Information Age - Knowledge

1717: 930: 1700: 11040: 2288: 58: 11064: 3849:"It is in fact, quite the opposite: history is just beginning, if by history we understand the moment when, after millennia of a prehistoric battle with Nature, first to survive, then to conquer it, our species has reached the level of knowledge and social organization that will allow us to live in a predominantly social world. It is the beginning of a new existence, and indeed the beginning of a new age, The Information Age, marked by the autonomy of culture vis-à-vis the material basis of our existence." 1835: 2324: 8816: 1085:(PCM) digital voice transmission. The T1 format carried 24 pulse-code modulated, time-division multiplexed speech signals each encoded in 64 kbit/s streams, leaving 8 kbit/s of framing information which facilitated the synchronization and demultiplexing at the receiver. Over the subsequent decades the digitisation of voice became the norm for all but the last mile (where analogue continued to be the norm right into the late 1990s). 11052: 8826: 3077: 1198: 2058: 8836: 2260:, along with processes for mass manufacturing, came to serve the needs of a growing global population. The Industrial Age harnessed steam and waterpower to reduce the dependence on animal and human physical labor as the primary means of production. Thus, the core of the Industrial Revolution was the generation and distribution of energy from coal and water to produce steam and, later in the 20th century, electricity. 125: 3664: 112: 2731:

knowledge: practical knowledge; intellectual knowledge, that is, general culture and the satisfying of intellectual curiosity; pastime knowledge, that is, knowledge satisfying non-intellectual curiosity or the desire for light entertainment and emotional stimulation; spiritual or religious knowledge; unwanted knowledge, accidentally acquired and aimlessly retained.

4497: 3866:. Although access to information has never been greater, most information is irrelevant or insubstantial. The Information Age's emphasis on speed over expertise contributes to "superficial culture in which even the elite will openly disparage as pointless our main repositories for the very best that has been thought." 4869:

If the wheels behind the CD-ROM industry have their way, this product will help open the door to a brave, new multimedia world for microcomputers, where the computer is intimately linked with the other household electronics, and every gadget in the house reads tons of video, audio, and text data from

2162:

all, ultimately, induced discontinuous and irreversible changes in the economic, social and cultural elements of the daily life of most people. Traditionally, these epochs have taken place over hundreds, or in the case of the Neolithic Revolution, thousands of years, whereas the Information Age swept

1310:(middle and upper middle class households were the most likely to own one, at 22.9%). By 1989, 15% of all U.S. households owned a computer, and nearly 30% of households with children under the age of 18 owned one. By the late 1980s, many businesses were dependent on computers and digital technology. 1309:

In 1984, the U.S. Census Bureau began collecting data on computer and Internet use in the United States; their first survey showed that 8.2% of all U.S. households owned a personal computer in 1984, and that households with children under the age of 18 were nearly twice as likely to own one at 15.3%

5735:

Moore also affirmed he never said transistor count would double every 18 months, as is commonly said. Initially, he said transistors on a chip would double every year. He then recalibrated it to every two years in 1975. David House, an Intel executive at the time, noted that the changes would cause

2730:

had begun. He defines knowledge as a commodity and attempts to measure the magnitude of the production and distribution of this commodity within a modern economy. Machlup divided information use into three classes: instrumental, intellectual, and pastime knowledge. He identified also five types of

2499:

The object of economic activities can be conceptualized according to the fundamental distinction between matter, energy, and information. These apply both to the object of each economic activity, as well as within each economic activity or enterprise. For instance, an industry may process matter

2275:

that process and store data. However, what dramatically accelerated the pace of The Information Age’s adoption, as compared to previous ones, was the speed by which knowledge could be transferred and pervaded the entire human family in a few short decades. This acceleration came about with the

1018:

In 1948, Bardeen and Brattain patented an insulated-gate transistor (IGFET) with an inversion layer. Their concept, forms the basis of CMOS and DRAM technology today. In 1957 at Bell Labs, Frosch and Derick were able to manufacture planar silicon dioxide transistors, later a team at Bell Labs

2474:

as the third constituent part of the Universe; information is carried by matter or by energy. By the 1990s some writers believed that changes implied by the Information revolution will lead to not only a fiscal crisis for governments but also the disintegration of all "large structures".

3844:

when he writes of our global interdependence and the new relationships between economy, state and society, what he calls "a new society-in-the-making." He cautions that just because humans have dominated the material world, does not mean that the Information Age is the end of history:

2691:(1997) identified six 'Information Revolutions': writing, printing, mass media, entertainment, the 'tool shed' (which we call 'home' now), and the information highway. In this work the term 'information revolution' is used in a narrow sense, to describe trends in communication media. 2442:

came up when new informational inputs were produced by individual innovators, or by scientific and technical institutions. During the Information Revolution all these activities are experiencing continuous growth, while other information-oriented activities are emerging.

2166:

Between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago during the Neolithic period, humans began to domesticate animals, began to farm grains and to replace stone tools with ones made of metal. These innovations allowed nomadic hunter-gatherers to settle down. Villages formed along the

2295:

There are different conceptualizations of the Information Age. Some focus on the evolution of information over the ages, distinguishing between the Primary Information Age and the Secondary Information Age. Information in the Primary Information Age was handled by

1936:

of (optimally compressed) information in 1986; 471 petabytes in 1993; 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000; and 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, the information equivalent of six newspapers per person per day. In the 1990s, the spread of the

1986:

were capable of performing well over 10^18 instructions per second. Estimates suggest that the storage capacity of an individual human brain is about 10^12 bytes. On a per capita basis, this is matched by current digital storage (5x10^21 bytes per 7.2x10^9

1858:

per person in 1986 (539 MB per person); roughly four CD-ROM per person in 1993; twelve CD-ROM per person in the year 2000; and almost sixty-one CD-ROM per person in 2007. It is estimated that the world's capacity to store information has reached 5

749:

The digital revolution converted technology from analog format to digital format. By doing this, it became possible to make copies that were identical to the original. In digital communications, for example, repeating hardware was able to amplify the

1941:

caused a sudden leap in access to and ability to share information in businesses and homes globally. A computer that cost $ 3000 in 1997 would cost $ 2000 two years later and $ 1000 the following year, due to the rapid advancement of technology.

1977:

of any single human being and has done so a decade earlier than predicted. In terms of capacity, there are two measures of importance: the number of operations a system can perform and the amount of information that can be stored. The number of

4478: 2211:

and China around 1,450 B.C.) enabled ideas to be preserved for extended periods to spread extensively. In all, Neolithic developments, augmented by writing as an information tool, laid the groundwork for the advent of civilization.

2986:. In the United States, for example, from January 1972 to August 2010, the number of people employed in manufacturing jobs fell from 17,500,000 to 11,500,000 while manufacturing value rose 270%. Although it initially appeared that 6178: 4516: 3002:

foreshadowed a sharp drop in the number of jobs in the sector. This pattern of decrease in jobs would continue until 2003, and data has shown that, overall, technology creates more jobs than it destroys even in the short run.

2707:

has included statistics on the information sector in the economic reports of its member countries. Veneris (1984, 1990) explored the theoretical, economic and regional aspects of the informational revolution and developed a

2835:. One of the most evident concerns is the replacement of human labor by computers that can do their jobs faster and more effectively, thus creating a situation in which individuals who perform tasks that can easily be 5926: 3737:

was about eight years longer than other machines, and so accumulated the highest total sales. By 1985, 2.1 million had sold and more than 4 million Apple II's were shipped by the end of its production in 1993.

2725:

who in his (1962) book "The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States", claimed that the "knowledge industry represented 29% of the US gross national product", which he saw as evidence that the

10101: 3546:

in the mid-1990s led to record data transfer rates. By 2018, optical networks routinely delivered 30.4 terabits/s over a fiber optic pair, the data equivalent of 1.2 million simultaneous 4K HD video streams.

754:

and pass it on with no loss of information in the signal. Of equal importance to the revolution was the ability to easily move the digital information between media, and to access or distribute it remotely.

2942:

were once well paid in comparison to those in other countries. With the advent of the Information Age and improvements in communication, this is no longer the case, as workers must now compete in a global

2406:. Information-related activities did not come up with the Information Revolution. They existed, in one form or the other, in all human societies, and eventually developed into institutions, such as the 4028: 3802:

succeeded in making image-transmitting bundles with over 10,000 optical fibers, and subsequently achieved image transmission through a 75 cm long bundle which combined several thousand fibers.

3707:, a full QWERTY keyboard, and internal slots for expansion, which were mounted in a high quality streamlined plastic case. The monitor and I/O devices were sold separately. The original Apple II 3722:

BASIC, along with a lack of retail distribution sites, caused it to lag in sales behind the other Trinity machines until 1979, when it surpassed the PET. It was again pushed into 4th place when

2755:

the world's technological capacity to compute information with the help of humanly guided general-purpose computers grew at a sustained compound annual growth rate of 61% during the same period.

2602:

attempt to classify these new activities, but their definitions are not based on a clear conceptual scheme, although the latter is considered by some as equivalent with the information sector.

1340:

was created in 1988, and the first were marketed in December 1989 in Japan and in 1990 in the United States. By the early 2000s, digital cameras had eclipsed traditional film in popularity.

3271:

that was much faster than humanly possible, but were expensive to buy and maintain, so were initially limited to a few scientific institutions, large corporations, and government agencies.

10094: 1302:, and video games all fueled what became the zeitgeist of the 1980s. Millions of people purchased home computers, making household names of early personal computer manufacturers such as 7821: 5579: 4982: 7159: 7022: 1275:. As digital technology proliferated, and the switch from analog to digital record keeping became the new standard in business, a relatively new job description was popularized, the 7413: 1306:, Commodore, and Tandy. To this day the Commodore 64 is often cited as the best selling computer of all time, having sold 17 million units (by some accounts) between 1982 and 1994. 1279:. Culled from the ranks of secretaries and typists from earlier decades, the data entry clerk's job was to convert analog data (customer records, invoices, etc.) into digital data. 4495:, Bower, Robert W., "Insulated-gate field-effect device having source and drain regions formed in part by ion implantation and method of making same", issued 1971-10-26 2040:

has grown from the 606 genome sequences registered in December 1982 to the 231 million genomes in August 2021. An additional 13 trillion incomplete sequences are registered in the

1462:

In 1989, about 15% of all households in the United States owned a personal computer. For households with children, nearly 30% owned a computer in 1989, and in 2000, 65% owned one.

868:

for electrical systems, and various machines for aiming military guns and bombs. The construction of problem-specific analog computers continued in the late 1940s and beyond, with

3495:

at Bell Labs described in 1967 how the floating gate of an MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM. Following the invention of flash memory by

6803: 10087: 6829: 2546:

All products have use value, exchange value, and informational value. The latter can be measured by the information content of the product, in terms of innovation, design, etc.

11005: 2594:(1940), who included in the tertiary sector all activities that have not been included in the primary (agriculture, forestry, etc.) and secondary (manufacturing) sectors. The 7605: 5968: 11010: 4196: 5923: 2320:. The Tertiary Information Age was emerged by media of the Primary Information Age interconnected with media of the Secondary Information Age as presently experienced. 6990: 7127: 5864: 3157: 7454: 7331: 7222: 7097: 10995: 10013: 2495:. Note, however, that you may prefer mentalist to materialist paradigm. The following fundamental aspects of the theory of information revolution can be given: 4023: 2610: 2284:

systems at the heart of telecom networks and the Internet span the globe and carry most of the information traffic to and from users and data storage systems.

1850:(EB) in 1986 to 15.8 EB in 1993; over 54.5 EB in 2000; and to 295 (optimally compressed) EB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent to less than one 730- 1616:

In the late 1980s, less than 1% of the world's technologically stored information was in digital format, while it was 94% in 2007, with more than 99% by 2014.

4758: 6600: 10985: 10003: 5244: 2958:, making it possible for workers in such places to provide in-person services, therefore competing directly with their counterparts in other nations. This 1571: 4136: 2560:

Enterprises, and society at large, develop the information control and processing functions, in the form of management structures; these are also called "

6856: 6731: 2244:

in 1760 and continued into the mid-19th century. The invention of machines such as the mechanical textile weaver by Edmund Cartwrite, the rotating shaft

1468:

became as ubiquitous as computers by the early 2000s, with movie theaters beginning to show ads telling people to silence their phones. They also became

10975: 9878: 10980: 7729: 7279: 6636:

Cooper, Arnold C.; Gimeno-Gascon, F. Javier; Woo, Carolyn Y. (1994). "Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance".

6553: 6465: 4545: 899:, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. Also during World War II, Allied engineers constructed electromechanical 10250: 10110: 2688: 5902: 5885: 2675:

Diffusion of innovations causes structural-sectoral shifts in the economy, which can be smooth or can create crisis and renewal, a process which

10079: 6766: 10018: 7187: 2622: 1419:, the first web browser capable of displaying inline images and the basis for later browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. 822:, but it was never successfully built, and was largely forgotten by the 20th century and unknown to most of the inventors of modern computers. 7818: 5587: 2225: 10043: 7149: 6958: 4986: 934: 2847:, which is often highly resisted. Thus, individuals who lose their jobs may be pressed to move up into more indispensable professions (e.g. 2466:. Wiener stated: "information is information not matter or energy". This aphorism suggests that information should be considered along with 1562:

became the standard television broadcasting format in many countries by the end of the decade. In September and December 2006 respectively,

1282:

In developed nations, computers achieved semi-ubiquity during the 1980s as they made their way into schools, homes, business, and industry.

10493: 10118: 9388: 7012: 4582: 1321:

network started to be opened in Finland to accommodate the unexpected demand for cell phones that was becoming apparent in the late 1980s.

758:

One turning point of the revolution was the change from analog to digitally recorded music. During the 1980s the digital format of optical

710: 7397: 6680: 4258: 1838:

Hilbert & López (2011). The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information. Science, 332(6025), 60–65.

7656:

Castells, Manuel. The Power of Identity, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. II. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell

6926: 6434: 4930: 4818: 10853: 10800: 7852: 7666: 7543: 7065: 6791: 4850: 4657: 3349:, and the ratio of computing power to size increased dramatically, giving direct access to computers to ever smaller groups of people. 1400:

that June; it was played in 10 theaters in Spain and Italy. However, HDTV did not become a standard until the mid-2000s outside Japan.

7512: 6377: 1740:

to double in capacity every 16 years where sufficient space made available. He advocated replacing bulky, decaying printed works with

9958: 6825: 5217: 4446: 2765: 2745:

the world's technological capacity to store information grew at a sustained compound annual growth rate of 25% between 1986 and 2007;

1541: 6353: 4390: 4174: 3629:

By 1976, there were several firms racing to introduce the first truly successful commercial personal computers. Three machines, the

1582:, approximately 45.7 million U.S. households in 2006 (or approximately 40 percent of approximately 114.4 million) owned a dedicated 10711: 10318: 9232: 5960: 1545: 1192: 1184: 7597: 4514:, Kerwin, Robert E.; Klein, Donald L. & Sarace, John C., "Method for making mis structures", issued 1969-10-28 3228:

in 1837, were designed to provide routine mathematical calculation and simple decision-making capabilities. Military needs during

2633:

stressed in many occasions the role of the "intellectual element" in production, but failed to find a place for it into his model.

10323: 10114: 8872: 6582: 6043:

Hilbert, M. (2020). "Digital technology and social change: The digital transformation of society from a historical perspective".

2938:

service jobs. In the past, the economic fate of individuals would be tied to that of their nation's. For example, workers in the

1549: 1377: 1373: 1188: 1180: 641: 1317:, in 1983. However, this device used analog communication - digital cell phones were not sold commercially until 1991 when the 690:

that began in the mid-20th century. It is characterized by a rapid shift from traditional industries, as established during the

554: 10689: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10405: 9320: 8569: 8541: 5761: 5126: 5023: 2122: 10694: 10223: 9898: 8594: 7253: 6077: 5656: 5152: 4641: 4374: 4061: 3152:

in 1947. This was a breakthrough that laid the foundations for modern technology. Shockley's research team also invented the

1982:

in a human brain has been estimated to lie between 10^15 and 10^17. While this number is impressive, even in 2007 humanity's

7374: 2094: 2044:

submission database as of August 2021. The information contained in these registered sequences has doubled every 18 months.

10942: 8445: 6980: 6885: 6586: 7119: 6298: 5861: 5210: 848:

systems used electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic systems to model problems and calculate answers. These included an 1872

445: 357: 8599: 7871: 7813: 7476: 7436: 7323: 6570: 5325: 4226: 3688:

computer and first demonstrated it there. With specifications in hand and an order for 100 machines at US$ 500 each from

3557:, led to computers becoming smaller and more powerful, to the point where they could be carried. During the 1980s–1990s, 3203: 3068:, it now seems possible for a group of relatively inexperienced people with limited capital to succeed on a large scale. 1950:

The world's technological capacity to compute information with human-guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10

706:

in 1957. These technological advances have had a significant impact on the way information is processed and transmitted.

5722: 4731: 1598:

had entered the mainstream by the early 2010s. In January 2013, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported owning a

10838: 8104: 7693: 7212: 7087: 6493: 6351:"video animation on The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010 6177:, PhD Thesis, submitted to the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (British Library microfilm no. : D55307/85). 6155: 5999: 5651: 5601: 5275: 4093: 2101: 1587: 7566: 5509: 531: 440: 10063: 8751: 8579: 8109: 7745: 7407: 7368: 7059: 6920: 6893: 6725: 4614: 3586: 3465:

were developed about 1950, but awaited technical innovations in data transmission and storage to be put to full use.

2141: 1443:

and many businesses listed websites in their ads. By 1999, almost every country had a connection, and nearly half of

5008: 2276:

adoptions of a new form of power. Beginning in 1972, engineers devised ways to harness light to convey data through

10684: 9893: 9254: 8839: 7933: 6548: 5468: 5104: 4766: 3825: 3535: 2163:

to all parts of the globe in just a few years, as a result of the rapidly advancing speed of information exchange.

2075: 1268: 6613: 6408: 2574:

Information activities constitute a large, new economic sector, the information sector along with the traditional

1954:

in 1986, to 4.4 × 10 MIPS in 1993; to 2.9 × 10 MIPS in 2000; to 6.4 × 10 MIPS in 2007. An article featured in the

10902: 10109: 9993: 9928: 8973: 8227: 5840:

Supporting online material for the world's technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute infrormation

2839:

are forced to find employment where their labor is not as disposable. This especially creates issue for those in

2492: 2435: 2108: 1959: 1951: 3345:

at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968. With the advent of the MOS transistor and the MOS IC, transistor technology

2154:

During rare times in human history, there have been periods of innovation that have transformed human life. The

735:

has already began due to the recent breakthroughs in areas such as artificial intelligence and biotechnologies.

10636: 9184: 8518: 8480: 8137: 7845: 6310: 6264: 4293: 4144: 2079: 1529: 1348: 1108:(LSI) with hundreds of transistors on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to 595: 348: 6847: 6706: 4531: 3703:

About 200 of the machines sold before the company announced the Apple II as a complete computer. It had color

985:

systems to digitally replicate and automate previously manually performed mathematical calculations, with the

11104: 10664: 10380: 9337: 8660: 8637: 8367: 8357: 5678: 4788: 3624: 3264: 3193: 2636:

Innovations are the result of the production of new information, as new products, new methods of production,

2599: 1619:

It is estimated that the world's capacity to store information has increased from 2.6 (optimally compressed)

1533: 1420: 1360: 1176: 794:, and mechanical timekeeping devices. More complicated devices started appearing in the 1600s, including the 744: 2394:, which aims at creating automated processes to convert the existing information into actionable knowledge. 2090: 1472:

than phones of the 1990s, most of which only took calls or at most allowed for the playing of simple games.

540: 10546: 9948: 9933: 9828: 8741: 8329: 8237: 8142: 7918: 7903: 6325:, PhD Thesis, Univ. of Stanford. This thesis measured the role of the Information Sector in the US Economy. 6030:

Goodarzi, M., Fahimifar, A., Shakeri Daryani, E. (2021). "New Media and Ideology: A Critical Perspective".

5626: 5352: 3933: 3891: 3886: 3424: 3241: 2571:

Labor can be classified according to the object of labor, into information labor and non-information labor.

2191:) in 6,000 B.C. Cities emerged between 6,000 B.C. and 3,500 B.C. The development of written communication ( 1451:

on a regular basis. However throughout the 1990s, "getting online" entailed complicated configuration, and

920: 826: 732: 229: 120: 115: 17: 6543: 6457: 3569:, widely used by the 1980s, were largely replaced by mobile phones beginning in the late 1990s, providing 1816:

it. Connectivity between computers within organizations enabled access to greater amounts of information.

1407:

became publicly accessible in 1991, which had been available only to government and universities. In 1993

512: 507: 10860: 10642: 10574: 9354: 8865: 8829: 8564: 8062: 5221: 5071: 3881: 3153: 2402:

The main feature of the information revolution is the growing economic, social and technological role of

1890:

prescribes that the amount of storage space available appears to be growing approximately exponentially.

1097: 865: 634: 393: 7713: 7703: 7396:

Chandler, Alfred Dupont; Hikino, Takashi; Nordenflycht, Andrew Von; Chandler, Alfred D. (30 June 2009).

2229:

in 1697. This age of discovery continued through the 18th century, accelerated by widespread use of the

1346:

was also invented in the late 1980s. Disney's CAPS system (created 1988) was used for a scene in 1989's

911:

was completed in 1944, and was to some degree improved with inspiration from Charles Babbage's designs.

731:

There is ongoing debate concerning whether the Third Industrial Revolution has already ended and if the

11030: 10917: 10892: 10747: 10742: 10701: 10669: 10456: 10374: 9225: 8948: 8801: 8450: 7051: 6717: 6060:

Krishnapuram, Raghu (September 2013). "Global trends in information technology and their implication".

3913: 3853: 3829: 3791: 3562: 3268: 2375: 1983: 1929: 1586:, and by 2015, 51 percent of U.S. households owned a dedicated home video game console according to an 1485:

The digital revolution became truly global in this time as well - after revolutionizing society in the

195: 35: 7275: 5911: 5882: 4903: 4247:"The Digital Revolution Ahead for the Audio Industry," Business Week. New York, 16 March 1981, p. 40D. 1602:. By 2016, half of the world's population was connected and as of 2020, that number has risen to 67%. 1201:

A visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet (created via The Opte Project)

10937: 10927: 10674: 9873: 9833: 9274: 8819: 8746: 8721: 8584: 8232: 7838: 6756: 5862:"The Digital Universe in 2020: Big Data, Bigger Digital Shadows, and Biggest Growth in the Far East". 4008: 3747: 3646: 3105: 2777: 1899: 1716: 1367: 1283: 7181: 5093: 3597:, and from analog to digital cameras, during the 1980s–1990s. The most common image sensors are the 11124: 11119: 11109: 11084: 10827: 10615: 9973: 9701: 9463: 9423: 9413: 9361: 8670: 8503: 8089: 7958: 5557: 3876: 3133: 3089: 2781: 2641: 2550: 1479: 1137: 958: 431: 6948: 526: 521: 338: 11099: 10932: 10922: 10912: 10907: 10897: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10288: 9751: 9659: 8958: 8953: 8731: 8665: 8556: 8372: 8032: 7294: 7217: 7154: 7092: 7017: 6985: 6953: 6799: 6761: 6528: 6239: 4451: 3484: 3376: 3314: 3298: 3129: 3125: 2923: 2626: 2591: 2587: 2500:(e.g. iron) using energy and information (production and process technologies, management, etc.). 2346:, each with different long waves. The first focused on the transformation of material, including 2068: 1922: 1721: 1611: 1583: 1354: 1238: 1105: 1067: 1059: 1035: 849: 725: 403: 31: 6664: 6510: 3457:

in the 1920s, with the ability to store documents on film, making them much more compact. Early

2446:

Information is the central theme of several new sciences, which emerged in the 1940s, including

2024:, initially conceived by Gilbert and finally, the practical applications of sequencing, such as 11114: 11089: 10679: 10609: 10441: 9923: 9913: 9502: 9433: 9418: 8899: 8858: 8796: 8627: 8508: 8275: 8265: 8260: 3953: 3681: 3137: 2995: 2951: 1997: 1910:) information in 1986; 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993; 1.2 (optimally compressed) 1579: 1333:

would be the centerpiece of the revolution, with multiple household devices reading the discs.

1299: 1089: 1066:

transistor, which further facilitated mass production, was invented in 1966 by Robert Bower at

966: 695: 627: 385: 319: 141: 6137: 4825: 4604: 4262: 3356:, which was developed by Federico Faggin using his silicon-gate MOS IC technology, along with 1773:, whereby vast increases in the rapidity of information growth would be made possible through 1100:

integrated circuits by 1964. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by

11094: 10865: 10848: 10843: 10832: 10795: 10790: 10784: 10395: 10364: 10262: 10033: 10008: 9938: 9621: 9349: 9122: 9080: 9050: 8766: 8736: 8726: 8622: 8536: 8412: 8352: 8319: 8309: 8192: 8157: 8147: 8084: 7953: 7928: 7923: 7888: 7535: 6910: 6430: 6016:

A Disorienting Dilemma: Teaching and Learning in Technology Education During a Time of Crisis

4955: 3968: 3795: 3764: 3760: 3727: 3598: 3539: 3432: 2959: 2700: 2488: 2439: 2427: 2359: 2115: 1926: 1829: 1813: 1805: 1558:

reached 1 billion, and 3 billion people worldwide used cell phones by the end of the decade.

1424: 1343: 1152: 1082: 929: 924: 853: 838: 803: 799: 782:

Humans have manufactured tools for counting and calculating since ancient times, such as the

691: 217: 7045: 6369: 6147: 5924:"The historical growth of data: Why we need a faster transfer solution for large data sets". 4661: 4631: 4476:, Bower, Robert W., "Field-effect device with insulated gate", issued 1969-10-14 3645:

magazine later referred to Commodore, Apple, and Tandy as the "1977 Trinity". Also in 1977,

3522:, were first developed in the 1960s. Independent computer-to-computer networking began with 2752:

networks grew at a sustained compound annual growth rate of 30% during the same two decades;

945:, the "first all-purpose digital computer", in 1946 as the beginning of the Information Age. 502: 10431: 10276: 10028: 9783: 9696: 9674: 9597: 9593: 9522: 9438: 9383: 9378: 9201: 9045: 8934: 8526: 8498: 8470: 8465: 8294: 8270: 8222: 8205: 8200: 8182: 8172: 8167: 8129: 8079: 8074: 7991: 7937: 7360: 6206: 5796: 5477: 5405: 5100: 3903: 3857: 3828:

system. This massive scale communication technology has emerged as the common basis of all

3615:, which has origins in the 1970s, allows digital information to appear as paper documents. 3480: 3468: 3449:

The first developments for storing data were initially based on photographs, starting with

3115: 3012: 2680: 2648:), following certain cyclical patterns and creating "economic waves", also referred to as " 2561: 2504: 2431: 2313: 2021: 1778: 1699: 1416: 1303: 718: 492: 422: 343: 329: 205: 201: 70:; long-distance communication between computer systems is a hallmark of the Information Age 7508: 5531: 5296: 2773: 1720:

A timeline of major milestones of the Information Age, from the first message sent by the

8: 10530: 10385: 10293: 10245: 10213: 10194: 10053: 9918: 9788: 9578: 9507: 9264: 9237: 9220: 9208: 9030: 8986: 8791: 8716: 8632: 8617: 8382: 8162: 8119: 8114: 8011: 8001: 7973: 7785: 6350: 6143: 6133: 6062:

2013 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends and Applications in Computer Science

5300: 5156: 4166: 3978: 3973: 3824:., the venture that popularized the optical amplifier with the introduction of the first 3606: 3221: 3045: 3038: 2801: 2606: 2508: 1967: 1809: 1770: 1754: 1537: 1427:

to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994. In 1996

487: 371: 304: 7779: 6210: 5800: 5481: 5409: 1575: 11015: 11000: 10990: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10949: 10267: 10235: 9773: 9689: 9679: 9512: 9475: 9405: 9344: 9327: 9281: 9191: 9105: 8919: 8756: 8655: 8531: 8488: 8397: 8339: 8324: 8314: 8099: 7898: 7773: 7718: 7536:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures; The new era (2001– )" 7441: 6222: 5959:

Lathe III, Warren C.; Williams, Jennifer M.; Mangan, Mary E.; Karolchik, Donna (2008).

5874: 5501: 5439: 4864: 4557: 4335: 4013: 3776: 3768: 3585:

combined and extended these abilities of computing, mobility, and information sharing.

3543: 3476: 3458: 3278: 3256: 3199: 3085: 2955: 2915: 2872: 2852: 2793: 2590:. These should be restated because they are based on the ambiguous definitions made by 2524: 2520: 2452: 2415: 2281: 2234: 2041: 1879: 1790: 1747: 1594:. By 2012, over 2 billion people used the Internet, twice the number using it in 2007. 1428: 1264: 1117: 1093: 1027: 857: 763: 545: 417: 248: 7803: 5784: 5274:(Report). Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry. Vol. 2015. 3593:, which first began appearing in the late 1960s, led to the transition from analog to 2947:, whereby wages are less dependent on the success or failure of individual economies. 2287: 1019:

demonstrated a working MOSFET. The first integrated circuit milestone was achieved by

11056: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10330: 10303: 10240: 10228: 10189: 10158: 9903: 9805: 9793: 9778: 9758: 9669: 9616: 9588: 9570: 9373: 9249: 9242: 9055: 9003: 8981: 8909: 8776: 8706: 8685: 8647: 8455: 8422: 8402: 8094: 8006: 7880: 7741: 7689: 7446: 7403: 7364: 7055: 6916: 6912:

To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology

6889: 6721: 6672: 6649: 6506: 6306: 6260: 6226: 6151: 6129: 6073: 5995: 5878: 5843: 5820: 5812: 5769: 5493: 5443: 5431: 5423: 4844: 4637: 4610: 4370: 4289: 4099: 4089: 4057: 3898: 3809: 3783: 3704: 3511: 3384: 3286: 3245: 3225: 3169: 3161: 3053: 3022: 2999: 2991: 2749: 2742:

networks grew at a sustained compound annual growth rate of 7% between 1986 and 2007;

2676: 2669: 2645: 2595: 2512: 2447: 2277: 1801: 1504:

the following year. In 2002, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported having a

1497: 1287: 1063: 1047: 996: 992: 978: 837:

developed electromechanical tabulating and calculating devices using punch cards and

829:

in the last quarter of the 19th century developed useful electrical circuits and the

819: 703: 687: 408: 362: 11039: 10048: 5758: 4561: 1026:

Other important technological developments included the invention of the monolithic

10817: 10812: 10658: 10647: 10308: 10298: 10208: 10168: 10163: 10138: 10133: 10129: 9664: 9654: 9480: 9428: 9332: 9196: 9085: 9035: 9013: 9008: 8939: 8609: 8493: 8460: 8255: 8177: 8066: 8052: 8047: 7996: 7983: 7908: 7861: 7698: 7245: 6645: 6498: 6214: 6065: 6048: 5804: 5785:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 5532:"Worldmapper: The world as you've never seen it before - Cellular Subscribers 1990" 5505: 5485: 5413: 5394:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 5271: 5184: 5130: 5067: 5060: 5034: 4549: 4347: 4314: 3938: 3799: 3708: 3612: 3436: 3145: 2709: 2579: 2516: 2407: 2339: 2017: 1955: 1907: 1843: 1786: 1490: 1456: 1432: 1314: 1295: 1276: 1214: 1156: 970: 877: 834: 771: 573: 234: 57: 1750:, which could be duplicated on-demand for library patrons and other institutions. 1455:

was the only connection type affordable by individual users; the present day mass

1368:

1989–2005: Invention of the World Wide Web, mainstreaming of the Internet, Web 1.0

1245:, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. 11044: 10886: 10626: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10148: 10038: 9978: 9863: 9711: 9706: 9684: 9604: 9558: 9315: 9269: 9167: 9144: 9100: 8885: 8680: 8574: 8546: 8440: 8392: 8377: 8362: 8217: 8212: 8152: 8042: 8016: 7968: 7913: 7825: 7724: 7481: 7354: 6574: 6357: 6302: 6194: 6069: 5930: 5889: 5868: 5765: 5179: 3993: 3958: 3594: 3578: 3450: 3440: 3428: 3361: 3342: 3061: 3057: 3018: 2931: 2919: 2899: 2840: 2653: 2649: 2583: 2216: 2029: 2025: 1887: 1842:

The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally

1797: 1766: 1762: 1741: 1725: 1595: 1501: 1486: 1408: 1382: 1242: 1160: 1148: 1121: 1113: 1071: 873: 845: 815: 714: 590: 272: 91: 11063: 7791: 4511: 2811:

in which he discusses the similarities and differences between products made of

1863:

in 2014, the informational equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the

10175: 10153: 10068: 9988: 9943: 9883: 9848: 9640: 9553: 9458: 9366: 9157: 8991: 8914: 8786: 8690: 8589: 8435: 8407: 7797: 7574: 6293: 6112: 6092: 5754: 5489: 4553: 4492: 4473: 3948: 3923: 3719: 3715:

was added to support the diskette drive; the last version was "Apple DOS 3.3".

3574: 3570: 3554: 3550: 3531: 3380: 3372: 3346: 3310: 3302: 3260: 3211: 3207: 2715: 2575: 2536: 2457: 2371: 2268: 2230: 2159: 2009: 2005: 1883: 1834: 1782: 1758: 1475: 1404: 1397: 1386: 1337: 1272: 1170: 1101: 1039: 1000: 986: 908: 904: 751: 309: 7486: 6567: 5329: 2605:

From a strategic point of view, sectors can be defined as information sector,

11078: 10603: 10597: 10588: 10582: 10524: 10515: 10506: 10488: 10477: 10465: 10435: 10257: 10023: 9908: 9823: 9768: 9628: 9548: 9443: 9293: 9286: 9179: 9132: 9025: 8881: 8675: 7963: 7450: 6676: 6334: 6195:"Modeling the transition from the Industrial to the Informational Revolution" 6096: 6019: 5847: 5816: 5718: 5427: 4735: 4536: 4018: 3943: 3787: 3786:). In 1953, Bram van Heel demonstrated image transmission through bundles of 3782:

The two core technologies are the optical fiber and light amplification (the

3755: 3677: 3634: 3496: 3408: 3388: 3237: 3177: 3173: 3049: 2983: 2939: 2895: 2884: 2864: 2806: 2797: 2789: 2722: 2665: 2657: 2614: 2383: 2317: 2241: 1737: 1444: 1291: 1256: 1249: 1226: 1218: 1164: 1144: 1055: 1051: 896: 888: 884: 767: 698:. The onset of the Information Age has been linked to the development of the 583: 258: 149: 30:

This article is about the historical period. For the album by dead prez, see

8850: 6491:

McGowan, Robert. 1991. "The Work of Nations by Robert Reich" (book review).

5808: 5558:"Worldmapper: The world as you've never seen it before - Communication Maps" 5418: 5393: 5245:"155M Americans play video games, and 80% of households own a gaming device" 5189: 4103: 3573:

features to some computers. Now commonplace, this technology is extended to

3530:(coined in 1974). Access to the Internet improved with the invention of the 1511: 11068: 10347: 10340: 10335: 10204: 10199: 10143: 10058: 9858: 9763: 9609: 9583: 9492: 9174: 9162: 9110: 9070: 9065: 8929: 8924: 8771: 8430: 6502: 5824: 5497: 5463: 5435: 5297:"Demographics of Mobile Device Ownership and Adoption in the United States" 4029:

Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability

3928: 3862: 3805: 3751: 3689: 3590: 3462: 3444: 3404: 3396: 3357: 3338: 3294: 3229: 3141: 3120:

The onset of the Information Age can be associated with the development of

3030: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2935: 2891: 2844: 2661: 2387: 2367: 2245: 2220: 1974: 1875: 1825: 1704: 1574:. In September 2007, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported having 1521: 1505: 1440: 1260: 1125: 1031: 1008: 962: 938: 807: 759: 280: 253: 4882: 2738:

the world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way

2721:

These works can be seen as following the path originated with the work of

2323: 1898:

The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way

1435:, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe. The 10757: 10313: 10272: 10218: 9998: 9746: 9741: 9733: 9718: 9543: 9448: 9259: 9095: 9060: 9040: 9020: 8998: 8963: 8761: 8387: 8299: 5249: 4288:(4. print. ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 144. 3723: 3488: 3412: 3400: 3326: 3306: 3233: 3217: 3165: 2911: 2907: 2565: 2462: 2403: 2379: 2264: 2257: 2184: 2013: 1567: 1469: 1465: 1120:

could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip. In 1968, Fairchild engineer

1043: 892: 721: 459: 454: 324: 174: 5153:"Demographics of Internet and Home Broadband Usage in the United States" 4759:"Forgotten arcade games let you shoot space men and catch live lobsters" 4683: 1640:

Cell phone subscribers: 12.5 million (0.25% of world population in 1990)

981:. From the late 1940s, universities, military, and businesses developed 10541: 9529: 9517: 9487: 9453: 9393: 9075: 8781: 8711: 8304: 8037: 7893: 7356:

Junctionless Field-Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation

7047:

Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension

6843: 6400: 3998: 3963: 3918: 3821: 3697: 3693: 3582: 3515: 3504: 3365: 3353: 3333:

integrated circuit was developed by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at

3282: 3121: 3101: 3080:

A visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet

3034: 2971: 2944: 2903: 2880: 2876: 2836: 2832: 2748:

the world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way

2712: 2391: 2363: 2351: 2335: 2332: 2305: 2297: 2253: 2249: 2200: 2082: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1914:

in 2000; and 1.9 zettabytes in 2007, the information equivalent of 174

1911: 1774: 1628: 1599: 1591: 1563: 1525: 1129: 1020: 950: 811: 795: 791: 699: 475: 285: 238: 213: 159: 87: 4369:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. 4351: 4336:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon" 4319: 3352:

The first commercial single-chip microprocessor launched in 1971, the

2672:) distinguished by their nature, duration, and, thus, economic impact. 1692:

Cell phone subscribers: 6.31 billion (78% of world population in 2023)

1679:

Cell phone subscribers: 4.78 billion (62% of world population in 2020)

1237:, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of 10352: 10283: 10184: 10180: 9963: 9800: 9535: 9497: 9090: 8904: 8286: 8247: 6276: 5750: 5580:"Cell Phone Dangers - Protecting Our Homes From Cell Phone Radiation" 5022:

Cheeseman Day, Jennifer; Janus, Alex; Davis, Jessica (October 2005).

4053: 4003: 3988: 3817: 3816:, and also established the first optical telecommunications company, 3712: 3492: 3454: 3318: 3275: 3149: 3026: 2954:, the internet has just as well allowed for increased opportunity in 2868: 2860: 2828: 2739: 2532: 2528: 2411: 2347: 2192: 2155: 1971: 1933: 1915: 1860: 1744: 1653:

Cell phone subscribers: 1.5 billion (19% of world population in 2002)

1482:

where text messaging didn't become commonplace till the early 2000s.

1412: 1109: 1078: 1004: 995:

became economical for widespread adoption after the invention of the

974: 954: 830: 787: 578: 299: 163: 67: 6218: 6128: 3840:

Manuel Castells captures the significance of the Information Age in

3076: 2694: 2549:

Industries develop information-generating activities, the so-called

2057: 1241:. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for 1197: 9953: 9649: 9470: 9298: 9213: 9152: 9115: 8347: 7830: 7150:"1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price" 5906: 3908: 3772: 3767:. Optical communication provides the transmission backbone for the 3734: 3669: 3658: 3641:

were all released in 1977, becoming the most popular by late 1978.

3630: 3527: 3392: 3189: 3065: 2848: 2831:

in several ways, such as compelling workers to compete in a global

2785: 2769: 2355: 2343: 2309: 2272: 1938: 1851: 1666:

Cell phone subscribers: 4 billion (68% of world population in 2010)

1624: 1620: 1555: 1448: 1436: 1325: 1222: 1206: 982: 290: 187: 95: 63: 11051: 7767: 7395: 4983:"Stanford Federal Credit Union Pioneers Online Financial Services" 4796: 3471:

was developed from the research of Frederick W. Viehe in 1947 and

3088:, which was itself enabled by building on the developments of the 1478:

became widely used in the late 1990s worldwide, except for in the

1007:

mathematician, is credited for having laid out the foundations of

9868: 9723: 9635: 7757: 7013:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip" 6339:

The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States

5326:"World Internet Users Statistics and 2014 World Population Stats" 4583:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip" 4137:"Globalization, Informatization, and Intercultural Communication" 3983: 3685: 3523: 3500: 3472: 3395:(both in 1977) gave individuals access to the computer. However, 3290: 2699:

Porat (1976) measured the information sector in the US using the

2637: 2423: 2168: 2037: 1903: 1847: 1517: 1489:

in the 1990s, the digital revolution spread to the masses in the

1452: 1234: 1210: 989:

being the first commercially available general-purpose computer.

869: 6792:"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated" 5958: 5462:

Gillings, Michael R.; Hilbert, Martin; Kemp, Darrell J. (2016).

3820:, to design communication systems. The firm was a co-founder in 3399:

between individual computers was either non-existent or largely

2397: 1205:

The public was first introduced to the concepts that led to the

9888: 5272:

2015 Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry

4931:"20 years ago today, the World Wide Web was born - TNW Insider" 4705: 4122:

Wavelength Division Multiplexing: A Practical Engineering Guide

3638: 3558: 3330: 3322: 3109: 3084:

The Information Age was enabled by technology developed in the

2856: 2554: 2471: 2467: 2419: 2180: 2001: 1855: 1669:

Internet users: 1.8 billion (26.6% of world population in 2010)

1643:

Internet users: 2.8 million (0.05% of world population in 1990)

1330: 1230: 861: 783: 614: 4391:"Milestones:First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958" 4309:

Howard R. Duff (2001). "John Bardeen and transistor physics".

3553:, the rapid miniaturization of MOSFETs at a rate predicted by 3518:

to mainframes, and special message-sharing systems leading to

3232:

drove development of the first electronic computers, based on

2890:

Along with automation, jobs traditionally associated with the

1682:

Internet users: 4.54 billion (59% of world population in 2020)

1605: 9853: 9843: 9838: 9310: 9305: 7629:

Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Materials Devices, and Applications

7299: 5464:"Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds" 4221: 3813: 3566: 3519: 3249: 2540: 2378:. Finally, the most recent metaparadigm aims at transforming 2301: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2172: 2033: 1864: 1695:

Internet users: 5.4 billion (67% of world population in 2023)

1656:

Internet users: 631 million (11% of world population in 2002)

1133: 942: 900: 6295:

A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions

6175:

The Informational Revolution, Cybernetics and Urban Modeling

5099:(Report). JSM Proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section. 1171:

1969–1989: Invention of the internet, rise of home computers

1143:

MOS technology also led to the development of semiconductor

724:

systems and internet communications as the driving force of

9983: 7804:

The Unintended Consequences of Information Age Technologies

6826:"1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented" 4447:"1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented" 3663: 3602: 2927: 2812: 2704: 2630: 2618: 2487:

may relate to, or contrast with, such widely used terms as

2362:, was dedicated to the transformation of energy, including 2188: 2176: 2004:

can be rendered and manipulated as data. This started with

1979: 1559: 1393: 1252:

movement of the 1960s advocated the use of new technology.

1132:, the first single-chip microprocessor. It was released by 124: 7642:

George, Gilder (4 April 1997). "Fiber Keeps its Promise".

7044:

Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C.; Greer, Jim (2016).

6749: 5903:"Digital Data Storage is Undergoing Mind-Boggling Growth". 3711:

was only the built-in BASIC interpreter contained in ROM.

3017:

Industry has become more information-intensive while less

2962:

translates into increased opportunities and higher wages.

2734:

More recent estimates have reached the following results:

818:

proposed a mechanical general-purpose computer called the

111: 7807: 7758:

Articles on the impact of the Information Age on business

4960: 3334: 3033:

as the value of their labor decreases. For the system of

2994:

might be partially offset by the rapid growth of jobs in

2965: 2816: 2342:. Here authors distinguish three different long-term meta 1868: 1512:

2005–2020: Web 2.0, social media, smartphones, digital TV

7207: 7205: 6949:"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution" 6941: 4433:

Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts

4418:

Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts

4052:. Media, Religion and Culture (1st ed.). New York: 3577:

and other wearable devices. Starting in the late 1990s,

3156:

in 1952. The most widely used type of transistor is the

2804:

captured the essence of these changes in his 1995 book,

2207:

in 3,500 B.C. and writing in Egypt in 2,560 B.C. and in

1496:

By 2000, a majority of U.S. households had at least one

9968: 7324:"Telstra trial claims world's fasts transmission speed" 5021: 4086:

The information age : economy, society and culture

3510:

Copper wire cables transmitting digital data connected

2970:

The Information Age has affected the workforce in that

2788:, and other ICT tools—became a significant part of the 2478: 1819: 1318: 895:

used electromechanical systems to complete in 1941 the

7721:, March–April 2010, Volume 98, Number 2, p. 106ff 6714:

The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits

6635: 5094:

Ownership and Usage Patterns of Cell Phones: 2000-2005

5024:"Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2003" 4024:

The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age

1800:, the proliferation of the smaller and less expensive 841:, which became widespread in business and government. 11028: 7202: 6568:

Information Technology Workers in the Digital Economy

4283: 3649:

released the Sord M200 Smart Home Computer in Japan.

3056:

are important predictors of the performance of a new

2308:. The Secondary Information Age was developed by the 2047: 7142: 6665:"Film Version of Zuckerberg Divides the Generations" 6034:, 5(2), 137-162. doi: 10.22059/jcss.2021.327938.1065 5947:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA

5457: 5455: 5453: 4439: 3479:

in 1949. With the advent of the MOS transistor, MOS

2331:

Others classify it in terms of the well-established

2223:'s publication of the laws of motion and gravity in 1731: 1124:

improved MOS technology with his development of the

713:, the Information Age was formed by capitalizing on 6786: 6784: 5461: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 4789:"How many Commodore 64 computers were really sold?" 4532:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors" 3561:were developed as a form of portable computer, and 3255:The invention of the transistor enabled the era of 3037:itself, the value of labor decreases, the value of 2926:either lose their jobs through outsourcing, accept 2327:

Stages of development expressed as Kondratiev waves

1785:, formulated around 1965, would calculate that the 1092:chips in the early 1960s, MOS chips reached higher 6612: 6014:Jillianne Code, Rachel Ralph, Kieran Forde et al. 5837: 5705:The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library 5602:"Number of mobile phone users worldwide 2015-2020" 5552: 5550: 5548: 4259:"Transistor History - Invention of the Transistor" 7730:The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture 7598:"Fiber-Optic Technology Draws Record Stock Value" 7509:"M200 Smart Home Computer Series-Computer Museum" 7353:Sahay, Shubham; Kumar, Mamidala Jagadesh (2019). 7043: 6981:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs" 6458:"How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage" 5961:"Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises" 5450: 5091: 4629: 4546:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4510: 4197:"Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution" 3842:The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture 3158:metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor 3006: 2695:Measuring and modeling the information revolution 2219:'s 1543 proof that the planets orbit the Sun and 1711: 1352:and for all their animation films between 1990's 1116:, as engineers began recognizing that a complete 11076: 7120:"1956: First commercial hard disk drive shipped" 6781: 6344: 6257:The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 6049:https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/mhilbert 5370: 4606:The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future 3835: 3832:and, thus, a foundation of the Information Age. 3733:Despite slow initial sales, the lifetime of the 3565:(PDAs) could be used while standing or walking. 3293:integrated circuit was then invented in 1959 by 3132:in 1925. The first practical transistor was the 2800:greatly changed many businesses and industries. 1996:Genetic code may also be considered part of the 7814:History & Discussion of the Information Age 5783:Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (April 2011). 5736:computer performance to double every 18 months. 5652:"Fact and Figure 2023 - Mobile phone ownership" 5545: 5353:"Worldwide digital population as of April 2020" 5211:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2008 3025:. This has left important implications for the 2883:), who are able to compete successfully in the 2822: 2215:The Scientific Age began in the period between 1796:By the early 1980s, along with improvements in 1447:and people in several other countries used the 6915:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. 6188: 6186: 6169: 6167: 5945:Gilbert, Walter; Allan Maxam. "Biochemistry." 5061:Computer and Internet Use in the United States 4308: 2036:breast cancer gene mutation. Sequence data in 1439:expanded quickly, and by 1996, it was part of 806:had produced mass-market calculators like the 10095: 8880: 8866: 7870:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 7846: 7428: 7213:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced" 7088:"1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory" 6103:, Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois Press. 5711: 5066:(Report). Current Population Survey Reports. 4985:(Press release). 21 June 1995. Archived from 4928: 4756: 4222:"Museum Of Applied Arts And Sciences - About" 2843:, where solutions typically involve lowering 2652:". There are various types of waves, such as 2398:Information in social and economic activities 2000:. Now that sequencing has been computerized, 1128:MOS chip, which he later used to develop the 635: 7037: 6059: 5782: 5391: 4333: 3790:with a transparent cladding. The same year, 3172:(CMOS) fabrication process was developed by 2974:and computerization have resulted in higher 2910:) have also begun to disappear as result of 2644:manifests saturation effects (related term: 1736:Library expansion was calculated in 1945 by 1572:transition from analog to digital television 711:United Nations Public Administration Network 7567:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004" 6192: 6183: 6164: 6018:, 14 September 2021, preprint (Version 1). 5719:"Moore's Law to roll on for another decade" 5696: 4598: 4596: 4284:Shannon, Claude E.; Weaver, Warren (1963). 4119: 2382:. It started out with the proliferation of 1893: 1878:stored appears to be growing approximately 1757:that would follow decades later to replace 1606:Rise in digital technology use of computers 876:for various military applications, and the 10102: 10088: 8873: 8859: 7853: 7839: 7352: 6259:, Dent, London. (first published in 1817) 6020:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-899835/v1 4256: 2924:post-industrial (i.e. developed) societies 1136:in 1971, and laid the foundations for the 642: 628: 56: 27:Industrial shift to information technology 6873: 6598: 6433:. Archives.obs-us.com. 30 December 1996. 5417: 5392:Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011). 5218:Statistical Abstract of the United States 4318: 2142:Learn how and when to remove this message 1578:at home. According to estimates from the 1570:became the first countries to completely 1542:Seventh generation of video game consoles 1313:Motorola created the first mobile phone, 1267:, the first coin-op video games, and the 864:for water management in the Netherlands, 7437:"Technology; The Computer Entering Home" 7434: 7321: 6522: 6101:The Mathematical Theory of Communication 4602: 4593: 4529: 4286:The mathematical theory of communication 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 3771:and computer networks that underlie the 3662: 3321:in 1957. Following the invention of the 3075: 2766:Information and communication technology 2322: 2286: 1833: 1715: 1698: 1546:Eighth generation of video game consoles 1196: 1193:Fourth generation of video game consoles 1185:Second generation of video game consoles 928: 907:encoding. The base-10 electromechanical 7595: 7558: 7243: 6908: 6583:Economics and Statistics Administration 6328: 6249: 6086: 5679:"Facts and Figures 2023 - Internet Use" 5320: 5318: 4115: 4113: 3680:(known as "Woz"), a regular visitor to 1793:doubles approximately every two years. 1550:Ninth generation of video game consoles 1378:Sixth generation of video game consoles 1374:Fifth generation of video game consoles 1189:Third generation of video game consoles 1181:First generation of video game consoles 14: 11077: 8570:Knowledge representation and reasoning 7788:by Alberts and Papp (CCRP, 2001) (PDF) 7782:by Alberts and Papp (CCRP, 2000) (PDF) 7776:by Alberts and Papp (CCRP, 1997) (PDF) 7686:Digitalzeitalter - Digitalgesellschaft 7641: 7564: 7533: 7435:Schuyten, Peter J. (6 December 1978). 7346: 6700: 6698: 6599:Chang, Yongsung; Hong, Jay H. (2013). 6380:from the original on 14 September 2015 6370:"Information Age Education Newsletter" 6106: 5989: 5177: 5092:Tuckel, Peter; O'Neill, Harry (2005). 4849:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4430: 4415: 4340:Journal of The Electrochemical Society 4120:Grobe, Klaus; Eiselt, Michael (2013). 4083: 4047: 3860:in the Information Age in a piece for 3029:, as workers have become increasingly 2966:Automation, productivity, and job gain 1991: 1151:. The first such image sensor was the 1013:A Mathematical Theory of Communication 777: 10083: 8854: 8595:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 7834: 7792:Understanding Information Age Warfare 7738:Crossing the Executive Digital Divide 7546:from the original on 21 February 2008 7377:from the original on 21 December 2019 6886:Springer Science & Business Media 6879: 6842: 6769:from the original on 13 December 2013 6683:from the original on 14 November 2020 6556:from the original on 13 October 2010. 6541: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6437:from the original on 4 September 2011 6315: 6233: 5746: 5744: 5702: 5657:International Telecommunication Union 5242: 4865:"COMPUTE! magazine issue 93 Feb 1988" 4703: 4491: 4472: 4364: 4124:. John T Wiley & Sons. p. 2. 4070: 3741: 3618: 3534:in 1991. The capacity expansion from 3526:in 1969. This expanded to become the 2887:and receive (relatively) high wages. 2827:The Information Age has affected the 914: 7914:Energy consumption (Green computing) 7860: 7794:by Alberts et al. (CCRP, 2001) (PDF) 7626: 7608:from the original on 9 November 2021 7416:from the original on 18 January 2022 7334:from the original on 17 October 2019 7162:from the original on 26 October 2021 6882:History of Semiconductor Engineering 6806:from the original on 27 October 2019 6737:from the original on 9 December 2019 6662: 6398: 6286: 6270: 6122: 5971:from the original on 6 December 2021 5901:Rizzatti, Lauro. 14 September 2016. 5577: 5315: 5058: 4523: 4367:History of Semiconductor Engineering 4189: 4110: 4048:Hoover, Stewart M. (26 April 2006). 3684:meetings, designed the single-board 2479:The theory of information revolution 2080:adding citations to reliable sources 2051: 1820:Information storage and Kryder's law 1753:Rider did not foresee, however, the 1070:and independently by Robert Kerwin, 977:. This led the way to more advanced 935:Pennsylvania state historical marker 8600:Distributed artificial intelligence 7872:ACM Computing Classification System 7672:. 25 January 2023. 25 January 2023. 7534:Reimer, Jeremy (14 December 2005). 7515:from the original on 3 January 2020 7295:"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash" 7287: 7225:from the original on 3 October 2019 7100:from the original on 3 October 2019 7025:from the original on 12 August 2021 6704: 6695: 6544:"Job Losses and Productivity Gains" 5994:. Colombo: S. Godage and Brothers. 5860:Gantz, John; David Reinsel (2012). 5350: 4227:Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences 4159: 3204:Invention of the integrated circuit 2358:. The second, often referred to as 2291:Three stages of the Information Age 1781:digital technologies. Accordingly, 1554:In late 2005 the population of the 1096:and lower manufacturing costs than 810:and the enabling technology of the 774:, as the popular medium of choice. 24: 10406:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 8105:Integrated development environment 7678: 7322:Saarinen, Juha (24 January 2018). 7244:Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002). 7068:from the original on 17 March 2020 6961:from the original on 10 March 2020 6832:from the original on 23 July 2019. 6480: 6455: 6411:from the original on 1 August 2020 6045:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 5741: 5276:Entertainment Software Association 4706:"2,076 IT jobs from 492 companies" 4485: 4177:from the original on 1 August 2020 4134: 2914:. Unable to compete with those in 2263:The Information Age also requires 2048:Different stage conceptualizations 1921:The world's effective capacity to 1588:Entertainment Software Association 883:Building on the complexity of the 25: 11136: 10119:Commonwealth of Nations countries 10064:Western European and Others Group 8580:Automated planning and scheduling 8110:Software configuration management 7786:Information Age Anthology Vol III 7751: 7631:. Artech House, Inc. pp. xi. 7457:from the original on 22 July 2018 7256:from the original on 3 March 2008 7130:from the original on 31 July 2019 6993:from the original on 29 July 2020 6929:from the original on 27 July 2020 6468:from the original on 23 June 2015 5469:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4633:Scientific charge-coupled devices 4334:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 3483:was developed by John Schmidt at 3383:in the 1970s, the development of 1732:Library expansion and Moore's law 1209:when a message was sent over the 11062: 11050: 11038: 8834: 8824: 8815: 8814: 7819:Science Museum – Information Age 7780:Information Age Anthology Vol II 7704:In the Depths of the Digital Age 7659: 7650: 7635: 7620: 7589: 7565:Reimer, Jeremy (December 2005). 7527: 7501: 7485:. September 1995. Archived from 7469: 7399:Inventing the Electronic Century 7389: 7315: 7268: 7237: 7190:from the original on 9 June 2021 7174: 7112: 7080: 7005: 6973: 6902: 6862:from the original on 29 May 2008 6836: 6818: 6707:"A Review of MOS Device Physics" 6549:Competitive Enterprise Institute 5725:from the original on 9 July 2015 5627:"Global digital population 2020" 5512:from the original on 4 June 2016 5105:American Statistical Association 4704:Criss, Fillur (14 August 2014). 4658:"History of Whole Earth Catalog" 4530:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016). 4313:. Vol. 550. pp. 3–32. 3826:dense wave division multiplexing 3536:dense wave division multiplexing 3503:in 1980, Toshiba commercialized 2056: 2020:in 1977, grew steadily with the 1269:golden age of arcade video games 1011:in his pioneering 1948 article, 123: 110: 10115:recessions in the United States 8825: 8228:Computational complexity theory 7774:Information Age Anthology Vol I 6855:, Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 6656: 6629: 6592: 6560: 6535: 6516: 6449: 6423: 6392: 6362: 6244:Conditions of Economic Progress 6053: 6037: 6024: 6008: 5983: 5952: 5939: 5917: 5895: 5854: 5831: 5776: 5671: 5644: 5619: 5594: 5571: 5524: 5344: 5289: 5264: 5236: 5203: 5180:"Game Consoles in 41% of Homes" 5171: 5145: 5119: 5085: 5052: 5015: 5009:"History - About us - OP Group" 5001: 4975: 4948: 4929:Martin Bryant (6 August 2011). 4922: 4896: 4875: 4857: 4811: 4781: 4750: 4724: 4697: 4676: 4650: 4623: 4575: 4504: 4466: 4424: 4409: 4383: 4358: 4327: 4302: 4277: 3259:(1950s–1970s), typified by the 2613:, thus extending the classical 2568:", "managerial functions", etc. 2390:and has now entered the age of 2067:needs additional citations for 1960:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1163:at Bell Labs in 1969, based on 1074:and John Sarace at Bell Labs. 8012:Network performance evaluation 7798:Information Age Transformation 7684:Oliver Stengel et al. (2017). 7596:Markoff, John (3 March 1997). 6757:"Who Invented the Transistor?" 6663:Carr, David (3 October 2010). 6601:"Does Technology Create Jobs?" 6542:Smith, Fran (5 October 2010). 6283:, Progress Publishers, Moscow. 5936:, 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020. 5707:. New York City: Hadham Press. 5224:. 30 December 2007. p. 52 5178:Arendt, Susan (5 March 2007). 4757:Vincze Miklós (15 June 2013). 4684:"Personal Computer Milestones" 4250: 4241: 4214: 4128: 4041: 3341:MOS IC was later developed by 3309:, who was in turn building on 3267:provided data calculation and 3095: 3071: 3060:. However, as demonstrated by 3007:Information-intensive industry 2687:From a different perspective, 1980:synaptic operations per second 1945: 1712:Overview of early developments 1530:Digital terrestrial television 1077:In 1962 AT&T deployed the 1038:in 1959, made possible by the 13: 1: 8383:Multimedia information system 8368:Geographic information system 8358:Enterprise information system 7947:Computer systems organization 7800:by Alberts (CCRP, 2002) (PDF) 7665:Chatterton Williams, Thomas. 6638:Journal of Business Venturing 6523:Bhagwati, Jagdish N. (2005). 6032:Journal of Cyberspace Studies 5243:North, Dale (14 April 2015). 4035: 3836:Economy, society, and culture 3718:Its higher price and lack of 3625:History of personal computers 3194:History of computing hardware 3124:technology. The concept of a 2623:Capitalist mode of production 2600:quinary sector of the economy 2158:, the Scientific Age and the 1534:Digital television transition 1421:Stanford Federal Credit Union 1177:History of arcade video games 1088:Following the development of 745:History of computing hardware 715:computer microminiaturization 106: 92:computer microminiaturization 8742:Computational social science 8330:Theoretical computer science 8143:Software development process 7919:Electronic design automation 7904:Very Large Scale Integration 7733:, 3 vols. Oxford: Blackwell. 7708:The New York Review of Books 7402:. Harvard University Press. 6650:10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2 6119:, MIT Press, CA, \\\, p. 155 6070:10.1109/icetacs.2013.6691382 5949:. Vol. 74. No 2, pp. 560-64. 5127:"One Billion People Online!" 4904:"A short history of the Web" 4636:. SPIE Press. pp. 3–4. 4609:. Springer. pp. 245–8. 4257:Phil Ament (17 April 2015). 3934:Democratization of knowledge 3892:Fourth Industrial Revolution 3887:Second Industrial Revolution 3425:History of telecommunication 3183: 3136:, invented by the engineers 2823:Jobs and income distribution 2759: 2240:The Industrial Age began in 2231:moveable type printing press 1112:was the basis for the first 921:Early history of video games 827:Second Industrial Revolution 733:Fourth Industrial Revolution 694:, to an economy centered on 121:Fourth Industrial Revolution 116:Second Industrial Revolution 66:to display information from 7: 10861:1997 Asian financial crisis 10494:Civil War-era United States 8565:Natural language processing 8353:Information storage systems 7714:Avoiding a Digital Dark Age 7183:Solid State Design - Vol. 6 6909:Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). 6525:In defense of Globalization 5838:Hilbert, Martin R. (2011). 4395:IEEE Global History Network 3882:First Industrial Revolution 3869: 3856:wrote about the dangers of 3652: 3563:personal digital assistants 3154:bipolar junction transistor 1707:containing many desktop PCs 949:In 1947, the first working 660:Third Industrial Revolution 46:Third Industrial Revolution 10: 11141: 10637:Post–World War I recession 10457:Post-Napoleonic Depression 8481:Human–computer interaction 8451:Intrusion detection system 8363:Social information systems 8348:Database management system 7768:Beyond the Information Age 7711:Bollacker, Kurt D. (2010) 7477:"Most Important Companies" 7439:. Business & Finance. 7052:Cambridge University Press 6718:Cambridge University Press 6611:(3): 44–53. Archived from 6246:, McMillan and Co, London. 6199:Environment and Planning A 5990:Iranga, Suroshana (2016). 5490:10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.013 4630:James R. Janesick (2001). 4554:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 4311:AIP Conference Proceedings 4167:"The History of Computers" 3914:Cognitive-cultural economy 3854:Thomas Chatterton Williams 3830:telecommunication networks 3745: 3656: 3622: 3422: 3329:at Bell Labs in 1959, the 3197: 3187: 3168:at Bell Labs in 1960. The 3113: 3099: 3010: 1930:telecommunication networks 1823: 1609: 1515: 1371: 1217:networks such as ARPANET, 1174: 918: 802:. By the early 1800s, the 742: 738: 36:Information Age Publishing 29: 10875: 10811: 10756: 10710: 10625: 10547:2nd Industrial Revolution 10540: 10487: 10480:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843) 10396:1st Industrial Revolution 10394: 10363: 10164:Price-and-wage stickiness 10125: 9834:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 9814: 9732: 9569: 9404: 9275:Standard Average European 9143: 8972: 8892: 8810: 8747:Computational engineering 8722:Computational mathematics 8699: 8646: 8608: 8555: 8517: 8479: 8421: 8338: 8284: 8246: 8191: 8128: 8061: 8025: 7982: 7946: 7879: 7868: 7806:by Alberts (CCRP, 1996) ( 6494:Human Resource Management 6374:Information Age Education 5759:"Technological Progress". 4084:Manuel, Castells (1996). 4050:Religion in the Media Age 4009:Technological determinism 3877:Technological revolutions 3775:, the foundation for the 3748:Fiber-optic communication 3647:Sord Computer Corporation 3587:Metal–oxide–semiconductor 3106:History of the transistor 2668:(about 4 years, see also 2028:, after the discovery by 1984:general-purpose computers 1392:The first public digital 1284:Automated teller machines 1140:that began in the 1970s. 119: 109: 101: 83: 75: 62:A laptop connects to the 55: 50: 45: 10828:1990s United States boom 10616:Financial crisis of 1914 9974:Lancaster House Treaties 9464:Christian existentialism 9424:Ancient Roman philosophy 9414:Ancient Greek philosophy 8757:Computational healthcare 8752:Differentiable computing 8671:Graphics processing unit 8090:Domain-specific language 7959:Computational complexity 6566:Cooke, Sandra D. 2003. " 6139:The Sovereign Individual 5773:. Retrieved 9 June 2020. 5703:Rider, Fredmont (1944). 4732:"Atari - Arcade/Coin-op" 4603:Williams, J. B. (2017). 3763:plays a crucial role in 3377:home video game consoles 3242:Atanasoff–Berry Computer 3134:point-contact transistor 3090:Technological Revolution 2792:, as the development of 2782:communication satellites 2642:Diffusion of innovations 2551:Research and Development 1970:has vastly exceeded the 1894:Information transmission 1480:United States of America 1329:magazine predicted that 1294:in film and television, 1138:microcomputer revolution 1050:(CMOS) was developed by 959:point-contact transistor 10643:Depression of 1920–1921 10575:Depression of 1882–1885 10489:Early Victorian Britain 10224:Real and nominal values 9752:Equality before the law 8959:Romano-Germanic culture 8732:Computational chemistry 8666:Photograph manipulation 8557:Artificial intelligence 8373:Decision support system 7218:Computer History Museum 7186:. Horizon House. 1965. 7155:Computer History Museum 7124:Computer History Museum 7093:Computer History Museum 7018:Computer History Museum 6986:Computer History Museum 6954:Computer History Museum 6800:Computer History Museum 6762:Computer History Museum 6705:Lee, Thomas H. (2003). 6529:Oxford University Press 6462:Harvard Business Review 6431:"Negroponte's articles" 6323:The Information Economy 6292:Fang, Irving E. (1997) 5883:View multimedia content 5809:10.1126/science.1200970 5419:10.1126/science.1200970 5059:File, Thom (May 2013). 4587:Computer History Museum 4452:Computer History Museum 3485:Fairchild Semiconductor 3418: 3299:Fairchild Semiconductor 3130:Julius Edgar Lilienfeld 3128:was first theorized by 3126:field-effect transistor 3000:recession of March 2001 2922:and service workers in 2627:Influences on Karl Marx 2588:three-sector hypothesis 2531:. As such, it acquires 2493:Agricultural Revolution 2436:Agricultural Revolution 1963:in 2016 reported that: 1722:Internet protocol suite 1686: 1673: 1660: 1647: 1634: 1623:in 1986, to some 5,000 1612:History of the Internet 1584:home video game console 1355:The Rescuers Down Under 1106:large-scale integration 1060:Fairchild Semiconductor 1036:Fairchild Semiconductor 880:for economic modeling. 872:for neutron transport, 850:tide-predicting machine 717:advances, which led to 32:Information Age (album) 10748:Recession of 1969–1970 10743:Recession of 1960–1961 10702:Recession of 1937–1938 9914:Eastern European Group 9503:Continental philosophy 9434:Judeo-Christian ethics 9419:Hellenistic philosophy 8900:Cradle of civilization 8797:Educational technology 8628:Reinforcement learning 8378:Process control system 8276:Computational geometry 8266:Algorithmic efficiency 8261:Analysis of algorithms 7909:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 7667:"Kanye West, Sam ...." 7627:Sudo, Shoichi (1997). 6587:Department of Commerce 6503:10.1002/hrm.3930300407 5578:Arms, Michael (2013). 4431:Saxena, Arjun (2009). 4416:Saxena, Arjun (2009). 3954:Digital transformation 3851: 3765:communication networks 3682:Homebrew Computer Club 3674: 3371:Along with electronic 3325:by Mohamed Atalla and 3160:(MOSFET), invented by 3138:Walter Houser Brattain 3081: 2996:information technology 2774:computerized machinery 2485:information revolution 2328: 2292: 1998:information revolution 1989: 1839: 1804:allowed for immediate 1728: 1708: 1580:Nielsen Media Research 1300:bulletin board systems 1261:time-sharing computers 1202: 1090:MOS integrated circuit 967:Walter Houser Brattain 946: 941:cites the creation of 854:differential analysers 800:mechanical calculators 696:information technology 10866:Early 2000s recession 10833:Early 1990s recession 10785:Early 1980s recession 10365:Commercial revolution 10263:Nominal interest rate 10034:Three Seas Initiative 10009:Pacific Islands Forum 9874:British–Irish Council 9622:Greek Orthodox Church 9081:Industrial Revolution 9051:Scientific Revolution 8767:Electronic publishing 8737:Computational biology 8727:Computational physics 8623:Unsupervised learning 8537:Distributed computing 8413:Information retrieval 8320:Mathematical analysis 8310:Mathematical software 8193:Theory of computation 8158:Software construction 8148:Requirements analysis 8026:Software organization 7954:Computer architecture 7924:Hardware acceleration 7889:Printed circuit board 7736:Gelbstein, E. (2006) 7361:John Wiley & Sons 5914:on 16 September 2016. 4088:. Oxford: Blackwell. 3969:Information explosion 3847: 3796:Narinder Singh Kapany 3779:and Information Age. 3761:Optical communication 3746:Further information: 3728:Atari 8-bit computers 3692:, Woz and his friend 3666: 3601:(CCD) sensor and the 3599:charge-coupled device 3540:optical amplification 3433:Computer data storage 3423:Further information: 3281:(IC) was invented by 3216:Before the advent of 3198:Further information: 3114:Further information: 3079: 2960:competitive advantage 2815:and products made of 2701:input-output analysis 2489:Industrial Revolution 2440:Industrial Revolution 2428:Library of Alexandria 2360:Industrial Revolution 2326: 2314:satellite televisions 2290: 1965: 1837: 1830:Computer data storage 1806:access to information 1787:number of transistors 1719: 1702: 1610:Further information: 1425:financial institution 1396:broadcast was of the 1344:Digital ink and paint 1200: 1153:charge-coupled device 1083:pulse-code modulation 993:Digital communication 932: 925:Early mainframe games 839:unit record equipment 804:Industrial Revolution 743:Further information: 692:Industrial Revolution 230:Age of the human race 34:. For publisher, see 11105:Contemporary history 10432:Copper Panic of 1789 10029:Special Relationship 9439:Christian philosophy 9384:Western Christianity 9046:Age of Enlightenment 8920:Hellenistic Kingdoms 8527:Concurrent computing 8499:Ubiquitous computing 8471:Application security 8466:Information security 8295:Discrete mathematics 8271:Randomized algorithm 8223:Computability theory 8201:Model of computation 8173:Software maintenance 8168:Software engineering 8130:Software development 8080:Programming language 8075:Programming paradigm 7992:Network architecture 6321:Porat, M.-U. (1976) 6193:Veneris, Y. (1990). 6173:Veneris, Y. (1984), 6144:Simon & Schuster 6064:. IEEE. pp. v. 5992:Social Media Culture 5910:. Archived from the 4956:"The World Wide Web" 3904:Attention inequality 3858:anti-intellectualism 3605:(complementary MOS) 3481:semiconductor memory 3469:Magnetic-core memory 3317:method developed at 3265:room-sized computers 3222:mechanical computers 3116:Semiconductor device 3013:Information industry 2956:developing countries 2952:globalized workforce 2930:cuts, or settle for 2916:developing countries 2681:creative destruction 2611:means of consumption 2562:white-collar workers 2505:factor of production 2432:Babylonian astronomy 2430:, or the schools of 2076:improve this article 2042:Whole Genome Shotgun 2022:Human Genome Project 1923:exchange information 1918:per person per day. 969:while working under 10768:1973–1975 recession 10712:Post–WWII expansion 10386:Great Frost of 1709 10214:Neutrality of money 10195:Classical dichotomy 10111:Economic expansions 10054:West Nordic Council 9919:Eastern Partnership 9508:Analytic philosophy 9209:Classical tradition 9031:Early modern period 8987:Classical antiquity 8982:European Bronze Age 8802:Document management 8792:Operations research 8717:Enterprise software 8633:Multi-task learning 8618:Supervised learning 8340:Information systems 8163:Software deployment 8120:Software repository 7974:Real-time computing 6765:. 4 December 2013. 6255:Ricardo, D. (1978) 6211:1990EnPlA..22..399V 6134:James Dale Davidson 5801:2011Sci...332...60H 5482:2016TEcoE..31..180G 5410:2011Sci...332...60H 5301:Pew Research Center 5157:Pew Research Center 4989:on 21 December 2018 4769:on 14 February 2015 4664:on 13 February 2021 4435:. pp. 102–103. 3979:Internet governance 3974:Information society 3607:active-pixel sensor 3315:surface passivation 3257:mainframe computers 2802:Nicholas Negroponte 2607:means of production 2586:, according to the 2280:Today, light-based 2175:in 6,500 B.C., the 1992:Genetic information 1808:and the ability to 1538:Video game industry 844:Meanwhile, various 778:Previous inventions 762:gradually replaced 658:(also known as the 305:Classical antiquity 10950:COVID-19 recession 10610:Panic of 1910–1911 10442:Panic of 1796–1797 10268:Real interest rate 10236:Economic expansion 9513:Post-structuralism 9476:Christian humanism 9106:Universal suffrage 8585:Search methodology 8532:Parallel computing 8489:Interaction design 8398:Computing platform 8325:Numerical analysis 8315:Information theory 8100:Software framework 8063:Software notations 8002:Network components 7899:Integrated circuit 7824:2015-10-04 at the 7719:American Scientist 7602:The New York Times 7442:The New York Times 7284: Fujio Masuoka 6880:Lojek, Bo (2007). 6796:The Silicon Engine 6669:The New York Times 6573:2017-06-21 at the 6356:2012-01-18 at the 6301:2012-04-17 at the 6047:, 22(2), 189–194. 5929:2019-06-02 at the 5888:2020-05-24 at the 5867:2020-06-10 at the 5764:2021-09-10 at the 5222:U.S. Census Bureau 5133:on 22 October 2008 5072:U.S. Census Bureau 4738:on 2 November 2014 4365:Lojek, Bo (2007). 4014:Telecommunications 3777:Digital Revolution 3769:telecommunications 3742:Optical networking 3675: 3635:Commodore PET 2001 3619:Personal computers 3544:optical networking 3512:computer terminals 3487:in 1964. In 1967, 3477:Harvard University 3459:information theory 3385:personal computers 3279:integrated circuit 3200:Integrated circuit 3144:while working for 3086:Digital Revolution 3082: 2950:In effectuating a 2794:optical networking 2539:, and therefore a 2453:Information Theory 2416:Peripatetic school 2329: 2293: 2282:optical networking 2278:fiber optic cable. 2235:Johannes Gutenberg 1968:Digital technology 1900:broadcast networks 1840: 1802:personal computers 1791:integrated circuit 1771:transmission media 1755:digital technology 1748:analog photographs 1729: 1709: 1576:broadband internet 1470:much more advanced 1459:was not possible. 1429:OP Financial Group 1349:The Little Mermaid 1265:video game console 1255:In the 1970s, the 1203: 1118:computer processor 1094:transistor density 1028:integrated circuit 961:, was invented by 947: 915:1947–1969: Origins 891:, German inventor 858:perpetual calendar 684:Digital Revolution 11026: 11025: 10737:Recession of 1958 10731:Recession of 1953 10725:Recession of 1949 10422:Thirteen Colonies 10229:Velocity of money 10159:Paradox of thrift 10077: 10076: 9904:Council of Europe 9806:International law 9759:Constitutionalism 9617:Eastern Orthodoxy 9123:Post–Cold War era 9056:Age of Revolution 8910:Greco-Roman world 8848: 8847: 8777:Electronic voting 8707:Quantum Computing 8700:Applied computing 8686:Image compression 8456:Hardware security 8446:Security services 8403:Digital marketing 8183:Open-source model 8095:Modeling language 8007:Network scheduler 7699:Mendelson, Edward 6456:Porter, Michael. 6401:"Information Age" 6399:Moursund, David. 6130:William Rees-Mogg 6079:978-1-4673-5250-5 5770:Our World in Data 5590:on 29 March 2014. 4910:. 25 January 2024 4867:. February 1988. 4643:978-0-8194-3698-6 4376:978-3-540-34258-8 4352:10.1149/1.2428650 4320:10.1063/1.1354371 4265:on 13 August 2011 4063:978-0-415-31423-7 3899:Attention economy 3810:optical amplifier 3784:optical amplifier 3571:mobile networking 3453:in 1851 and then 3403:, at first using 3287:Texas Instruments 3246:Colossus computer 3226:Analytical Engine 3170:complementary MOS 3162:Mohamed M. Atalla 3054:financial capital 3048:, investments in 3023:capital-intensive 2992:industrial sector 2978:coupled with net 2841:industrial cities 2750:telecommunication 2677:Joseph Schumpeter 2670:Joseph Schumpeter 2646:market saturation 2596:quaternary sector 2503:Information is a 2152: 2151: 2144: 2126: 2091:"Information Age" 2016:in 1976-1977 and 1882:, reminiscent of 1498:personal computer 1361:Home on the Range 1288:industrial robots 1064:self-aligned gate 1048:complementary MOS 997:personal computer 979:digital computers 866:network analyzers 820:Analytical Engine 766:formats, such as 709:According to the 704:optical amplifier 688:historical period 652: 651: 604: 603: 596:Political history 221: 209: 179: 175:Pleistocene epoch 135: 134: 131: 130: 16:(Redirected from 11132: 11067: 11066: 11055: 11054: 11043: 11042: 11034: 10818:Great Regression 10813:Great Moderation 10659:Great Depression 10648:Roaring Twenties 10169:Underconsumption 10139:Effective demand 10130:Aggregate demand 10104: 10097: 10090: 10081: 10080: 9949:EU Customs Union 9481:Secular humanism 9429:Christian ethics 9379:East–West Schism 9362:Physical culture 9086:Great Divergence 9036:Age of Discovery 8875: 8868: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8838: 8837: 8828: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8638:Cross-validation 8610:Machine learning 8494:Social computing 8461:Network security 8256:Algorithm design 8178:Programming team 8138:Control variable 8115:Software library 8053:Software quality 8048:Operating system 7997:Network protocol 7862:Computer science 7855: 7848: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7725:Castells, Manuel 7673: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7573:. Archived from 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7328:ITNews Australia 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6861: 6854: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6617:on 29 April 2014 6616: 6596: 6590: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6520: 6514: 6489: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6366: 6360: 6348: 6342: 6332: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6290: 6284: 6274: 6268: 6253: 6247: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6190: 6181: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6126: 6120: 6110: 6104: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6057: 6051: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6022: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5965:Nature Education 5956: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5921: 5915: 5899: 5893: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5842:. Science/AAAS. 5835: 5829: 5828: 5780: 5774: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5586:. Archived from 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5554: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5459: 5448: 5447: 5421: 5389: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5328:. Archived from 5322: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5220:(127 ed.). 5215: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5129:. Archived from 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5098: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5068:Washington, D.C. 5065: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5033:. Archived from 5028: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4824:. Archived from 4823: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4795:. Archived from 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4765:. Archived from 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4734:. Archived from 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4660:. Archived from 4654: 4648: 4647: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4420:. pp. x–xi. 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4261:. Archived from 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4143:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4045: 3939:Digital dark age 3800:Imperial College 3709:operating system 3613:Electronic paper 3507:memory in 1987. 3451:microphotography 3437:Data compression 3347:rapidly improved 3236:, including the 3146:William Shockley 2710:systems dynamics 2679:called vividly " 2580:secondary sector 2519:), as well as a 2517:land (economics) 2408:Platonic Academy 2376:combustion power 2340:Kondratiev waves 2147: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2084: 2060: 2052: 2018:Frederick Sanger 1590:annual industry 1491:developing world 1457:Internet culture 1433:cooperative bank 1315:Motorola DynaTac 1296:electronic music 1277:data entry clerk 1259:was introduced, 1157:Willard S. Boyle 971:William Shockley 903:to break German 878:Phillips Machine 835:Herman Hollerith 833:. In the 1880s, 726:social evolution 702:in 1947 and the 644: 637: 630: 619: 613: 574:Age of Discovery 481: 480: 249:Earliest records 235:Recorded history 211: 199: 171: 169: 158: 137: 136: 127: 114: 107: 60: 43: 42: 21: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11125:Western culture 11120:Cultural trends 11110:Historical eras 11085:Information Age 11075: 11074: 11073: 11061: 11049: 11037: 11029: 11027: 11022: 10887:Great Recession 10879: 10877:Information Age 10871: 10820: 10816: 10807: 10760: 10758:Great Inflation 10752: 10714: 10706: 10629: 10627:Interwar period 10621: 10557:Long Depression 10549: 10545: 10536: 10496: 10492: 10483: 10398: 10390: 10367: 10359: 10324:U.S. recessions 10319:U.K. recessions 10251:U.S. expansions 10121: 10108: 10078: 10073: 10039:UKUSA Agreement 9979:Lublin Triangle 9864:Baltic Assembly 9816: 9810: 9728: 9565: 9400: 9270:Eurolinguistics 9139: 9128:Information age 9101:Interwar period 8968: 8888: 8879: 8849: 8844: 8835: 8806: 8787:Word processing 8695: 8681:Virtual reality 8642: 8604: 8575:Computer vision 8551: 8547:Multiprocessing 8513: 8475: 8441:Security hacker 8417: 8393:Digital library 8334: 8285:Mathematics of 8280: 8242: 8218:Automata theory 8213:Formal language 8187: 8153:Software design 8124: 8057: 8043:Virtual machine 8021: 8017:Network service 7978: 7969:Embedded system 7942: 7875: 7864: 7859: 7826:Wayback Machine 7762:Information Age 7754: 7681: 7679:Further reading 7676: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7640: 7636: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7489:on 18 June 2008 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7410: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7351: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7303:. 11 April 2012 7293: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7210: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7062: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6923: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6888:. p. 120. 6878: 6874: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6841: 6837: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6790: 6789: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6661: 6657: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6597: 6593: 6579:Digital Economy 6575:Wayback Machine 6565: 6561: 6540: 6536: 6521: 6517: 6490: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6376:. August 2008. 6368: 6367: 6363: 6358:Wayback Machine 6349: 6345: 6341:, Princeton UP. 6333: 6329: 6320: 6316: 6303:Wayback Machine 6291: 6287: 6275: 6271: 6254: 6250: 6238: 6234: 6219:10.1068/a220399 6191: 6184: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6127: 6123: 6113:Wiener, Norbert 6111: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6058: 6054: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5931:Wayback Machine 5922: 5918: 5900: 5896: 5890:Wayback Machine 5869:Wayback Machine 5859: 5855: 5836: 5832: 5795:(6025): 60–65. 5781: 5777: 5766:Wayback Machine 5749: 5742: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5460: 5451: 5404:(6025): 60–65. 5390: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5332:on 23 June 2011 5324: 5323: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5040:on 6 March 2009 5037: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4842: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4831:on 2 April 2013 4828: 4821: 4819:"Archived copy" 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4799:on 6 March 2016 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4710:ICTerGezocht.nl 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4601: 4594: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4429: 4425: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4363: 4359: 4332: 4328: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4147:on 19 July 2013 4135:Kluver, Randy. 4133: 4129: 4118: 4111: 4096: 4082: 4071: 4064: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 3994:Network society 3959:Imagination age 3872: 3838: 3758: 3744: 3726:introduced its 3673: 3661: 3655: 3627: 3621: 3609:(CMOS sensor). 3595:digital imaging 3575:digital cameras 3447: 3441:Internet access 3429:Computer memory 3421: 3373:arcade machines 3362:Masatoshi Shima 3343:Federico Faggin 3263:. These large, 3214: 3196: 3188:Main articles: 3186: 3118: 3112: 3100:Main articles: 3098: 3074: 3062:Mark Zuckerberg 3046:classical model 3015: 3009: 2968: 2900:data processing 2825: 2762: 2728:Information Age 2697: 2654:Kondratiev wave 2650:business cycles 2584:tertiary sector 2481: 2400: 2269:global networks 2148: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2085: 2083: 2073: 2061: 2050: 2030:Myriad Genetics 1994: 1948: 1896: 1832: 1824:Main articles: 1822: 1798:computing power 1763:digital imaging 1761:microform with 1734: 1726:Internet access 1714: 1689: 1676: 1663: 1650: 1637: 1614: 1608: 1596:Cloud computing 1552: 1516:Main articles: 1514: 1502:internet access 1487:developed world 1409:Marc Andreessen 1383:Tim Berners-Lee 1380: 1370: 1336:The first true 1243:internetworking 1215:Packet switched 1195: 1173: 1161:George E. Smith 1155:, developed by 1149:digital cameras 1122:Federico Faggin 1114:microprocessors 1068:Hughes Aircraft 927: 917: 874:Project Cyclone 846:analog computer 816:Charles Babbage 780: 747: 741: 656:Information Age 648: 617: 611: 606: 605: 600: 560: 559: 550: 536: 517: 498: 497: 478: 468: 467: 466: 450: 436: 427: 413: 399: 398: 388: 378: 377: 376: 367: 353: 334: 315: 314: 295: 275: 265: 264: 263: 244: 225: 224: 210: 198: 190: 167: 156: 105: 94: 90: 71: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11138: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11100:Digital divide 11097: 11092: 11087: 11072: 11071: 11059: 11047: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11006:United Kingdom 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10938:United Kingdom 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10883: 10881: 10880:(2007–present) 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10863: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10849:United Kingdom 10846: 10841: 10830: 10824: 10822: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10796:United Kingdom 10793: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10773:United Kingdom 10764: 10762: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10734: 10728: 10722: 10718: 10716: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10692: 10690:United Kingdom 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10631: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10577: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10563:United Kingdom 10553: 10551: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10498: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10463: 10460: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10439: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10402: 10400: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10371: 10369: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10270: 10265: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10178: 10176:Business cycle 10173: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10154:Overproduction 10151: 10146: 10141: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10069:Westernization 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10049:Visegrád Group 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9989:Nordic Council 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9884:Bucharest Nine 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9849:Arctic Council 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9820: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9744: 9738: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9575: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9459:Existentialism 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9410: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9235: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9194: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9177: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9149: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9023: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8992:Late antiquity 8984: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8902: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8822: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8691:Solid modeling 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8590:Control method 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8542:Multithreading 8539: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8485: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8436:Formal methods 8433: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8408:World Wide Web 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8252: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7816: 7811: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7753: 7752:External links 7750: 7749: 7748: 7734: 7722: 7709: 7696: 7694:978-3658117580 7680: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7658: 7649: 7634: 7619: 7588: 7577:on 6 June 2012 7557: 7526: 7500: 7468: 7445:. p. D4. 7427: 7408: 7388: 7369: 7345: 7314: 7286: 7267: 7236: 7201: 7173: 7141: 7111: 7079: 7060: 7036: 7004: 6972: 6940: 6921: 6901: 6894: 6872: 6835: 6817: 6780: 6748: 6726: 6694: 6655: 6644:(5): 371–395. 6628: 6605:SERI Quarterly 6591: 6559: 6534: 6515: 6497:30(4):535–38. 6479: 6448: 6422: 6391: 6361: 6343: 6327: 6314: 6305:, Focal Press 6285: 6269: 6248: 6232: 6205:(3): 399–416. 6182: 6163: 6157:978-0684832722 6156: 6121: 6105: 6093:Shannon, C. E. 6085: 6078: 6052: 6036: 6023: 6007: 6001:978-9553067432 6000: 5982: 5951: 5938: 5916: 5894: 5853: 5830: 5775: 5755:Hannah Ritchie 5740: 5710: 5695: 5670: 5643: 5618: 5593: 5570: 5544: 5523: 5476:(3): 180–189. 5449: 5369: 5343: 5314: 5303:. 7 April 2021 5288: 5263: 5235: 5202: 5170: 5159:. 7 April 2021 5144: 5118: 5107:. p. 4002 5101:Alexandria, VA 5084: 5051: 5014: 5000: 4974: 4947: 4921: 4895: 4874: 4856: 4810: 4780: 4749: 4723: 4696: 4675: 4649: 4642: 4622: 4615: 4592: 4574: 4522: 4503: 4484: 4465: 4438: 4423: 4408: 4382: 4375: 4357: 4326: 4301: 4294: 4276: 4249: 4240: 4213: 4188: 4158: 4127: 4109: 4095:978-0631215943 4094: 4069: 4062: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3949:Digital divide 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3924:Cyberterrorism 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3837: 3834: 3792:Harold Hopkins 3788:optical fibers 3743: 3740: 3720:floating point 3698:Apple Computer 3667: 3657:Main article: 3654: 3651: 3623:Main article: 3620: 3617: 3551:MOSFET scaling 3532:World Wide Web 3420: 3417: 3381:Nolan Bushnell 3323:MOS transistor 3311:Mohamed Atalla 3303:planar process 3208:Microprocessor 3185: 3182: 3097: 3094: 3073: 3070: 3011:Main article: 3008: 3005: 2967: 2964: 2824: 2821: 2798:microcomputers 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2716:computer model 2696: 2693: 2689:Irving E. Fang 2685: 2684: 2673: 2664:(9 years) and 2634: 2603: 2576:primary sector 2572: 2569: 2558: 2547: 2544: 2537:exchange value 2501: 2480: 2477: 2399: 2396: 2160:Industrial Age 2150: 2149: 2064: 2062: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2010:Walter Gilbert 2008:, invented by 2006:DNA sequencing 1993: 1990: 1947: 1944: 1906:of (optimally 1895: 1892: 1874:The amount of 1821: 1818: 1777:, potentially- 1733: 1730: 1713: 1710: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1607: 1604: 1513: 1510: 1493:in the 2000s. 1476:Text messaging 1423:was the first 1405:World Wide Web 1398:1990 World Cup 1387:World Wide Web 1369: 1366: 1338:digital camera 1273:Space Invaders 1172: 1169: 1081:for long-haul 1040:planar process 1009:digitalization 1001:Claude Shannon 999:in the 1970s. 916: 913: 909:Harvard Mark I 905:Enigma machine 860:machines, the 779: 776: 772:cassette tapes 752:digital signal 740: 737: 650: 649: 647: 646: 639: 632: 624: 621: 620: 608: 607: 602: 601: 599: 598: 593: 588: 587: 586: 576: 570: 567: 566: 562: 561: 558: 557: 551: 549: 548: 543: 541:Southeast Asia 537: 535: 534: 529: 524: 518: 516: 515: 510: 505: 499: 496: 495: 490: 484: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 465: 464: 463: 462: 451: 449: 448: 443: 441:Southeast Asia 437: 435: 434: 428: 426: 425: 420: 414: 412: 411: 406: 400: 397: 396: 390: 389: 384: 383: 380: 379: 375: 374: 368: 366: 365: 360: 358:Southeast Asia 354: 352: 351: 346: 341: 335: 333: 332: 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 310:Late antiquity 307: 302: 296: 294: 293: 288: 283: 277: 276: 271: 270: 267: 266: 262: 261: 256: 251: 245: 243: 242: 232: 226: 223: 222: 192: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 153: 152: 146: 145: 133: 132: 129: 128: 118: 99: 98: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11137: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11115:Postmodernism 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11090:Digital media 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11011:United States 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10943:United States 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10854:United States 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10802: 10801:United States 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10778:United States 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10695:United States 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10604:Panic of 1907 10602: 10599: 10598:Panic of 1901 10596: 10593: 10590: 10589:Panic of 1893 10587: 10584: 10583:Baring crisis 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10568:United States 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10525:Panic of 1866 10523: 10520: 10517: 10516:Panic of 1857 10514: 10511: 10508: 10507:Panic of 1847 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10490: 10486: 10479: 10478:Panic of 1837 10476: 10473: 10470: 10467: 10466:Panic of 1825 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10436:Panic of 1792 10433: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10381:Slump of 1706 10379: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10346: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10289:Balance sheet 10287: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10258:Interest rate 10256: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10100: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014:PROSUR/PROSUL 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9909:Craiova Group 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9824:ABCANZ Armies 9822: 9821: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9629:Protestantism 9627: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9549:Sovereigntism 9547: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Scholasticism 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9134: 9133:War on terror 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9026:Modern period 9024: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8882:Western world 8876: 8871: 8869: 8864: 8862: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8841: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8821: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8676:Mixed reality 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8509:Accessibility 8507: 8505: 8504:Visualization 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Dependability 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7844: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7770:by Dave Ulmer 7769: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7747: 7746:99932-53-17-0 7743: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7727:. (1996–98). 7726: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7701:(June 2016). 7700: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7671: 7668: 7662: 7653: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7542:. p. 9. 7541: 7537: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7409:9780674029392 7405: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7376: 7372: 7370:9781119523536 7366: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7349: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7277: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7246:"Unsung hero" 7240: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7061:9781107052406 7057: 7054:. p. 2. 7053: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6922:9780801886393 6918: 6914: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6895:9783540342588 6891: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6858: 6851: 6850: 6849:Nobel lecture 6845: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6733: 6729: 6727:9781139643771 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6699: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5699: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5584:Computer User 5581: 5574: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5533: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5036: 5032: 5031:Census Bureau 5025: 5018: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4870:CD-ROM disks. 4866: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4793:pagetable.com 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4616:9783319490885 4612: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4597: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537:IEEE Spectrum 4533: 4526: 4513: 4507: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019:Zettabyte Era 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3944:Digital detox 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808:invented the 3807: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3756:Optical fiber 3753: 3749: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:the Byte Shop 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:Steve Wozniak 3671: 3665: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591:image sensors 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497:Fujio Masuoka 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3463:Hamming codes 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3409:magnetic tape 3406: 3405:punched cards 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389:Commodore PET 3386: 3382: 3379:pioneered by 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3337:in 1962. The 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305:developed by 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289:in 1958. The 3288: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3178:Chih-Tang Sah 3175: 3174:Frank Wanlass 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:manufacturing 2981: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2940:United States 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:assembly line 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2807:Being Digital 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790:world economy 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2723:Fritz Machlup 2719: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:Kuznets swing 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621:model of the 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527:, that is, a 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:communication 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2333:Schumpeterian 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318:mobile phones 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2267:to power the 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Great Britain 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Yangtze River 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156:Neolithic Age 2146: 2143: 2135: 2132:February 2024 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: – 2092: 2088: 2087:Find sources: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2065:This section 2063: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880:exponentially 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738:Fremont Rider 1727: 1723: 1718: 1706: 1703:A university 1701: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1385:invented the 1384: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:home computer 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Merit Network 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1165:MOS capacitor 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:suitable for 1146: 1145:image sensors 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104:, leading to 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:Frank Wanlass 1053: 1052:Chih-Tang Sah 1049: 1045: 1042:developed by 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 944: 940: 936: 931: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 775: 773: 769: 768:vinyl records 765: 761: 760:compact discs 756: 753: 746: 736: 734: 729: 727: 723: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:New Media Age 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 645: 640: 638: 633: 631: 626: 625: 623: 622: 616: 610: 609: 597: 594: 592: 589: 585: 584:Postmodernity 582: 581: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 569: 568: 564: 563: 556: 553: 552: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 514: 513:South America 511: 509: 508:North America 506: 504: 501: 500: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 483: 482: 477: 472: 471: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 452: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 433: 430: 429: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 395: 392: 391: 387: 386:Postclassical 382: 381: 373: 370: 369: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 331: 330:South America 328: 326: 325:North America 323: 321: 318: 317: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 274: 269: 268: 260: 259:Proto-writing 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 240: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 219: 215: 208: 207: 203: 197: 194: 193: 189: 184: 183: 178: 177: 176: 165: 161: 155: 154: 151: 150:Human history 148: 147: 143: 139: 138: 126: 122: 117: 113: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 65: 59: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11095:Hyperreality 10928:South Africa 10876: 10685:South Africa 10531:Black Friday 10348:Unemployment 10205:Money supply 10200:Disinflation 10144:General glut 10059:Western Bloc 9859:AUSCANNZUKUS 9815:Contemporary 9764:Human rights 9610:Latin Church 9584:Christianity 9534: 9493:Conservatism 9338:contemporary 9175:Architecture 9127: 9111:World War II 9071:Emancipation 9066:Abolitionism 8954:Romanization 8949:Roman legacy 8930:Roman Empire 8772:Cyberwarfare 8431:Cryptography 7761: 7737: 7728: 7712: 7702: 7685: 7670:The Atlantic 7669: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7628: 7622: 7610:. Retrieved 7601: 7591: 7579:. Retrieved 7575:the original 7571:Ars Technica 7570: 7560: 7548:. Retrieved 7540:Ars Technica 7539: 7529: 7517:. Retrieved 7503: 7491:. Retrieved 7487:the original 7480: 7471: 7459:. Retrieved 7440: 7430: 7418:. Retrieved 7398: 7391: 7379:. Retrieved 7355: 7348: 7336:. Retrieved 7327: 7317: 7305:. Retrieved 7298: 7289: 7270: 7258:. Retrieved 7249: 7239: 7227:. Retrieved 7216: 7192:. Retrieved 7182: 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7153: 7144: 7132:. Retrieved 7123: 7114: 7102:. Retrieved 7091: 7082: 7070:. Retrieved 7046: 7039: 7027:. Retrieved 7016: 7007: 6995:. Retrieved 6984: 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6952: 6943: 6931:. Retrieved 6911: 6904: 6881: 6875: 6864:, retrieved 6848: 6838: 6820: 6808:. Retrieved 6795: 6771:. Retrieved 6760: 6751: 6739:. Retrieved 6713: 6685:. Retrieved 6668: 6658: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6619:. Retrieved 6614:the original 6608: 6604: 6594: 6578: 6562: 6547: 6537: 6527:. New York: 6524: 6518: 6492: 6470:. Retrieved 6461: 6451: 6439:. Retrieved 6425: 6413:. Retrieved 6404: 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6373: 6364: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6317: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6256: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6202: 6198: 6174: 6138: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6088: 6061: 6055: 6044: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6015: 6010: 5991: 5985: 5973:. Retrieved 5964: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5933: 5919: 5905: 5897: 5871: 5856: 5839: 5833: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5768: 5734: 5727:. Retrieved 5713: 5704: 5698: 5688:10 September 5686:. Retrieved 5682: 5673: 5663:10 September 5661:. Retrieved 5655: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5630: 5621: 5609:. Retrieved 5605: 5596: 5588:the original 5583: 5573: 5561:. Retrieved 5535:. Retrieved 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5473: 5467: 5401: 5397: 5360:. Retrieved 5356: 5346: 5334:. Retrieved 5330:the original 5305:. Retrieved 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5266: 5254:. Retrieved 5248: 5238: 5226:. Retrieved 5205: 5193:. Retrieved 5183: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5131:the original 5121: 5111:25 September 5109:. Retrieved 5087: 5075:. Retrieved 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5035:the original 5030: 5017: 5003: 4991:. Retrieved 4987:the original 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4959: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4935:The Next Web 4934: 4924: 4912:. Retrieved 4907: 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4877: 4868: 4859: 4833:. Retrieved 4826:the original 4813: 4801:. Retrieved 4797:the original 4792: 4783: 4771:. Retrieved 4767:the original 4762: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4736:the original 4726: 4714:. Retrieved 4709: 4699: 4687:. Retrieved 4678: 4666:. Retrieved 4662:the original 4652: 4632: 4625: 4605: 4586: 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4541: 4535: 4525: 4506: 4487: 4468: 4456:. Retrieved 4450: 4441: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4394: 4385: 4366: 4360: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4310: 4304: 4285: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4263:the original 4252: 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4225: 4216: 4206:16 September 4204:. Retrieved 4200: 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4170: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4140: 4130: 4121: 4085: 4049: 4043: 3929:Cyberwarfare 3863:The Atlantic 3861: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3839: 3806:Gordon Gould 3804: 3781: 3759: 3752:Image sensor 3732: 3717: 3702: 3676: 3668:April 1977: 3642: 3628: 3611: 3549: 3509: 3467: 3448: 3445:Social media 3413:floppy disks 3411:, and later 3397:data sharing 3370: 3358:Marcian Hoff 3351: 3339:silicon-gate 3301:, using the 3295:Robert Noyce 3273: 3269:manipulation 3254: 3234:vacuum tubes 3230:World War II 3215: 3142:John Bardeen 3119: 3083: 3043: 3016: 2976:productivity 2969: 2949: 2892:middle class 2889: 2885:world market 2845:working time 2826: 2805: 2778:fiber optics 2764:Eventually, 2763: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2698: 2686: 2662:Juglar cycle 2660:(18 years), 2656:(54 years), 2557:) functions. 2523:sold in the 2507:(along with 2484: 2482: 2461: 2451: 2445: 2401: 2330: 2294: 2262: 2246:steam engine 2239: 2224: 2214: 2165: 2153: 2138: 2129: 2119: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2086: 2074:Please help 2069:verification 2066: 2026:gene testing 1995: 1966: 1958: 1949: 1920: 1897: 1888:Kryder's law 1876:digital data 1873: 1841: 1826:Data storage 1795: 1752: 1742:miniaturized 1735: 1705:computer lab 1618: 1615: 1553: 1522:Social media 1506:mobile phone 1495: 1484: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1441:mass culture 1402: 1391: 1381: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1312: 1308: 1281: 1254: 1247: 1204: 1167:technology. 1142: 1126:silicon-gate 1087: 1076: 1072:Donald Klein 1032:Robert Noyce 1025: 1017: 1012: 991: 963:John Bardeen 948: 939:Philadelphia 882: 843: 824: 808:arithmometer 781: 757: 748: 730: 708: 683: 680:Internet Age 679: 675: 671: 667: 664:Computer Age 663: 659: 655: 653: 618: 493:Contemporary 488:Early modern 254:Protohistory 206:Contemporary 200: 173: 172: 168: 102: 51:1947–Present 40: 18:Computer age 10996:New Zealand 10954:2020–2022; 10918:New Zealand 10891:2007–2009; 10837:1990–1991; 10821:(1982–2007) 10789:1980–1982; 10761:(1973–1982) 10739:(1957–1958) 10733:(1953–1954) 10727:(1948–1949) 10715:(1945–1973) 10680:New Zealand 10663:1929–1939; 10639:(1918–1919) 10630:(1918–1939) 10612:(1910–1912) 10606:(1907–1908) 10600:(1902–1904) 10591:(1893–1897) 10585:(1890–1891) 10561:1873–1879; 10550:(1870–1914) 10533:(1869–1870) 10527:(1865–1867) 10518:(1857–1858) 10509:(1847–1848) 10497:(1840–1870) 10468:(1825–1826) 10459:(1815–1821) 10444:(1796–1799) 10438:(1789–1793) 10410:1772–1774; 10399:(1760–1840) 10377:(1430–1490) 10375:Great Slump 10368:(1000–1760) 10314:Stagflation 10273:Yield curve 10219:Price level 9999:Open Balkan 9817:integration 9747:Rule of law 9742:Natural law 9719:Agnosticism 9697:Hellenistic 9675:Anglo-Saxon 9605:Catholicism 9544:Atlanticism 9449:Rationalism 9255:Immigration 9238:Esotericism 9096:World War I 9061:Romanticism 9041:Reformation 9021:Renaissance 8999:Middle Ages 8964:Christendom 8893:Foundations 8782:Video games 8762:Digital art 8519:Concurrency 8388:Data mining 8300:Probability 8033:Interpreter 7760: – at 7688:, Springer 7644:Forbes ASAP 7581:13 February 7550:13 February 7461:9 September 7194:12 November 6844:Kilby, Jack 6687:20 December 6472:9 September 6335:Machlup, F. 6117:Cybernetics 5729:27 November 5636:19 February 5611:19 February 5250:VentureBeat 5077:11 February 4993:21 December 4914:16 February 4835:20 December 3724:Atari, Inc. 3583:smartphones 3555:Moore's law 3516:peripherals 3489:Dawon Kahng 3327:Dawon Kahng 3313:'s silicon 3307:Jean Hoerni 3224:, like the 3218:electronics 3212:Moore's law 3166:Dawon Kahng 3096:Transistors 3072:Innovations 3041:increases. 2912:outsourcing 2908:supervision 2881:consultants 2877:journalists 2768:(ICT)—i.e. 2592:Colin Clark 2566:bureaucracy 2463:Cybernetics 2404:information 2388:stored data 2380:information 2265:electricity 2258:Eli Whitney 2201:hieroglyphs 2185:Mesopotamia 2014:Allan Maxam 1946:Computation 1886:. As such, 1884:Moore's law 1789:in a dense 1783:Moore's law 1627:in 2014 (5 1568:Netherlands 1466:Cell phones 1415:introduced 1358:and 2004's 1271:began with 1250:Whole Earth 1102:Moore's law 1046:. In 1963, 1044:Jean Hoerni 893:Konrad Zuse 722:information 672:Silicon Age 668:Digital Age 460:Renaissance 11079:Categories 11057:Technology 10961:Bangladesh 10898:Bangladesh 10542:Gilded Age 10294:Depression 10246:Stagnation 10019:Rio Treaty 9530:Relativism 9488:Liberalism 9454:Empiricism 9406:Philosophy 9394:Secularism 9345:Philosophy 9282:Literature 9076:Capitalism 8840:Glossaries 8712:E-commerce 8305:Statistics 8248:Algorithms 8206:Stochastic 8038:Middleware 7894:Peripheral 7612:5 December 7519:18 January 7381:31 October 7338:5 December 7276:US 4531203 6415:4 December 6384:4 December 6311:0240802543 6265:0486434613 6146:. p. 5975:5 December 5872:IDC iView. 5751:Roser, Max 5216:(Report). 5190:Condé Nast 4712:(in Dutch) 4567:13 October 4512:US3475234A 4493:US3615934A 4474:US3472712A 4346:(9): 547. 4295:0252725484 4181:17 October 4171:thought.co 4036:References 3999:Social Age 3964:Indigo Era 3919:Cybercrime 3822:Ciena Corp 3694:Steve Jobs 3505:NAND flash 3366:Stan Mazor 3354:Intel 4004 3283:Jack Kilby 3122:transistor 3102:Transistor 3035:capitalism 3031:productive 2972:automation 2945:job market 2920:production 2904:management 2873:executives 2869:scientists 2865:professors 2833:job market 2713:simulation 2460:'s (1948) 2450:'s (1949) 2392:algorithms 2336:long waves 2306:television 2298:newspapers 2254:cotton gin 2250:James Watt 2179:region of 2177:Nile River 2102:newspapers 1916:newspapers 1912:zettabytes 1908:compressed 1861:zettabytes 1844:compressed 1724:to global 1629:zettabytes 1600:smartphone 1564:Luxembourg 1526:Smartphone 1372:See also: 1175:See also: 1130:Intel 4004 1023:in 1958. 1021:Jack Kilby 951:transistor 919:See also: 812:punch card 796:slide rule 792:equatorium 719:modernized 700:transistor 591:Futurology 532:South Asia 432:South Asia 349:South Asia 286:Bronze Age 281:Copper Age 239:Common Era 214:10,000 BCE 160:Prehistory 103:Chronology 88:transistor 84:Key events 11001:Singapore 10956:Australia 10933:Sri Lanka 10893:Australia 10839:Australia 10665:Australia 10655:1926–1927 10652:1923–1924 10618:(1913–14) 10594:1899–1900 10450:1807–1810 10447:1802–1804 10428:1785–1788 10353:Sahm rule 10284:Recession 10185:Inflation 10181:Deflation 9964:Five Eyes 9959:EU–UK TCA 9801:Democracy 9690:Old Norse 9579:Abrahamic 9536:Peritrope 9518:Tolerance 9498:Socialism 9328:Mythology 9316:Classical 9265:Languages 9243:Astrology 9091:Modernism 8905:Old World 8661:Rendering 8656:Animation 8287:computing 8238:Semantics 7929:Processor 7451:0362-4331 7420:11 August 6677:0362-4331 6511:1099-050X 6405:IAE-Pedia 6240:Clark, C. 6227:144963523 6097:W. Weaver 5879:112313325 5848:755633889 5817:0036-8075 5516:22 August 5444:206531385 5428:0036-8075 5351:Clement. 4716:19 August 4548:: 48–54. 4233:22 August 4054:Routledge 4004:Space Age 3989:Netocracy 3818:Optelecom 3713:Apple DOS 3581:and then 3493:Simon Sze 3455:microform 3387:like the 3319:Bell Labs 3276:germanium 3184:Computers 3180:in 1963. 3150:Bell Labs 3027:workforce 2932:low-skill 2849:engineers 2837:automated 2829:workforce 2770:computers 2760:Economics 2740:broadcast 2533:use value 2529:commodity 2483:The term 2412:Aristotle 2344:paradigms 2273:computers 2226:Principia 2193:cuneiform 1972:cognitive 1934:petabytes 1775:automated 1745:microform 1445:Americans 1431:, also a 1413:Eric Bina 1389:in 1989. 1239:protocols 1213:in 1969. 1110:computing 1079:T-carrier 1005:Bell Labs 975:Bell Labs 955:germanium 831:telegraph 788:astrolabe 682:, or the 579:Modernity 546:West Asia 527:East Asia 446:West Asia 423:East Asia 363:West Asia 344:East Asia 300:Axial Age 202:Neolithic 196:Timelines 164:Stone Age 79:Worldwide 68:Knowledge 11045:Internet 10986:Malaysia 10971:Botswana 10923:Pakistan 10913:Malaysia 10417:Scotland 10277:Inverted 10241:Recovery 10024:Schengen 9954:Eurozone 9794:Property 9789:Religion 9680:Frankish 9670:Germanic 9650:Paganism 9571:Religion 9559:European 9471:Humanism 9374:Religion 9333:Painting 9299:Internet 9250:Folklore 9221:Clothing 9192:Calendar 9168:Cyrillic 9153:Alphabet 9116:Cold War 8820:Category 8648:Graphics 8423:Security 8085:Compiler 7984:Networks 7881:Hardware 7822:Archived 7764:magazine 7606:Archived 7544:Archived 7513:Archived 7455:Archived 7414:Archived 7375:Archived 7332:Archived 7260:18 March 7254:Archived 7223:Archived 7188:Archived 7160:Archived 7128:Archived 7098:Archived 7066:Archived 7023:Archived 6991:Archived 6959:Archived 6927:Archived 6857:archived 6846:(2000), 6830:Archived 6804:Archived 6767:Archived 6732:Archived 6681:Archived 6621:29 April 6571:Archived 6554:Archived 6466:Archived 6435:Archived 6409:Archived 6378:Archived 6354:Archived 6299:Archived 6277:Marx, K. 6242:(1940), 6136:(1997). 5969:Archived 5934:Signiant 5927:Archived 5912:original 5907:EE Times 5886:Archived 5865:Archived 5825:21310967 5762:Archived 5757:. 2013. 5723:Archived 5683:Statista 5631:Statista 5606:Statista 5563:17 April 5537:17 April 5510:Archived 5498:26777788 5436:21310967 5357:Statista 5336:17 April 5137:17 April 5044:10 March 4967:17 April 4940:17 April 4888:17 April 4845:cite web 4803:17 April 4773:17 April 4742:17 April 4689:17 April 4668:17 April 4562:32003640 4401:3 August 4269:17 April 4175:Archived 4151:18 April 4104:43092627 3909:Big data 3870:See also 3812:and the 3773:Internet 3735:Apple II 3705:graphics 3696:founded 3670:Apple II 3659:Apple II 3653:Apple II 3631:Apple II 3528:Internet 3393:Apple II 3190:Computer 3066:Facebook 2988:job loss 2980:job loss 2936:low-wage 2861:teachers 2786:Internet 2598:and the 2438:and the 2426:and the 2372:electric 2310:Internet 2252:and the 1987:people). 1975:capacity 1939:Internet 1932:was 281 1925:through 1904:exabytes 1902:was 432 1852:megabyte 1848:exabytes 1779:lossless 1625:exabytes 1621:exabytes 1566:and the 1556:Internet 1449:Internet 1437:Internet 1326:Compute! 1223:CYCLADES 1207:Internet 1030:chip by 983:computer 565:See also 409:Americas 394:Timeline 291:Iron Age 188:Holocene 142:a series 140:Part of 96:Internet 76:Location 64:Internet 11031:Portals 10991:Namibia 10579:1887–88 10521:1860–61 10512:1853–54 10503:1845–46 10474:1833–34 10471:1828–29 10462:1822–23 10412:England 10304:Rolling 10190:Chronic 9869:Benelux 9774:Thought 9724:Atheism 9665:Finnish 9641:Culture 9636:Judaism 9598:Eastern 9594:Western 9589:Culture 9523:Paradox 9389:Decline 9350:Science 9226:History 9214:Studies 9197:Cuisine 9185:Periods 9145:Culture 8974:History 8940:Eastern 8935:Western 8886:culture 8830:Outline 7493:10 June 7307:20 June 7229:19 June 7166:29 July 7134:31 July 7104:31 July 7072:22 July 7029:22 July 6997:22 July 6965:22 July 6933:31 July 6810:21 July 6773:20 July 6741:21 July 6441:11 June 6337:(1962) 6281:Capital 6279:(1977) 6207:Bibcode 6115:(1948) 6099:(1949) 5797:Bibcode 5789:Science 5506:3561873 5478:Bibcode 5406:Bibcode 5398:Science 5281:29 June 5256:29 June 5228:29 June 5195:29 June 3984:Netizen 3686:Apple I 3579:tablets 3559:laptops 3524:ARPANET 3501:Toshiba 3473:An Wang 3291:silicon 3261:IBM 360 3058:venture 3044:In the 3039:capital 2990:in the 2857:lawyers 2853:doctors 2666:Kitchin 2640:, etc. 2638:patents 2615:Ricardo 2555:R&D 2521:product 2509:capital 2448:Shannon 2424:Musaeum 2418:in the 2217:Galileo 2197:Sumeria 2183:and in 2116:scholar 2038:Genbank 2032:of the 1956:journal 1927:two-way 1867:to the 1767:storage 1518:Web 2.0 1453:dial-up 1235:Telenet 1211:ARPANET 1098:bipolar 957:-based 870:FERMIAC 739:History 686:) is a 522:Oceania 418:Oceania 339:Oceania 273:Ancient 218:Present 11016:Zambia 10976:Canada 10966:Belize 10903:Canada 10868:(2001) 10844:Canada 10791:Canada 10670:Canada 10341:Supply 10336:Demand 10309:Shapes 10299:Global 10209:demand 10134:Supply 9889:CANZUK 9779:Speech 9707:Slavic 9685:Gothic 9660:Celtic 9655:Baltic 9554:Values 9355:Values 8915:Greece 7744: 7692: 7449: 7406: 7367: 7281: 7250:Forbes 7058: 6919: 6892: 6866:15 May 6724: 6675: 6577:." In 6509: 6309: 6263: 6225: 6154: 6076: 5998: 5877: 5846: 5823: 5815: 5753:, and 5504: 5496: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5362:21 May 5307:19 May 5163:19 May 4883:"1988" 4640: 4613: 4560: 4518: 4499: 4480: 4458:6 July 4397:. IEEE 4373: 4292: 4201:gov.uk 4141:un.org 4102: 4092: 4060: 3754:, and 3639:TRS-80 3589:(MOS) 3567:Pagers 3443:, and 3401:manual 3248:, and 3240:, the 3210:, and 3110:MOSFET 3108:, and 3021:- and 2998:, the 2906:, and 2894:(e.g. 2784:, the 2582:, and 2525:market 2472:energy 2468:matter 2458:Wiener 2434:. The 2422:, the 2420:Lyceum 2374:, and 2354:, and 2352:bronze 2221:Newton 2181:Africa 2118: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2002:genome 1856:CD-ROM 1769:, and 1759:analog 1592:report 1548:, and 1417:Mosaic 1331:CD-ROM 1263:, the 1233:, and 1231:Tymnet 1219:Mark I 1191:, and 1062:. The 953:, the 901:bombes 862:Deltar 784:abacus 764:analog 615:Future 555:Europe 503:Africa 476:Modern 455:Europe 404:Africa 372:Europe 320:Africa 11069:World 10981:India 10908:India 10675:India 10331:Shock 10149:Model 10044:USMCA 9899:CEFTA 9854:AUKUS 9844:ANZUS 9839:ANZUK 9784:Press 9702:Roman 9367:Sport 9311:Chant 9306:Music 9294:Media 9287:Canon 9233:Dance 9163:Latin 9158:Greek 9004:early 8233:Logic 8067:tools 7300:eWeek 6860:(PDF) 6853:(PDF) 6735:(PDF) 6710:(PDF) 6223:S2CID 5875:S2CID 5502:S2CID 5440:S2CID 5214:(PDF) 5185:WIRED 5097:(PDF) 5064:(PDF) 5038:(PDF) 5027:(PDF) 4829:(PDF) 4822:(PDF) 4558:S2CID 4544:(9). 3814:laser 3520:email 3250:ENIAC 3050:human 3019:labor 2813:atoms 2625:(see 2541:price 2513:labor 2368:steam 2364:water 2348:stone 2302:radio 2209:Minoa 2205:Egypt 2173:China 2123:JSTOR 2109:books 2034:BRCA1 1865:earth 1854:(MB) 1814:store 1810:share 1304:Apple 1134:Intel 943:ENIAC 10721:1945 10453:1812 10117:and 10113:and 10004:OSCE 9984:NATO 9929:EFTA 9894:CBSS 9879:BSEC 9769:Life 9321:Folk 9202:Diet 9014:late 9009:high 8925:Rome 8884:and 8065:and 7938:Form 7934:Size 7742:ISBN 7690:ISBN 7614:2021 7583:2008 7552:2008 7521:2022 7495:2008 7482:Byte 7463:2019 7447:ISSN 7422:2015 7404:ISBN 7383:2019 7365:ISBN 7340:2021 7309:2019 7262:2008 7231:2019 7196:2020 7168:2019 7136:2019 7106:2019 7074:2019 7056:ISBN 7031:2019 6999:2019 6967:2019 6935:2019 6917:ISBN 6890:ISBN 6868:2008 6812:2019 6775:2019 6743:2019 6722:ISBN 6689:2016 6673:ISSN 6623:2014 6507:ISSN 6474:2015 6443:2012 6417:2019 6386:2019 6307:ISBN 6261:ISBN 6152:ISBN 6095:and 6074:ISBN 5996:ISBN 5977:2021 5844:OCLC 5821:PMID 5813:ISSN 5731:2011 5690:2024 5665:2024 5638:2020 5613:2020 5565:2015 5539:2015 5518:2016 5494:PMID 5432:PMID 5424:ISSN 5364:2020 5338:2015 5309:2021 5283:2021 5258:2021 5230:2021 5197:2021 5165:2021 5139:2015 5113:2020 5079:2020 5046:2009 4995:2018 4969:2015 4942:2015 4916:2024 4908:CERN 4890:2015 4851:link 4837:2017 4805:2015 4775:2015 4744:2015 4718:2017 4691:2015 4670:2015 4638:ISBN 4611:ISBN 4569:2019 4460:2019 4403:2011 4371:ISBN 4290:ISBN 4271:2015 4235:2017 4208:2024 4183:2019 4153:2013 4100:OCLC 4090:ISBN 4058:ISBN 3794:and 3643:Byte 3637:and 3603:CMOS 3542:and 3514:and 3491:and 3461:and 3419:Data 3407:and 3391:and 3375:and 3364:and 3274:The 3192:and 3176:and 3164:and 3140:and 3064:and 3052:and 2928:wage 2817:bits 2796:and 2705:OECD 2631:Marx 2619:Marx 2564:", " 2535:and 2491:and 2470:and 2456:and 2386:and 2356:iron 2316:and 2304:and 2199:and 2189:Iraq 2095:news 2012:and 1952:MIPS 1828:and 1812:and 1687:2023 1674:2020 1661:2010 1648:2000 1635:1990 1560:HDTV 1500:and 1411:and 1403:The 1394:HDTV 1376:and 1248:The 1159:and 1054:and 1003:, a 965:and 923:and 887:and 825:The 798:and 770:and 654:The 9994:OAS 9939:ESA 9934:EPC 9924:EEA 9829:AER 9734:Law 9712:Neo 9260:Law 9180:Art 7808:PDF 6646:doi 6499:doi 6215:doi 6066:doi 5805:doi 5793:332 5486:doi 5414:doi 5402:332 4961:PBS 4763:io9 4550:doi 4348:doi 4344:104 4315:doi 3798:at 3499:at 3475:at 3335:RCA 3331:MOS 3297:at 3285:at 3148:at 2982:in 2629:). 2414:'s 2338:or 2271:of 2256:by 2248:by 2233:by 2203:in 2195:in 2171:in 2078:by 1869:sun 1631:). 1292:CGI 1058:at 1034:at 1015:. 987:LEO 973:at 937:in 11081:: 9969:G7 9944:EU 7936:/ 7740:. 7717:, 7604:. 7600:. 7569:. 7538:. 7511:. 7479:. 7453:. 7412:. 7373:. 7363:. 7359:. 7330:. 7326:. 7297:. 7252:. 7248:. 7221:. 7215:. 7204:^ 7158:. 7152:. 7126:. 7122:. 7096:. 7090:. 7064:. 7050:. 7021:. 7015:. 6989:. 6983:. 6957:. 6951:. 6925:. 6884:. 6828:. 6802:. 6798:. 6794:. 6783:^ 6759:. 6730:. 6720:. 6716:. 6712:. 6697:^ 6679:. 6671:. 6667:. 6640:. 6607:. 6603:. 6585:, 6581:. 6552:. 6546:. 6505:. 6482:^ 6464:. 6460:. 6407:. 6403:. 6372:. 6221:. 6213:. 6203:22 6201:. 6197:. 6185:^ 6166:^ 6150:. 6142:. 6132:; 6072:. 5967:. 5963:. 5881:. 5819:. 5811:. 5803:. 5791:. 5787:. 5743:^ 5733:. 5721:. 5681:. 5654:. 5629:. 5604:. 5582:. 5547:^ 5508:. 5500:. 5492:. 5484:. 5474:31 5472:. 5466:. 5452:^ 5438:. 5430:. 5422:. 5412:. 5400:. 5396:. 5372:^ 5355:. 5317:^ 5299:. 5247:. 5188:. 5182:. 5155:. 5103:: 5070:: 5029:. 4958:. 4933:. 4906:. 4847:}} 4843:{{ 4791:. 4761:. 4708:. 4595:^ 4585:. 4556:. 4542:53 4540:. 4534:. 4449:. 4393:. 4342:. 4338:. 4224:. 4199:. 4173:. 4169:. 4139:. 4112:^ 4098:. 4072:^ 4056:. 3750:, 3730:. 3700:. 3633:, 3538:, 3439:, 3435:, 3431:, 3427:, 3415:. 3368:. 3360:, 3252:. 3244:, 3238:Z3 3220:, 3206:, 3202:, 3104:, 3092:. 2934:, 2918:, 2902:, 2898:, 2879:, 2875:, 2871:, 2867:, 2863:, 2859:, 2855:, 2851:, 2819:. 2780:, 2776:, 2772:, 2718:. 2703:; 2683:". 2609:, 2578:, 2515:, 2511:, 2410:, 2370:, 2366:, 2350:, 2312:, 2300:, 2237:. 1871:. 1846:) 1765:, 1544:, 1540:, 1536:, 1532:, 1528:, 1524:, 1520:, 1508:. 1364:. 1319:2G 1298:, 1290:, 1286:, 1229:, 1225:, 1221:, 1187:, 1183:, 1179:, 933:A 897:Z3 889:Z2 885:Z1 856:, 852:, 814:. 790:, 786:, 728:. 678:, 674:, 670:, 666:, 662:, 216:– 204:– 166:) 144:on 11033:: 10815:/ 10544:/ 10491:/ 10434:/ 10275:/ 10207:/ 10183:/ 10132:/ 10103:e 10096:t 10089:v 9596:/ 8874:e 8867:t 8860:v 7874:. 7854:e 7847:t 7840:v 7810:) 7706:, 7646:. 7616:. 7585:. 7554:. 7523:. 7497:. 7465:. 7424:. 7385:. 7342:. 7311:. 7264:. 7233:. 7198:. 7170:. 7138:. 7108:. 7076:. 7033:. 7001:. 6969:. 6937:. 6898:. 6814:. 6777:. 6745:. 6691:. 6652:. 6648:: 6642:9 6625:. 6609:6 6589:. 6531:. 6513:. 6501:: 6476:. 6445:. 6419:. 6388:. 6267:. 6229:. 6217:: 6209:: 6180:. 6160:. 6148:7 6082:. 6068:: 6004:. 5979:. 5892:. 5850:. 5827:. 5807:: 5799:: 5692:. 5667:. 5640:. 5615:. 5567:. 5541:. 5520:. 5488:: 5480:: 5446:. 5416:: 5408:: 5366:. 5340:. 5311:. 5285:. 5260:. 5232:. 5199:. 5167:. 5141:. 5115:. 5081:. 5048:. 5011:. 4997:. 4971:. 4944:. 4918:. 4892:. 4853:) 4839:. 4807:. 4777:. 4746:. 4720:. 4693:. 4672:. 4646:. 4619:. 4589:. 4571:. 4552:: 4462:. 4405:. 4379:. 4354:. 4350:: 4323:. 4317:: 4298:. 4273:. 4237:. 4210:. 4185:. 4155:. 4106:. 4066:. 3672:. 2809:, 2617:- 2553:( 2543:. 2187:( 2145:) 2139:( 2134:) 2130:( 2120:· 2113:· 2106:· 2099:· 2072:. 643:e 636:t 629:v 612:↓ 241:) 237:( 220:) 212:( 180:) 170:( 162:( 157:↑ 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index