image also is the patient's anterior and vice versa. This left-right interchange corresponds to the view that physicians generally have in reality when positioned in front of patients.
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687:. Perhaps persuaded by fear, patients and doctors sometimes agree to an intensive schedule of CT scans, sometimes up to every three months and beyond the recommended guidelines, in an attempt to do surveillance on the nodules. However, established guidelines advise that patients without a prior history of cancer and whose solid nodules have not grown over a two-year period are unlikely to have any malignant cancer. For this reason, and because no research provides supporting evidence that intensive surveillance gives better outcomes, and because of risks associated with having CT scans, patients should not receive CT screening in excess of those recommended by established guidelines.
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1707:(a unit of radiation exposure) increases the rate of cancer before 20 years of age from 0.03% to 0.04% (for reference a CT pulmonary angiogram exposes a fetus to 4 mGy). A 2012 review did not find an association between medical radiation and cancer risk in children noting however the existence of limitations in the evidences over which the review is based. CT scans can be performed with different settings for lower exposure in children with most manufacturers of CT scans as of 2007 having this function built in. Furthermore, certain conditions can require children to be exposed to multiple CT scans.
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project that in the future, between three and five percent of all cancers would result from medical imaging. An
Australian study of 10.9 million people reported that the increased incidence of cancer after CT scan exposure in this cohort was mostly due to irradiation. In this group, one in every 1,800 CT scans was followed by an excess cancer. If the lifetime risk of developing cancer is 40% then the absolute risk rises to 40.05% after a CT. The risks of CT scan radiation are especially important in patients undergoing recurrent CT scans within a short time span of one to five years.
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1166:(HU), while air is β1,000 HU, cancellous bone is typically +400 HU, and cranial bone can reach 2,000 HU. The attenuation of metallic implants depends on the atomic number of the element used: Titanium usually has an amount of +1000 HU, iron steel can completely block the X-ray and is, therefore, responsible for well-known line-artifacts in computed tomograms. Artifacts are caused by abrupt transitions between low- and high-density materials, which results in data values that exceed the dynamic range of the processing electronics.
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2050:. The sievert unit, in the context of CT scans, does not correspond to the actual radiation dose that the scanned body part absorbs but to another radiation dose of another scenario, the whole body absorbing the other radiation dose and the other radiation dose being of a magnitude, estimated to have the same probability to induce cancer as the CT scan. Thus, as is shown in the table above, the actual radiation that is absorbed by a scanned body part is often much larger than the effective dose suggests. A specific measure, termed the
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952:(industrial computed tomography) is a process which uses X-ray equipment to produce 3D representations of components both externally and internally. Industrial CT scanning has been used in many areas of industry for internal inspection of components. Some of the key uses for CT scanning have been flaw detection, failure analysis, metrology, assembly analysis, image-based finite element methods and reverse engineering applications. CT scanning is also employed in the imaging and conservation of museum artifacts.
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1674:. The radiation doses received from CT scans is variable. Compared to the lowest dose X-ray techniques, CT scans can have 100 to 1,000 times higher dose than conventional X-rays. However, a lumbar spine X-ray has a similar dose as a head CT. Articles in the media often exaggerate the relative dose of CT by comparing the lowest-dose X-ray techniques (chest X-ray) with the highest-dose CT techniques. In general, a routine abdominal CT has a radiation dose similar to three years of average
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3146:, the Society for Pediatric Radiology developed and launched the Image Gently Campaign which is designed to maintain high-quality imaging studies while using the lowest doses and best radiation safety practices available on pediatric patients. This initiative has been endorsed and applied by a growing list of various professional medical organizations around the world and has received support and assistance from companies that manufacture equipment used in Radiology.
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such low doses cause any long-term harm. One study estimated that as many as 0.4% of cancers in the United States resulted from CT scans, and that this may have increased to as much as 1.5 to 2% based on the rate of CT use in 2007. Others dispute this estimate, as there is no consensus that the low levels of radiation used in CT scans cause damage. Lower radiation doses are used in many cases, such as in the investigation of renal colic.
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are displayed as black; values of 80 and higher are displayed as white; values within the window are displayed as a gray intensity proportional to position within the window. The window used for display must be matched to the X-ray density of the object of interest, in order to optimize the visible detail. Window width and window level parameters are used to control the windowing of a scan.
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324:. This type had a major advantage since sweep speeds can be much faster, allowing for less blurry imaging of moving structures, such as the heart and arteries. Fewer scanners of this design have been produced when compared with spinning tube types, mainly due to the higher cost associated with building a much larger X-ray tube and detector array and limited anatomical coverage.
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816:: also used for the assessment of severity of coronary artery disease. Specifically, it looks for calcium deposits in the coronary arteries that can narrow arteries and increase the risk of a heart attack. A typical coronary CT calcium scan is done without the use of radiocontrast, but it can possibly be done from contrast-enhanced images as well.
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done in children, an increase of seven to eightfold from 1980. Similar increases have been seen in Europe and Asia. In
Calgary, Canada, 12.1% of people who present to the emergency with an urgent complaint received a CT scan, most commonly either of the head or of the abdomen. The percentage who received CT, however, varied markedly by the
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with CT scans making up two thirds of this amount. In the United
Kingdom it accounts for 15% of radiation exposure. The average radiation dose from medical sources is β0.6 mSv per person globally as of 2007. Those in the nuclear industry in the United States are limited to doses of 50 mSv a year and 100 mSv every 5 years.
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intensity normalization, also referred to as flat field correction. Remaining rings can be suppressed by a transformation to polar space, where they become linear stripes. A comparative evaluation of ring artefact reduction on X-ray tomography images showed that the method of
Sijbers and Postnov can effectively suppress ring artefacts.
2322:. Radiocontrasts for CT are, in general, iodine-based. This is useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. Using contrast material can also help to obtain functional information about tissues. Often, images are taken both with and without radiocontrast.
1511:. This type of artifact commonly occurs in the posterior fossa of the brain, or if there are metal implants. The streaks can be reduced using newer reconstruction techniques. Approaches such as metal artifact reduction (MAR) can also reduce this artifact. MAR techniques include spectral imaging, where CT images are taken with
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3198:). As of 2007, in the United States a proportion of CT scans are performed unnecessarily. Some estimates place this number at 30%. There are a number of reasons for this including: legal concerns, financial incentives, and desire by the public. For example, some healthy people avidly pay to receive full-body CT scans as
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assurance programs. It was noted that "while unnecessary radiation exposure should be avoided, a medically needed CT scan obtained with appropriate acquisition parameter has benefits that outweigh the radiation risks." Similar problems have been reported at other centers. These incidents are believed to be due to
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CT scan procedure varies according to the type of the study and the organ being imaged. The patient is made to lie on the CT table and the centering of the table is done according to the body part. The IV line is established in case of contrast-enhanced CT. After selecting proper and rate of contrast
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A person's age plays a significant role in the subsequent risk of cancer. Estimated lifetime cancer mortality risks from an abdominal CT of a one-year-old is 0.1%, or 1:1000 scans. The risk for someone who is 40 years old is half that of someone who is 20 years old with substantially less risk in the
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Large scale population-based studies have consistently demonstrated that low dose radiation from CT scans has impacts on cancer incidence in a variety of cancers. For example, in a large population-based cohort it was found that up to 4% of brain cancers were caused by CT scan radiation. Some experts
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levels are typically attenuated less. Because of this, the mean energy of the spectrum increases when passing the object, often described as getting "harder". This leads to an effect increasingly underestimating material thickness, if not corrected. Many algorithms exist to correct for this artifact.
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This appears as "blurring" of edges. It is due to the scanner being unable to differentiate between a small amount of high-density material (e.g., bone) and a larger amount of lower density (e.g., cartilage). The reconstruction assumes that the X-ray attenuation within each voxel is homogeneous; this
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New software allows the reconstruction of data in non-orthogonal (oblique) planes, which help in the visualization of organs which are not in orthogonal planes. It is better suited for visualization of the anatomical structure of the bronchi as they do not lie orthogonal to the direction of the scan.
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image processing algorithms a 3D model can be constructed from the initial data and displayed on screen. Various thresholds can be used to get multiple models, each anatomical component such as muscle, bone and cartilage can be differentiated on the basis of different colours given to them. However,
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MPR is used almost in every scan. The spine is frequently examined with it. An image of the spine in axial plane can only show one vertebral bone at a time and cannot show its relation with other vertebral bones. By reformatting the data in other planes, visualization of the relative position can be
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is a CT technique currently under development. Typical CT scanners use energy integrating detectors; photons are measured as a voltage on a capacitor which is proportional to the X-rays detected. However, this technique is susceptible to noise and other factors which can affect the linearity of the
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is the effective dose of a case, in which the whole body would actually absorb the same radiation dose, and the sievert unit is used in its report. In the case of non-uniform radiation, or radiation given to only part of the body, which is common for CT examinations, using the local equivalent dose
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per year, equal for practical purposes in this application to 2.4 mGy per year. While there is some variation, most people (99%) received less than 7 mSv per year as background radiation. Medical imaging as of 2007 accounted for half of the radiation exposure of those in the United States
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There are contrarian views and the debate is ongoing. Some studies have shown that publications indicating an increased risk of cancer from typical doses of body CT scans are plagued with serious methodological limitations and several highly improbable results, concluding that no evidence indicates
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diagnostic technique. The radiation dose for a particular examination depends on multiple factors: volume scanned, patient build, number and type of scan protocol, and desired resolution and image quality. Two helical CT scanning parameters, tube current and pitch, can be adjusted easily and have a
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which must be reduced for display or printing. This is typically done via a process of "windowing", which maps a range (the "window") of pixel values to a grayscale ramp. For example, CT images of the brain are commonly viewed with a window extending from 0 HU to 80 HU. Pixel values of 0 and lower,
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is an advanced scanner with a two X-ray tube detector system, unlike conventional single tube systems. These two detector systems are mounted on a single gantry at 90Β° in the same plane. Dual Source CT scanners allow fast scanning with higher temporal resolution by acquiring a full CT slice in only
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Use of CT has increased dramatically over the last two decades. An estimated 72 million scans were performed in the United States in 2007, accounting for close to half of the total per-capita dose rate from radiologic and nuclear medicine procedures. Of the CT scans, six to eleven percent are
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caused by incorrect settings at one particular facility for this particular type of CT scan. Over 200 patients were exposed to radiation at approximately eight times the expected dose for an 18-month period; over 40% of them lost patches of hair. This event prompted a call for increased CT quality
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The table reports average radiation exposures; however, there can be a wide variation in radiation doses between similar scan types, where the highest dose could be as much as 22 times higher than the lowest dose. A typical plain film X-ray involves radiation dose of 0.01 to 0.15 mGy, while a
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in 1% of cases while the newer, low-osmolar agents cause reactions in 0.01β0.04% of cases. Death occurs in about 2 to 30 people per 1,000,000 administrations, with newer agents being safer. There is a higher risk of mortality in those who are female, elderly or in poor health, usually secondary to
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showed a high degree of appropriate use. This creates an important issue of cancer risk to these patients. Moreover, a highly significant finding that was previously unreported is that some patients received >100 mSv dose from CT scans in a single day, which counteracts existing criticisms some
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An important issue within radiology today is how to reduce the radiation dose during CT examinations without compromising the image quality. In general, higher radiation doses result in higher-resolution images, while lower doses lead to increased image noise and unsharp images. However, increased
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can also be used for the conservation and preservation of objects of cultural heritage. For many fragile objects, direct research and observation can be damaging and can degrade the object over time. Using CT scans, conservators and researchers are able to determine the material composition of the
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is spun around the central axis of the area being scanned. These are the dominant type of scanners on the market because they have been manufactured longer and offer a lower cost of production and purchase. The main limitation of this type of CT is the bulk and inertia of the equipment (X-ray tube
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are positioned on the opposite side of the circle from the X-ray source. As the X-rays pass through the patient, they are attenuated differently by various tissues according to the tissue density. A visual representation of the raw data obtained is called a sinogram, yet it is not sufficient for
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Probably the most common mechanical artifact, the image of one or many "rings" appears within an image. They are usually caused by the variations in the response from individual elements in a two dimensional X-ray detector due to defect or miscalibration. Ring artifacts can largely be reduced by
332:
Dual Energy CT, also known as
Spectral CT, is an advancement of Computed Tomography in which two energies are used to create two sets of data. A Dual Energy CT may employ Dual source, Single source with dual detector layer, Single source with energy switching methods to get two different sets of
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In addition to the use of intravenous contrast, orally administered contrast agents are frequently used when examining the abdomen. These are frequently the same as the intravenous contrast agents, merely diluted to approximately 10% of the concentration. However, oral alternatives to iodinated
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Curved-plane reconstruction (or curved planar reformation = CPR) is performed mainly for the evaluation of vessels. This type of reconstruction helps to straighten the bends in a vessel, thereby helping to visualize a whole vessel in a single image or in multiple images. After a vessel has been
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require less strict precautions, as their kidneys have so little function remaining that any further damage would not be noticeable and the dialysis will remove the contrast agent; it is normally recommended, however, to arrange dialysis as soon as possible following contrast administration to
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Fred A. Mettler Jr, Mythreyi
Bhargavan, Keith Faulkner, Debbie B. Gilley, Joel E. Gray, Geoffrey S. Ibbott, Jill A. Lipoti, Mahadevappa Mahesh, John L. McCrohan, Michael G. Stabin, Bruce R. Thomadsen, Terry T. Yoshizumi (2009). "Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine Studies in the United States and
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Two-dimensional CT images are conventionally rendered so that the view is as though looking up at it from the patient's feet. Hence, the left side of the image is to the patient's right and vice versa, while anterior in the image also is the patient's anterior and vice versa. This left-right
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The increased use of CT scans has been the greatest in two fields: screening of adults (screening CT of the lung in smokers, virtual colonoscopy, CT cardiac screening, and whole-body CT in asymptomatic patients) and CT imaging of children. Shortening of the scanning time to around 1 second,
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and infarction, hyperdense (bright) structures indicate calcifications and haemorrhage and bone trauma can be seen as disjunction in bone windows. Tumors can be detected by the swelling and anatomical distortion they cause, or by surrounding edema. CT scanning of the head is also used in
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campaign, the
American College of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and the American Society of Radiologic Technologists have launched a similar campaign to address this issue in the adult population called
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Sawmills use industrial CT scanners to detect round defects, for instance knots, to improve total value of timber productions. Most sawmills are planning to incorporate this robust detection tool to improve productivity in the long run, however initial investment cost is high.
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suspensions. Dilute barium sulfate has the advantage that it does not cause allergic-type reactions or kidney failure, but cannot be used in patients with suspected bowel perforation or suspected bowel injury, as leakage of barium sulfate from damaged bowel can cause fatal
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Some experts note that CT scans are known to be "overused," and "there is distressingly little evidence of better health outcomes associated with the current high rate of scans." On the other hand, a recent paper analyzing the data of patients who received high
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half a rotation. Fast imaging reduces motion blurring at high heart rates and potentially allowing for shorter breath-hold time. This is particularly useful for ill patients having difficulty holding their breath or unable to take heart-rate lowering medication.
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in which the material composition has very little variation along the inside of the object. After scanning these objects, computational methods can be employed to examine the insides of these objects, as was the case with the virtual unwrapping of the
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assembly and detector array on the opposite side of the circle) which limits the speed at which the equipment can spin. Some designs use two X-ray sources and detector arrays offset by an angle, as a technique to improve temporal resolution.
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from the pressure injector, the scout is taken to localize and plan the scan. Once the plan is selected, the contrast is given. The raw data is processed according to the study and proper windowing is done to make scans easy to diagnose.
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This appears as grain on the image and is caused by a low signal to noise ratio. This occurs more commonly when a thin slice thickness is used. It can also occur when the power supplied to the X-ray tube is insufficient to penetrate the
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Rehani MM, Melick ER, Alvi RM, Doda Khera R, Batool-Anwar S, Neilan TG, Bettmann M (2020). "Patients undergoing recurrent CT exams: assessment of patients with non-malignant diseases, reasons for imaging and imaging appropriateness".
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1127:, making the distinction between projections and volume renderings a bit vague. The epitomes of volume rendering models feature a mix of for example coloring and shading in order to create realistic and observable representations.
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stochastic effects, i.e., cancer and heritable effects involving either cancer development in exposed individuals owing to mutation of somatic cells or heritable disease in their offspring owing to mutation of reproductive (germ)
610:. It is particularly relevant here because normal two-dimensional X-rays do not show such defects. A variety of techniques are used, depending on the suspected abnormality. For evaluation of chronic interstitial processes such as
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Varied types of fungus can degrade wood to different degrees, one
Belgium research group has been used X-ray CT 3 dimension with sub-micron resolution unveiled fungi can penetrate micropores of 0.6 ΞΌm under certain conditions.
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are used which makes it easy to present a volume in a single image. For example, Pelvic bones could be displayed as semi-transparent, so that, even viewing at an oblique angle one part of the image does not hide another.
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It is often claimed that revenues from the sales of The
Beatles' records in the 1960s helped fund the development of the first CT scanner at EMI. The first production X-ray CT machines were in fact called EMI scanners.
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Wittsack HJ, WohlschlΓ€ger A, Ritzl E, Kleiser R, Cohnen M, Seitz R, MΓΆdder U (2008-01-01). "CT-perfusion imaging of the human brain: Advanced deconvolution analysis using circulant singular value decomposition".
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MacMahon H, Austin JH, Gamsu G, Herold CJ, Jett JR, Naidich DP, Patz EF, Swensen SJ (2005). "Guidelines for Management of Small Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Scans: A Statement from the Fleischner Society1".
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X-ray CT is used in geological studies to quickly reveal materials inside a drill core. Dense minerals such as pyrite and barite appear brighter and less dense components such as clay appear dull in CT images.
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Reis EP, Nascimento F, Aranha M, Mainetti Secol F, Machado B, Felix M, Stein A, Amaro E (29 July 2020). "Brain Hemorrhage Extended (BHX): Bounding box extrapolation from thick to thin slice CT images v1.1".
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Ramon A, Bohm-Sigrand A, Pottecher P, Richette P, Maillefert JF, Devilliers H, Ornetti P (2018-03-01). "Role of dual-energy CT in the diagnosis and follow-up of gout: systematic analysis of the literature".
12344:"Global Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners Devices and Equipment Market Report 2020: Major Players are GE Healthcare, Koninklijke Philips, Hitachi, Siemens and Canon Medical Systems β ResearchAndMarkets.com"
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Rob S, Bryant T, Wilson I, Somani B (2017). "Ultra-low-dose, low-dose, and standard-dose CT of the kidney, ureters, and bladder: is there a difference? Results from a systematic review of the literature".
1771:, or reduced intravascular volume. People with mild kidney impairment are usually advised to ensure full hydration for several hours before and after the injection. For moderate kidney failure, the use of
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Surface rendering is limited technique as it displays only the surfaces that meet a particular threshold density, and which are towards the viewer. However, In volume rendering, transparency, colours and
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Talisetti A, Jelnin V, Ruiz C, John E, Benedetti E, Testa G, Holterman AX, Holterman MJ (December 2004). "Electron beam CT scan is a valuable and safe imaging tool for the pediatric surgical patient".
254:
Sequential CT, also known as step-and-shoot CT, is a type of scanning method in which the CT table moves stepwise. The table increments to a particular location and then stops which is followed by the
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The use of CT scans has increased dramatically over the last two decades in many countries. An estimated 72 million scans were performed in the United States in 2007 and more than 80 million in 2015.
1732:. The most common reactions from these agents are mild, including nausea, vomiting, and an itching rash. Severe life-threatening reactions may rarely occur. Overall reactions occur in 1 to 3% with
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Meulepas JM, Ronckers CM, Smets AM, Nievelstein RA, Gradowska P, Lee C, Jahnen A, van Straten M, de Wit MC, Zonnenberg B, Klein WM, Merks JH, Visser O, van Leeuwen FE, Hauptmann M (1 March 2019).
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voxels, which have a much lower out-of-plane resolution, than in-plane resolution. This can be partially overcome by scanning using thinner slices, or an isotropic acquisition on a modern scanner.
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Streaks are often seen around materials that block most X-rays, such as metal or bone. Numerous factors contribute to these streaks: under sampling, photon starvation, motion, beam hardening, and
428:
obtained by PET, which depicts the spatial distribution of metabolic or biochemical activity in the body can be more precisely aligned or correlated with anatomic imaging obtained by CT scanning.
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received a U.S. patent for a "radiant energy apparatus for investigating selected areas of interior objects obscured by dense material". The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented by
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based object recognition algorithms that target the detection of specific threat items based on 3D appearance (e.g. guns, knives, liquid containers). Its usage in airport security pioneered at
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Dalrymple NC, Prasad SR, Freckleton MW, Chintapalli KN (September 2005). "Informatics in radiology (infoRAD): introduction to the language of three-dimensional imaging with multidetector CT".
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van der Bijl N, Joemai RM, Geleijns J, Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, Kroft LJ (2010). "Assessment of Agatston Coronary Artery Calcium Score Using Contrast-Enhanced CT Coronary Angiography".
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rotation and acquisition of a slice. The table then increments again, and another slice is taken. The table movement stops while taking slices. This results in an increased time of scanning.
54:
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profound effect on radiation. CT scanning is more accurate than two-dimensional radiographs in evaluating anterior interbody fusion, although they may still over-read the extent of fusion.
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objects they are exploring, such as the position of ink along the layers of a scroll, without any additional harm. These scans have been optimal for research focused on the workings of the
810:, and then the heart is scanned using a high-speed CT scanner, allowing radiologists to assess the extent of occlusion in the coronary arteries, usually to diagnose coronary artery disease.
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eliminating the strict need for the subject to remain still or be sedated, is one of the main reasons for the large increase in the pediatric population (especially for the diagnosis of
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Special planes are sometimes useful, such as this oblique longitudinal plane in order to visualize the neuroforamina of the vertebral column, showing narrowing at two levels, causing
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This can give a "cupped appearance" when grayscale is visualized as height. It occurs because conventional sources, like X-ray tubes emit a polychromatic spectrum. Photons of higher
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Hill B, Venning AJ, Baldock C (2005). "A preliminary study of the novel application of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters for the measurement of CTDI on diagnostic X-ray CT scanners".
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Brambilla M, Vassileva J, Kuchcinska A, Rehani MM (2020). "Multinational data on cumulative radiation exposure of patients from recurrent radiological procedures: call for action".
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Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, Butler MW, Goergen SK, Byrnes GB, Giles GG, Wallace AB, Anderson PR, Guiver TA, McGale P, Cain TM, Dowty JG, Bickerstaffe AC, Darby SC (2013).
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888:. The size, volume and density of stones can be estimated to help clinicians guide further treatment; size is especially important in predicting spontaneous passage of a stone.
506:
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Jones DA, Beirne AM, Kelham M, Rathod KS, Andiapen M, Wynne L, Godec T, Forooghi N, Ramaseshan R, Moon JC, Davies C, Bourantas CV, Baumbach A, Manisty C, Wragg A (2023-10-31).
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1027:(complex folding and cuts) that provided a "tamper-evident locking mechanism". Further examples of use cases in archaeology is imaging the contents of sarcophagi or ceramics.
420:(PET) scanner and an X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, to acquire sequential images from both devices in the same session, which are combined into a single superposed (
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10725:"Use of Intravenous Iodinated Contrast Media in Patients with Kidney Disease: Consensus Statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation"
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de Gonzalez AB, Salotti JA, McHugh K, Little MP, Harbron RW, Lee C, Ntowe E, Braganza MZ, Parker L, Rajaraman P, Stiller C, Stewart DR, Craft AW, Pearce MS (February 2016).
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Individualize the examination and adjust the radiation dose to the body type and body organ examined. Different body types and organs require different amounts of radiation.
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Mental Health and Mental Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being
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Current recommendations are to inform patients of the risks of CT scanning. However, employees of imaging centers tend not to communicate such risks unless patients ask.
1454:β a four-phase abdominal CT gives the same radiation dose as 300 chest X-rays. Several methods that can reduce the exposure to ionizing radiation during a CT scan exist.
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In response to increased concern by the public and the ongoing progress of best practices, the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging was formed within the
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can easily be recognized with a 0.2 mm resolution. With modern dual-energy CT scanners, new areas of use have been established, such as aiding in the diagnosis of
618:, thin sections with high spatial frequency reconstructions are used; often scans are performed both on inspiration and expiration. This special technique is called
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for the general population although this practice goes against the advice and official position of many professional organizations in the field primarily due to the
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A CT scan of the heart is performed to gain knowledge about cardiac or coronary anatomy. Traditionally, cardiac CT scans are used to detect, diagnose, or follow up
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R. A. Crowther, D. J. DeRosier, A. Klug (1970). "The Reconstruction of a Three-Dimensional Structure from Projections and its Application to Electron Microscopy".
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Park S, Chu L, Hruban R, Vogelstein B, Kinzler K, Yuille A, Fouladi D, Shayesteh S, Ghandili S, Wolfgang C, Burkhart R, He J, Fishman E, Kawamoto S (2020-09-01).
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6541:
5081:
Gould MK, Fletcher J, Iannettoni MD, Lynch WR, Midthun DE, Naidich DP, Ost DE (2007). "Evaluation of Patients with Pulmonary Nodules: When is It Lung Cancer?*".
1301:
The average attenuation of each voxel is displayed. The image will get smoother as slice thickness increases. It will look more and more similar to conventional
9483:
Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, Howe NL, Ronckers CM, Rajaraman P, Sir Craft AW, Parker L, Berrington de GonzΓ‘lez A (4 August 2012).
3169:(IAEA) of the United Nations have also been working in this area and have ongoing projects designed to broaden best practices and lower patient radiation dose.
2054:(CTDI), is commonly used as an estimate of the radiation absorbed dose for tissue within the scan region, and is automatically computed by medical CT scanners.
768:. CT scans can reduce the risk of angiography by providing clinicians with more information about the positioning and number of clots prior to the procedure.
13598:
6463:
P. Babaheidarian, D. Castanon (2018). "Joint reconstruction and material classification in spectral CT". In Greenberg JA, Gehm ME, Neifeld MA, Ashok A (eds.).
5831:
Wang DD, Eng M, Greenbaum A, Myers E, Forbes M, Pantelic M, Song T, Nelson C, Divine G, Taylor A, Wyman J, Guerrero M, Lederman RJ, Paone G, O'Neill W (2016).
3387:
4692:
Arle J (2009). "Development of a Classic: the Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW, and the CRW Stereotactic Frames". In Lozano AM, Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR (eds.).
8267:
7896:
2254:(HU), while air is β1,000 HU, cancellous bone is typically +400 HU, and cranial bone can reach 2,000 HU or more (os temporale) and can cause
1333:
The voxel with the highest attenuation is displayed. Therefore, high-attenuating structures such as blood vessels filled with contrast media are enhanced.
11170:
5017:
4719:
Brown RA, Nelson JA (June 2012). "Invention of the N-localizer for stereotactic neurosurgery and its use in the Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame".
4621:
1700:
7783:
4540:
877:, GIT bleeding, and diagnosis and staging of cancer, as well as follow-up after cancer treatment to assess response. It is commonly used to investigate
10184:
Davies HE, Wathen, C. G., Gleeson, F. V. (25 February 2011). "The risks of radiation exposure related to diagnostic imaging and how to minimise them".
6505:
2091:
Because of increased susceptibility of fetuses to radiation exposure, the radiation dosage of a CT scan is an important consideration in the choice of
1227:) to other planes. It can be used for thin slices as well as projections. Multiplanar reconstruction is possible as present CT scanners provide almost
3954:
Mahmood U, Horvat N, Horvat JV, Ryan D, Gao Y, Carollo G, DeOcampo R, Do RK, Katz S, Gerst S, Schmidtlein CR, Dauer L, Erdi Y, Mannelli L (May 2018).
1243:"straightened", measurements such as cross-sectional area and length can be made. This is helpful in preoperative assessment of a surgical procedure.
390:, where CT perfusion imaging can often detect poor brain perfusion well before it is detected using a conventional spiral CT scan. This is better for
11190:
908:, especially ones around joints, because of its ability to reconstruct the area of interest in multiple planes. Fractures, ligamentous injuries, and
980:
plans for a full roll-out on 1 December 2022 and the TSA spent $ 781.2 million on an order for over 1,000 scanners, ready to go live in the summer.
12226:
8912:
Van de Casteele E, Van Dyck D, Sijbers J, Raman E (2004). "A model-based correction method for beam hardening artefacts in X-ray microtomography".
6577:
2243:
is a two dimensional unit based on the matrix size and the field of view. When the CT slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a
1528:
may not be the case at sharp edges. This is most commonly seen in the z-direction (craniocaudal direction), due to the conventional use of highly
1158:
is a two dimensional unit based on the matrix size and the field of view. When the CT slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a
1023:. Micro-CT has also proved useful for analyzing more recent artifacts such as still-sealed historic correspondence that employed the technique of
10396:
Namasivayam S, Kalra MK, Torres WE, Small WC (Jul 2006). "Adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media: a primer for radiologists".
8445:
1991:
9583:"Relationship between paediatric CT scans and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: assessment of the impact of underlying conditions"
9048:
1558:
Streaking appearances can occur when the detectors intersect the reconstruction plane. This can be reduced with filters or a reduction in pitch.
88:
9741:
Rehani MM, Yang K, Melick ER, Heil J, Ε alΓ‘t D, Sensakovic WF, Liu B (2020). "Patients undergoing recurrent CT scans: assessing the magnitude".
3143:
9428:"Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians"
8941:
Van Gompel G, Van Slambrouck K, Defrise M, Batenburg KJ, Sijbers J, Nuyts J (2011). "Iterative correction of beam hardening artifacts in CT".
6956:
5353:"Computed Tomography Cardiac Angiography Before Invasive Coronary Angiography in Patients With Previous Bypass Surgery: The BYPASS-CTCA Trial"
4518:
13313:
12997:
864:
10318:
Larson DB, Rader SB, Forman HP, Fenton LZ (August 2007). "Informing parents about CT radiation exposure in children: it's OK to tell them".
4693:
386:, although sensitivity and specificity for detecting abnormalities are still lower than for other forms of CT. This may also be used on the
13127:
11618:
5408:
5250:
3463:
3135:
9234:"Reliability and accuracy of fine-cut computed tomography scans to determine the status of anterior interbody fusions with metallic cages"
6284:
Keaveny TM (March 2010). "Biomechanical computed tomography-noninvasive bone strength analysis using clinical computed tomography scans".
3956:"Rapid Switching kVp Dual Energy CT: Value of Reconstructed Dual Energy CT Images and Organ Dose Assessment in Multiphasic Liver CT Exams"
588:. CT scan often incidentally finds thyroid abnormalities, and so is often the preferred investigation modality for thyroid abnormalities.
13683:
13139:
11175:
10909:
7784:"Use of multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and 3-dimentional [sic] (3D) CT to assess stability criteria in C2 vertebral fractures"
5216:
McDermott M, Jacobs T, Morgenstern L (2017-01-01), Wijdicks EF, Kramer AH (eds.), "Chapter 10 β Critical care in acute ischemic stroke",
1492:
Although images produced by CT are generally faithful representations of the scanned volume, the technique is susceptible to a number of
431:
PET-CT gives both anatomical and functional details of an organ under examination and is helpful in detecting different type of cancers.
12490:
11998:
11695:
4924:
68:
X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan), computer aided tomography, computed tomography scan
13467:
2035:
unit is proportional to the amount of energy that the irradiated body part is expected to absorb, and the physical effect (such as DNA
1010:. However, they are not optimal for every object subject to these kinds of research questions, as there are certain artifacts like the
211:(cross-sectional) images (virtual "slices") of a body. CT scans can be used in patients with metallic implants or pacemakers, for whom
8374:
5870:
5434:
5167:""What do you mean, a spot?": A qualitative analysis of patients' reactions to discussions with their doctors about pulmonary nodules"
4957:""What do you mean, a spot?": A qualitative analysis of patients' reactions to discussions with their doctors about pulmonary nodules"
2379:'to write'. Computed tomography was originally known as the "EMI scan" as it was developed in the early 1970s at a research branch of
1030:
Recently, CWI in Amsterdam has collaborated with Rijksmuseum to investigate art object inside details in the framework called IntACT.
12739:
12520:
8287:
222:
Since its development in the 1970s, CT scanning has proven to be a versatile imaging technique. While CT is most prominently used in
347:
is another mode of Dual energy CT in which a single tube is operated at two different energies by switching the energies frequently.
13575:
12197:
8995:
7729:
12141:
9401:
2221:, which produces a series of cross-sectional images. These cross-sectional images are made up of small units of pixels or voxels.
1191:
Typical screen layout for diagnostic software, showing one volume rendering (VR) and multiplanar view of three thin slices in the
13105:
11588:
9190:Ε½abiΔ S, Wang Q, Morton T, Brown KM (March 2013). "A low dose simulation tool for CT systems with energy integrating detectors".
7489:
7481:
4153:
Donahue J, Wintermark M (2015-02-01). "Perfusion CT and acute stroke imaging: Foundations, applications, and literature review".
2198:
which is a graphic representation of the raw data obtained from a CT scan. At right is an image sample derived from the raw data.
9485:"Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study"
5124:"Radiation Dose Associated with Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer"
4419:"Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer"
820:
To better visualize the anatomy, post-processing of the images is common. Most common are multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) and
1588:. First, CT eliminates the superimposition of images of structures outside the area of interest. Second, CT scans have greater
11010:"It is a single dose parameter that reflects the risk of a nonuniform exposure in terms of an equivalent whole-body exposure."
6167:
5997:
Furukawa A, Saotome T, Yamasaki M, Maeda K, Nitta N, Takahashi M, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Murata K, Sakamoto T (2004-05-01).
4374:
3441:
13110:
12374:
12050:
11906:
11879:
11764:
Oldendorf WH (1978). "The quest for an image of brain: a brief historical and technical review of brain imaging techniques".
11705:
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9005:
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8869:
8842:
8674:
8480:
Boas FE, Fleischmann D (2011). "Evaluation of Two Iterative Techniques for Reducing Metal Artifacts in Computed Tomography".
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227:
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4243:
Ciernik I, Dizendorf E, Baumert BG, Reiner B, Burger C, Davis J, LΓΌtolf UM, Steinert HC, Von Schulthess GK (November 2003).
2088:
The added lifetime risk of developing cancer by a single abdominal CT of 8 mSv is estimated to be 0.05%, or 1 one in 2,000.
2080:
deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions) due in large part to the killing/malfunction of cells following high doses;
12019:
6132:
Miller OF, Kane CJ (September 1999). "Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient education".
5459:
5009:
1361:
The voxel with the lowest attenuation is displayed. Therefore, low-attenuating structures such as air spaces are enhanced.
11003:
10149:
6744:"A Comparison of 3D Interest Point Descriptors with Application to Airport Baggage Object Detection in Complex CT Imagery"
2001:
typical CT can involve 10β20 mGy for specific organs, and can go up to 80 mGy for certain specialized CT scans.
13673:
12951:
12040:
11138:
9021:
7983:"Role of curved planar reformations using multidetector spiral CT in diagnosis of pancreatic and peripancreatic diseases"
4245:"Radiation treatment planning with an integrated positron emission and computer tomography (PET/CT): a feasibility study"
3314:
3202:. In that case, it is not at all clear that the benefits outweigh the risks and costs. Deciding whether and how to treat
629:
17:
8886:
8859:
278:
CT scan of the thorax. The axial slice (right) is the image that corresponds to number 2/33 on the coronal slice (left).
13663:
13503:
13382:
13122:
13031:
6833:"A New Method for Quality Control of Geological Cores by X-Ray Computed Tomography: Application in IODP Expedition 370"
5705:
3166:
2269:, perpendicular to the long axis of the body. Modern scanners allow the scan data to be reformatted as images in other
2235:
of the tissue(s) that it corresponds to on a scale from +3,071 (most attenuating) to β1,024 (least attenuating) on the
1308:
Useful for identifying the internal structures of a solid organ or the walls of hollow structures, such as intestines.
1150:
of the tissue(s) that it corresponds to on a scale from +3,071 (most attenuating) to β1,024 (least attenuating) on the
581:
12638:"The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI"
6743:
6576:
S. J. Kisner, P. Jin, C. A. Bouman, K. D. Sauer, W. Garms, T. Gable, S. Oh, M. Merzbacher, S. Skatter (October 2013).
6552:
3538:
32:
This article is about X-ray computed tomography as used in medicine. For cross-sectional images used in industry, see
12961:
7628:
7595:
6344:
3253:
1831:
300:
11481:
8832:
7702:
4538:
3383:
1389:
A threshold value of radiodensity is set by the operator (e.g., a level that corresponds to bone). With the help of
1131:
interchange corresponds to the view that physicians generally have in reality when positioned in front of patients.
12946:
12941:
12824:
11721:
Radon J (1 December 1986). "On the determination of functions from their integral values along certain manifolds".
5488:
Marwan M, Achenbach S (February 2016). "Role of Cardiac CT Before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)".
5327:
Vascular Imaging of the Central Nervous System: Physical Principles, Clinical Applications, and Emerging Techniques
2203:
965:
597:
266:
10697:
1099:
Slices (of varying thickness). Thin slice is generally regarded as planes representing a thickness of less than 3
1095:, which may be presented to a human observer by various methods, which broadly fit into the following categories:
13026:
13009:
12600:
11508:
Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology: Physical Principles and Clinical Applications
9327:
6678:
6613:
6108:
3131:
1061:
717:
712:
487:
8693:
Jha D (2014). "Adaptive center determination for effective suppression of ring artifacts in tomography images".
8614:
GonzΓ‘lez Ballester MA, Zisserman AP, Brady M (December 2002). "Estimation of the partial volume effect in MRI".
1124:
13387:
13234:
13134:
13117:
11607:
9951:
9878:
6831:
Tonai S, Kubo Y, Tsang MY, Bowden S, Ide K, Hirose T, Kamiya N, Yamamoto Y, Yang K, Yamada Y, Morono Y (2019).
6370:
Evans LM, Margetts L, Casalegno V, Lever LM, Bushell J, Lowe T, Wallwork A, Young P, Lindemann A (2015-05-28).
2331:
2051:
416:
Positron emission tomographyβcomputed tomography is a hybrid CT modality which combines, in a single gantry, a
73:
33:
13330:
12304:"Use of advanced radiology during visits to US emergency departments for injury-related conditions, 1998β2007"
11332:
Whitley SA, Dodgeon J, Meadows A, Cullingworth J, Holmes K, Jackson M, Hoadley G, Kulshrestha R (2020-01-06).
8516:
3592:
2190:
1600:
by 1% or less. Third, CT scanning enables multiplanar reformatted imaging: scan data can be visualized in the
308:(EBT) is a specific form of CT in which a large enough X-ray tube is constructed so that only the path of the
180:
technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called
13513:
13367:
12966:
12841:
12833:
12732:
10271:"Imaging strategies to reduce the risk of radiation in CT studies, including selective substitution with MRI"
9386:
6376:
4566:
Galloway R Jr (2015). "Introduction and Historical Perspectives on Image-Guided Surgery". In Golby AJ (ed.).
3337:
3139:
2150:
1763:. This occurs in 2 to 7% of people who receive these agents, with greater risk in those who have preexisting
9076:"Virtual colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: current status: Wednesday 5 October 2005, 14:00β16:00"
8567:"Virtual Monochromatic Spectral Imaging with Fast Kilovoltage Switching: Reduction of Metal Artifacts at CT"
6516:
5539:
Moss AJ, Dweck MR, Dreisbach JG, Williams MC, Mak SM, Cartlidge T, Nicol ED, Morgan-Hughes GJ (2016-11-01).
13624:
13558:
13490:
13480:
13458:
13229:
13197:
12828:
11333:
6983:"Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography"
6549:
Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2012 Conference Record of the Forty Sixth Asilomar Conference on
5950:"3D-Imaging of cardiac structures using 3D heart models for planning in heart surgery: a preliminary study"
4649:
Khan FR, Henderson JM (2013). "Deep Brain Stimulation Surgical Techniques". In Lozano AM, Hallet M (eds.).
4593:
Tse V, Kalani M, Adler JR (2015). "Techniques of Stereotactic Localization". In Chin LS, Regine WF (eds.).
4107:
Williams M, Newby D (2016-08-01). "CT myocardial perfusion imaging: current status and future directions".
2286:
2104:
2092:
1760:
1341:
1313:
1107:
1070:
417:
12390:
Shikhaliev PM, Xu T, Molloi S (2005). "Photon counting computed tomography: Concept and initial results".
11200:
7282:"Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with CT radiomics features"
6506:"A model-based 3D multi-slice helical CT reconstruction algorithm for transportation security application"
2406:
is no longer in technical use because current CT scans enable for multiplanar reconstructions. This makes
13668:
13288:
13256:
13239:
12219:
7055:
5325:
1020:
672:
379:
11063:
Issa ZF, Miller JM, Zipes DP (2019-01-01). "Complications of Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias".
8788:
Sijbers J, Postnov A (2004). "Reduction of ring artefacts in high resolution micro-CT reconstructions".
8277:. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2013 (pp. 2195β2202).
7870:
7345:"Volume Rendering versus Maximum Intensity Projection in CT Angiography: What Works Best, When, and Why"
6588:
6074:"Emergency Radiology of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Imaging of the Nontraumatic and Traumatic Acute Abdomen"
5891:
Wang DD, Eng M, Greenbaum A, Myers E, Forbes M, Pantelic M, Song T, Nelson C, Divine G (November 2016).
4763:
2336:
The history of X-ray computed tomography goes back to at least 1917 with the mathematical theory of the
246:
On the basis of image acquisition and procedures, various type of scanners are available in the market.
13362:
13097:
12837:
12551:
11222:
9125:"Clinical validation of high-resolution fast spin-echo MR colonography after colon distention with air"
8084:
7043:
6197:
Buckwalter, Kenneth A., et al. (11 September 2000). "Musculoskeletal Imaging with Multislice CT".
4539:
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Emergency Physicians, UMBC (2017-03-20).
3898:
3619:
3362:
3183:
2218:
2047:
1719:
1462:
1251:
1103:. Thick slice is generally regarded as planes representing a thickness between 3 mm and 5 mm.
558:
283:
274:
212:
204:
12127:
11668:
8456:
7652:
Kamalian S, Lev MH, Gupta R (2016-01-01). "Computed tomography imaging and angiography β principles".
5654:
3871:
3784:
3757:
3730:
2133:
Patient preparation may vary according to the type of scan. The general patient preparation includes.
467:, or full-motion heart scans for people with a high risk of heart disease. Several institutions offer
13603:
13271:
13261:
12167:
5013:
4469:
Berrington de GonzΓ‘lez A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, Bhargavan M, Lewis R, Mettler F, Land C (December 2009).
3332:
3162:
781:
12629:
11535:
Statistical Image Reconstruction Algorithms Using Paraboloidal Surrogates for PET Transmission Scans
9123:
Bielen DJ, Bosmans HT, De Wever LL, Maes F, Tejpar S, Vanbeckevoort D, Marchal GJ (September 2005).
8963:
8926:
7618:
7502:
Schmidt D, Odland R (September 2004). "Mirror-Image Reversal of Coronal Computed Tomography Scans".
6694:
6629:
5352:
13642:
13593:
13372:
13251:
13224:
12985:
12770:
12725:
7077:
Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies (CHNT23)
4870:
2418:
2255:
1671:
1657:
1615:
The improved resolution of CT has permitted the development of new investigations. For example, CT
1493:
1474:
1459:
1451:
1302:
813:
305:
95:
12250:
11165:
9381:
6614:"A Classifier based Approach for the Detection of Potential Threats in CT based Baggage Screening"
4650:
13541:
13377:
13318:
13303:
13192:
13014:
12990:
9926:
9681:"What is the lifetime risk of developing cancer?: the effect of adjusting for multiple primaries"
6578:"Innovative data weighting for iterative reconstruction in a helical CT security baggage scanner"
5596:
ThΓ©riault-Lauzier P, Spaziano M, Vaquerizo B, Buithieu J, Martucci G, Piazza N (September 2015).
3565:
3513:
2278:
2217:
interpretation. Once the scan data has been acquired, the data must be processed using a form of
2020:
1775:
should be avoided; this may mean using an alternative technique instead of CT. Those with severe
1355:
1327:
1295:
791:
777:
448:
12252:
Worldwide: Frequency, Radiation Dose, and Comparison with Other Radiation Sources β 1950-2007".
11849:
11614:
11096:
8132:"Noninvasive Coronary Imaging Using Electron Beam CT: Surface Rendering Versus Volume Rendering"
6372:"Transient thermal finite element analysis of CFCβCu ITER monoblock using X-ray tomography data"
653:
378:. Blood flow, blood transit time, and organ blood volume, can all be calculated with reasonable
13678:
13412:
13281:
13212:
13019:
11195:
8958:
8921:
8729:
8130:
van Ooijen PM, van Geuns RJ, Rensing BJ, Bongaerts AH, de Feyter PJ, Oudkerk M (January 2003).
7069:
6689:
6624:
4471:"Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007"
3322:(sub-mSv in the literature) levels during the CT scan process, a goal that has been lingering.
949:
909:
753:
12366:
11641:
10926:
10906:
10583:
9630:
Smoll NR, Brady Z, Scurrah KJ, Lee C, Berrington de GonzΓ‘lez A, Mathews JD (14 January 2023).
6679:"A Comparison of Classification Approaches for Threat Detection in CT based Baggage Screening"
5679:
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11408:"Alignment Solution for CT Image Reconstruction using Fixed Point and Virtual Rotation Axis"
7452:
Vision, Modeling, and Visualization 2006: Proceedings, November 22-24, 2006, Aachen, Germany
6073:
5541:"Complementary role of cardiac CT in the assessment of aortic valve replacement dysfunction"
4897:
2076:
Most adverse health effects of radiation exposure may be grouped in two general categories:
2004:
For purposes of comparison, the world average dose rate from naturally occurring sources of
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Pessis E, Campagna R, Sverzut JM, Bach F, Rodallec M, Guerini H, Feydy A, DrapΓ© JL (2013).
8413:
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Orthopedics in Disasters: Orthopedic Injuries in Natural Disasters and Mass Casualty Events
7142:
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2005:
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12528:
10954:"Dynamics of DNA damage response proteins at DNA breaks: a focus on protein modifications"
9534:"Radiation Exposure From Pediatric CT Scans and Subsequent Cancer Risk in the Netherlands"
8402:"Mitigating motion artifacts in FDK based 3D Cone-beam Brain Imaging System using markers"
8100:
6807:
5118:
Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, Kim KP, Mahesh M, Gould R, Berrington de GonzΓ‘lez A,
4413:
Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, Kim KP, Mahesh M, Gould R, Berrington de GonzΓ‘lez A,
1207:
8:
13565:
13443:
13266:
13002:
12084:
Edholm P, Gabor H (December 1987). "Linograms in Image Reconstruction from Projections".
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2773:
2383:, a company best known today for its music and recording business. It was later known as
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Van Nieuwenhove V, De Beenhouwer J, De Carlo F, Mancini L, Marone F, Sijbers J (2015).
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is complex, radiation exposure is not negligible, and the money for the scans involves
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who saw them from 1.8% to 25%. In the emergency department in the United States, CT or
2345:
1772:
1663:
1255:
1011:
874:
824:. For more complex anatomies and procedures, such as heart valve interventions, a true
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425:
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235:
11991:"What's the difference between a CAT-Scan and a CT-Scan? - Cincinnati Children's Blog"
11833:
11808:
11361:"Are screening serum creatinine levels necessary prior to outpatient CT examinations?"
9500:
8801:
8627:
7478:
5368:
4655:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 116. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 28β30.
4260:
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1483:
Higher resolution is not always suitable, such as detection of small pulmonary masses.
964:) where it is currently used in a materials analysis context for explosives detection
362:
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11166:"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection"
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and is also under consideration for automated baggage/parcel security scanning using
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83:
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7826:
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7619:
Jerrold T. Bushberg, J. Anthony Seibert, Edwin M. Leidholdt, John M. Boone (2002).
7511:
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7405:
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1220:
1163:
1151:
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1081:
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961:
821:
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704:
664:
can be seen on lung CTs and generally (but not always) implies inflammation of the
216:
192:
114:
10614:
Hasebroock KM, Serkova NJ (April 2009). "Toxicity of MRI and CT contrast agents".
10539:
Drain KL, Volcheck GW (2001). "Preventing and managing drug-induced anaphylaxis".
7623:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 358.
7070:"Advanced Documentation Methods in Studying Corinthian Black-figure Vase Painting"
6892:"From damage to discovery via virtual unwrapping: Reading the scroll from En-Gedi"
6076:. In J. Hodler, R. A. Kubik-Huch, G. K. von Schulthess, Ch. L. Zollikofer (eds.).
4307:
2039:) on the cells' chemical bonds by X-ray radiation is proportional to that energy.
1458:
New software technology can significantly reduce the required radiation dose. New
828:
or a 3D print is created based on these CT images to gain a deeper understanding.
127:
13428:
12880:
12846:
12819:
12814:
12748:
12066:
11007:
10913:
10240:
9968:
9895:
9334:
9266:
9240:
8514:
8355:
8338:
8274:
8222:"Radiation Exposures to Patients from CT: Reality, Public Perception, and Policy"
7553:
7485:
7450:
7051:
6770:
6046:
5022:
4844:
4732:
4594:
4567:
4348:
4166:
2337:
2209:
2058:
1780:
1687:
1508:
973:
969:
905:
795:
784:, more specifically in the transcatheter repair and replacement of heart valves.
440:
321:
177:
101:
11121:
9091:
8439:
8437:
7039:
Advanced documentation methods in studying Corinthian black-figure vase painting
6981:
Dambrogio J, Ghassaei A, Staraza Smith D, Jackson H, Demaine ML (2 March 2021).
5613:
5556:
5467:
4244:
3971:
3714:
3689:
3410:
203:
measurements taken from different angles are then processed on a computer using
13570:
12567:
11867:
11247:
10658:
10362:
10095:
10041:
9847:
9800:
9754:
8515:
Mouton, A., Megherbi, N., Van Slambrouck, K., Nuyts, J., Breckon, T.P. (2013).
8313:
7558:(Fifth ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2018-07-19. p. 1600.
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6513:
Second International Conference on Image Formation in X-Ray Computed Tomography
6101:
Skolarikos A, Neisius A, PetΕΓk A, Somani B, Thomas K, Gambaro G (March 2022).
5908:
5848:
5791:
4789:"Thyroid computed tomography imaging: pictorial review of variable pathologies"
4120:
3915:
3828:
3811:
3303:
2933:
2311:
2213:
2108:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1776:
1764:
1737:
1609:
1390:
1348:
1320:
1288:
1196:
1007:
976:
in March 2022 has ended the ban on liquids over 100 ml there, a move that
960:
CT scanning has also found an application in transport security (predominantly
901:
897:
841:
641:
611:
585:
472:
468:
375:
12614:
12265:
11000:
10741:
10724:
10627:
10508:
10491:
10465:
10409:
8446:"A Method for Simultaneous Image Reconstruction and Beam Hardening Correction"
8426:
8401:
8237:
8147:
7830:
7409:
7394:"Automatic perceptual color map generation for realistic volume visualization"
7154:
7037:
6703:
6638:
6246:
6210:
5966:
5949:
5501:
5293:
5276:
5057:
4804:
4213:
13657:
13202:
13171:
13159:
13154:
12912:
12807:
12702:
12659:
12650:
12637:
12097:
11951:
11824:
11734:
11615:"computed tomography β Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"
11449:
11384:
10674:
10049:
9977:
9904:
9704:
9647:
9451:
8635:
8592:
8434:
8245:
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8008:
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6024:
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3979:
3924:
3837:
3666:
3347:
3229:
3224:
3203:
2533:
2365:
2319:
2107:(FDA) initiated an investigation of brain perfusion CT (PCT) scans, based on
1846:
1627:
with greater accuracy and less discomfort for the patient than a traditional
1605:
1567:
1516:
1399:
1212:
1200:
1175:
1024:
870:
845:
807:
676:
637:
526:
11872:
The Mathematics of Computerized Tomography (Classics in Applied Mathematics)
11360:
10771:"Nuclear energy and health: and the benefits of low-dose radiation hormesis"
8493:
7638:
7605:
7218:
7201:
6808:"Laboratory | About Chikyu | The Deep-sea Scientific Drilling Vessel CHIKYU"
2433:
1219:
Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) is the process of converting data from one
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13164:
13149:
13083:
12575:
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12329:
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11392:
11315:
11259:
11049:
10987:
10875:
10867:
10804:
10750:
10682:
10635:
10560:
10517:
10473:
10417:
10374:
10339:
10296:
10248:
10205:
10103:
10067:
9985:
9912:
9855:
9808:
9762:
9722:
9665:
9616:
9567:
9518:
9469:
9293:
9219:
9150:
9109:
8980:
8809:
8774:
8727:
8643:
8600:
8551:
8517:"An Experimental Survey of Metal Artefact Reduction in Computed Tomography"
8501:
8253:
8198:
8163:
8116:
8069:
8026:
7967:
7856:
7687:
7531:
7435:
7378:
7315:
7235:
7178:
7024:
6941:
6915:
6585:
Security Technology (ICCST), 2013 47th International Carnahan Conference on
6321:
6262:
6218:
6153:
6032:
5983:
5934:
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5760:
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3997:
3932:
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3422:
3195:
2228:
2071:
1965:
1691:
investigators may have on the effects of protracted versus acute exposure.
1667:
1632:
1597:
1262:
Examples of different algorithms of thickening multiplanar reconstructions
1143:
1085:
1075:
925:
884:
Non-enhanced computed tomography is today the gold standard for diagnosing
554:
534:
464:
371:
357:
181:
10854:
Hall EJ, Brenner DJ (May 2008). "Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology".
9549:
8834:
Radiology of the Skull and Brain: Technical aspects of computed tomography
8730:"Dynamic intensity normalization using eigen flat fields in X-ray imaging"
8453:
IEEE Nuclear Science Symp. & Medical Imaging Conf., Seoul, Korea, 2013
7940:
7162:
5595:
5310:
5182:
5094:
4972:
1816:, although this risk is now believed to be lower than previously thought.
602:
A CT scan can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the
13508:
13063:
12895:
12885:
12865:
12855:
12797:
12792:
12761:
12552:"Is it possible to kill the radiation risk issue in computed tomography?"
12435:"Vision 20/20: Single photon counting x-ray detectors in medical imaging"
11924:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
11785:
11777:
9696:
9679:
Sasieni PD, Shelton J, Ormiston-Smith N, Thomson CS, Silcocks PB (2011).
9598:
9285:
8757:
8583:
8566:
8085:"Three-dimensional Volume Rendering of Spiral CT Data: Theory and Method"
8053:
7361:
7344:
7065:
6575:
6448:
6015:
5998:
4929:
3261:
3013:
2913:
2613:
2573:
2425:
was used from 1977 to 1979, but the current indexing explicitly includes
2411:
2315:
2306:
2282:
2232:
2162:
2113:
2032:
1896:
1852:
1794:
1748:
1725:
1628:
1616:
1585:
1336:
Useful for angiographic studies and identification of pulmonary nodules.
1192:
1147:
849:
721:
633:
573:
562:
530:
497:
121:
12144:. The Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging. Archived from
11967:
10969:
10907:
Doses from Computed Tomography (CT) examinations in the UK β 2003 Review
10331:
8940:
5744:
4468:
4028:
561:, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the
439:
Since its introduction in the 1970s, CT has become an important tool in
27:
Medical imaging procedure using X-rays to produce cross-sectional images
13144:
12907:
12902:
12870:
11296:
10287:
10270:
9828:
9826:
9782:
9780:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9141:
9124:
8535:
8376:
Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances
7266:
6472:
6408:
5833:"Innovative Mitral Valve Treatment with 3D Visualization at Henry Ford"
5409:"CT scan reduces the complications of angiography after bypass surgery"
4787:
Bin Saeedan M, Aljohani IM, Khushaim AO, Bukhari SQ, Elnaas ST (2016).
3594:
Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances
2893:
2227:
in an image obtained by CT scanning are displayed in terms of relative
2154:
1142:
in an image obtained by CT scanning are displayed in terms of relative
1123:
Technically, all volume renderings become projections when viewed on a
1100:
780:. More recently CT has played a key role in the fast-evolving field of
514:
287:
255:
208:
188:
37:
12693:
12668:
12458:
12411:
11582:
11580:
11441:
11041:
9443:
9211:
8972:
8714:
7131:"Three-Dimensional X-Ray Imaging and Analysis of Fungi on and in Wood"
7050:
scan and rollout of the aryballos No. G26, archaeological collection,
6859:
6778:
6741:
6677:
Megherbi, N., Han, J., Flitton, G.T., Breckon, T.P. (September 2012).
6611:
6503:
5680:
Radiological Society of North America, American College of Radiology.
5026:, American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society,
4896:
MartΓnez-JimΓ©nez S, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Carter BW (2017-07-22).
1187:
13471:
13407:
12860:
11959:
10197:
8543:
8399:
8083:
Calhoun PS, Kuszyk BS, Heath DG, Carley JC, Fishman EK (1999-05-01).
6980:
6957:"A Letter Sealed for Centuries Has Been ReadβWithout Even Opening It"
3342:
2753:
2493:
2290:
1639:
1529:
1519:
images with special software such as GSI (Gemstone Spectral Imaging).
680:
675:
found nodule in the absence of symptoms (sometimes referred to as an
577:
538:
370:
CT perfusion imaging is a specific form of CT to assess flow through
226:, it can also be used to form images of non-living objects. The 1979
12491:"NIH uses photon-counting CT scanner in patients for the first time"
9823:
9777:
9729:
8039:
5598:"Computed Tomography for Structural Heart Disease and Interventions"
2414:
in common vernacular as well as in textbooks and scientific papers.
2281:
image of an object inside the body from a series of two-dimensional
2144:
Removal of metallic objects and jewelry from the region of interest.
1592:, enabling examination of finer details. CT can distinguish between
137:
59:
Modern CT scanner (2021), photon-counting CT (Siemens NAEOTOM Alpha)
13494:
11577:
11424:
10444:
Christiansen C (2005-04-15). "X-ray contrast media β an overview".
9678:
8911:
8176:
8129:
7781:
4768:
3352:
3278:
3187:
3113:
2973:
2853:
2178:
CT scanner with cover removed to show internal components. Legend:
2062:
alone would overstate the biological risks to the entire organism.
1620:
1228:
1162:, which is a three-dimensional unit. Water has an attenuation of 0
725:
665:
522:
309:
12717:
11358:
11001:
The Measurement, Reporting, and Management of Radiation Dose in CT
10931:. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 164.
10024:
Kalra MK, Maher MM, Rizzo S, Kanarek D, Shephard JA (April 2004).
9952:"Answers to Common Questions About the Use and Safety of CT Scans"
9879:"Answers to Common Questions About the Use and Safety of CT Scans"
9786:
9267:"Computed tomography β an increasing source of radiation exposure"
9122:
7251:
6231:
4786:
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Clark's Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach
11331:
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4626:
Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
3690:"Electron beam computed tomography: Challenges and opportunities"
3319:
3291:
3266:
3236:
3073:
2813:
2713:
2693:
2633:
2553:
2513:
2294:
2043:
1837:
1512:
929:
622:
that produces a sampling of the lung, and not continuous images.
313:
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3093:
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2993:
2953:
2873:
2833:
2673:
2593:
2174:
1809:
741:
684:
518:
403:
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12220:"Global Initiative on Radiation Safety in Healthcare Settings"
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11505:
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Major manufacturers of CT scanning devices and equipment are:
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dosage raises the adverse side effects, including the risk of
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11874:. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. p. 8.
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4242:
3298:
3286:
3273:
3248:
2793:
2733:
2653:
2473:
2374:
2368:
2244:
2240:
2224:
2147:
Changing to the hospital gown according to hospital protocol.
1182:
1159:
1155:
1139:
1092:
799:
733:
679:) may raise concerns that it might represent a tumor, either
657:
Bronchial wall thickness (T) and diameter of the bronchus (D)
542:
444:
387:
383:
317:
200:
8400:
Bhowmik UK, Zafar Iqbal, M., Adhami, Reza R. (28 May 2012).
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5274:
5164:
4954:
4761:
3782:
2438:
was introduced by Paul Edholm and Bertil Jacobson in 1975.
2289:. These cross-sectional images are widely used for medical
2158:
2016:
913:
737:
732:
throughout the body. This ranges from arteries serving the
729:
607:
9832:
9425:
9073:
7031:
6504:
P. Jin, E. Haneda, K. D. Sauer, C. A. Bouman (June 2012).
6071:
5773:
5538:
5215:
3755:
3728:
1571:
They can be divided into mono- and multi-material methods.
1006:
or the text hidden inside the charred outer layers of the
12357:
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10226:
10026:"Radiation exposure from Chest CT: Issues and Strategies"
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8564:
7391:
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Johnson T, Fink C, SchΓΆnberg SO, Reiser MF (2011-01-18).
3729:
Johnson T, Fink C, SchΓΆnberg SO, Reiser MF (2011-01-18).
2380:
2009:
1704:
1635:
for detection of tumors and uses a lower radiation dose.
749:
745:
408:
270:
Drawing of CT fan beam and patient in a CT imaging system
12045:. International Headache Management. 1994. p. 115.
8082:
3446:
ARRT β The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
2261:
Initially, the images generated in CT scans were in the
1740:. Skin rashes may appear within a week to 3% of people.
1394:
this mode of operation cannot show interior structures.
230:
was awarded jointly to South African-American physicist
10317:
9391:"Patient Safety β Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams"
8339:"Thoracic computed tomography: principles and practice"
7279:
5350:
4195:
3953:
3644:
2019:
is the main material used by radiography personnel for
1703:
estimates that the risk to a fetus being exposed to 10
238:"for the development of computer-assisted tomography".
11223:"Radiation and pregnancy: A fact sheet for clinicians"
11097:"Absorbed, Equivalent, and Effective Dose β ICRPaedia"
10023:
6735:
6196:
5948:
Jacobs S, Grunert R, Mohr FW, Falk V (February 2008).
5724:
4622:"Developing Stereotactic Frames for Cranial Treatment"
4196:
Blodgett TM, Meltzer CC, Townsend DW (February 2007).
3536:
2231:. The pixel itself is displayed according to the mean
1515:
of different energy levels, and then synthesized into
1146:. The pixel itself is displayed according to the mean
11123:
Radiation Quantities and Units, Definitions, Acronyms
10268:
10080:
7555:
Brant and Helms' fundamentals of diagnostic radiology
7385:
5947:
5890:
5830:
5018:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
4849:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2007. pp. 40, 47.
1254:, including digitally reconstructed radiographs, see
11511:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 5.
10695:
9740:
9629:
9419:
9189:
6889:
6830:
6533:
6465:
Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX) III
4695:
Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
4596:
Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery
3869:
3762:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
3543:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4.
1580:
CT scanning has several advantages over traditional
513:
CT scanning of the head is typically used to detect
12556:
Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics
11693:
11280:"FDA investigates the safety of brain perfusion CT"
11171:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
10905:Shrimpton, P.C; Miller, H.C; Lewis, M.A; Dunn, M.
9672:
9074:Heiken JP, Peterson CM, Menias CO (November 2005).
8857:
8558:
7894:
7339:
7063:
4519:"Dangers of CT Scans and X-Rays β Consumer Reports"
3903:
Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics
3417:, Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing,
1701:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
1631:. Virtual colonography is far more accurate than a
199:by different tissues inside the body. The multiple
12389:
12356:
11019:
10616:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
10269:Semelka RC, Armao DM, Elias J, Huda W (May 2007).
6686:Proc. International Conference on Image Processing
6621:Proc. International Conference on Image Processing
6569:
4353:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 289.
3186:imaging is done in 15% of people who present with
1666:used in CT scans can damage body cells, including
10613:
9050:Heart's Vortex: Intracardiac Blood Flow Phenomena
8219:
7335:
7333:
6670:
6605:
6540:P. Jin, E. Haneda, C. A. Bouman (November 2012).
6426:
5682:"Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA)"
5004:
5002:
5000:
4464:
4462:
4152:
1788:contrast exist, such as very dilute (0.5β1% w/v)
891:
13655:
12549:
12301:
11850:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979"
10768:
10696:Thomsen HS, Muller RN, Mattrey RF (2012-12-06).
10609:
10607:
10605:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10000:"No evidence that CT scans, X-rays cause cancer"
7651:
7586:Arthur W. Toga, John C. Mazziotta, eds. (2002).
6051:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2011. p. 37.
4346:
3537:Terrier F, Grossholz M, Becker CD (2012-12-06).
3514:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979"
3490:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979"
3466:. American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
2924:
504:to top. Taken with intravenous contrast medium.
36:. For means of tomography other than X-ray, see
12666:
12432:
11254:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
11062:
10925:Michael T. Ryan, Poston, John W., eds. (2005).
10656:
10369:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
10264:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10133:
9574:
9476:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9248:
8508:
8479:
7871:"CT imaging: Where are we going? (Proceedings)"
6497:
6342:
5954:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
5776:"Cardiac 3D Printing and its Future Directions"
5487:
5323:
3899:"Principles and applications of dual source CT"
3812:"Principles and applications of dual source CT"
2524:
1992:Template:Effective dose by medical imaging type
12302:Korley FK, Pham JC, Kirsch TD (October 2010).
11866:
11757:
11714:
11694:Thomas AM, Banerjee AK, Busch U (2005-12-05).
11666:
11639:
11136:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10443:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10113:
9538:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
9326:Redberg, Rita F., and Smith-Bindman, Rebecca.
9046:
8787:
7924:"Modern imaging of the tracheo-bronchial tree"
7815:"Technical aspects of CT imaging of the spine"
7392:Silverstein JC, Parsad NM, Tsirline V (2008).
7330:
4997:
4922:
4782:
4780:
4592:
4545:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 389.
4459:
3563:
3144:American Association of Physicists in Medicine
1784:minimize any adverse effects of the contrast.
856:Click here to scroll through the image stacks.
647:Click here to scroll through the image stacks.
12733:
12286:
11800:
11697:Classic Papers in Modern Diagnostic Radiology
11277:
11245:
10602:
10538:
10492:"Agents that induce pseudo-allergic reaction"
10432:
10360:
10311:
9525:
9116:
7788:Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research
7501:
4698:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 456β461.
4648:
4350:Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic Radiology
4289:
4106:
3004:
2904:
2604:
2564:
869:CT is an accurate technique for diagnosis of
865:Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis
584:plays an important role in the evaluation of
576:is generally the initial study of choice for
11922:Hounsfield GN (1977). "The E.M.I. Scanner".
11763:
11065:Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology
10901:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10485:
10483:
10363:"Radiology Patient Safety and Communication"
10255:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10171:
9245:
8858:BrΓΌning R, KΓΌttner A, Flohr T (2006-01-16).
8656:
8266:Barkan, O; Weill, J; Averbuch, A; Dekel, S.
7895:Wolfson N, Lerner A, Roshal L (2016-05-30).
4408:
4406:
3896:
3809:
3408:
3136:American Society of Radiologic Technologists
2884:
2410:the most appropriate term, which is used by
1471:iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance
1444:
1385:3D human skull from computed tomography data
1215:. The smaller images are axial plane slices.
1051:
782:transcatheter structural heart interventions
760:(PE). It employs computed tomography and an
12196:. World Health Organization. Archived from
12083:
10951:
10853:
10816:
10814:
10757:
10489:
10391:
10389:
10110:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9264:
8830:
7754:
7734:. Charles C Thomas Publisher. p. 512.
7590:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
7193:
6954:
5652:
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5451:
4777:
4718:
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4619:
3870:Seidensticker PR, Hofmann LK (2008-05-24).
2744:
2484:
840:CT scan of a normal abdomen and pelvis, in
787:The main forms of cardiac CT scanning are:
294:
12740:
12726:
12365:(2nd ed.). New York: Dekker. p.
12194:"Optimal levels of radiation for patients"
11921:
11687:
11667:Webb WR, Brant WE, Major NM (2006-01-01).
11227:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
11137:Pua BB, Covey AM, Madoff DC (2018-12-03).
10585:Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions
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8444:P. Jin, C. A. Bouman, K. D. Sauer (2013).
6436:Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies
6286:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
6131:
5999:"Cross-sectional Imaging in Crohn Disease"
4899:Specialty Imaging: HRCT of the Lung E-Book
3104:
2964:
2844:
1724:In the United States half of CT scans are
1364:Useful for assessing the lung parenchyma.
1354:
1347:
1326:
1319:
1294:
1287:
1183:Multiplanar reconstruction and projections
1033:
699:Example of a CTPA, demonstrating a saddle
53:
12692:
12649:
12550:KachelrieΓ M, Rehani MM (March 1, 2020).
12466:
12319:
11832:
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11646:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 152.
11457:
11423:
11327:
11325:
11305:
11295:
11119:
10977:
10890:
10849:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10794:
10740:
10722:
10702:. Springer Science & Business Media.
10507:
10480:
10286:
10168:
10057:
9967:
9894:
9712:
9655:
9606:
9557:
9508:
9459:
9140:
9099:
8962:
8925:
8864:. Springer Science & Business Media.
8756:
8582:
8425:
8354:
8336:
8220:Nickoloff EL, Alderson PO (August 2001).
8170:
8016:
7998:
7957:
7939:
7846:
7425:
7360:
7297:
7217:
7014:
6931:
6858:
6848:
6693:
6628:
6447:
6407:
6397:
6014:
5965:
5924:
5856:
5807:
5659:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5629:
5572:
5384:
5292:
5190:
5147:
4980:
4820:
4494:
4442:
4403:
4323:
4066:Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics
3987:
3914:
3876:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3827:
3735:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3713:
3376:
3064:
2804:
2764:
2704:
2684:
2624:
2544:
2504:
2208:Computed tomography operates by using an
1720:Iodinated contrast Β§ Adverse effects
1612:plane, depending on the diagnostic task.
928:to quickly reveal the geometry, anatomy,
13576:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
11806:
10811:
10581:
10490:Wang H, Wang HS, Liu ZP (October 2011).
10386:
10154:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 25.
9315:
8368:
8366:
8268:"Adaptive Compressed Tomography Sensing"
7707:. Oxford University Press. p. 136.
7621:The essential physics of medical imaging
6551:. IEEE. pp. 613β636. Archived from
6343:Barber A, Tozzi G, Pani M (2019-03-07).
5893:"Predicting LVOT Obstruction After TMVR"
5448:
4755:
4565:
3865:
3863:
3786:Dual-Energy CT in Cardiovascular Imaging
3464:"Individual State Licensure Information"
3084:
3044:
3024:
2984:
2944:
2864:
2824:
2664:
2584:
2447:Number of CT scanners by country (OECD)
2189:
2173:
1477:without requiring higher radiation dose.
1426:
1410:
1380:
1235:achieved in sagittal and coronal plane.
1206:
1186:
1060:
992:
835:
694:
652:
624:
491:
407:
361:
273:
265:
146:
12521:"Photon-counting breast CT measures up"
11720:
11586:
11531:
11405:
10822:"What are the Radiation Risks from CT?"
10588:. New York: Humana Press. p. 187.
10532:
10147:
9623:
9067:
8914:Journal of X-ray Science and Technology
8688:
8686:
8524:Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
8406:Central European Journal of Engineering
7727:
7700:
7490:University of Connecticut Health Center
7474:
7472:
7448:
7199:
6283:
5251:"Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)"
4010:
3617:
2784:
2724:
2644:
2464:
2065:
2026:
1091:The result of a CT scan is a volume of
351:
14:
13656:
12635:
11988:
11894:
11621:from the original on 19 September 2011
11558:
11322:
10836:
10657:Rawson JV, Pelletier AL (2013-09-01).
8721:
7980:
7758:3D Imaging in Medicine, Second Edition
7206:Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
6346:Computed Tomography Based Biomechanics
4774:This topic last updated: Dec 04, 2017.
4347:Curry TS, Dowdey JE, Murry RC (1990).
3687:
2441:
1250:for quality assurance and planning of
557:for treatment of intracranial tumors,
12721:
11278:Wintermark M, Lev MH (January 2010).
9383:Radiological Society of North America
9265:Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (November 2007).
9026:. Elsevier Mosby. 2008. p. 337.
9023:Radiology for the Dental Professional
8888:Pitfalls in Musculoskeletal Radiology
8781:
8372:
8363:
8101:10.1148/radiographics.19.3.g99ma14745
7748:
7286:Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging
7247:
7245:
6072:Jay P Heiken, Douglas S Katz (2014).
5712:from the original on 5 September 2015
5330:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 69.
4764:"Evaluation of a neck mass in adults"
4572:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 3β4.
4148:
4146:
4058:
4056:
4054:
3860:
3590:
3411:"CT-scan Image Production Procedures"
2247:, which is a three-dimensional unit.
1713:
831:
752:. An example of this type of exam is
703:(dark horizontal line) occluding the
451:. It has more recently been used for
382:. This type of CT may be used on the
228:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
12232:from the original on 29 October 2013
12086:IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
11847:
11723:IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
11640:Webb WR, Brant WE, Major NM (2014).
10787:10.2203/dose-response.08-024.Cuttler
10659:"When to Order Contrast-Enhanced CT"
9927:"Expert opinion: Are CT scans safe?"
9363:from the original on 5 November 2013
9232:Brian R. Subach M.D., F.A.C.S et al.
8683:
8260:
7812:
7612:
7469:
6429:"Imaging Techniques in Conservation"
5706:"Heart scan (coronary calcium scan)"
5698:
5457:
5324:Ramalho J, Castillo M (2014-03-31).
5030:from the original on 3 November 2013
5010:American College of Chest Physicians
4691:
4290:Ul-Hassan F, Cook GJ (August 2012).
4013:"Dual-Energy CT: General Principles"
3390:from the original on 15 October 2016
1065:Types of presentations of CT scans:
955:
919:
904:, CT is often used to image complex
794:(CCTA): the use of CT to assess the
12747:
12501:from the original on 18 August 2016
12128:"Computed tomography (CT) scanners"
11809:"Obituary β Sir Godfrey Hounsfield"
11220:
8884:
8692:
7054:. The video was rendered using the
4727:(2 Supplement Operative): 173β176.
3759:Dual Energy CT in Clinical Practice
3732:Dual Energy CT in Clinical Practice
3315:Photon-counting computed tomography
2031:The radiation dose reported in the
1619:avoids the invasive insertion of a
1440:Standard-dose CT scan of the thorax
1370:
1284:Average intensity projection (AIP)
345:Single Source with Energy switching
191:and a row of detectors placed in a
24:
13684:Multidimensional signal processing
13383:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
12586:– via www.physicamedica.com.
12346:. Business Wire. November 7, 2019.
11590:Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
11377:10.1148/radiology.216.2.r00au23481
11073:10.1016/b978-0-323-52356-1.00032-3
10952:Polo SE, Jackson SP (March 2011).
9350:
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7704:Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
7662:10.1016/B978-0-444-53485-9.00001-5
7242:
6349:. Frontiers Media SA. p. 20.
6078:Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis
5230:10.1016/b978-0-444-63600-3.00010-6
5220:, Critical Care Neurology Part I,
4661:10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00003-6
4599:. New York: Springer. p. 28.
4143:
4051:
3621:Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
3281:(formerly Hitachi Medical Systems)
3256:(formerly Toshiba Medical Systems)
3167:International Atomic Energy Agency
3149:Following upon the success of the
2314:used for X-ray CT, as well as for
2046:unit is used in the report of the
1646:
320:of the X-ray tube, are spun using
25:
13700:
12594:
11248:"Radiation Exposure In Pregnancy"
10030:Journal of Korean Medical Science
8994:Mikla VI, Mikla VV (2013-08-23).
8226:American Journal of Roentgenology
8136:American Journal of Roentgenology
7987:World Journal of Gastroenterology
7398:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
7202:"Principles of CT: Multislice CT"
6199:American Journal of Roentgenology
5733:American Journal of Roentgenology
5369:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064465
5281:American Journal of Roentgenology
4762:Daniel G Deschler, Joseph Zenga.
4078:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2007.09.004
4017:American Journal of Roentgenology
3897:Schmidt B, Flohr T (2020-11-01).
3810:Schmidt B, Flohr T (2020-11-01).
3470:from the original on 18 July 2013
3254:Canon Medical Systems Corporation
3190:as of 2007 (up from 6% in 1998).
1042:
983:
944:
327:
301:Electron beam computed tomography
156:1977 Dutch newsreel about CT scan
13638:
13637:
12667:Boone JM, McCollough CH (2021).
12543:
12513:
12483:
12426:
12383:
12350:
12336:
12295:
12280:
12244:
12212:
12186:
12160:
12134:
12120:
12077:
12059:
12033:
12012:
11982:
11915:
11888:
11860:
11841:
11660:
11633:
11561:"CT Image Reconstruction Basics"
11552:
11525:
11498:
11474:
11399:
11352:
11271:
11239:
11214:
11183:
11178:from the original on 2012-11-16.
11157:
11130:
11126:. National Academies Press (US).
11113:
11089:
11067:. Elsevier. pp. 1042β1067.
11056:
11013:
10994:
10945:
10928:A half century of health physics
10918:
10856:The British Journal of Radiology
10832:from the original on 2013-11-05.
10769:Cuttler JM, Pollycove M (2009).
10716:
10689:
10650:
10575:
10553:10.2165/00002018-200124110-00005
10354:
10220:
10074:
10017:
9992:
9943:
9919:
9870:
9375:
9344:
9328:"We Are Giving Ourselves Cancer"
9311:from the original on 2016-03-04.
9226:
9183:
9165:
9040:
9014:
8987:
8934:
8905:
8878:
8851:
8824:
8667:10.1016/B978-012077790-7/50016-3
8650:
8607:
8473:
8393:
8330:
8306:
8280:
8213:
8123:
8076:
8033:
7974:
7915:
7888:
7863:
7806:
7775:
7721:
7694:
7645:
7579:
7546:
7516:10.1097/00005537-200409000-00011
7495:
6416:from the original on 2015-10-16.
6306:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05348.x
6146:10.1097/00005392-199909010-00014
5656:Multidetector-Row CT Angiography
5602:Interventional Cardiology Review
3297:
3285:
3272:
3260:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3213:
3106:
3086:
3066:
3046:
3026:
3006:
2986:
2966:
2946:
2926:
2906:
2886:
2866:
2846:
2826:
2806:
2786:
2766:
2746:
2726:
2706:
2686:
2666:
2646:
2626:
2606:
2586:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2506:
2486:
2466:
2212:that rotates around the object;
2204:Operation of computed tomography
1406:
966:CTX (explosive-detection device)
598:Computed tomography of the chest
249:
234:and British electrical engineer
13140:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
12433:Taguchi K, Iwanczyk JS (2013).
12361:Quantitative x-ray spectrometry
10582:Castells MC, ed. (2010-12-09).
7479:Computerized Tomography chapter
7442:
7273:
7122:
7098:
6974:
6948:
6883:
6824:
6800:
6456:
6420:
6399:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.04.048
6363:
6336:
6277:
6225:
6190:
6160:
6125:
6109:European Association of Urology
6094:
6065:
6039:
5990:
5941:
5884:
5824:
5767:
5673:
5646:
5589:
5532:
5481:
5437:from the original on 2017-12-01
5419:
5401:
5344:
5317:
5268:
5243:
5209:
4948:
4916:
4889:
4863:
4846:Computed Tomography of the Lung
4837:
4712:
4685:
4642:
4613:
4586:
4559:
4532:
4511:
4367:
4340:
4283:
4236:
4189:
4100:
4004:
3947:
3890:
3803:
3776:
3749:
3722:
3681:
3638:
3611:
3564:Fishman EK, Jeffrey RB (1995).
3132:Society for Pediatric Radiology
2098:
1808:in some CT scans, might impair
1056:
736:to those bringing blood to the
718:Computed tomography angiography
713:Computed tomography angiography
541:(dark) structures can indicate
488:Computed tomography of the head
463:for people with a high risk of
394:diagnosis than other CT types.
282:Spinning tube, commonly called
13388:Radioactive iodine uptake test
12669:"Computed tomography turns 50"
7731:Practical Radiographic Imaging
6955:Castellanos S (2 March 2021).
6104:EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis
5427:"Cardiac CT Scan β NHLBI, NIH"
5218:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
5140:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.427
4872:High-resolution CT of the Lung
4487:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.440
4435:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.427
3659:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.08.024
3584:
3557:
3530:
3506:
3482:
3456:
3434:
3402:
2332:History of computed tomography
2250:Water has an attenuation of 0
2128:
2052:computed tomography dose index
1759:The contrast agent may induce
1423:Low-dose CT scan of the thorax
1305:as slice thickness increases.
1174:CT data sets have a very high
1084:by high and low threshold for
1067:β Average intensity projection
892:Axial skeleton and extremities
690:
434:
366:CT Perfusion scan of the brain
170:computed axial tomography scan
34:Industrial computed tomography
13:
1:
13368:Radionuclide ventriculography
12842:Lower gastrointestinal series
12834:Upper gastrointestinal series
12495:National Institutes of Health
12225:. World Health Organization.
11246:Yoon I, Slesinger TL (2021),
9501:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0
9387:American College of Radiology
8837:. Mosby. pp. 3941β3950.
8628:10.1016/s1361-8415(02)00061-0
7981:Gong JS, Xu JM (2004-07-01).
6377:Fusion Engineering and Design
6080:. Springer Milan. p. 3.
5128:Archives of Internal Medicine
4423:Archives of Internal Medicine
4308:10.7861/clinmedicine.12-4-368
4261:10.1016/s0360-3016(03)00346-8
3960:European Journal of Radiology
3369:
3338:Cone beam computed tomography
3172:
3140:American College of Radiology
1943:Chest, abdomen and pelvis CT
1812:performance in patients with
1728:using intravenously injected
1575:
939:
632:images of a normal thorax in
13559:Optical coherence tomography
13481:Myocardial perfusion imaging
13069:Dental panoramic radiography
11995:blog.cincinnatichildrens.org
11989:MiΓ±ano G (3 November 2015).
11199:. March 2013. Archived from
10826:Food and Drug Administration
10361:Emmerson B, Young M (2023),
10241:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.10.023
9969:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.011
9896:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.011
8831:Newton TH, Potts DG (1971).
8356:10.18773/austprescr.2009.049
7135:Microscopy and Microanalysis
7060:doi:10.11588/heidok.00025189
6771:10.1016/j.patcog.2013.02.008
6688:. IEEE. pp. 3109β3112.
6623:. IEEE. pp. 1833β1836.
5897:JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
5837:JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
5780:JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
5653:Passariello R (2006-03-30).
4902:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
4733:10.1227/NEU.0b013e318246a4f7
4167:10.1016/j.neurad.2014.11.003
4011:Johnson TR (November 2012).
3647:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
3125:
2375:
2369:
2355:
2287:rotation around a fixed axis
2169:
2119:
2105:Food and Drug Administration
2093:medical imaging in pregnancy
1862:Annual background radiation
1819:
1761:contrast-induced nephropathy
1736:and 4 to 12% of people with
1623:. CT scanning can perform a
1487:
1342:Minimum intensity projection
1314:Maximum intensity projection
1273:Examples (10 mm slabs)
1169:
1134:
1112:average intensity projection
1108:maximum intensity projection
1071:Maximum intensity projection
418:positron emission tomography
261:
184:or radiology technologists.
7:
11593:. Oxford University Press.
11191:"Do CT scans cause cancer?"
11143:. Oxford University Press.
9092:10.1102/1470-7330.2005.0108
8861:Protocols for Multislice CT
8802:10.1088/0031-9155/49/14/N06
8659:Handbook of Medical Imaging
8379:. SPIE Press. p. 167.
7056:GigaMesh Software Framework
5614:10.15420/ICR.2015.10.03.149
5557:10.1136/openhrt-2016-000494
4925:"Bronchial wall thickening"
4198:"PET/CT: form and function"
3972:10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.02.022
3715:10.1016/j.phpro.2008.07.090
3624:. Oxford University Press.
3597:. SPIE Press. p. 265.
3409:Hermena S, Young M (2022),
3325:
3309:
2397:body section rΓΆntgenography
2300:
2275:Digital geometry processing
2151:Checking of kidney function
1246:For 2D projections used in
762:iodine-based contrast agent
559:arteriovenous malformations
443:to supplement conventional
380:sensitivity and specificity
187:CT scanners use a rotating
10:
13705:
13674:Diagnostic medical imaging
13363:Ventilation/perfusion scan
12838:Small-bowel follow-through
12568:10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.02.017
11538:. University of Michigan.
11482:"Computed Tomography (CT)"
10096:10.1016/j.crad.2016.10.005
10042:10.3346/jkms.2004.19.2.159
9848:10.1007/s00330-019-06551-8
9801:10.1007/s00330-019-06528-7
9755:10.1007/s00330-019-06523-y
8997:Medical Imaging Technology
8292:. IEEE. 1995. p. 10.
7928:World Journal of Radiology
7588:Brain mapping: the methods
7455:. IOS Press. p. 185.
7299:10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.002
7007:10.1038/s41467-021-21326-w
6837:Frontiers in Earth Science
6427:Payne, Emma Marie (2012).
5909:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.01.017
5849:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.01.017
5792:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.12.001
5490:Current Cardiology Reports
4620:Saleh H, Kassas B (2015).
4121:10.1016/j.crad.2016.03.006
3916:10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.10.014
3829:10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.10.014
3363:Xenon-enhanced CT scanning
2329:
2325:
2304:
2219:tomographic reconstruction
2201:
2069:
2023:against scattered X-rays.
1989:
1717:
1655:
1463:tomographic reconstruction
1374:
1252:external beam radiotherapy
862:
802:. The subject receives an
771:
764:to obtain an image of the
710:
595:
485:
459:for disease, for example,
401:
355:
298:
213:magnetic resonance imaging
205:tomographic reconstruction
31:
13664:X-ray computed tomography
13633:
13612:
13604:Dynamic angiothermography
13584:
13540:
13489:
13466:
13456:
13421:
13348:
13338:
13329:
13272:Abdominal ultrasonography
13180:
13096:
13056:
12975:
12934:
12925:
12778:
12769:
12755:
12625:Development of CT imaging
12615:Resources in your library
12266:10.1148/radiol.2532082010
11901:. ABC-CLIO. p. 259.
10742:10.1148/radiol.2019192094
10663:American Family Physician
10628:10.1517/17425250902873796
10509:10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.5.211
10466:10.1016/j.tox.2004.12.020
10410:10.1007/s10140-006-0488-6
9685:British Journal of Cancer
9587:British Journal of Cancer
9053:. PMPH-USA. p. 595.
8767:10067/1302930151162165141
8427:10.2478/s13531-012-0011-7
8238:10.2214/ajr.177.2.1770285
8148:10.2214/ajr.180.1.1800223
7831:10.1007/s13244-010-0047-2
7410:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.02.008
7155:10.1017/S1431927609990419
6704:10.1109/ICIP.2012.6467558
6639:10.1109/ICIP.2010.5653676
6247:10.1007/s10067-017-3976-z
6211:10.2214/ajr.176.4.1760979
5967:10.1510/icvts.2007.156588
5502:10.1007/s11886-015-0696-3
5294:10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572481
5058:10.1148/radiol.2372041887
5014:American Thoracic Society
4805:10.1007/s13244-016-0506-5
4569:Image-Guided Neurosurgery
4214:10.1148/radiol.2422051113
4155:Journal of Neuroradiology
3688:Retsky M (31 July 2008).
3333:Barium sulfate suspension
3163:World Health Organization
2451:(per million population)
2423:computed axial tomography
2385:computed axial tomography
2103:In October, 2009, the US
1988:
1857:to the organ in question
1651:
1638:CT is a moderate-to-high
1496:, such as the following:
1445:Dose versus image quality
1052:Interpretation of results
662:Bronchial wall thickening
397:
312:, travelling between the
134:
120:
108:
94:
82:
72:
64:
52:
47:
13594:Non-contact thermography
13373:Radionuclide angiography
13225:Doppler echocardiography
12651:10.1038/npre.2009.3267.4
12098:10.1109/tmi.1987.4307847
11825:10.1136/bmj.329.7467.687
11735:10.1109/TMI.1986.4307775
11587:Stirrup J (2020-01-02).
11559:Themes UF (2018-10-07).
10699:Trends in Contrast Media
10148:Whaites E (2008-10-10).
9000:. Elsevier. p. 37.
8000:10.3748/wjg.v10.i13.1943
7701:Stirrup J (2020-01-02).
6850:10.3389/feart.2019.00117
3618:Stirrup J (2020-01-02).
3540:Spiral CT of the Abdomen
3267:Koninklijke Philips N.V.
2419:Medical Subject Headings
1672:radiation-induced cancer
1658:Radiation-induced cancer
1452:radiation-induced cancer
1303:projectional radiography
814:Coronary CT calcium scan
756:(CTPA) used to diagnose
591:
306:Electron beam tomography
295:Electron beam tomography
241:
162:computed tomography scan
13378:Radioisotope renography
12636:Filler A (2009-06-30).
11895:Sperry L (2015-12-14).
11670:Fundamentals of Body CT
11643:Fundamentals of Body CT
9956:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
9883:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
8695:Applied Physics Letters
8494:10.1148/radiol.11101782
8318:Encyclopedia Britannica
7219:10.2967/jnmt.107.044826
6961:The Wall Street Journal
6048:CT of the Acute Abdomen
5255:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
4542:Critical Care Transport
4023:(5_supplement): S3βS8.
3818:. 125 Years of X-Rays.
3384:"CT scan β Mayo Clinic"
3292:Neusoft Medical Systems
1270:Schematic illustration
1034:Micro organism research
936:of biological tissues.
792:Coronary CT angiography
778:coronary artery disease
707:(bright white triangle)
568:
496:Computed tomography of
481:
449:medical ultrasonography
13413:Gastric emptying study
12321:10.1001/jama.2010.1408
12042:Conquer Your Headaches
11944:10.1098/rspb.1977.0008
11406:Jun K, Yoon S (2017).
11196:Harvard Medical School
9648:10.1093/neuonc/noad012
8616:Medical Image Analysis
8199:10.1098/rspa.1970.0119
6916:10.1126/sciadv.1601247
6587:. IEEE. Archived from
5089:(3_suppl): 108Sβ130S.
3873:Dual Source CT Imaging
3134:. In concert with the
2199:
2187:
1978:Neonatal abdominal CT
1752:either anaphylaxis or
1441:
1424:
1386:
1216:
1204:
1106:Projection, including
1088:
950:Industrial CT scanning
860:
852:planes, respectively.
754:CT pulmonary angiogram
708:
658:
650:
510:
413:
367:
279:
271:
207:algorithms to produce
157:
13074:X-ray motion analysis
12957:X-ray microtomography
12876:Hysterosalpingography
12783:Pneumoencephalography
12632:βPPT by David Platten
11284:AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
11120:Materials NR (1999).
10229:Archives de PΓ©diatrie
8885:Peh WC (2017-08-11).
8343:Australian Prescriber
8179:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
7941:10.4329/wjr.v2.i7.237
7819:Insights into Imaging
7813:Tins B (2010-10-21).
6987:Nature Communications
6235:Clinical Rheumatology
6140:(3 Part 1): 688β691.
5686:www.radiologyinfo.org
5224:, Elsevier: 153β176,
5183:10.1378/chest.12-1095
5095:10.1378/chest.07-1353
4973:10.1378/chest.12-1095
4793:Insights into Imaging
3358:X-ray microtomography
2193:
2177:
2070:Further information:
1990:Further information:
1954:Cardiac CT angiogram
1718:Further information:
1602:transverse (or axial)
1524:Partial volume effect
1439:
1422:
1384:
1210:
1190:
1125:2-dimensional display
1064:
1004:Antikythera mechanism
993:Cultural heritage use
839:
804:intravenous injection
698:
656:
628:
495:
411:
365:
277:
269:
232:Allan MacLeod Cormack
155:
13599:Contact thermography
13309:Emergency ultrasound
13247:Transcranial Doppler
12998:Abdominal and pelvis
12497:. 24 February 2016.
11778:10.1212/wnl.28.6.517
10868:10.1259/bjr/01948454
10723:Davenport M (2020).
10275:J Magn Reson Imaging
9697:10.1038/bjc.2011.250
9599:10.1038/bjc.2015.415
9286:10.1056/NEJMra072149
9129:J Magn Reson Imaging
8758:10.1364/oe.23.027975
8584:10.1148/rg.332125124
8054:10.1148/rg.255055044
7362:10.1148/rg.263055186
6449:10.5334/jcms.1021201
6016:10.1148/rg.243035120
4923:Yuranga Weerakkody.
4292:"PET/CT in oncology"
3242:Siemens Healthineers
2364:is derived from the
2342:William H. Oldendorf
2066:Effects of radiation
2037:double strand breaks
2027:Radiation dose units
2006:background radiation
1745:radiocontrast agents
1730:radiocontrast agents
1676:background radiation
1670:, which can lead to
1598:radiographic density
879:acute abdominal pain
606:, the tissue of the
551:stereotactic surgery
412:PET-CT scan of chest
352:CT perfusion imaging
13566:Confocal microscopy
13444:Indium-111 WBC scan
13267:Echoencephalography
13003:Virtual colonoscopy
12685:2021PhT....74i..34B
12606:Computed tomography
12451:2013MedPh..40j0901T
12404:2005MedPh..32..427S
11936:1977RSPSB.195..281H
11807:Richmond C (2004).
11434:2017NatSR...741218J
11034:2005MedPh..32.1589H
10970:10.1101/gad.2021311
10458:2005Toxgy.209..185C
10398:Emergency Radiology
10332:10.2214/AJR.07.2248
9550:10.1093/jnci/djy104
9204:2013MedPh..40c1102Z
8955:2011MedPh..38S..36V
8749:2015OExpr..2327975V
8743:(21): 27975β27989.
8707:2014ApPhL.105n3107J
8418:2012CEJE....2..369B
8191:1970RSPSA.317..319C
7728:Carroll QB (2007).
7654:Neuroimaging Part I
7200:Goldman LW (2008).
7147:2009MiMic..15..395V
7079:, Vienna, Austria,
7068:, MΓ‘rton A (2019),
7048:Computed Tomography
6999:2021NatCo..12.1184D
6908:2016SciA....2E1247S
6763:2013PatRe..46.2420F
6751:Pattern Recognition
6390:2015FusED.100..100E
6298:2010NYASA1192...57K
5745:10.2214/AJR.09.3734
4029:10.2214/AJR.12.9116
3706:2008PhPro...1..149R
3452:on 9 November 2014.
3279:Fujifilm Healthcare
3180:emergency physician
2452:
2442:Society and culture
2340:. In October 1963,
2182:D: X-ray detectors
2161:levels (in case of
1754:acute kidney injury
1625:virtual colonoscopy
1267:Type of projection
1263:
720:(CTA) is a type of
453:preventive medicine
374:whilst injecting a
18:Computed tomography
13669:1972 introductions
13554:Optical tomography
13403:Dacryoscintigraphy
13398:Immunoscintigraphy
13037:Whole body imaging
12788:Dental radiography
11532:ErdoΔan H (1999).
11412:Scientific Reports
11297:10.3174/ajnr.A1967
11221:CDC (2020-06-05).
11180:Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4)
11006:2017-06-23 at the
10912:2011-09-22 at the
10288:10.1002/jmri.20895
10084:Clinical Radiology
10004:Medical News Today
9836:European Radiology
9789:European Radiology
9743:European Radiology
9438:(may21 1): f2360.
9341:, January 30, 2014
9333:2017-07-06 at the
9239:2012-12-08 at the
9142:10.1002/jmri.20397
8536:10.3233/XST-130372
8337:Simpson G (2009).
8273:2016-03-13 at the
7484:2016-03-04 at the
7449:Kobbelt L (2006).
7267:10.13026/9cft-hg92
6473:10.1117/12.2309663
6172:orthoinfo.aaos.org
6134:Journal of Urology
5257:. 19 November 2019
5016:(September 2013),
4391:on 13 October 2016
4109:Clinical Radiology
3386:. mayoclinic.org.
2446:
2346:Godfrey Hounsfield
2200:
2188:
2186:R: Gantry rotation
1842:to the whole body
1800:Side effects from
1773:iodinated contrast
1714:Contrast reactions
1442:
1425:
1387:
1261:
1217:
1205:
1199:(lower left), and
1089:
1021:Herculaneum papyri
1012:Herculaneum papyri
861:
832:Abdomen and pelvis
766:pulmonary arteries
758:pulmonary embolism
709:
705:pulmonary arteries
659:
651:
620:high resolution CT
511:
426:functional imaging
414:
368:
280:
272:
236:Godfrey Hounsfield
168:; formerly called
158:
13651:
13650:
13613:Target conditions
13536:
13535:
13532:
13531:
13452:
13451:
13393:Bone scintigraphy
13358:Scintimammography
13353:Cholescintigraphy
13198:contrast-enhanced
13092:
13091:
13052:
13051:
13042:Full-body CT scan
12942:General operation
12921:
12920:
12891:Angiocardiography
12694:10.1063/PT.3.4834
12642:Nature Precedings
12601:Library resources
12525:medicalphysicsweb
12459:10.1118/1.4820371
12412:10.1118/1.1854779
12376:978-0-8247-9554-2
12071:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
12052:978-0-9636292-5-8
12022:. 28 January 2010
11930:(1119): 281β289.
11908:978-1-4408-0383-3
11881:978-0-89871-493-7
11707:978-3-540-26988-5
11680:978-1-4160-0030-3
11653:978-0-323-26358-0
11600:978-0-19-880927-2
11545:978-0-599-63374-2
11518:978-3-642-11241-6
11486:www.nibib.nih.gov
11442:10.1038/srep41218
11345:978-1-4987-1552-2
11163:Paragraph 55 in:
11150:978-0-19-027624-9
11082:978-0-323-52356-1
11042:10.1118/1.1925181
10938:978-0-7817-6934-1
10709:978-3-642-59814-2
10595:978-1-60327-950-5
10192:(feb25 1): d947.
10161:978-0-7020-4799-2
10006:. 4 February 2016
9962:(10): 1380β1392.
9889:(10): 1380β1392.
9495:(9840): 499β505.
9444:10.1136/bmj.f2360
9407:on 1 January 2021
9389:(February 2021).
9212:10.1118/1.4789628
9177:Radiologyinfo.org
9173:"CT Colonography"
9060:978-1-60795-033-2
9033:978-0-323-03071-7
9007:978-0-12-417036-0
8973:10.1118/1.3577758
8898:978-3-319-53496-1
8871:978-3-540-27273-1
8844:978-0-8016-3662-2
8715:10.1063/1.4897441
8676:978-0-12-077790-7
8386:978-0-8194-4425-7
8299:978-0-7803-2498-5
8185:(1530): 319β340.
7993:(13): 1943β1947.
7908:978-3-662-48950-5
7768:978-0-8493-3179-4
7741:978-0-398-08511-7
7714:978-0-19-880927-2
7671:978-0-444-53485-9
7565:978-1-4963-6738-9
7462:978-3-89838-081-2
7086:978-3-200-06576-5
7064:Karl S, Bayer P,
6812:www.jamstec.go.jp
6713:978-1-4673-2533-2
6648:978-1-4244-7992-4
6482:978-1-5106-1775-9
6356:978-2-88945-780-9
6168:"Ankle Fractures"
6118:978-94-92671-16-5
6087:978-88-470-5659-6
6058:978-3-540-89232-8
5903:(11): 1349β1352.
5843:(11): 1349β1352.
5666:978-3-540-26984-7
5431:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
5363:(18): 1371β1380.
5337:978-1-118-18875-0
5134:(22): 2078β2086.
4909:978-0-323-52495-7
4882:978-0-7817-6909-9
4856:978-3-642-39518-5
4705:978-3-540-69959-0
4670:978-0-444-53497-2
4652:Brain Stimulation
4635:978-1-4398-4198-3
4606:978-0-387-71070-9
4579:978-0-12-800870-6
4552:978-1-284-04099-9
4475:Arch. Intern. Med
4429:(22): 2078β2086.
4417:(December 2009).
4360:978-0-8121-1310-5
4296:Clinical Medicine
3883:978-3-540-77602-4
3796:978-3-319-21227-2
3769:978-3-642-01740-7
3742:978-3-642-01740-7
3653:(12): 1859β1862.
3631:978-0-19-880927-2
3604:978-0-8194-4425-7
3577:978-0-7817-0218-8
3550:978-3-642-56976-0
3123:
3122:
2279:three-dimensional
1998:
1997:
1734:nonionic contrast
1437:
1420:
1368:
1367:
1248:radiation therapy
956:Aviation security
920:Biomechanical use
857:
826:3D reconstruction
796:coronary arteries
724:to visualize the
582:CT of the thyroid
502:base of the skull
224:medical diagnosis
195:to measure X-ray
153:
145:
144:
110:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
13696:
13641:
13640:
13464:
13463:
13346:
13345:
13336:
13335:
13220:Echocardiography
13079:Hounsfield scale
12932:
12931:
12851:Cholecystography
12776:
12775:
12767:
12766:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12719:
12718:
12714:
12696:
12663:
12653:
12588:
12587:
12547:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12527:. Archived from
12517:
12511:
12510:
12508:
12506:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12470:
12430:
12424:
12423:
12387:
12381:
12380:
12364:
12354:
12348:
12347:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12323:
12299:
12293:
12292:
12289:The Medical Post
12284:
12278:
12277:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12231:
12224:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12190:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12164:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12138:
12132:
12131:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12027:
12016:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12006:
11997:. Archived from
11986:
11980:
11979:
11919:
11913:
11912:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11864:
11858:
11857:
11845:
11839:
11838:
11836:
11804:
11798:
11797:
11761:
11755:
11754:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11691:
11685:
11684:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11584:
11575:
11574:
11572:
11571:
11556:
11550:
11549:
11529:
11523:
11522:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11478:
11472:
11471:
11461:
11427:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11356:
11350:
11349:
11329:
11320:
11319:
11309:
11299:
11275:
11269:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11243:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11218:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11208:
11187:
11181:
11179:
11161:
11155:
11154:
11134:
11128:
11127:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11093:
11087:
11086:
11060:
11054:
11053:
11028:(6): 1589β1597.
11017:
11011:
10998:
10992:
10991:
10981:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10922:
10916:
10903:
10888:
10887:
10851:
10834:
10833:
10818:
10809:
10808:
10798:
10766:
10755:
10754:
10744:
10720:
10714:
10713:
10693:
10687:
10686:
10654:
10648:
10647:
10611:
10600:
10599:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10511:
10496:Drug Discov Ther
10487:
10478:
10477:
10441:
10430:
10429:
10393:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10290:
10266:
10253:
10252:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10198:10.1136/bmj.d947
10181:
10166:
10165:
10145:
10108:
10107:
10078:
10072:
10071:
10061:
10021:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10011:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9971:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9923:
9917:
9916:
9898:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9842:(4): 1839β1846.
9830:
9821:
9820:
9795:(5): 2493β2501.
9784:
9775:
9774:
9749:(4): 1828β1836.
9738:
9727:
9726:
9716:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9659:
9642:(7): 1368β1376.
9627:
9621:
9620:
9610:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9561:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9512:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9463:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9406:
9400:. Archived from
9395:
9379:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9348:
9342:
9324:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9271:
9262:
9243:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9187:
9181:
9180:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9144:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9103:
9071:
9065:
9064:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9018:
9012:
9011:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8966:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8760:
8734:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8690:
8681:
8680:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8586:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8521:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8461:
8455:. Archived from
8450:
8441:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8373:Hsieh J (2003).
8370:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8284:
8278:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8048:(5): 1409β1428.
8037:
8031:
8030:
8020:
8002:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7961:
7943:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7850:
7825:(5β6): 349β359.
7810:
7804:
7803:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7510:(9): 1562β1565.
7504:The Laryngoscope
7499:
7493:
7476:
7467:
7466:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7429:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7364:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7301:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7249:
7240:
7239:
7221:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7074:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7018:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6896:Science Advances
6887:
6881:
6880:
6862:
6852:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6757:(9): 2420β2436.
6748:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6697:
6683:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6632:
6618:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6593:
6582:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6557:
6546:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6521:
6515:. Archived from
6510:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6433:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6401:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6018:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5969:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5869:. Archived from
5860:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5811:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5739:(6): 1299β1305.
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5466:. Archived from
5455:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5415:. 6 August 2024.
5405:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5296:
5287:(5): 1079β1088.
5277:"CT angiography"
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5194:
5161:
5151:
5114:
5077:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5006:
4995:
4994:
4984:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4933:. Archived from
4920:
4914:
4913:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4384:. Archived from
4379:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4060:
4049:
4048:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3918:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3694:Physics Procedia
3685:
3679:
3678:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3591:Hsieh J (2003).
3588:
3582:
3581:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3448:. Archived from
3438:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3208:opportunity cost
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2453:
2445:
2378:
2372:
2316:plain film X-ray
2285:images taken by
2267:anatomical plane
2252:Hounsfield units
2237:Hounsfield scale
2194:Left image is a
2139:informed consent
1824:
1823:
1688:cumulative doses
1590:image resolution
1504:
1503:
1475:super-resolution
1438:
1421:
1377:Volume rendering
1371:Volume rendering
1358:
1351:
1330:
1323:
1298:
1291:
1264:
1260:
1221:anatomical plane
1164:Hounsfield units
1152:Hounsfield scale
1117:Volume rendering
1082:Volume rendering
978:Heathrow Airport
962:airport security
855:
822:volume rendering
644:, respectively.
537:. Of the above,
322:deflection coils
154:
138:edit on Wikidata
130:
104:
57:
45:
44:
21:
13704:
13703:
13699:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13694:
13693:
13654:
13653:
13652:
13647:
13629:
13608:
13580:
13528:
13514:PET mammography
13485:
13448:
13434:Gallium-67 scan
13429:Octreotide scan
13417:
13325:
13176:
13088:
13048:
12971:
12952:High-resolution
12917:
12881:Skeletal survey
12847:Cholangiography
12760:
12751:
12749:Medical imaging
12746:
12621:
12620:
12619:
12609:
12608:
12604:
12597:
12592:
12591:
12548:
12544:
12534:
12532:
12519:
12518:
12514:
12504:
12502:
12489:
12488:
12484:
12439:Medical Physics
12431:
12427:
12392:Medical Physics
12388:
12384:
12377:
12355:
12351:
12342:
12341:
12337:
12314:(13): 1465β71.
12300:
12296:
12285:
12281:
12249:
12245:
12235:
12233:
12229:
12222:
12218:
12217:
12213:
12203:
12201:
12192:
12191:
12187:
12177:
12175:
12174:on 21 July 2013
12166:
12165:
12161:
12151:
12149:
12140:
12139:
12135:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12082:
12078:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12053:
12039:
12038:
12034:
12025:
12023:
12018:
12017:
12013:
12004:
12002:
11987:
11983:
11920:
11916:
11909:
11893:
11889:
11882:
11865:
11861:
11846:
11842:
11805:
11801:
11762:
11758:
11719:
11715:
11708:
11692:
11688:
11681:
11665:
11661:
11654:
11638:
11634:
11624:
11622:
11613:
11612:
11608:
11601:
11585:
11578:
11569:
11567:
11557:
11553:
11546:
11530:
11526:
11519:
11503:
11499:
11490:
11488:
11480:
11479:
11475:
11404:
11400:
11357:
11353:
11346:
11330:
11323:
11276:
11272:
11264:
11262:
11244:
11240:
11231:
11229:
11219:
11215:
11206:
11204:
11189:
11188:
11184:
11164:
11162:
11158:
11151:
11135:
11131:
11118:
11114:
11105:
11103:
11095:
11094:
11090:
11083:
11061:
11057:
11022:Medical Physics
11018:
11014:
11008:Wayback Machine
10999:
10995:
10950:
10946:
10939:
10923:
10919:
10914:Wayback Machine
10904:
10891:
10862:(965): 362β78.
10852:
10837:
10820:
10819:
10812:
10767:
10758:
10721:
10717:
10710:
10694:
10690:
10655:
10651:
10612:
10603:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10537:
10533:
10488:
10481:
10442:
10433:
10394:
10387:
10379:
10377:
10359:
10355:
10320:Am J Roentgenol
10316:
10312:
10267:
10256:
10225:
10221:
10182:
10169:
10162:
10146:
10111:
10079:
10075:
10022:
10018:
10009:
10007:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9948:
9944:
9935:
9933:
9925:
9924:
9920:
9875:
9871:
9831:
9824:
9785:
9778:
9739:
9730:
9677:
9673:
9628:
9624:
9579:
9575:
9530:
9526:
9481:
9477:
9424:
9420:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9393:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9364:
9349:
9345:
9335:Wayback Machine
9325:
9316:
9308:
9280:(22): 2277β84.
9274:N. Engl. J. Med
9269:
9263:
9246:
9241:Wayback Machine
9231:
9227:
9192:Medical Physics
9188:
9184:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9121:
9117:
9072:
9068:
9061:
9045:
9041:
9034:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9008:
8992:
8988:
8964:10.1.1.464.3547
8943:Medical Physics
8939:
8935:
8927:10.1.1.460.6487
8910:
8906:
8899:
8883:
8879:
8872:
8856:
8852:
8845:
8829:
8825:
8796:(14): N247β53.
8786:
8782:
8732:
8726:
8722:
8691:
8684:
8677:
8655:
8651:
8612:
8608:
8563:
8559:
8519:
8513:
8509:
8478:
8474:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8448:
8442:
8435:
8398:
8394:
8387:
8371:
8364:
8335:
8331:
8322:
8320:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8275:Wayback Machine
8265:
8261:
8218:
8214:
8175:
8171:
8128:
8124:
8081:
8077:
8038:
8034:
7979:
7975:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7893:
7889:
7880:
7878:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7811:
7807:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7753:
7749:
7742:
7726:
7722:
7715:
7699:
7695:
7672:
7650:
7646:
7631:
7617:
7613:
7598:
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7500:
7496:
7486:Wayback Machine
7477:
7470:
7463:
7447:
7443:
7390:
7386:
7338:
7331:
7278:
7274:
7261:(23): 215β220.
7250:
7243:
7198:
7194:
7127:
7123:
7114:
7112:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7072:
7052:Graz University
7038:
7036:
7032:
6979:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6953:
6949:
6902:(9): e1601247.
6888:
6884:
6829:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6746:
6740:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6714:
6695:10.1.1.391.2695
6681:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6649:
6630:10.1.1.188.5206
6616:
6610:
6606:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6508:
6502:
6498:
6483:
6461:
6457:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6341:
6337:
6282:
6278:
6230:
6226:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6045:
6044:
6040:
5995:
5991:
5946:
5942:
5889:
5885:
5876:
5874:
5829:
5825:
5772:
5768:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5708:. Mayo Clinic.
5704:
5703:
5699:
5690:
5688:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5651:
5647:
5594:
5590:
5537:
5533:
5486:
5482:
5473:
5471:
5464:radiopaedia.org
5456:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5322:
5318:
5273:
5269:
5260:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5214:
5210:
5033:
5031:
5023:Choosing Wisely
5007:
4998:
4953:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4785:
4778:
4760:
4756:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4690:
4686:
4671:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4467:
4460:
4411:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4288:
4284:
4241:
4237:
4194:
4190:
4151:
4144:
4105:
4101:
4061:
4052:
4009:
4005:
3952:
3948:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3868:
3861:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3686:
3682:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:. Raven Press.
3562:
3558:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3328:
3312:
3296:
3284:
3271:
3259:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3216:
3175:
3128:
3107:
3105:
3087:
3085:
3067:
3065:
3047:
3045:
3027:
3025:
3007:
3005:
2987:
2985:
2967:
2965:
2947:
2945:
2927:
2925:
2907:
2905:
2887:
2885:
2867:
2865:
2847:
2845:
2827:
2825:
2807:
2805:
2787:
2785:
2767:
2765:
2747:
2745:
2727:
2725:
2707:
2705:
2687:
2685:
2667:
2665:
2647:
2645:
2627:
2625:
2607:
2605:
2587:
2585:
2567:
2565:
2547:
2545:
2527:
2525:
2507:
2505:
2487:
2485:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2358:
2338:Radon transform
2334:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2277:can generate a
2214:X-ray detectors
2210:X-ray generator
2206:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2131:
2122:
2109:radiation burns
2101:
2074:
2068:
2059:equivalent dose
2029:
1994:
1932:CT colonography
1856:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1822:
1804:, administered
1802:contrast agents
1722:
1716:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1647:Adverse effects
1596:that differ in
1582:two-dimensional
1578:
1509:Compton scatter
1502:Streak artifact
1501:
1500:
1490:
1447:
1427:
1411:
1409:
1379:
1373:
1256:Beam's eye view
1195:(upper right),
1185:
1172:
1137:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1036:
995:
986:
974:Shannon Airport
970:computer vision
958:
947:
942:
922:
894:
875:Crohn's disease
867:
859:
834:
774:
715:
693:
649:
642:sagittal planes
604:lung parenchyma
600:
594:
571:
509:
490:
484:
469:full-body scans
461:CT colonography
441:medical imaging
437:
424:) image. Thus,
406:
400:
360:
354:
330:
303:
297:
264:
252:
244:
217:contraindicated
178:medical imaging
147:
141:
126:
100:
60:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13702:
13692:
13691:
13686:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13645:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13627:
13622:
13616:
13614:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13590:
13588:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13578:
13573:
13571:Endomicroscopy
13568:
13563:
13562:
13561:
13550:
13548:
13538:
13537:
13534:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13527:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13500:
13498:
13487:
13486:
13484:
13483:
13477:
13475:
13461:
13454:
13453:
13450:
13449:
13447:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13425:
13423:
13419:
13418:
13416:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13349:
13343:
13333:
13327:
13326:
13324:
13323:
13322:
13321:
13316:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13291:
13286:
13285:
13284:
13279:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13243:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13186:
13184:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13168:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13131:
13130:
13120:
13115:
13114:
13113:
13102:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13087:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13060:
13058:
13054:
13053:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13046:
13045:
13044:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13023:
13022:
13017:
13007:
13006:
13005:
12995:
12994:
12993:
12988:
12979:
12977:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12938:
12936:
12929:
12923:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12893:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12844:
12831:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12811:
12810:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12779:
12773:
12764:
12753:
12752:
12745:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12722:
12716:
12715:
12664:
12633:
12627:
12618:
12617:
12611:
12610:
12599:
12598:
12596:
12595:External links
12593:
12590:
12589:
12542:
12512:
12482:
12445:(10): 100901.
12425:
12382:
12375:
12349:
12335:
12294:
12279:
12260:(2): 520β531.
12243:
12211:
12200:on 25 May 2013
12185:
12168:"Image Wisely"
12159:
12148:on 9 June 2013
12142:"Image Gently"
12133:
12119:
12076:
12067:"MeSH Browser"
12058:
12051:
12032:
12011:
11981:
11914:
11907:
11887:
11880:
11868:Frank Natterer
11859:
11854:NobelPrize.org
11840:
11799:
11756:
11729:(4): 170β176.
11713:
11706:
11686:
11679:
11659:
11652:
11632:
11606:
11599:
11576:
11551:
11544:
11524:
11517:
11497:
11473:
11398:
11371:(2): 481β484.
11351:
11344:
11321:
11270:
11238:
11213:
11182:
11156:
11149:
11129:
11112:
11088:
11081:
11055:
11012:
10993:
10944:
10937:
10917:
10889:
10835:
10810:
10756:
10735:(3): 660β668.
10715:
10708:
10688:
10669:(5): 312β316.
10649:
10601:
10594:
10574:
10547:(11): 843β53.
10531:
10479:
10431:
10385:
10353:
10310:
10254:
10219:
10167:
10160:
10109:
10073:
10036:(2): 159β166.
10016:
9991:
9942:
9918:
9869:
9822:
9776:
9728:
9691:(3): 460β465.
9671:
9636:Neuro-Oncology
9622:
9593:(4): 388β394.
9573:
9544:(3): 256β263.
9524:
9475:
9418:
9374:
9343:
9339:New York Times
9314:
9244:
9225:
9182:
9164:
9115:
9080:Cancer Imaging
9066:
9059:
9039:
9032:
9013:
9006:
8986:
8933:
8904:
8897:
8877:
8870:
8850:
8843:
8823:
8780:
8737:Optics Express
8720:
8701:(14): 143107.
8682:
8675:
8649:
8622:(4): 389β405.
8606:
8577:(2): 573β583.
8557:
8530:(2): 193β226.
8507:
8488:(3): 894β902.
8472:
8433:
8412:(3): 369β382.
8392:
8385:
8362:
8329:
8305:
8298:
8279:
8259:
8232:(2): 285β287.
8212:
8169:
8142:(1): 223β226.
8122:
8095:(3): 745β764.
8075:
8032:
7973:
7934:(7): 237β248.
7914:
7907:
7887:
7862:
7805:
7774:
7767:
7747:
7740:
7720:
7713:
7693:
7670:
7644:
7629:
7611:
7596:
7578:
7564:
7545:
7494:
7468:
7461:
7441:
7404:(6): 927β935.
7384:
7355:(3): 905β922.
7329:
7292:(9): 555β564.
7272:
7241:
7192:
7163:1854/LU-675607
7141:(5): 395β402.
7121:
7097:
7085:
7030:
6973:
6947:
6882:
6823:
6799:
6734:
6712:
6669:
6647:
6604:
6568:
6532:
6496:
6481:
6467:. p. 12.
6455:
6419:
6362:
6355:
6335:
6276:
6241:(3): 587β595.
6224:
6205:(4): 979β986.
6189:
6178:on 30 May 2010
6159:
6124:
6117:
6093:
6086:
6064:
6057:
6038:
6009:(3): 689β702.
5989:
5940:
5883:
5823:
5786:(2): 171β184.
5766:
5723:
5697:
5672:
5665:
5645:
5608:(3): 149β154.
5588:
5551:(2): e000494.
5531:
5480:
5447:
5418:
5400:
5343:
5336:
5316:
5267:
5242:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5177:(3): 672β677.
5162:
5120:Miglioretti DL
5115:
5078:
5052:(2): 395β400.
5039:, which cites
4996:
4967:(3): 672β677.
4947:
4915:
4908:
4888:
4881:
4862:
4855:
4836:
4799:(4): 601β617.
4776:
4754:
4711:
4704:
4684:
4669:
4641:
4634:
4612:
4605:
4585:
4578:
4558:
4551:
4531:
4510:
4481:(22): 2071β7.
4458:
4415:Miglioretti DL
4402:
4375:"CT Screening"
4366:
4359:
4339:
4302:(4): 368β372.
4282:
4255:(3): 853β863.
4235:
4208:(2): 360β385.
4188:
4142:
4115:(8): 739β749.
4099:
4050:
4003:
3946:
3889:
3882:
3859:
3816:Physica Medica
3802:
3795:
3775:
3768:
3748:
3741:
3721:
3700:(1): 149β154.
3680:
3637:
3630:
3610:
3603:
3583:
3576:
3556:
3549:
3529:
3518:NobelPrize.org
3505:
3494:NobelPrize.org
3481:
3455:
3442:"Patient Page"
3433:
3401:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:United Imaging
3294:
3282:
3269:
3257:
3244:
3232:
3215:
3212:
3204:incidentalomas
3174:
3171:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:Czech Republic
2921:
2920:
2917:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2443:
2440:
2429:in the title.
2357:
2354:
2330:Main article:
2327:
2324:
2320:radiocontrasts
2312:Contrast media
2305:Main article:
2302:
2299:
2202:Main article:
2184:X: X-ray beam
2180:T: X-ray tube
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2100:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2067:
2064:
2048:effective dose
2028:
2025:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1814:kidney disease
1790:barium sulfate
1777:kidney failure
1767:, preexisting
1765:kidney failure
1738:ionic contrast
1715:
1712:
1656:Main article:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:Beam hardening
1560:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1505:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1473:) could offer
1446:
1443:
1408:
1405:
1391:edge detection
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1201:coronal planes
1184:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1104:
1074:β Thin slice (
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:Timber sawmill
1041:
1035:
1032:
1017:En-Gedi scroll
1008:En-Gedi Scroll
994:
991:
985:
984:Geological use
982:
957:
954:
946:
945:Industrial use
943:
941:
938:
934:elastic moduli
924:CT is used in
921:
918:
898:axial skeleton
893:
890:
886:urinary stones
873:diseases like
863:Main article:
853:
842:sagittal plane
833:
830:
818:
817:
811:
773:
770:
711:Main article:
692:
689:
645:
596:Main article:
593:
590:
586:thyroid cancer
570:
567:
527:calcifications
505:
486:Main article:
483:
480:
473:radiation dose
436:
433:
402:Main article:
399:
396:
376:contrast agent
356:Main article:
353:
350:
349:
348:
342:
338:Dual source CT
329:
328:Dual Energy CT
326:
299:Main article:
296:
293:
263:
260:
251:
248:
243:
240:
143:
142:
135:
132:
131:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13701:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13679:Medical tests
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13644:
13636:
13635:
13632:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13617:
13615:
13611:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13591:
13589:
13587:
13583:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13560:
13557:
13556:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13547:
13543:
13539:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13492:
13488:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13455:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13439:Ga-68-DOTATOC
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13420:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13350:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13328:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13252:Intravascular
13250:
13248:
13245:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13222:
13221:
13218:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13187:
13185:
13183:
13179:
13173:
13172:Synthetic MRI
13170:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13152:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13129:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13112:
13109:
13108:
13107:
13104:
13103:
13101:
13099:
13095:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13061:
13059:
13055:
13043:
13040:
13039:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13011:
13008:
13004:
13001:
13000:
12999:
12996:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12983:
12981:
12980:
12978:
12974:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12962:Electron beam
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12924:
12914:
12913:Orbital x-ray
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12888:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12839:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12809:
12808:Bronchography
12806:
12805:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12780:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12743:
12738:
12736:
12731:
12729:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12673:Physics Today
12670:
12665:
12661:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12643:
12639:
12634:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12616:
12613:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12553:
12546:
12531:on 2016-07-27
12530:
12526:
12522:
12516:
12500:
12496:
12492:
12486:
12478:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12429:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12398:(2): 427β36.
12397:
12393:
12386:
12378:
12372:
12368:
12363:
12362:
12353:
12345:
12339:
12331:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12313:
12309:
12305:
12298:
12290:
12283:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12247:
12228:
12221:
12215:
12199:
12195:
12189:
12173:
12169:
12163:
12147:
12143:
12137:
12129:
12123:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12080:
12072:
12068:
12062:
12054:
12048:
12044:
12043:
12036:
12021:
12015:
12001:on 2022-06-17
12000:
11996:
11992:
11985:
11977:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11918:
11910:
11904:
11900:
11899:
11891:
11883:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11863:
11855:
11851:
11844:
11835:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11819:(7467): 687.
11818:
11814:
11810:
11803:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11772:(6): 517β33.
11771:
11767:
11760:
11752:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11717:
11709:
11703:
11699:
11698:
11690:
11682:
11676:
11672:
11671:
11663:
11655:
11649:
11645:
11644:
11636:
11620:
11616:
11610:
11602:
11596:
11592:
11591:
11583:
11581:
11566:
11565:Radiology Key
11562:
11555:
11547:
11541:
11537:
11536:
11528:
11520:
11514:
11510:
11509:
11501:
11487:
11483:
11477:
11469:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11439:
11435:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11402:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11355:
11347:
11341:
11338:. CRC Press.
11337:
11336:
11328:
11326:
11317:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11274:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11249:
11242:
11228:
11224:
11217:
11203:on 2017-12-09
11202:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11186:
11177:
11173:
11172:
11167:
11160:
11152:
11146:
11142:
11141:
11133:
11125:
11124:
11116:
11102:
11101:icrpaedia.org
11098:
11092:
11084:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11059:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11016:
11009:
11005:
11002:
10997:
10989:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10964:(5): 409β33.
10963:
10959:
10955:
10948:
10940:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10921:
10915:
10911:
10908:
10902:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10844:
10842:
10840:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10817:
10815:
10806:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10775:Dose-Response
10772:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10752:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10719:
10711:
10705:
10701:
10700:
10692:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10653:
10645:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10622:(4): 403β16.
10621:
10617:
10610:
10608:
10606:
10597:
10591:
10587:
10586:
10578:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10535:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10486:
10484:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10440:
10438:
10436:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10392:
10390:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10357:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10314:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10223:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10163:
10157:
10153:
10152:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10077:
10069:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10020:
10005:
10001:
9995:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9946:
9932:
9928:
9922:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9873:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9829:
9827:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9783:
9781:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9724:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9675:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9626:
9618:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9577:
9569:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9520:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9479:
9471:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9422:
9403:
9399:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9378:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9229:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9198:(3): 031102.
9197:
9193:
9186:
9178:
9174:
9168:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9070:
9062:
9056:
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9051:
9043:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9017:
9009:
9003:
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8990:
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8978:
8974:
8970:
8965:
8960:
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8928:
8923:
8919:
8915:
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8894:
8890:
8889:
8881:
8873:
8867:
8863:
8862:
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8840:
8836:
8835:
8827:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8790:Phys Med Biol
8784:
8776:
8772:
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8764:
8759:
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8731:
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8621:
8617:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8571:RadioGraphics
8568:
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8462:on 2014-06-06
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8089:RadioGraphics
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8042:Radiographics
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7761:. CRC Press.
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7630:0-683-30118-7
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7597:0-12-693019-8
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7349:RadioGraphics
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6622:
6615:
6608:
6594:on 2015-04-10
6590:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6558:on 2015-04-11
6554:
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6543:
6536:
6522:on 2015-04-11
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6110:
6107:. Amsterdam:
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6003:RadioGraphics
6000:
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5906:
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5898:
5894:
5887:
5873:on 2017-12-01
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5484:
5470:on 2017-12-01
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:Wichmann JL.
5454:
5452:
5436:
5432:
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5422:
5414:
5413:NIHR Evidence
5410:
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5003:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4937:on 2018-01-06
4936:
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3405:
3389:
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3379:
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3359:
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3351:
3349:
3348:Tomosynthesis
3346:
3344:
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3323:
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3305:
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3230:GE HealthCare
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3214:Manufacturers
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2583:
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2534:United States
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2323:
2321:
2318:, are called
2317:
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2276:
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2268:
2264:
2259:
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2248:
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2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:, especially
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2096:
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2089:
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2079:
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2077:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:Abdominal CT
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:intravenously
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:elderly. The
1696:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:DNA molecules
1665:
1659:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1569:
1568:photon energy
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:Ring artifact
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:monochromatic
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1407:Image quality
1404:
1401:
1395:
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1383:
1378:
1363:
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1357:
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1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1213:radiculopathy
1209:
1203:(lower right)
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1176:dynamic range
1167:
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1128:
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1087:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:letterlocking
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:X-ray CT and
990:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
953:
951:
937:
935:
931:
927:
917:
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899:
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876:
872:
866:
858:
851:
847:
843:
838:
829:
827:
823:
815:
812:
809:
808:radiocontrast
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
783:
779:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
706:
702:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
677:incidentaloma
674:
669:
667:
663:
655:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
503:
499:
494:
489:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
432:
429:
427:
423:
422:co-registered
419:
410:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:blood vessels
364:
359:
346:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
292:
289:
285:
276:
268:
259:
257:
250:Sequential CT
247:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
182:radiographers
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
139:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
13620:Acute stroke
13586:Thermography
13341:scintigraphy
13331:Radionuclide
13319:pre-hospital
13165:Tractography
13084:Radiodensity
12986:calcium scan
12947:Quantitative
12926:
12679:(9): 34β40.
12676:
12672:
12641:
12630:CT Artefacts
12605:
12559:
12555:
12545:
12533:. Retrieved
12529:the original
12524:
12515:
12503:. Retrieved
12494:
12485:
12442:
12438:
12428:
12395:
12391:
12385:
12360:
12352:
12338:
12311:
12307:
12297:
12288:
12282:
12257:
12253:
12246:
12234:. Retrieved
12214:
12202:. Retrieved
12198:the original
12188:
12176:. Retrieved
12172:the original
12162:
12150:. Retrieved
12146:the original
12136:
12122:
12092:(4): 301β7.
12089:
12085:
12079:
12070:
12061:
12041:
12035:
12024:. Retrieved
12014:
12003:. Retrieved
11999:the original
11994:
11984:
11927:
11923:
11917:
11897:
11890:
11871:
11862:
11853:
11848:Pietzsch J.
11843:
11816:
11812:
11802:
11769:
11765:
11759:
11726:
11722:
11716:
11696:
11689:
11669:
11662:
11642:
11635:
11623:. Retrieved
11609:
11589:
11568:. Retrieved
11564:
11554:
11534:
11527:
11507:
11500:
11489:. Retrieved
11485:
11476:
11415:
11411:
11401:
11368:
11364:
11354:
11334:
11287:
11283:
11273:
11263:, retrieved
11251:
11241:
11230:. Retrieved
11226:
11216:
11205:. Retrieved
11201:the original
11194:
11185:
11169:
11159:
11139:
11132:
11122:
11115:
11104:. Retrieved
11100:
11091:
11064:
11058:
11025:
11021:
11015:
10996:
10961:
10957:
10947:
10927:
10920:
10859:
10855:
10825:
10781:(1): 52β89.
10778:
10774:
10732:
10728:
10718:
10698:
10691:
10666:
10662:
10652:
10619:
10615:
10584:
10577:
10544:
10540:
10534:
10502:(5): 211β9.
10499:
10495:
10452:(2): 185β7.
10449:
10445:
10404:(5): 210β5.
10401:
10397:
10378:, retrieved
10366:
10356:
10326:(2): 271β5.
10323:
10319:
10313:
10281:(5): 900β9.
10278:
10274:
10235:(1): 64β73.
10232:
10228:
10222:
10189:
10185:
10150:
10090:(1): 11β15.
10087:
10083:
10076:
10033:
10029:
10019:
10008:. Retrieved
10003:
9994:
9959:
9955:
9945:
9934:. Retrieved
9931:ScienceDaily
9930:
9921:
9886:
9882:
9872:
9839:
9835:
9792:
9788:
9746:
9742:
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9684:
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9625:
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9586:
9576:
9541:
9537:
9527:
9492:
9488:
9478:
9435:
9431:
9421:
9409:. Retrieved
9402:the original
9397:
9377:
9365:. Retrieved
9356:
9346:
9338:
9277:
9273:
9228:
9195:
9191:
9185:
9176:
9167:
9135:(3): 400β5.
9132:
9128:
9118:
9083:
9079:
9069:
9049:
9042:
9022:
9016:
8996:
8989:
8949:(1): 36β49.
8946:
8942:
8936:
8920:(1): 43β57.
8917:
8913:
8907:
8891:. Springer.
8887:
8880:
8860:
8853:
8833:
8826:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8740:
8736:
8723:
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8615:
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8574:
8570:
8560:
8527:
8523:
8510:
8485:
8481:
8475:
8464:. Retrieved
8457:the original
8452:
8409:
8405:
8395:
8375:
8346:
8342:
8332:
8321:. Retrieved
8317:
8308:
8288:
8282:
8262:
8229:
8225:
8215:
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8178:
8172:
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8088:
8078:
8045:
8041:
8035:
7990:
7986:
7976:
7931:
7927:
7917:
7901:. Springer.
7897:
7890:
7879:. Retrieved
7877:. April 2010
7874:
7865:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7794:(1): 80β83.
7791:
7787:
7777:
7757:
7750:
7730:
7723:
7703:
7696:
7653:
7647:
7620:
7614:
7587:
7581:
7569:. Retrieved
7554:
7548:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7451:
7444:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7352:
7348:
7289:
7285:
7275:
7258:
7254:
7212:(2): 57β68.
7209:
7205:
7195:
7138:
7134:
7124:
7113:. Retrieved
7109:
7106:"CT FOR ART"
7100:
7090:, retrieved
7076:
7033:
6990:
6986:
6976:
6964:. Retrieved
6960:
6950:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6815:. Retrieved
6811:
6802:
6790:. Retrieved
6754:
6750:
6737:
6725:. Retrieved
6685:
6672:
6660:. Retrieved
6620:
6607:
6596:. Retrieved
6589:the original
6584:
6571:
6560:. Retrieved
6553:the original
6548:
6535:
6524:. Retrieved
6517:the original
6512:
6499:
6464:
6458:
6442:(2): 17β29.
6439:
6435:
6422:
6381:
6375:
6365:
6345:
6338:
6292:(1): 57β65.
6289:
6285:
6279:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6180:. Retrieved
6176:the original
6171:
6162:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6103:
6096:
6077:
6067:
6047:
6041:
6006:
6002:
5992:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5875:. Retrieved
5871:the original
5840:
5836:
5826:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5700:
5689:. Retrieved
5685:
5675:
5655:
5648:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5472:. Retrieved
5468:the original
5463:
5439:. Retrieved
5430:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5326:
5319:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5259:. Retrieved
5254:
5245:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5174:
5170:
5131:
5127:
5086:
5082:
5049:
5045:
5032:, retrieved
5021:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4939:. Retrieved
4935:the original
4928:
4918:
4898:
4891:
4871:
4865:
4845:
4839:
4796:
4792:
4767:
4757:
4724:
4721:Neurosurgery
4720:
4714:
4694:
4687:
4651:
4644:
4625:
4615:
4595:
4588:
4568:
4561:
4541:
4534:
4522:. Retrieved
4513:
4478:
4474:
4426:
4422:
4393:. Retrieved
4386:the original
4381:
4369:
4349:
4342:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4161:(1): 21β29.
4158:
4154:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4072:(1): 67β77.
4069:
4065:
4020:
4016:
4006:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3872:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3789:. Springer.
3785:
3778:
3758:
3751:
3731:
3724:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3620:
3613:
3593:
3586:
3566:
3559:
3539:
3532:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:
3508:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3458:
3450:the original
3445:
3436:
3426:, retrieved
3414:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3378:
3320:milliSievert
3313:
3217:
3196:appendicitis
3192:
3176:
3160:
3156:Image Wisely
3155:
3151:Image Gently
3150:
3148:
3129:
2571:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:radiologists
2407:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2373:'slice' and
2361:
2359:
2350:
2335:
2310:
2283:radiographic
2260:
2249:
2229:radiodensity
2223:
2207:
2195:
2137:Signing the
2132:
2123:
2102:
2099:Excess doses
2090:
2087:
2075:
2072:Radiobiology
2056:
2041:
2030:
2015:
2008:is 2.4
2003:
1999:
1966:Barium enema
1873:Chest X-ray
1827:Examination
1799:
1786:
1758:
1742:
1726:contrast CTs
1723:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1661:
1637:
1633:barium enema
1614:
1579:
1491:
1466:
1465:algorithms (
1448:
1396:
1388:
1276:Description
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:resolution.
1218:
1173:
1144:radiodensity
1138:
1129:
1122:
1111:
1090:
1086:radiodensity
1076:median plane
1057:Presentation
1046:
1037:
1029:
996:
987:
959:
948:
926:biomechanics
923:
910:dislocations
895:
883:
868:
819:
786:
775:
716:
673:incidentally
670:
660:
601:
572:
555:radiosurgery
512:
477:
465:colon cancer
447:imaging and
438:
430:
415:
369:
358:CT Perfusion
344:
337:
331:
304:
281:
253:
245:
221:
197:attenuations
186:
173:
169:
165:
161:
159:
42:
29:
13509:Cardiac PET
13282:renal tract
13257:Gynecologic
13189:Techniques
13160:restriction
13135:Angiography
13118:Neurography
13064:Fluoroscopy
13010:Angiography
12991:angiography
12935:Techniques:
12896:Aortography
12886:Angiography
12866:Cystography
12856:Mammography
12798:Myelography
12793:Sialography
12762:radiography
12562:: 176β177.
10541:Drug Safety
9357:www.fda.gov
9351:Health Cf.
8661:: 185β194.
8289:Proceedings
6993:(1): 1184.
6409:10871/17772
6384:: 100β111.
5357:Circulation
4930:Radiopaedia
3966:: 102β108.
3014:Netherlands
2914:New Zealand
2614:South Korea
2574:Switzerland
2307:Contrast CT
2233:attenuation
2129:Preparation
2114:human error
2033:gray or mGy
1897:mammography
1795:peritonitis
1749:anaphylaxis
1629:colonoscopy
1617:angiography
1586:radiography
1530:anisotropic
1148:attenuation
902:extremities
722:contrast CT
691:Angiography
580:in adults.
578:neck masses
574:Contrast CT
563:N-localizer
533:, and bone
531:haemorrhage
498:human brain
435:Medical use
209:tomographic
122:MedlinePlus
115:3β20...3β26
65:Other names
13658:Categories
13422:Full body:
13208:endoscopic
13182:Ultrasound
13111:functional
12908:Lymphogram
12903:Venography
12871:Arthrogram
12026:2021-03-19
12005:2021-03-19
11570:2021-03-20
11491:2021-03-20
11425:1605.04833
11290:(1): 2β3.
11265:2021-03-21
11252:StatPearls
11232:2021-03-21
11207:2017-12-09
11106:2021-03-21
10446:Toxicology
10380:2023-11-24
10367:StatPearls
10010:2019-03-14
9936:2019-03-14
8466:2014-04-23
8323:2021-03-21
7881:2021-03-21
7571:24 January
7341:Fishman EK
7115:2023-07-04
7092:2020-01-09
7046:showing a
6860:2164/12811
6817:2019-10-24
6792:5 November
6779:1826/15213
6727:5 November
6662:5 November
6598:2015-04-05
6562:2015-04-05
6526:2015-04-05
5960:(1): 6β9.
5877:2017-11-22
5691:2021-03-19
5545:Open Heart
5474:2017-11-22
5441:2017-11-22
5261:2021-03-21
4941:2018-01-05
3523:2023-10-28
3499:2019-08-10
3428:2023-11-24
3415:StatPearls
3394:20 October
3370:References
3173:Prevalence
2894:Luxembourg
2449:as of 2017
2362:tomography
2263:transverse
2155:creatinine
1895:Screening
1879:0.01β0.15
1832:effective
1779:requiring
1576:Advantages
1225:transverse
940:Other uses
515:infarction
288:X-ray tube
256:X-ray tube
189:X-ray tube
74:ICD-10-PCS
38:Tomography
13689:Radiology
13625:Pregnancy
13504:Brain PET
13472:gamma ray
13408:DMSA scan
13262:Obstetric
13155:diffusion
13150:Sequences
13128:perfusion
13020:Pulmonary
12967:Cone beam
12861:Pyelogram
12711:239718717
12703:0031-9228
12660:1756-0357
12584:212692606
12254:Radiology
11952:0080-4649
11766:Neurology
11625:18 August
11450:2045-2322
11418:: 41218.
11385:0033-8419
11365:Radiology
10958:Genes Dev
10729:Radiology
10675:0002-838X
10214:206894472
10050:1011-8934
9978:0025-6196
9905:0025-6196
9864:208520463
9817:208520544
9771:208520824
9705:0007-0920
9452:1756-1833
8959:CiteSeerX
8922:CiteSeerX
8636:1361-8415
8593:0271-5333
8544:1826/8204
8482:Radiology
8246:0361-803X
8207:122980366
8156:0361-803X
8109:0271-5333
8062:1527-1323
8009:1007-9327
7950:1949-8470
7839:1869-4101
7800:1898-2395
7680:0072-9752
7524:0023-852X
7418:1532-0464
7371:0271-5333
7324:215751181
7308:2211-5684
7255:PhysioNet
7228:0091-4916
7171:1435-8115
6924:2375-2548
6877:171394807
6869:2296-6463
6690:CiteSeerX
6625:CiteSeerX
6314:1749-6632
6255:0770-3198
6025:0271-5333
5976:1569-9285
5917:1876-7591
5800:1876-7591
5753:0361-803X
5622:1756-1477
5565:2053-3624
5510:1534-3170
5496:(2): 21.
5377:0009-7322
5303:0361-803X
5046:Radiology
5034:6 January
4813:1869-4101
4316:1470-2118
4269:0360-3016
4222:0033-8419
4202:Radiology
4175:0150-9861
4129:0009-9260
4086:0895-6111
4037:0361-803X
3980:0720-048X
3941:226056088
3925:1120-1797
3909:: 36β46.
3854:226056088
3838:1120-1797
3822:: 36β46.
3667:1531-5037
3343:Dosimetry
3200:screening
3126:Campaigns
2754:Lithuania
2494:Australia
2432:The term
2402:The term
2360:The word
2356:Etymology
2348:in 1972.
2291:diagnosis
2256:artifacts
2170:Mechanism
2120:Procedure
2021:shielding
1920:Chest CT
1847:absorbed
1820:Scan dose
1664:radiation
1640:radiation
1494:artifacts
1488:Artifacts
1460:iterative
1229:isotropic
1223:(usually
1170:Windowing
1135:Grayscale
906:fractures
871:abdominal
685:malignant
612:emphysema
539:hypodense
475:applied.
457:screening
310:electrons
284:spiral CT
262:Spiral CT
215:(MRI) is
13643:Category
13495:positron
13015:Coronary
12576:32163886
12499:Archived
12477:24089889
12420:15789589
12330:20924012
12274:19789227
12227:Archived
12114:20832295
12106:18244038
11976:34734270
11870:(2001).
11794:42007208
11751:26553287
11743:18244009
11619:Archived
11468:28120881
11393:10924574
11316:19892810
11260:31869154
11176:Archived
11050:16013718
11004:Archived
10988:21363960
10910:Archived
10884:23348032
10876:18440940
10830:Archived
10828:. 2009.
10805:19343116
10751:31961246
10683:24010394
10644:72557671
10636:19368492
10569:24840296
10561:11665871
10526:19001357
10518:22466368
10474:15767033
10426:28223134
10418:16688432
10375:33620790
10348:25020619
10340:17646450
10297:17457809
10249:22130615
10206:21355025
10104:27810168
10068:15082885
9986:26434964
9913:26434964
9856:31792584
9809:31792583
9763:31792585
9723:21772332
9666:36638155
9657:10326490
9617:26882064
9568:30020493
9519:22681860
9470:23694687
9361:Archived
9331:Archived
9306:Archived
9294:18046031
9237:Archived
9220:23464282
9159:22167728
9151:16106357
9110:16361129
8981:21978116
8818:12744174
8810:15357205
8775:26480456
8644:12494949
8601:23479714
8552:23694911
8502:21357521
8349:(4): 4.
8271:Archived
8254:11461846
8164:12490509
8117:10336201
8070:16160120
8027:15222042
7968:21160663
7857:22347928
7688:27432657
7639:47177732
7606:52594824
7540:22320649
7532:15475782
7482:Archived
7436:18430609
7379:16702462
7316:32278586
7236:18483143
7187:15637414
7179:19709462
7025:33654094
6942:27679821
6491:65469251
6414:Archived
6330:24132358
6322:20392218
6263:29350330
6219:11264094
6154:10458343
6033:15143222
5984:17925319
5935:27209112
5867:27209112
5818:28183437
5761:21098187
5716:9 August
5710:Archived
5640:29588693
5583:27843568
5526:41535442
5518:26820560
5435:Archived
5395:37772419
5386:11139242
5238:28187798
5201:22814873
5158:20008690
5122:(2009).
5111:16449420
5103:17873164
5074:14498160
5066:16244247
5028:archived
4991:22814873
4831:27271508
4769:UpToDate
4749:36350612
4741:22186842
4679:24112882
4505:20008689
4453:20008690
4334:22930885
4277:14529793
4230:17255408
4183:25636991
4137:27091433
4094:18029143
4045:23097165
3998:29685522
3933:33115699
3846:33115699
3675:15616951
3468:Archived
3423:34662062
3388:Archived
3353:Virtopsy
3326:See also
3310:Research
3188:injuries
3142:and the
3114:Colombia
2974:Slovenia
2854:Slovakia
2435:sinogram
2421:(MeSH),
2404:CAT scan
2376:graphein
2301:Contrast
2265:(axial)
2196:sinogram
1884:Head CT
1845:Typical
1830:Typical
1781:dialysis
1769:diabetes
1743:The old
1621:catheter
1610:sagittal
1584:medical
1555:Windmill
1550:anatomy.
1344:(MinIP)
1197:sagittal
1019:and the
999:micro-CT
896:For the
726:arteries
616:fibrosis
333:data.
174:CAT scan
84:ICD-9-CM
13542:Optical
13524:PET-MRI
13304:Carotid
13299:Scrotal
13193:doppler
13123:Cardiac
13032:Thyroid
12976:Targets
12927:CT scan
12681:Bibcode
12535:28 July
12505:28 July
12468:3786515
12447:Bibcode
12400:Bibcode
12236:19 July
12204:19 July
12178:19 July
12152:19 July
12130:. OECD.
11932:Bibcode
11459:5264594
11430:Bibcode
11307:7964089
11030:Bibcode
10979:3049283
10796:2664640
10454:Bibcode
10305:5788891
10059:2822293
9714:3172907
9608:4815765
9559:6657440
9510:3418594
9461:3660619
9411:6 April
9398:acr.org
9302:2760372
9200:Bibcode
9101:1665314
8951:Bibcode
8745:Bibcode
8703:Bibcode
8414:Bibcode
8187:Bibcode
8018:4572236
7959:2998855
7875:DVM 360
7848:3259341
7427:2651027
7143:Bibcode
7044:YouTube
7016:7925573
6995:Bibcode
6966:2 March
6933:5031465
6904:Bibcode
6787:3687379
6759:Bibcode
6722:6924816
6657:3679917
6386:Bibcode
6294:Bibcode
6271:3686099
5926:5106323
5858:5106323
5809:5664227
5631:5808729
5574:5093391
5311:7572481
5192:3590883
5149:4635397
4982:3590883
4822:4956631
4496:6276814
4444:4635397
4382:hps.org
4325:4952129
3989:5918634
3702:Bibcode
3474:19 July
3074:Hungary
2814:Estonia
2774:Ireland
2714:Finland
2694:Austria
2634:Germany
2554:Denmark
2514:Iceland
2479:111.49
2456:Country
2408:CT scan
2393:CT scan
2326:History
2295:therapy
2044:sievert
1960:40β100
1747:caused
1606:coronal
1594:tissues
1513:photons
1400:shading
930:density
846:coronal
798:of the
772:Cardiac
742:kidneys
701:embolus
666:bronchi
638:coronal
500:, from
314:cathode
176:) is a
166:CT scan
102:D014057
48:CT scan
13519:PET-CT
13294:Breast
13289:Rectal
13213:duplex
13145:Breast
12982:Heart
12709:
12701:
12658:
12603:about
12582:
12574:
12475:
12465:
12418:
12373:
12328:
12272:
12112:
12104:
12049:
11974:
11966:
11958:
11950:
11905:
11878:
11834:517662
11831:
11792:
11786:306588
11784:
11749:
11741:
11704:
11677:
11650:
11597:
11542:
11515:
11466:
11456:
11448:
11391:
11383:
11342:
11314:
11304:
11258:
11147:
11079:
11048:
10986:
10976:
10935:
10882:
10874:
10803:
10793:
10749:
10706:
10681:
10673:
10642:
10634:
10592:
10567:
10559:
10524:
10516:
10472:
10424:
10416:
10373:
10346:
10338:
10303:
10295:
10247:
10212:
10204:
10158:
10102:
10066:
10056:
10048:
9984:
9976:
9911:
9903:
9862:
9854:
9815:
9807:
9769:
9761:
9721:
9711:
9703:
9664:
9654:
9615:
9605:
9566:
9556:
9517:
9507:
9489:Lancet
9468:
9458:
9450:
9300:
9292:
9218:
9157:
9149:
9108:
9098:
9057:
9030:
9004:
8979:
8961:
8924:
8895:
8868:
8841:
8816:
8808:
8773:
8673:
8642:
8634:
8599:
8591:
8550:
8500:
8383:
8296:
8252:
8244:
8205:
8162:
8154:
8115:
8107:
8068:
8060:
8025:
8015:
8007:
7966:
7956:
7948:
7905:
7855:
7845:
7837:
7798:
7765:
7738:
7711:
7686:
7678:
7668:
7637:
7627:
7604:
7594:
7562:
7538:
7530:
7522:
7459:
7434:
7424:
7416:
7377:
7369:
7322:
7314:
7306:
7234:
7226:
7185:
7177:
7169:
7083:
7066:Mara H
7058:, cf.
7023:
7013:
6940:
6930:
6922:
6875:
6867:
6785:
6720:
6710:
6692:
6655:
6645:
6627:
6489:
6479:
6353:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6217:
6182:30 May
6152:
6115:
6084:
6055:
6031:
6023:
5982:
5974:
5933:
5923:
5915:
5865:
5855:
5816:
5806:
5798:
5759:
5751:
5663:
5638:
5628:
5620:
5581:
5571:
5563:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5393:
5383:
5375:
5334:
5309:
5301:
5236:
5199:
5189:
5156:
5146:
5109:
5101:
5072:
5064:
4989:
4979:
4906:
4879:
4853:
4829:
4819:
4811:
4747:
4739:
4702:
4677:
4667:
4632:
4603:
4576:
4549:
4524:16 May
4503:
4493:
4451:
4441:
4357:
4332:
4322:
4314:
4275:
4267:
4228:
4220:
4181:
4173:
4135:
4127:
4092:
4084:
4043:
4035:
3996:
3986:
3978:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3880:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3793:
3766:
3739:
3673:
3665:
3628:
3601:
3574:
3547:
3421:
3138:, the
3111:
3094:Mexico
3091:
3071:
3054:Israel
3051:
3039:13.00
3034:Russia
3031:
3019:13.48
3011:
2999:14.77
2994:Turkey
2991:
2979:15.00
2971:
2959:15.28
2954:Canada
2951:
2939:15.76
2931:
2919:16.69
2911:
2899:16.77
2891:
2879:16.88
2874:Poland
2871:
2859:17.28
2851:
2839:17.36
2834:France
2831:
2819:18.22
2811:
2799:18.59
2791:
2779:19.14
2771:
2759:23.33
2751:
2739:24.27
2731:
2719:24.51
2711:
2699:28.64
2691:
2679:34.22
2674:Greece
2671:
2659:34.71
2651:
2639:35.13
2631:
2619:38.18
2611:
2599:39.13
2594:Latvia
2591:
2579:39.28
2559:39.72
2551:
2539:42.64
2531:
2519:43.68
2511:
2499:64.35
2491:
2471:
2459:Value
2395:) and
2271:planes
2225:Pixels
2084:cells.
1810:kidney
1652:Cancer
1316:(MIP)
1140:Pixels
1093:voxels
681:benign
614:, and
548:guided
535:trauma
523:tumors
519:stroke
404:PET-CT
398:PET CT
392:stroke
193:gantry
128:003330
13546:Laser
13468:SPECT
13277:renal
13106:Brain
13057:Other
12757:X-ray
12707:S2CID
12644:: 1.
12580:S2CID
12230:(PDF)
12223:(PDF)
12110:S2CID
11972:S2CID
11968:13396
11960:77187
11956:JSTOR
11790:S2CID
11747:S2CID
11420:arXiv
10880:S2CID
10640:S2CID
10565:S2CID
10522:S2CID
10422:S2CID
10344:S2CID
10301:S2CID
10210:S2CID
9860:S2CID
9813:S2CID
9767:S2CID
9405:(PDF)
9394:(PDF)
9367:1 May
9309:(PDF)
9298:S2CID
9270:(PDF)
9155:S2CID
8814:S2CID
8733:(PDF)
8520:(PDF)
8460:(PDF)
8449:(PDF)
8203:S2CID
7536:S2CID
7320:S2CID
7183:S2CID
7110:NICAS
7073:(PDF)
6873:S2CID
6783:S2CID
6747:(PDF)
6718:S2CID
6682:(PDF)
6653:S2CID
6617:(PDF)
6592:(PDF)
6581:(PDF)
6556:(PDF)
6545:(PDF)
6520:(PDF)
6509:(PDF)
6487:S2CID
6432:(PDF)
6326:S2CID
6267:S2CID
5522:S2CID
5171:Chest
5107:S2CID
5083:Chest
5070:S2CID
4961:Chest
4745:S2CID
4395:1 May
4389:(PDF)
4378:(PDF)
3937:S2CID
3850:S2CID
3119:1.24
3099:5.83
3079:9.19
3059:9.53
2794:Spain
2734:Chile
2654:Italy
2474:Japan
2427:X-ray
2366:Greek
2245:voxel
2241:pixel
1957:9β12
1936:6β11
1876:0.02
1608:, or
1546:Noise
1279:Uses
1193:axial
1160:voxel
1156:pixel
850:axial
800:heart
738:lungs
734:brain
730:veins
634:axial
608:lungs
592:Lungs
543:edema
445:X-ray
388:brain
384:heart
318:anode
242:Types
201:X-ray
136:[
89:88.38
13314:FAST
13027:Head
12699:ISSN
12656:ISSN
12572:PMID
12537:2016
12507:2016
12473:PMID
12416:PMID
12371:ISBN
12326:PMID
12308:JAMA
12270:PMID
12238:2013
12206:2013
12180:2013
12154:2013
12102:PMID
12090:MI-6
12047:ISBN
11964:PMID
11948:ISSN
11903:ISBN
11876:ISBN
11782:PMID
11739:PMID
11702:ISBN
11675:ISBN
11648:ISBN
11627:2009
11595:ISBN
11540:ISBN
11513:ISBN
11464:PMID
11446:ISSN
11389:PMID
11381:ISSN
11340:ISBN
11312:PMID
11256:PMID
11145:ISBN
11077:ISBN
11046:PMID
10984:PMID
10933:ISBN
10872:PMID
10801:PMID
10747:PMID
10704:ISBN
10679:PMID
10671:ISSN
10632:PMID
10590:ISBN
10557:PMID
10514:PMID
10470:PMID
10414:PMID
10371:PMID
10336:PMID
10293:PMID
10245:PMID
10202:PMID
10156:ISBN
10100:PMID
10064:PMID
10046:ISSN
9982:PMID
9974:ISSN
9909:PMID
9901:ISSN
9852:PMID
9805:PMID
9759:PMID
9719:PMID
9701:ISSN
9662:PMID
9613:PMID
9564:PMID
9515:PMID
9466:PMID
9448:ISSN
9413:2021
9369:2018
9290:PMID
9216:PMID
9147:PMID
9106:PMID
9055:ISBN
9028:ISBN
9002:ISBN
8977:PMID
8893:ISBN
8866:ISBN
8839:ISBN
8806:PMID
8771:PMID
8671:ISBN
8640:PMID
8632:ISSN
8597:PMID
8589:ISSN
8548:PMID
8498:PMID
8381:ISBN
8294:ISBN
8250:PMID
8242:ISSN
8160:PMID
8152:ISSN
8113:PMID
8105:ISSN
8066:PMID
8058:ISSN
8023:PMID
8005:ISSN
7964:PMID
7946:ISSN
7903:ISBN
7853:PMID
7835:ISSN
7796:ISSN
7763:ISBN
7736:ISBN
7709:ISBN
7684:PMID
7676:ISSN
7666:ISBN
7635:OCLC
7625:ISBN
7602:OCLC
7592:ISBN
7573:2019
7560:ISBN
7528:PMID
7520:ISSN
7457:ISBN
7432:PMID
7414:ISSN
7375:PMID
7367:ISSN
7312:PMID
7304:ISSN
7232:PMID
7224:ISSN
7175:PMID
7167:ISSN
7081:ISBN
7021:PMID
6968:2021
6938:PMID
6920:ISSN
6865:ISSN
6794:2013
6729:2013
6708:ISBN
6664:2013
6643:ISBN
6477:ISBN
6351:ISBN
6318:PMID
6310:ISSN
6290:1192
6259:PMID
6251:ISSN
6215:PMID
6184:2010
6150:PMID
6113:ISBN
6082:ISBN
6053:ISBN
6029:PMID
6021:ISSN
5980:PMID
5972:ISSN
5931:PMID
5913:ISSN
5863:PMID
5814:PMID
5796:ISSN
5757:PMID
5749:ISSN
5718:2015
5661:ISBN
5636:PMID
5618:ISSN
5579:PMID
5561:ISSN
5514:PMID
5506:ISSN
5391:PMID
5373:ISSN
5332:ISBN
5307:PMID
5299:ISSN
5234:PMID
5197:PMID
5154:PMID
5099:PMID
5062:PMID
5036:2013
4987:PMID
4904:ISBN
4877:ISBN
4851:ISBN
4827:PMID
4809:ISSN
4737:PMID
4700:ISBN
4675:PMID
4665:ISBN
4630:ISBN
4601:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4547:ISBN
4526:2018
4501:PMID
4449:PMID
4397:2018
4355:ISBN
4330:PMID
4312:ISSN
4273:PMID
4265:ISSN
4226:PMID
4218:ISSN
4179:PMID
4171:ISSN
4133:PMID
4125:ISSN
4090:PMID
4082:ISSN
4041:PMID
4033:ISSN
3994:PMID
3976:ISSN
3929:PMID
3921:ISSN
3878:ISBN
3842:PMID
3834:ISSN
3791:ISBN
3764:ISBN
3737:ISBN
3671:PMID
3663:ISSN
3626:ISBN
3599:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3545:ISBN
3476:2013
3419:PMID
3396:2016
3165:and
3161:The
2370:tome
2293:and
2239:. A
2163:CECT
2159:urea
2157:and
2057:The
2042:The
2017:Lead
1946:9.9
1923:5β7
1901:0.4
1887:1β2
1868:2.4
1865:2.4
1849:dose
1834:dose
1662:The
1467:e.g.
1154:. A
1119:(VR)
1110:and
932:and
914:gout
900:and
848:and
750:legs
748:and
746:arms
728:and
640:and
630:HRCT
569:Neck
553:and
482:Head
316:and
96:MeSH
13491:PET
13459:ECT
13457:3D/
13339:2D/
13240:ICE
13235:TEE
13230:TTE
13098:MRI
12829:DXR
12825:DXA
12820:KUB
12815:AXR
12803:CXR
12689:doi
12646:doi
12564:doi
12463:PMC
12455:doi
12408:doi
12316:doi
12312:304
12262:doi
12258:253
12094:doi
11940:doi
11928:195
11829:PMC
11821:doi
11817:329
11813:BMJ
11774:doi
11731:doi
11454:PMC
11438:doi
11373:doi
11369:216
11302:PMC
11292:doi
11069:doi
11038:doi
10974:PMC
10966:doi
10864:doi
10791:PMC
10783:doi
10737:doi
10733:294
10624:doi
10549:doi
10504:doi
10462:doi
10450:209
10406:doi
10328:doi
10324:189
10283:doi
10237:doi
10194:doi
10190:342
10186:BMJ
10092:doi
10054:PMC
10038:doi
9964:doi
9891:doi
9844:doi
9797:doi
9751:doi
9709:PMC
9693:doi
9689:105
9652:PMC
9644:doi
9603:PMC
9595:doi
9591:114
9554:PMC
9546:doi
9542:111
9505:PMC
9497:doi
9493:380
9456:PMC
9440:doi
9436:346
9432:BMJ
9282:doi
9278:357
9208:doi
9137:doi
9096:PMC
9088:doi
8969:doi
8798:doi
8763:hdl
8753:doi
8711:doi
8699:105
8663:doi
8624:doi
8579:doi
8540:hdl
8532:doi
8490:doi
8486:259
8422:doi
8351:doi
8234:doi
8230:177
8195:doi
8183:317
8144:doi
8140:180
8097:doi
8050:doi
8013:PMC
7995:doi
7954:PMC
7936:doi
7843:PMC
7827:doi
7658:doi
7512:doi
7508:114
7488:at
7422:PMC
7406:doi
7357:doi
7294:doi
7290:101
7263:doi
7259:101
7214:doi
7159:hdl
7151:doi
7042:on
7011:PMC
7003:doi
6928:PMC
6912:doi
6855:hdl
6845:doi
6775:hdl
6767:doi
6700:doi
6635:doi
6469:doi
6444:doi
6404:hdl
6394:doi
6382:100
6302:doi
6243:doi
6207:doi
6203:176
6142:doi
6138:162
6011:doi
5962:doi
5921:PMC
5905:doi
5853:PMC
5845:doi
5804:PMC
5788:doi
5741:doi
5737:195
5626:PMC
5610:doi
5569:PMC
5553:doi
5498:doi
5381:PMC
5365:doi
5361:148
5289:doi
5285:165
5226:doi
5222:140
5187:PMC
5179:doi
5175:143
5144:PMC
5136:doi
5132:169
5091:doi
5087:132
5054:doi
5050:237
4977:PMC
4969:doi
4965:143
4817:PMC
4801:doi
4729:doi
4657:doi
4491:PMC
4483:doi
4479:169
4439:PMC
4431:doi
4427:169
4320:PMC
4304:doi
4257:doi
4210:doi
4206:242
4163:doi
4117:doi
4074:doi
4025:doi
4021:199
3984:PMC
3968:doi
3964:102
3911:doi
3824:doi
3710:doi
3655:doi
3184:MRI
2417:In
2391:or
2389:CAT
2381:EMI
2010:mSv
1984:20
1981:20
1973:15
1970:15
1949:12
1926:13
1915:14
1890:56
1853:mGy
1838:mSv
1705:mGy
806:of
683:or
671:An
546:CT-
521:),
455:or
172:or
78:B?2
13660::
13497:):
13474:):
13203:3D
12771:2D
12705:.
12697:.
12687:.
12677:74
12675:.
12671:.
12654:.
12640:.
12578:.
12570:.
12560:71
12558:.
12554:.
12523:.
12493:.
12471:.
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