1948:
8562:. Specialty companies provide hardware, custom software, and end-user support. They may speed the development of new applications because they possess skilled information system staff. The biggest advantage is it frees in-house resources from staffing and managing complex computer projects. Many application service providers target small, fast-growing companies with limited information system resources. On the other hand, larger companies with major systems will likely have their technical infrastructure in place. One risk is having to trust an external organization with sensitive information. Another risk is having to trust the provider's infrastructure reliability.
708:
7956:
8447:
7077:
8577:
1276:
8404:
1675:
1405:
763:
798:
8950:
8966:
8958:
8974:
8734:
8674:
40:
8942:
9114:
961:
994:
1171:
2359:
11564:
When there is a function call, all the important information needs to be saved, such as register values (corresponding to variable names) and the return address (which can be obtained from the program counter) ... When the function wants to return, it ... restores all the registers. It then makes the
1763:
translates each assembly language mnemonic into its machine language number. For example, on the PDP-11, the operation 24576 can be referenced as ADD in the source code. The four basic arithmetic operations have assembly instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV. Computers also have instructions like
972:
Computers manufactured until the 1970s had front-panel switches for manual programming. The computer program was written on paper for reference. An instruction was represented by a configuration of on/off settings. After setting the configuration, an execute button was pressed. This process was then
8918:
is designed to aid system administration and software execution. Operating systems execute hardware utility programs to check the status of disk drives, memory, speakers, and printers. A utility program may optimize the placement of a file on a crowded disk. System utility programs monitor hardware
8621:
In the 1950s, the programmer, who was also the operator, would write a program and run it. After the program finished executing, the output may have been printed, or it may have been punched onto paper tape or cards for later processing. More often than not the program did not work. The programmer
8554:
The potential advantages of off-the-shelf software are upfront costs are identifiable, the basic needs should be fulfilled, and its performance and reliability have a track record. The potential disadvantages of off-the-shelf software are it may have unnecessary features that confuse end users, it
2761:
of a subset inherits all the attributes contained in the superset. For example, a student is a person. Therefore, the set of students is a subset of the set of persons. As a result, students inherit all the attributes common to all persons. Additionally, students have unique attributes that other
8550:
The potential advantages of in-house software are features and reports may be developed exactly to specification. Management may also be involved in the development process and offer a level of control. Management may decide to counteract a competitor's new initiative or implement a customer or
8126:
is a specialist responsible for writing or modifying the source code to implement the detailed plan. A programming team is likely to be needed because most systems are too large to be completed by a single programmer. However, adding programmers to a project may not shorten the completion time.
2156:(1960) stands for "ALGOrithmic Language". It had a profound influence on programming language design. Emerging from a committee of European and American programming language experts, it used standard mathematical notation and had a readable, structured design. Algol was first to define its
7128:
describe the meanings attached to various syntactic constructs. A syntactic construct may need a semantic description because a production rule may have an invalid interpretation. Also, different languages might have the same syntax; however, their behaviors may be different.
8429:
The diagram also has arrows connecting modules to each other. Arrows pointing into modules represent a set of inputs. Each module should have only one arrow pointing out from it to represent its single output object. (Optionally, an additional exception arrow points out.) A
8112:
lasts throughout the life of the system. Changes to the system after it is deployed may be necessary. Faults may exist, including specification faults, design faults, or coding faults. Improvements may be necessary. Adaption may be necessary to react to a changing
8551:
vendor requirement. A merger or acquisition may necessitate enterprise software changes. The potential disadvantages of in-house software are time and resource costs may be extensive. Furthermore, risks concerning features and performance may be looming.
8622:
then looked at the console lights and fiddled with the console switches. If less fortunate, a memory printout was made for further study. In the 1960s, programmers reduced the amount of wasted time by automating the operator's job. A program called an
2618:
heap memory. Populating the heap with data is an additional copy function. Variables stored in the heap are economically passed to functions using pointers. Without pointers, the entire block of data would have to be passed to the function via the
8922:
Utility programs include compression programs so data files are stored on less disk space. Compressed programs also save time when data files are transmitted over the network. Utility programs can sort and merge data sets. Utility programs detect
8834:. The kernel provides programs to standardize and simplify the interface to the mouse, keyboard, disk drives, printers, and other devices. Moreover, the kernel should arbitrate access to a device if two processes request it at the same time.
1258:
interpreter. However, the computer was an evolutionary dead-end because it was extremely expensive. Also, it was built at a public university lab for a specific purpose. Nonetheless, the project contributed to the development of the
13001:
Heading: Proprietary
Software; Subheading: Advantages; Quote: There is more flexibility in making modifications that may be required to counteract a new initiative by one of your competitors or to meet new supplier and/or customer
486:
If the source code is requested for execution, then the operating system loads the corresponding interpreter into memory and starts a process. The interpreter then loads the source code into memory to translate and execute each
8336:: A module has informational cohesion if it performs multiple functions, but each function has its own entry and exit points. Moreover, the functions share the same data structure. Object-oriented classes work at this level.
739:
for processing. It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards. One set directed the operation and the other set inputted the variables. However, the thousands of cogged wheels and gears never fully worked together.
8489:
with application software. The purpose of the operating system is to provide an environment where application software executes in a convenient and efficient manner. Both application software and system software execute
836:. Programming the ENIAC took up to two months. Three function tables were on wheels and needed to be rolled to fixed function panels. Function tables were connected to function panels by plugging heavy black cables into
8127:
Instead, it may lower the quality of the system. To be effective, program modules need to be defined and distributed to team members. Also, team members must interact with one another in a meaningful and effective way.
8547:. If the application is customized, then either the company's resources are used or the resources are outsourced. Outsourced software development may be from the original software vendor or a third-party developer.
2140:
COBOL's development was tightly controlled, so dialects did not emerge to require ANSI standards. As a consequence, it was not changed for 15 years until 1974. The 1990s version did make consequential changes, like
9125:(ALU). The ALU has circuits to perform elementary operations to add, shift, and compare integers. By combining and looping the elementary operations through the ALU, the CPU performs its complex arithmetic.
2136:
being a major contributor. The statements were
English-like and verbose. The goal was to design a language so managers could read the programs. However, the lack of structured statements hindered this goal.
952:
programmers. The purpose was to develop a language that was comprehensive, easy to use, extendible, and would replace Cobol and
Fortran. The result was a large and complex language that took a long time to
4351:(1973) stands for "Meta Language". ML checks to make sure only data of the same type are compared with one another. For example, this function has one input parameter (an integer) and returns an integer:
11981:
Simula was based on Algol 60 with one very important addition — the class concept. ... The basic idea was that the data (or data structure) and the operations performed on it belong together
1333:. Machine instructions created in earlier microprocessors were retained throughout microprocessor upgrades. This enabled consumers to purchase new computers without having to purchase new
1144:(ROM). The matrix resembled a two-dimensional array of fuses. The process to embed instructions onto the matrix was to burn out the unneeded connections. There were so many connections,
727:. The names of the components of the calculating device were borrowed from the textile industry. In the textile industry, yarn was brought from the store to be milled. The device had a
5463:) may become an object container. To turn a data structure into an object container, operations need to be written specifically for the structure. The resulting structure is called an
8859:
Programmers access files through a relatively simple interface that in turn executes a relatively complicated low-level I/O interface. The low-level interface includes file creation,
8135:
8131:
840:. Each function table had 728 rotating knobs. Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,000 switches. Debugging a program took a week. It ran from 1947 until 1955 at
2525:
region. Unlike global variables, static variables are only visible within the function or block. Static variables always retain their value. An example usage would be the function
1203:
2323:. C is a relatively small language, making it easy to write compilers. Its growth mirrored the hardware growth in the 1980s. Its growth also was because it has the facilities of
1932:
developers no longer need to process each database record one at a time. Also, a simple statement can generate output records without having to understand how they are retrieved.
11952:
Kowalski, R., Dávila, J., Sartor, G. and Calejo, M., 2023. Logical
English for law and education. In Prolog: The Next 50 Years (pp. 287-299). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
8426:. A data-flow diagram is a set of ovals representing modules. Each module's name is displayed inside its oval. Modules may be at the executable level or the function level.
2247:
for all of their students to learn. If a student did not go on to a more powerful language, the student would still remember Basic. A Basic interpreter was installed in the
8394:: A module has data coupling if all of its input parameters are needed and none of them are modified. Moreover, the result of the function is returned as a single object.
746:
worked for
Charles Babbage to create a description of the Analytical Engine (1843). The description contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating
12917:
third-party software firm, often called a value-added software vendor, may develop or modify a software program to meet the needs of a particular industry or company.
8776:
The program pregion stores machine instructions. Since machine instructions do not change, the program pregion may be shared by many processes of the same executable.
11565:
return jump. Clearly, all of this work can be done using a stack, and that is exactly what happens in virtually every programming language that implements recursion.
8438:. The input modules should start the diagram. The input modules should connect to the transform modules. The transform modules should connect to the output modules.
8009:
The systems analyst has the objective to deliver the right information to the right person at the right time. The critical factors to achieve this objective are:
10357:
1136:
Originally, integrated circuit chips had their function set during manufacturing. During the 1960s, controlling the electrical flow migrated to programming a
8285:. Coincidental cohesion occurs in practice if management enforces silly rules. For example, "Every module will have between 35 and 50 executable statements."
1887:
languages historically generated many machine instructions for each statement, C has statements that may generate a single machine instruction. Moreover, an
8134:: programming within a single module. Chances are a module will execute modules located in other source code files. Therefore, computer programmers may be
10496:
785:. The machine starts in the initial state, goes through a sequence of steps, and halts when it encounters the halt state. All present-day computers are
8869:
Programmers perform date/time arithmetic through a relatively simple interface that in turn executes a relatively complicated low-level time interface.
657:
Once the mechanics of basic computer programming are learned, more sophisticated and powerful languages are available to build large computer systems.
10921:
With third-generation and higher-level programming languages, each statement in the language translates into several instructions in machine language.
2124:(1959) stands for "COmmon Business Oriented Language". Fortran manipulated symbols. It was soon realized that symbols did not need to be numbers, so
12973:
Heading: Proprietary
Software; Subheading: Advantages; Quote: Being involved in the development offers a further level of control over the results.
10435:
4324:
Writing large, reliable, and readable Lisp programs requires forethought. If properly planned, the program may be much shorter than an equivalent
9727:
8779:
To save time and memory, the kernel may load only blocks of execution instructions from the disk drive, not the entire execution file completely.
10263:
8342:: a module has functional cohesion if it achieves a single goal working only on local variables. Moreover, it may be reusable in other contexts.
5331:
are represented by using relations. Here, the mother and father functions ensure that every individual has only one mother and only one father.
10383:
8388:: A module has stamp coupling if an element of a data structure passed as a parameter is modified. Object-oriented classes work at this level.
2539:
region is a contiguous block of memory located near the top memory address. Variables placed in the stack are populated from top to bottom. A
860:
just like it loads its data into memory. As a result, the computer could be programmed quickly and perform calculations at very fast speeds.
2498:
10409:
9182:
language allows for a database of facts and rules to be entered in any order. However, a question about a database must be at the very end.
8288:
Logical
Cohesion: A module has logical cohesion if it has available a series of functions, but only one of them is executed. For example,
12945:
Heading: Proprietary
Software; Subheading: Advantages; Quote: You can get exactly what you need in terms of features, reports, and so on.
9370:
365:
10522:
10304:
11107:
1251:
12009:
Originally, a large number of experimental languages were designed, many of which combined object-oriented and functional programming.
8866:
Programmers create processes through a relatively simple interface that in turn executes a relatively complicated low-level interface.
2026:
10464:
8649:. More broadly, the operating system may refer to the entire package of the central software. The package includes a kernel program,
5593:
5468:
5335:
2938:
2771:
2724:
1836:
The key characteristic of an assembly language program is it forms a one-to-one mapping to its corresponding machine language target.
2068:
2577:
and are stored in the stack. They are visible inside the function or block and lose their scope upon exiting the function or block.
781:
that has an infinitely long read/write tape. The machine can move the tape back and forth, changing its contents as it performs an
11823:
9702:
8281:: A module has coincidental cohesion if it performs multiple functions, and the functions are completely unrelated. For example,
1223:
1059:
4145:
will force this discipline onto the programmer through its syntax. Functional languages have a syntax tailored to emphasize the
1462:
features exist to provide building blocks to be combined to express programming ideals. Ideally, a programming language should:
2042:(1958) was unveiled as "The IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating system". It was designed for scientific calculations, without
1909:
1741:
7247:
From this production rule listing, complete sentences may be formed using a series of replacements. The process is to replace
2099:(ANSI) developed the first Fortran standard in 1966. In 1978, Fortran 77 became the standard until 1991. Fortran 90 supports:
13616:
13591:
13566:
13541:
13516:
13491:
13466:
13441:
13416:
13391:
13278:
13228:
13203:
13178:
13123:
13089:
13061:
12825:
12341:
12310:
12279:
12223:
11479:
11454:
11429:
11221:
11196:
10967:
10942:
10832:
10801:
10770:
10698:
10642:
10586:
10556:
10226:
10143:
10107:
10076:
10045:
10011:
9980:
9949:
9918:
9879:
9854:
9826:
9769:
9674:
9643:
9462:
9431:
8810:
8138:: programming modules so they will effectively couple with each other. Programming-in-the-large includes contributing to the
2282:
However, the Basic syntax was too simple for large programs. Recent dialects added structure and object-oriented extensions.
2096:
1844:
1712:
12037:
While it is true that OOD as such is not supported by the majority of popular languages, a large subset of OOD can be used.
11920:
7997:
will gather information from managers about all the organization's processes to automate. This professional then prepares a
1250:. It had a color display and keyboard that was packaged in a single console. The disk operating system was programmed using
523:
before being used. Also, variables are automatically initialized to zero. Here is an example computer program, in Basic, to
9410:
An alternative to compiling a source program is to use an interpreter. An interpreter can directly execute a source program
8431:
1318:
for personal computers increased, so did Intel's microprocessor development. The succession of development is known as the
878:
1025:
9613:
The idea was that students could be merely casual users or go on from Basic to more sophisticated and powerful languages
1756:
844:, calculating hydrogen bomb parameters, predicting weather patterns, and producing firing tables to aim artillery guns.
9071:
programmers may use to execute digital logic functions instead of forming them in binary algebra. They are stored in a
7105:
4294:
4152:
A functional program is developed with a set of primitive functions followed by a single driver function. Consider the
2386:
2047:
1963:
1576:
1424:
520:
882:, which equated the structures of the computer with the structures of the human brain. The design became known as the
13363:
13333:
13303:
13253:
13153:
13030:
12994:
12966:
12938:
12910:
12885:
12850:
12795:
12770:
12745:
12717:
12689:
12659:
12634:
12606:
12574:
12549:
12524:
12499:
12474:
12449:
12421:
12391:
12366:
12248:
12192:
12167:
12136:
12108:
12083:
12058:
12030:
12002:
11974:
11903:
11878:
11853:
11799:
11771:
11746:
11721:
11696:
11671:
11646:
11616:
11591:
11557:
11532:
11507:
11404:
11379:
11354:
11329:
11304:
11274:
11246:
11166:
11141:
11080:
11048:
11020:
10995:
10914:
10889:
10857:
10734:
10667:
10614:
10353:
10298:
10196:
10171:
9606:
9581:
9545:
9512:
9487:
9403:
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4310:
2941:
operation is a function with the same name as the class name. It is executed when the calling operation executes the
2552:
1384:
1126:
17:
8358:: A module has content coupling if it modifies a local variable of another function. COBOL used to do this with the
2719:. A function, in an object-oriented language, is assigned to a class. An assigned function is then referred to as a
2095:
However, non-IBM vendors also wrote
Fortran compilers, but with a syntax that would likely fail IBM's compiler. The
825:
wired together. Its 40 units weighed 30 tons, occupied 1,800 square feet (167 m), and consumed $ 650 per hour (
8816:
The kernel also ensures that a process only accesses its own memory, and not that of the kernel or other processes.
8529:
8525:
8022:
The speed of the output. Time-sensitive information is important when communicating with the customer in real time.
1947:
1819:
allow the programmer to work with mnemonics. The assembler will later translate mnemonics into instruction numbers.
1704:
1669:
1564:, and rules by which programmers can communicate instructions to the computer. They follow a set of rules called a
1051:
678:
199:
4444:. Static binding increases reliability because the compiler checks the context of variables before they are used.
4281:
returns a list that is the concatenation of other lists. Therefore, the following expression will return the list
2596:
and a list of allocated memory blocks. Like the stack, the addresses of heap variables are set during runtime. An
10331:
9382:
all or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
5420:
5328:
2328:
2187:
1880:
1624:
1612:
1561:
1378:
358:
9296:
function to allocate heap memory. It provides two additional services: 1) It allows the programmer to create an
8773:. The pregion tables allow each process to have its own program (text) pregion, data pregion, and stack pregion.
4317:. Whereas dynamic binding increases the language's flexibility, programming errors may linger until late in the
9209:
8761:. The kernel maintains a master-region table and many per-process-region (pregion) tables—one for each running
8758:
8049:
8038:
Uniqueness costs. A reusable system may be expensive. However, it might be preferred over a limited-use system.
7085:
5324:(inductive) definition. It can be understood declaratively, without the need to understand how it is executed.
4030:
2394:
2157:
2109:
1917:
1565:
1530:
1512:
508:
504:
414:
8805:
upon request by a process. When the process is finished with the memory, the process may request for it to be
985:. After the medium was loaded, the starting address was set via switches, and the execute button was pressed.
918:
13637:
12115:
The syntax (or grammar) of a programming language describes the correct form in which programs may be written
10492:
9785:
J. Fuegi; J. Francis (October–December 2003), "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'",
8770:
8052:
will mitigate the axiom: the later in the process an error is detected, the more expensive it is to correct.
7109:
7097:
5416:
4103:
happens to be 20. This occurs when x is 2. So, the application of the function is mathematically written as:
2720:
2217:
2201:
2051:
2016:
1967:
1594:
1409:
1098:
243:
8903:
8559:
8521:
7121:
7113:
5452:
5321:
4318:
4250:
4065:
2690:
2255:
2193:
2055:
1971:
1765:
1580:
1374:
1264:
1005:
488:
292:
9246:
The line numbers were typically incremented by 10 to leave room if additional statements were added later.
8710:
4214:
research to explore new language features. Moreover, their lack of side-effects have made them popular in
2503:. Parameter variables are enclosed within the parenthesis of a function definition. Parameters provide an
1912:
emphasizes what output results are desired, rather than how programming statements should be constructed.
9106:
the machine instruction by selecting the proper output line to the hardware module. The final step is to
8875:
8555:
may lack features the enterprise needs, and the data flow may not match the enterprise's work processes.
8255:
8239:
8157:
programs. Refined programs may reduce the software size, separate responsibilities, and thereby mitigate
5412:
4238:
4223:
2712:
2615:
2398:
2229:
2165:
2142:
1806:
1616:
1017:
516:
100:
10431:
8326:: A module has communicational cohesion if it performs multiple closely related functions. For example,
7132:
The syntax of a language is formally described by listing the production rules. Whereas the syntax of a
4293:
One drawback of Lisp is when many functions are nested, the parentheses may look confusing. Modern Lisp
8882:
the system into smaller processes. Processes may communicate with one another by sending and receiving
7716:
2209:
1891:
might overrule the programmer and produce fewer machine instructions than statements. Today, an entire
1191:
351:
253:
9694:
5338:
can be represented by using predicates. Rule (4) asserts that a creature is a superclass of a dragon.
10259:
9314:
8919:
and network performance. When a metric is outside an acceptable range, a trigger alert is generated.
8809:. If the process exits without requesting all allocated memory to be freed, then the kernel performs
8634:
5460:
5432:
5424:
4348:
4242:
2706:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2125:
2103:
2043:
1620:
1444:
1342:
216:
187:
116:
10379:
9230:
8895:
8806:
8654:
8540:
8316:: A module has procedural cohesion if it performs multiple loosely related functions. For example,
5393:
2785:
2585:
2556:
2547:
that keeps track of the last memory address populated. Variables are placed into the stack via the
2390:
2351:
2309:
2301:
2290:
2221:
2129:
1876:
1700:
1432:
1013:
998:
914:
883:
774:
707:
666:
271:
193:
8994:
8737:
Physical memory is scattered around RAM and the hard disk. Virtual memory is one continuous block.
7136:
is extremely complicated, a subset of the
English language can have this production rule listing:
9301:
9137:
9072:
9017:
8706:
8499:
5401:
4476:
4333:
4034:
4017:
2728:
1913:
1852:
1788:
1696:
1590:
1387:(SIMD) instructions to increase speed when multiple processors are available to perform the same
1183:
1157:
1083:
1071:
1055:
1043:
906:
853:
841:
833:
472:
450:
324:
249:
128:
10405:
9297:
9141:
9068:
8795:
8718:
8686:
8650:
8608:
8593:
8589:
7998:
7940:
5475:
5444:
2943:
2716:
1983:
1942:
1896:
1753:
1501:
1497:
1440:
430:
403:
339:
298:
76:
31:
12333:
12327:
12302:
12296:
12271:
12265:
12215:
12209:
10824:
10818:
10793:
10787:
10762:
10756:
10135:
9818:
9812:
9362:
7955:
13053:
13047:
10690:
10684:
10518:
10288:
9761:
9755:
9666:
9660:
9454:
9448:
9122:
9025:
8766:
8694:
4254:
4246:
4153:
2758:
2671:
2504:
1760:
1557:
1353:
1323:
1280:
1235:
750:
using the Analytical Engine. This note is recognized by some historians as the world's first
442:
422:
395:
221:
204:
106:
57:
12143:
The main components of an imperative language are declarations, expressions, and statements.
11103:
9833:
Turing machines can model all the computations that can be performed on a computing machine.
7076:
5060:
1) All dragons billow fire, or equivalently, a thing billows fire if the thing is a dragon:
1186:(CPU) are now used interchangeably. However, CPUs predate microprocessors. For example, the
731:
which consisted of memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 50 decimal digits each. Numbers from the
11815:
10457:
9099:
9006:
8879:
8576:
8536:
8511:
8474:
8455:
7986:
7975:
7507:
4219:
2631:
2161:
2062:
1892:
1769:
1634:
1490:
1459:
1448:
1392:
1346:
1334:
1288:
926:
910:
857:
778:
696:
688:
674:
464:
387:
277:
2433:, where variables declared with default values are stored. The other region is called the
2243:(1964) stands for "Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code". It was developed at
8:
9192:
8894:; however, modern operating systems are typically written in higher-level languages like
8762:
8722:
8638:
8611:
8581:
8558:
One approach to economically obtaining a customized enterprise application is through an
8517:
8166:
8150:
8123:
7944:
4779:
The following example shows how Prolog will convert a letter grade to its numeric value:
4309:
of the elements at compile time. Instead, it assigns (and may reassign) the datatypes at
4141:
can be achieved in an imperative language, if the programmer uses discipline. However, a
4046:
2635:
2489:
2251:
manufactured in the late 1970s. As the microcomputer industry grew, so did the language.
2172:
1888:
1534:
1330:
1327:
1095:
922:
786:
682:
468:
93:
8446:
8298:: A module has temporal cohesion if it performs functions related to time. One example,
4441:
4314:
1959:
1831:
allow the programmer to articulate a narrative because the instructions alone are vague.
11819:
9886:
ll the common mathematical functions, no matter how complicated, are Turing-computable.
9719:
9133:
8838:
8754:
8702:
8662:
8585:
5464:
5158:
3) A thing X is a parent of a thing Y if X is the mother of Y or X is the father of Y:
4215:
2795:
An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the
2651:
2544:
2426:
The global and static data region is technically two regions. One region is called the
1777:
1079:
1033:
818:
460:
8031:
Achieving performance objectives should be balanced with all of the costs, including:
2697:
is only a definition; no memory is allocated. When memory is allocated to a class and
13642:
13612:
13587:
13562:
13537:
13512:
13487:
13462:
13437:
13412:
13387:
13359:
13329:
13299:
13274:
13249:
13224:
13199:
13174:
13149:
13119:
13085:
13057:
13026:
12990:
12962:
12934:
12906:
12881:
12846:
12821:
12791:
12766:
12741:
12713:
12685:
12655:
12630:
12602:
12570:
12545:
12520:
12495:
12470:
12445:
12417:
12387:
12362:
12337:
12306:
12275:
12244:
12219:
12188:
12163:
12132:
12104:
12079:
12054:
12026:
11998:
11970:
11899:
11874:
11849:
11795:
11767:
11742:
11717:
11692:
11667:
11642:
11612:
11587:
11553:
11528:
11503:
11475:
11450:
11425:
11400:
11375:
11350:
11325:
11300:
11270:
11242:
11217:
11192:
11162:
11137:
11076:
11044:
11016:
10991:
10963:
10938:
10910:
10885:
10853:
10828:
10797:
10766:
10730:
10694:
10663:
10638:
10610:
10582:
10552:
10294:
10222:
10192:
10167:
10139:
10128:
10103:
10072:
10041:
10007:
9976:
9945:
9914:
9875:
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9822:
9765:
9670:
9639:
9602:
9577:
9541:
9508:
9483:
9458:
9427:
9399:
9129:
8891:
8787:
8743:
8486:
8463:
8423:
5342:
4456:
4050:
2796:
2540:
2324:
2244:
2213:
1745:
1505:
1486:
1436:
1428:
1416:
1308:
1067:
965:
861:
724:
692:
480:
438:
9519:
Their intention was to produce a language that was very simple for students to learn
11935:
10099:
10093:
10068:
10062:
10037:
10031:
10003:
9997:
9972:
9966:
9910:
9904:
9794:
9723:
9711:
9690:
9002:
8915:
8783:
8726:
8658:
8604:
8571:
8520:
bundles accounting, personnel, customer, and vendor applications. Examples include
8516:
Application software is the key to unlocking the potential of the computer system.
8491:
8482:
8459:
8451:
8001:
for the new or modified system. The plan is analogous to an architect's blueprint.
7979:
7133:
4464:
4211:
2589:
2588:
region is located below the stack. It is populated from the bottom to the top. The
2335:
2320:
2259:
1716:
1678:
1489:
of a programming language to provide these building blocks may be categorized into
1234:(1972). Its purpose was to store patient medical records. The computer supported a
1206:
Artist's depiction of Sacramento State University's Intel 8008 microcomputer (1972)
1153:
1141:
1106:
1063:
873:
747:
716:
457:
12857:
The key to unlocking the potential of any computer system is application software.
9941:
9935:
9635:
9629:
7053:
Identify the relationships from object to object. Most likely these will be verbs.
4245:. A full structure of the data is formed by building lists of lists. In memory, a
2019:
an expression to a variable or use the value of a variable to alter the program's
909:
was the smallest and least expensive. Customers could upgrade and retain the same
515:(1964) was intentionally limited to make the language easy to learn. For example,
9156:
9152:
9148:
9061:
8878:
between executing processes. For a large software system, it may be desirable to
8860:
8769:. The master-region table is used to determine where its contents are located in
8642:
8544:
8478:
8095:
8061:
7994:
5397:
5271:
5) Norberta is a dragon, and Puff is a creature. Norberta is the mother of Puff.
4472:
4124:
4061:
2450:
set at compile-time. They retain their values throughout the life of the process.
2374:
2370:
2074:
1674:
1645:
1519:
1404:
1247:
1087:
1075:
902:
810:
720:
512:
237:
133:
4261:
of three elements. The first two elements are themselves lists of two elements:
1363:
Floating point ALU instructions to perform the primary arithmetic operations on
1275:
876:
began working on the ENIAC project. On June 30, 1945, von Neumann published the
9087:
9001:—the computer's real hardware. The digital logic level is the boundary between
8924:
8842:
8690:
8597:
8158:
7964:
7101:
5456:
4468:
2447:
2248:
1859:
language is its independence from particular hardware. Early languages include
1810:
1685:
1541:
Each of these programming styles has contributed to the synthesis of different
1187:
1164:
1102:
898:
670:
476:
211:
111:
9798:
8607:
is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic functions, such as
8473:
may be categorized along functional lines. The main functional categories are
4417:
It returns "20 : int". (Both the results and the datatype are returned.)
2369:
allows the programmer to control which region of memory data is to be stored.
1443:. During the 1970s, full-screen source code editing became possible through a
13631:
10327:
9076:
8846:
8403:
2643:
2597:
2551:
PUSH instruction. Therefore, the addresses of these variables are set during
1553:
1227:
1021:
978:
8997:.) Microcode instructions allow the programmer to more easily implement the
8827:. The kernel has instructions to create, retrieve, update, and delete files.
8681:
The kernel's main purpose is to manage the limited resources of a computer:
4037:
generally omit the assignment statement and the control flow. They describe
1920:
and allow programmers to write code with relatively few errors. One popular
9095:
8990:
8883:
8853:
8714:
8633:
may refer to two levels of software. The operating system may refer to the
8375:
7515:
4437:
2698:
2527:
int increment_counter(){static int counter = 0; counter++; return counter;}
2429:
2378:
2286:
2133:
2020:
1728:
1598:
1137:
1039:
1009:
982:
930:
886:. The architecture was simultaneously deployed in the constructions of the
865:
762:
743:
426:
166:
86:
11939:
10290:
To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS
9325:
function. It executes both the allocation function and the copy function.
9160:
8998:
8899:
8824:
8677:
A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer.
7990:
7960:
5601:
4743:
After all the facts and rules are entered, then a question can be asked:
4277:
returns a list containing everything but the first element. The function
2952:
2784:(1985) was originally called "C with Classes". It was designed to expand
2655:
1364:
814:
770:
418:
307:
288:
156:
151:
43:
9159:. Data is also moved between the CPU and other functional units via the
4253:
functions. The syntax to build a tree is to enclose the space-separated
797:
9013:
8831:
8791:
8757:
an executable into memory, it divides the address space logically into
8646:
8615:
5428:
4120:
2754:
2702:
2536:
2382:
1370:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1260:
1219:
1161:
1152:
on another chip to oversee the burning. The technology became known as
974:
492:
446:
123:
47:
10328:"Manufacturing of Silicon Materials for Microelectronics and Solar PV"
9715:
6865:/* Functional programming is executing functions just-in-time (JIT) */
4467:
and Philippe Roussel in Marseille, France. It is an implementation of
4273:
returns a list containing the first element in the list. The function
2788:
capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language
2358:
1447:. Regardless of the technology available, the goal is to program in a
9032:
8982:
8949:
8936:
8535:
Enterprise applications may be developed in-house as a one-of-a-kind
8495:
8435:
7047:
Identify each object's attributes. What helps to describe the object?
5443:
developed by combining the need for containers and the need for safe
4306:
4269:
Lisp has functions to extract and reconstruct elements. The function
2313:
2283:
1653:
1602:
1526:
1388:
1114:
1029:
837:
826:
822:
782:
171:
8965:
8957:
8013:
The quality of the output. Is the output useful for decision-making?
872:
in a three-page memo dated February 1944. Later, in September 1944,
10434:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. July 2, 2018.
9080:
9046:
9039:
8986:
8973:
6910:
4115:
compiler will not store this value in a variable. Instead, it will
3881:
2272:
Statements could be programmed by preceding them with line numbers.
2205:
2181:
1991:
1929:
1848:
1682:
1435:(GUI) computer. Computer terminals limited programmers to a single
1357:
1356:(ALU) instructions to perform the primary arithmetic operations on
1312:
1243:
1192:
circuit boards containing discrete components on ceramic substrates
1145:
1122:
1004:
A major milestone in software development was the invention of the
954:
434:
399:
391:
383:
161:
81:
8382:. Instead, control should be on the makeup of the returned object.
8246:
is a judgment of the relationship between a module's name and its
7864:
This allows for an infinite number of possibilities. Therefore, a
5451:. In an object-oriented language, an object container is called a
4297:
help ensure parenthesis match. As an aside, Lisp does support the
4068:. In mathematics, a function is a rule that maps elements from an
2715:
developed by combining the need for classes and the need for safe
2085:
programming and debugging costs were below computer running costs.
1787:
The basic structure of an assembly language statement is a label,
1129:(MOS) transistors. The MOS transistor is the primary component in
39:
9053:
8782:
The kernel is responsible for translating virtual addresses into
8733:
8374:: A module has control coupling if another module can modify its
7080:
Production rules consist of a set of terminals and non-terminals.
4045:
to compute it. Two broad categories of declarative languages are
2659:
2039:
1860:
1792:
1773:
1239:
1215:
1091:
973:
repeated. Computer programs also were automatically inputted via
945:
830:
777:, a theoretical device that can model every computation. It is a
524:
302:
258:
10095:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
10064:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
10033:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
9999:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
9968:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
9937:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
9906:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
9631:
ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
9259:. 1) Static variables are automatically initialized to zero. 2)
8845:
on behalf of processes. One key service is to find an efficient
8721:
each process control block to execute another one. The goal for
8673:
8368:: A module has common coupling if it modifies a global variable.
7950:
7932:
is necessary to describe that leading zeros need to be ignored.
7050:
Identify each object's actions. Most likely these will be verbs.
5471:
will be missing. Nonetheless, this shortcoming can be overcome.
2678:
of concrete datatypes, with a new name assigned. For example, a
1202:
11662:
Jones, Robin; Maynard, Clive; Stewart, Ian (December 6, 2012).
9257:
int increment_counter(){ static int counter; return ++counter;}
9179:
8798:
to populate the physical data region and translate the address.
8016:
The accuracy of the output. Does it reflect the true situation?
7868:
is necessary to describe a limitation of the number of digits.
7510:(BNF). BNF describes the syntax of a language and itself has a
5094:
2) A creature billows fire if one of its parents billows fire:
4452:
2789:
2750:
1883:
that produced efficient machine language instructions. Whereas
1732:
1315:
495:. Moreover, the interpreter must be installed on the computer.
283:
10260:"Bill Pentz — A bit of Background: the Post-War March to VLSI"
9147:
Microcode instructions move data between the CPU and the many
8941:
4241:(1958) stands for "LISt Processor". It is tailored to process
2600:
error occurs when the heap pointer and the stack pointer meet.
1855:
to execute computer programs. The distinguishing feature of a
1218:
calculator. Five months after its release, Intel released the
12386:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. Preface.
9339:
9079:. These hardware-level instructions move data throughout the
8705:. However, an executing program gets exclusive access to the
8283:
function read_sales_record_print_next_line_convert_to_float()
7968:
7871:
Notice the leading zero possibility in the production rules:
7463:
However, another combination results in an invalid sentence:
4460:
4301:
operations of the assignment statement and goto loops. Also,
4127:
back to the calling function. The calling function will then
2781:
2439:, where variables declared without default values are stored.
2240:
2225:
2153:
2121:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1692:
1412:
1299:. Intel simplified the Intel 8086 to manufacture the cheaper
1255:
1118:
1047:
949:
941:
891:
887:
806:
334:
9113:
7040:
The formal strategy to build object-oriented objects is to:
809:(ENIAC) was built between July 1943 and Fall 1945. It was a
9342:
was written in Objective-C, and Swift replaced Objective-C.
9335:
7093:
4336:. However, its usage has been accepted only because it has
4258:
2435:
2317:
2305:
1660:
is a sequence of simple instructions that solve a problem.
1050:(1968), achieved a technological improvement to refine the
960:
937:
330:
267:
262:
11552:. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. p. 103.
9132:. Memory controller microcode instructions manipulate two
9110:
the instruction using the hardware module's set of gates.
8019:
The format of the output. Is the output easily understood?
7565:
Using BNF, a subset of the English language can have this
4249:
is built. Internally, the tree structure lends nicely for
2634:
needed language support to break large projects down into
2316:
called the next version "C". Its purpose was to write the
1809:. The assembler will later translate labels into physical
993:
12790:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 259.
12765:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 258.
12740:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 220.
12712:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 226.
12684:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 219.
12654:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 216.
12629:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 331.
12601:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 319.
12569:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 345.
12078:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 285.
12053:. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. p. 57.
12025:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 284.
11960:
11958:
10662:. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. p. 29.
9863:
9838:
9196:
9128:
Microcode instructions move data between the CPU and the
9121:
Instructions to perform arithmetic are passed through an
8139:
3004:// Reference the object using the keyword 'this'.
2778:
became the dominant language paradigm by the late 1990s.
2689:
In object-oriented jargon, abstract datatypes are called
2646:. A less obvious feature was to decompose large projects
2573:
prefix, including formal parameter variables, are called
2220:
on one branch. On another branch the descendants include
1925:
1825:
tell the assembler which data the operation will process.
1319:
1304:
1254:. The medical records application was programmed using a
1211:
8225:
function compute_square_root_integer( i : integer )
7104:. A programming language's grammar correctly places its
3944:
c++student_dvr.cppgrade.ostudent.operson.o-ostudent_dvr
12519:. Aksen Associates Incorporated Publishers. p. 8.
12092:
10398:
8863:, file seeking, physical reading, and physical writing.
6696:/* ------------------------------------------------- */
6693:/* Execute the constructor of the PERSON superclass. */
5439:
on the phenomenon are also grouped into the container.
4025:
have one major criticism: assigning an expression to a
1472:
express relationships among ideas directly in the code.
1170:
901:(1964) was a family of computers, each having the same
456:
If the executable is requested for execution, then the
12120:
11986:
11955:
8262:
is a judgement of the relationship between a module's
8165:
is a sequence of statements that are bounded within a
7533:
when a non-terminal is to its right. It translates to
7044:
Identify the objects. Most likely these will be nouns.
6973:
gccstudent_dvr.cgrade.ostudent.operson.o-ostudent_dvr
5427:. The basic idea is to group the characteristics of a
2638:. One obvious feature was to decompose large projects
2415:
region. (The program region is technically called the
1691:
The evolution of programming languages began when the
1663:
1493:. For example, different paradigms may differentiate:
1454:
917:
was the most premium. Each System/360 model featured
10519:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer"
9590:
8290:
function perform_arithmetic( perform_addition, a, b )
7495:
is necessary to correctly describe the meaning of an
5447:. This programming method need not be confined to an
4340:
operations, making unintended side-effects possible.
4176:
return max( a, max( b, c ) ) - min( a, min( b, c ) );
2419:
region. It is where machine instructions are stored.)
1648:. The purpose of defining a solution in terms of its
1174:
IBM's System/360 (1964) CPU was not a microprocessor.
852:
Instead of plugging in cords and turning switches, a
12978:
12950:
12922:
12894:
12834:
12153:
12151:
11666:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2.
10572:
10570:
10568:
10542:
10540:
9496:
8072:
label implies, the basic phases overlap each other:
6844:/* Whereas a subset exists, inheritance does not. */
5502:/* ---------------------------------------------- */
5499:/* this header file without duplication errors. */
5496:/* Used to allow multiple source files to include */
3679:// -------------------------------------------------
3676:// Execute the constructor of the PERSON superclass.
1951:
A computer program written in an imperative language
1723:
requires the programmer to enter instructions using
1222:, an 8-bit microprocessor. Bill Pentz led a team at
491:. Running the source code is slower than running an
12319:
12288:
12257:
12201:
11661:
11438:
11413:
10898:
9387:
5237:4) A thing is a creature if the thing is a dragon:
4440:. Assigning the datatype at compile-time is called
2478:On the other hand, variable declarations inside of
1399:
695:. At each stage in hardware's history, the task of
449:. Alternatively, source code may execute within an
13298:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 121.
12014:
11785:
11783:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11577:
11575:
11573:
11493:
11491:
10493:"Inside the world's long-lost first microcomputer"
10127:
9804:
9784:
9140:is used to access each memory cell's address. The
8985:is the bottom-level interpreter that controls the
8318:function read_part_number_update_employee_record()
8196:of a module are the elements being performed upon.
8169:and together identified by a name. Modules have a
4455:(1972) stands for "PROgramming in LOGic". It is a
1341:Memory instructions to set and access numbers and
936:IBM planned for each model to be programmed using
868:built the ENIAC. The two engineers introduced the
13377:
13375:
13139:
13137:
13135:
12435:
12433:
12407:
12405:
12403:
12350:
12232:
12176:
12148:
11918:
11463:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11034:
11032:
10981:
10979:
10951:
10935:Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition
10875:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10565:
10537:
10511:
10157:
10155:
10025:
10023:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9255:This function could be written more concisely as
9038:Connecting two transistors in parallel forms the
8890:Originally, operating systems were programmed in
8207:The module's name should be derived first by its
7064:A grade is an achievement identified by a letter.
6648:"ERROR in %s/%s/%d: calloc() returned empty.
6315:"ERROR in %s/%s/%d: calloc() returned empty.
5734:"ERROR in %s/%s/%d: calloc() returned empty.
3007:// ----------------------------------------------
2824:// ----------------------------------------------
2818:// Used to allow multiple source files to include
1478:combine ideas only where combinations make sense.
13629:
13600:
13575:
13550:
13525:
13500:
13475:
13450:
13425:
13400:
13356:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
13349:
13347:
13345:
13326:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
13319:
13317:
13315:
13162:
13023:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
13016:
13014:
13012:
13010:
12987:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12959:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12931:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12903:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12878:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12871:
12869:
12867:
12865:
12843:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12811:
12809:
12807:
12542:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12492:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12467:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12442:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12414:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
12359:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
12241:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
12185:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
12160:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
12129:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
12101:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11995:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11967:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11946:
11896:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11871:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11846:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11792:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11764:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11739:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11714:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11689:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11639:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11609:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11584:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11525:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11500:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11397:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11372:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11347:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11322:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11297:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11265:Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988).
11264:
11237:Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988).
11236:
11159:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11132:Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988).
11131:
11098:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11073:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11041:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
11013:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
10988:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
10907:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
10882:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
10850:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
10727:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
10635:An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata
10607:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
10346:
10189:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
10164:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
9872:An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata
9847:An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata
9623:
9621:
9599:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
9574:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
9538:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
9531:
9529:
9527:
9505:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
9480:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
9396:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition
8543:. Purchased software may be modified to provide
5592:function performs the same algorithm as the C++
2385:is automatically used for the standard variable
425:because computers can only execute their native
421:. Source code needs another computer program to
13609:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13584:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13559:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13534:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13509:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13484:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13459:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13434:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13409:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13384:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13171:Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition
13109:
13107:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13075:
13073:
13049:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
12620:
12618:
12592:
12590:
12588:
12586:
11862:
11837:
11780:
11755:
11730:
11705:
11680:
11625:
11600:
11570:
11516:
11488:
11388:
11313:
11260:
11258:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11150:
10820:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
10789:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
10758:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
10750:
10748:
10746:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10686:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
10600:
10598:
10130:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
9757:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
9662:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
9450:Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition
9045:Connecting a NOT gate to a NAND gate forms the
9031:Connecting two transistors in series forms the
9020:that can return one of two signals: on or off.
8351:The levels of coupling from worst to best are:
8328:function read_part_number_update_sales_record()
8274:The levels of cohesion from worst to best are:
7514:. This recursive definition is an example of a
4432:, each element is the same datatype. Moreover,
2821:// this header file without duplication errors.
2555:. The method for stack variables to lose their
1759:instead of remembering instruction numbers. An
988:
13372:
13262:
13132:
12731:
12729:
12703:
12701:
12675:
12673:
12671:
12533:
12483:
12458:
12430:
12400:
11887:
11363:
11338:
11283:
11127:
11125:
11057:
11029:
11004:
10976:
10866:
10841:
10432:"Chip Hall of Fame: Intel 4004 Microprocessor"
10283:
10281:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10180:
10152:
10121:
10119:
10085:
10054:
10020:
9989:
9958:
9891:
9749:
9747:
9554:
9161:peripheral component interconnect express bus.
9144:is used to set and read each cell's contents.
9064:—the digital logic functions of the computer.
9052:Connecting a NOT gate to a NOR gate forms the
8458:. The application software interacts with the
8414:is a design method used to achieve modules of
8300:function initialize_variables_and_open_files()
6092:because each memory cell will be set to zero.
5407:
4313:. Assigning the datatype at runtime is called
1307:embraced the Intel 8088 when they entered the
13342:
13312:
13287:
13237:
13007:
12862:
12804:
12051:Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++
11934:(3). Association for Computing Machinery: 5.
11550:Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++
11089:
10660:Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++
10628:
10626:
10212:
10210:
10208:
9927:
9618:
9524:
9237:will usually compile to a single instruction.
9060:These five gates form the building blocks of
8229:function compute_square_root_by_division( x )
8219:should not be part of the name. For example,
7951:Software engineering and computer programming
7935:Two formal methods are available to describe
7259:. The replacement process repeats until only
4222:. However, application developers prefer the
1377:needed to allocate memory and interface with
1337:. The major categories of instructions are:
359:
13212:
13098:
13070:
13039:
12815:
12615:
12583:
12558:
12375:
12042:
11541:
11472:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
11447:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
11422:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
11255:
11230:
11205:
11175:
10960:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
10810:
10779:
10743:
10707:
10595:
10579:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
10549:The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition
10216:
9471:
9421:
9086:The micro-instruction cycle begins when the
8380:perform_arithmetic( perform_addition, a, b )
8203:of a module is how it performs the function.
7240:. The words in 'single quotes' are known as
6737:Here is a driver program for demonstration:
5334:Prolog is an untyped language. Nonetheless,
4482:The building blocks of a Prolog program are
3812:// Notice student inherits PERSON's name
3708:Here is a driver program for demonstration:
2471:and every other function in the source code.
2175:, where variables were local to their block.
1158:installed the computer program onto the chip
1032:industry replaced the circuit board with an
813:, general-purpose computer that used 17,468
807:Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
13187:
12779:
12754:
12726:
12698:
12668:
12643:
12067:
11122:
10676:
10651:
10380:"Introduction to NMOS and PMOS Transistors"
10278:
10235:
10116:
9744:
9695:"Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838"
9652:
8989:of software-driven computers. (Advances in
4469:Selective Linear Definite clause resolution
847:
757:
498:
11808:
11469:
11444:
11419:
10957:
10926:
10623:
10576:
10546:
10424:
10372:
10205:
9440:
9415:
8539:. Alternatively, they may be purchased as
2467:function. Global variables are visible to
2463:that are declared on top of (outside) the
1291:environment began when Intel upgraded the
1012:, tube-based technology was replaced with
929:at once. When one process was waiting for
366:
352:
13606:
13581:
13556:
13531:
13506:
13481:
13456:
13431:
13406:
13381:
13243:
13168:
13045:
12818:Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition
12508:
12329:Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications
12298:Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications
12267:Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications
12211:Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications
11655:
11267:The C Programming Language Second Edition
11239:The C Programming Language Second Edition
11134:The C Programming Language Second Edition
10816:
10785:
10754:
10682:
10325:
10262:. Digibarn Computer Museum. August 2008.
10219:Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition
10125:
10091:
10060:
10029:
9995:
9964:
9933:
9902:
9814:Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications
9753:
9658:
9627:
9446:
9424:Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition
8407:A sample function-level data-flow diagram
8004:
7061:A person is a human identified by a name.
2304:(1973) got its name because the language
2275:The 'list' command displayed the program.
2266:The 'new' command created an empty slate.
2091:applications at the time were scientific.
1910:fourth generation of programming language
1772:cells. Then the MOV instruction can copy
1742:second generation of programming language
1703:. Programming the EDSAC was in the first
1611:are words created by programmers to form
1283:(1981) used an Intel 8088 microprocessor.
507:is used to illustrate a language's basic
13293:
13193:
10293:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002.
9874:. D. C. Heath and Company. p. 243.
9849:. D. C. Heath and Company. p. 234.
9280:which normally grows from bottom to top.
9112:
8972:
8964:
8956:
8948:
8940:
8732:
8672:
8575:
8445:
8441:
8402:
8087:is to understand the possible solutions.
8080:is to understand the underlying problem.
7954:
7075:
7067:A student is a person who earns a grade.
4738:% each big animal eats each small animal
4165:function min( a, b ){/* code omitted */}
4160:function max( a, b ){/* code omitted */}
4041:computation should be performed and not
4011:
2459:The global and static region stores the
2357:
1946:
1845:third generation of programming language
1731:. For example, the ADD operation on the
1713:first generation of programming language
1673:
1469:express independent ideas independently.
1403:
1274:
1201:
1169:
992:
959:
796:
706:
538:"How many numbers to average?"
38:
13268:
13218:
13146:The Design of the UNIX Operating System
13113:
13079:
11211:
11186:
10487:
10485:
10450:
9703:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
9689:
9355:
9210:X86 assembly language#Instruction types
8786:. The kernel may request data from the
8626:was kept in the computer at all times.
8505:
8266:and the elements being performed upon.
8227:are appropriate module names. However,
7071:
5455:. In a non-object-oriented language, a
4257:within parenthesis. The following is a
2278:The 'run' command executed the program.
1936:
1060:electrical resistivity and conductivity
940:. A committee was formed that included
14:
13630:
12785:
12760:
12735:
12707:
12679:
12649:
12624:
12596:
12564:
12514:
12381:
12356:
12238:
12182:
12157:
12126:
12098:
12073:
12020:
11992:
11964:
11893:
11868:
11843:
11814:
11789:
11761:
11736:
11711:
11686:
11636:
11606:
11581:
11522:
11497:
11394:
11369:
11344:
11319:
11294:
11156:
11070:
11038:
11010:
10985:
10932:
10879:
10847:
10637:. D. C. Heath and Company. p. 2.
10186:
10161:
9596:
9571:
9535:
9502:
9477:
9393:
8117:
7978:is a variety of techniques to produce
7971:by moving cables and setting switches.
7924:0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
7820:Notice the recursive production rule:
7816:0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
6441:/* -------------------------------- */
6438:/* A STUDENT is a subset of PERSON. */
5392:Practical applications for Prolog are
4436:assigns the datatype of an element at
829:) in electricity when idle. It had 20
801:Glenn A. Beck changing a tube in ENIAC
46:for a computer program written in the
13353:
13323:
13020:
12984:
12956:
12928:
12900:
12875:
12840:
12539:
12489:
12464:
12439:
12411:
12325:
12294:
12263:
12207:
12048:
11547:
10904:
10724:
10657:
10604:
10525:from the original on 18 February 2023
10499:from the original on February 1, 2022
10438:from the original on February 7, 2022
10360:from the original on February 8, 2022
10354:"Fabricating ICs Making a base wafer"
10307:from the original on February 2, 2023
9810:
8801:The kernel allocates memory from the
8498:controls the circuits throughout the
8398:
7989:is the process of writing or editing
4428:is tailored to process lists. Unlike
4407:. The following is an application of
2851:// ----------------------------------
2848:// This is the constructor operation.
2132:influenced COBOL's development, with
2097:American National Standards Institute
1656:to solve the underlining problem. An
13143:
11919:Colmerauer, A.; Roussel, P. (1992).
11110:from the original on 6 November 2021
10632:
10482:
10386:from the original on 6 February 2022
10319:
9869:
9844:
8930:
8874:The kernel program should provide a
8841:. The kernel transmits and receives
5367:Prolog generates two answers :
2956:. Here is a C++ source file for the
2713:Object-oriented imperative languages
2289:is still widely used and produces a
1125:onto the wafer to build a matrix of
879:First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
702:
13148:. Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 152.
10334:from the original on March 23, 2023
10266:from the original on March 21, 2022
9338:operating system was written in C,
9300:of arbitrary size. 2) It sets each
9117:A symbolic representation of an ALU
8565:
5435:and give the container a name. The
5415:is a programming method to execute
4029:variable may produce an unintended
3547:// --------------------------------
3544:// A STUDENT is a subset of PERSON.
2654:. At the time, languages supported
2331:. It added advanced features like:
2200:Algol's direct descendants include
2168:compilers. It added features like:
1664:Generations of programming language
1466:express ideas directly in the code.
1455:Programming paradigms and languages
1252:IBM's Basic Assembly Language (BAL)
1214:microprocessor designed to run the
667:Computer programming § History
445:.) The resulting file is called an
27:Instructions a computer can execute
24:
11820:"From LCF to HOL: a short history"
10412:from the original on April 1, 2022
9787:Annals of the History of Computing
9276:This is despite the metaphor of a
8993:have migrated these operations to
8909:
8852:The kernel program should provide
8837:The kernel program should perform
8830:The kernel program should perform
8823:The kernel program should perform
8742:The kernel program should perform
8685:The kernel program should perform
8145:
8055:
8026:
4403:is not parenthesis-eccentric like
1805:allow the programmer to work with
1705:generation of programming language
821:. At its core, it was a series of
761:
711:Lovelace's description from Note G
691:are the result of improvements in
317:Notable compilers & toolchains
25:
13654:
9090:uses its microprogram counter to
8794:. If so, the kernel accesses the
8668:
8221:function compute_square_root( x )
8140:application programming interface
6512:Here is a C programming language
6392:Here is a C programming language
6185:Here is a C programming language
6095:Here is a C programming language
6084:In the constructor, the function
5599:Here is a C programming language
5057:Here is a comprehensive example:
4137:do support functions. Therefore,
2411:region is located just above the
2269:Statements evaluated immediately.
2262:commands within its environment:
1385:Single instruction, multiple data
1197:
1058:(1963). The goal is to alter the
1008:(VLSI) circuit (1964). Following
441:programs are translated using an
406:and other intangible components.
13273:. No Starch Press. p. 187.
13246:The Unix Programming Environment
11216:. No Starch Press. p. 122.
11191:. No Starch Press. p. 121.
10330:. Sandia National Laboratories.
9328:
9024:Having one transistor forms the
8713:. To provide each user with the
8530:supply chain management software
8526:customer relationship management
8105:is to program the best solution.
7959:Prior to programming languages,
7537:when a terminal is to its right.
6520:in a simple school application:
6400:in a simple school application:
6193:in a simple school application:
6103:in a simple school application:
5609:in a simple school application:
5485:in a simple school application:
4463:. The language was developed by
3623:in a simple school application:
3515:in a simple school application:
3437:in a simple school application:
3353:in a simple school application:
2960:in a simple school application:
2807:in a simple school application:
2046:handling facilities. Along with
1670:Programming language generations
1400:Changing programming environment
1094:is then thinly sliced to form a
968:3, manufactured in the mid-1970s
679:History of programming languages
433:to machine instructions using a
429:. Therefore, source code may be
13271:The Linux Programming Interface
13223:. No Starch Press. p. 23.
13221:The Linux Programming Interface
13118:. No Starch Press. p. 22.
13116:The Linux Programming Interface
13084:. No Starch Press. p. 21.
13082:The Linux Programming Interface
12361:. Addison-Wesley. p. 297.
12243:. Addison-Wesley. p. 291.
12187:. Addison-Wesley. p. 294.
12162:. Addison-Wesley. p. 290.
12103:. Addison-Wesley. p. 290.
11912:
11873:. Addison-Wesley. p. 235.
11848:. Addison-Wesley. p. 233.
11826:from the original on 2016-09-05
11794:. Addison-Wesley. p. 222.
11766:. Addison-Wesley. p. 227.
11741:. Addison-Wesley. p. 229.
11716:. Addison-Wesley. p. 221.
11691:. Addison-Wesley. p. 220.
11641:. Addison-Wesley. p. 241.
11611:. Addison-Wesley. p. 240.
11586:. Addison-Wesley. p. 230.
11527:. Addison-Wesley. p. 217.
11502:. Addison-Wesley. p. 218.
11399:. Addison-Wesley. p. 192.
11324:. Addison-Wesley. p. 193.
11214:The Linux Programming Interface
11189:The Linux Programming Interface
11161:. Addison-Wesley. p. 128.
10470:from the original on 2022-10-10
10382:. Anysilicon. 4 November 2021.
9778:
9733:from the original on 2016-03-04
9683:
9373:from the original on 2016-06-17
9307:
9283:
9270:
9249:
9240:
9224:
9215:
9202:
8715:appearance of continuous access
8518:Enterprise application software
8481:. System software includes the
8434:of ovals will convey an entire
8422:. The input to the method is a
7263:remain. One valid sentence is:
2496:. Local variables also include
964:Switches for manual input on a
481:fetch, decode, and then execute
13248:. Prentice Hall. p. 201.
12816:Silberschatz, Abraham (1994).
12131:. Addison-Wesley. p. 78.
11997:. Addison-Wesley. p. 39.
11969:. Addison-Wesley. p. 35.
11898:. Addison-Wesley. p. 55.
11474:. Addison-Wesley. p. 49.
11449:. Addison-Wesley. p. 21.
11424:. Addison-Wesley. p. 22.
11374:. Addison-Wesley. p. 35.
11349:. Addison-Wesley. p. 39.
11299:. Addison-Wesley. p. 38.
11269:. Prentice Hall. p. 187.
11241:. Prentice Hall. p. 185.
11075:. Addison-Wesley. p. 19.
11043:. Addison-Wesley. p. 25.
11015:. Addison-Wesley. p. 24.
10990:. Addison-Wesley. p. 16.
10962:. Addison-Wesley. p. 40.
10937:. Addison-Wesley. p. 75.
10884:. Addison-Wesley. p. 37.
10852:. Addison-Wesley. p. 26.
10581:. Addison-Wesley. p. 11.
10551:. Addison-Wesley. p. 10.
10521:. InfoWorld. August 23, 1982.
10463:. Father, Son & Co. 1990.
10217:Silberschatz, Abraham (1994).
10191:. Addison-Wesley. p. 29.
10166:. Addison-Wesley. p. 27.
10098:. Walker and Company. p.
10067:. Walker and Company. p.
10036:. Walker and Company. p.
10002:. Walker and Company. p.
9971:. Walker and Company. p.
9940:. Walker and Company. p.
9909:. Walker and Company. p.
9634:. Walker and Company. p.
9601:. Addison-Wesley. p. 30.
9576:. Addison-Wesley. p. 30.
9540:. Addison-Wesley. p. 31.
9507:. Addison-Wesley. p. 30.
9426:. Addison-Wesley. p. 98.
9422:Silberschatz, Abraham (1994).
9185:
9172:
8765:. These tables constitute the
4119:the value onto the computer's
4064:as a guide for a well defined
3830:": Numeric grade = "
2890:// ---------------------------
2887:// This is a member operation.
2521:prefix are also stored in the
2004:yields a value – for example:
1210:The Intel 4004 (1971) was a 4-
1082:then converts the rods into a
13:
1:
13607:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13582:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13557:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13532:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13507:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13482:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13457:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13432:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13407:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13382:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13196:Embedded Systems Architecture
13169:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2013).
13046:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
12820:. Addison-Wesley. p. 1.
11136:. Prentice Hall. p. 31.
11104:"Memory Layout of C Programs"
10817:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
10786:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
10755:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
10683:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
10221:. Addison-Wesley. p. 6.
10126:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
9754:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
9659:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
9482:. Addison-Wesley. p. 7.
9447:Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990).
9398:. Addison-Wesley. p. 7.
9349:
7993:. In a formal environment, a
7506:listing method is called the
5341:Questions are answered using
4690:% each mouse eats each cheese
2950:A module's other file is the
2482:, other functions, or within
1752:allows the programmer to use
1735:has instruction number 24576.
1373:instructions to push and pop
1270:
1066:. First, naturally occurring
511:. The syntax of the language
13244:Kernighan, Brian W. (1984).
12332:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p.
12301:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p.
12270:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p.
12214:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p.
9817:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p.
9208:For more information, visit
8560:application service provider
8522:enterprise resource planning
8250:. The degree of interaction
8189:of a module is what it does.
8130:Computer programmers may be
6832:"%s: Numeric grade = %d
4490:. Here is a simple example:
4319:software development process
3031:// -------------------------
3028:// This is Temporal Cohesion
2917:// -------------------------
2914:// This is a class variable.
2875:// -------------------------
2872:// This is a class variable.
2682:of integers could be called
2178:arrays with variable bounds.
1481:express simple ideas simply.
1018:bipolar junction transistors
1006:Very Large Scale Integration
989:Very Large Scale Integration
903:instruction set architecture
856:loads its instructions into
386:or set of instructions in a
274:target-specific initializer)
7:
12786:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12761:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12736:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12708:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12680:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12650:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12625:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12597:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12565:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12515:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12382:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12074:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
12021:Schach, Stephen R. (1990).
11664:The Art of Lisp Programming
11470:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
11445:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
11420:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
10958:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
10577:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
10547:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2013).
10406:"microprocessor definition"
9067:Microcode instructions are
8995:hardware execution circuits
8689:, which is also known as a
8494:. At the hardware level, a
8462:, which interacts with the
8450:A diagram showing that the
8346:
8269:
8066:systems development process
8050:systems development process
5441:Object-oriented programming
5413:Object-oriented programming
5408:Object-oriented programming
4170:function range( a, b, c ) {
2776:Object-oriented programming
2733:Object-oriented programming
2559:is via the POP instruction.
2143:object-oriented programming
1575:are reserved words to form
1190:(1964) had a CPU made from
437:written for the language. (
101:Intermediate representation
10:
13659:
13194:Lacamera, Daniele (2018).
12357:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
12326:Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991).
12295:Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991).
12264:Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991).
12239:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
12208:Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991).
12183:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
12158:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
12127:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
12099:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
12049:Weiss, Mark Allen (1994).
11993:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11965:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11894:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11869:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11844:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11790:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11762:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11737:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11712:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11687:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11637:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11607:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11582:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11548:Weiss, Mark Allen (1994).
11523:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11498:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11395:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11370:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11345:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11320:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11295:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11157:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11071:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11039:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
11011:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
10986:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
10933:Wilson, Leslie B. (1993).
10880:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
10848:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
10658:Weiss, Mark Allen (1994).
10495:. c/net. January 8, 2010.
10187:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
10162:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
9811:Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991).
9597:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
9572:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
9536:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
9503:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
9478:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
9394:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001).
8934:
8753:When the kernel initially
8569:
8509:
8234:The degree of interaction
8064:is an implementation of a
5665:/* -------------------- */
5662:/* Allocate heap memory */
5459:(which is also known as a
4459:language, based on formal
4305:is not concerned with the
4131:the value from the stack.
4091:is mapped by the function
4015:
2749:support a syntax to model
2034:
2029:x = 4 then do_something();
1940:
1667:
1525:different levels of input
1423:VLSI circuits enabled the
1230:using the Intel 8008: the
1020:(late 1950s) mounted on a
997:A VLSI integrated-circuit
664:
660:
640:"The average is"
483:each machine instruction.
479:to this process so it can
453:written for the language.
29:
13269:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
13219:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
13144:Bach, Maurice J. (1986).
13114:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
13080:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
13052:. Prentice Hall. p.
11212:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
11187:Kerrisk, Michael (2010).
10823:. Prentice Hall. p.
10792:. Prentice Hall. p.
10761:. Prentice Hall. p.
10689:. Prentice Hall. p.
10134:. Prentice Hall. p.
10092:McCartney, Scott (1999).
10061:McCartney, Scott (1999).
10030:McCartney, Scott (1999).
9996:McCartney, Scott (1999).
9965:McCartney, Scott (1999).
9934:McCartney, Scott (1999).
9903:McCartney, Scott (1999).
9799:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887
9760:. Prentice Hall. p.
9665:. Prentice Hall. p.
9628:McCartney, Scott (1999).
9453:. Prentice Hall. p.
9155:writes to and reads from
9073:central processing unit's
8238:a module is its level of
8153:is a technique to refine
6518:STUDENT abstract datatype
6398:STUDENT abstract datatype
4582:% each mouse is an animal
4447:
4194:. The driver function is
4076:. Consider the function:
2764:Object-oriented languages
2747:Object-oriented languages
2674:. Abstract datatypes are
2592:manages the heap using a
2350:freely combining complex
1926:Structured Query Language
1445:text-based user interface
1415:(1978) was a widely used
1127:metal–oxide–semiconductor
1014:point-contact transistors
933:, another could compute.
671:Programmer § History
574:"Enter number:"
398:. It is one component of
13611:. Pearson. p. 111.
13586:. Pearson. p. 249.
13561:. Pearson. p. 166.
13536:. Pearson. p. 161.
13511:. Pearson. p. 255.
13486:. Pearson. p. 253.
13461:. Pearson. p. 148.
13436:. Pearson. p. 147.
13411:. Pearson. p. 243.
13358:. Thomson. p. 146.
13354:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
13328:. Thomson. p. 145.
13324:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
13294:Haviland, Keith (1987).
13173:. Pearson. p. 443.
13025:. Thomson. p. 149.
13021:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12989:. Thomson. p. 147.
12985:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12961:. Thomson. p. 148.
12957:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12933:. Thomson. p. 148.
12929:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12905:. Thomson. p. 147.
12901:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12880:. Thomson. p. 147.
12876:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12845:. Thomson. p. 147.
12841:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12544:. Thomson. p. 517.
12540:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12494:. Thomson. p. 516.
12490:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12469:. Thomson. p. 514.
12465:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12444:. Thomson. p. 513.
12440:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
12416:. Thomson. p. 507.
12412:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
10909:. Thomson. p. 160.
10905:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
10729:. Thomson. p. 160.
10725:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
10609:. Thomson. p. 159.
10605:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
10326:Chalamala, Babu (2017).
9165:
8856:for programmers to use.
8790:and, instead, receive a
8655:graphical user interface
8651:command-line interpreter
8324:Communicational Cohesion
8254:modules is the level of
8136:programming in the large
8132:programming in the small
7873:
7822:
7725:
7571:
6915:
6739:
6522:
6402:
6195:
6191:PERSON abstract datatype
6105:
6101:PERSON abstract datatype
5611:
5487:
5449:object-oriented language
5394:knowledge representation
5369:
5347:
5273:
5239:
5160:
5096:
5062:
4992:
4781:
4750:
4492:
4353:
4265:((A B) (HELLO WORLD) 94)
4224:object-oriented features
4202:put( range( 10, 4, 7) );
3886:
3710:
3625:
3517:
3439:
3355:
2962:
2809:
2442:Variables stored in the
2436:block started by segment
2393:memory is returned to a
2291:graphical user interface
2235:
2148:
2130:US Department of Defense
2116:
2088:it was supported by IBM.
1701:von Neumann architecture
1441:command-line environment
1433:graphical user interface
1131:integrated circuit chips
1056:field-effect transistors
884:von Neumann architecture
848:Stored-program computers
792:
775:Universal Turing machine
758:Universal Turing machine
735:were transferred to the
723:to attempt to build the
529:
499:Example computer program
30:For the TV program, see
13296:Unix System Programming
9191:An executable has each
9138:memory address register
8707:central processing unit
8693:. The kernel creates a
8500:central processing unit
6913:to compile everything:
6796:"The Student"
5607:GRADE abstract datatype
5483:GRADE abstract datatype
5402:artificial intelligence
4552:% each cat is an animal
4477:University of Edinburgh
4334:artificial intelligence
4233:
4056:The principle behind a
4018:Declarative programming
3884:to compile everything:
3770:"The Student"
2341:arithmetic on pointers.
1697:stored computer program
1589:are characters to form
1431:(until the 1990s) to a
1425:programming environment
1184:central processing unit
1084:monocrystalline silicon
1044:Fairchild Semiconductor
1034:integrated circuit chip
854:stored-program computer
842:Aberdeen Proving Ground
505:"Hello, World!" program
473:central processing unit
325:GNU Compiler Collection
250:Common Language Runtime
13386:. Pearson. p. 6.
9118:
9102:. The next step is to
8978:
8970:
8962:
8954:
8946:
8854:system level functions
8825:file system management
8796:memory management unit
8738:
8703:selected for execution
8678:
8600:
8541:off-the-shelf software
8467:
8408:
8334:Informational Cohesion
8005:Performance objectives
7972:
7941:denotational semantics
7120:of a language are its
7081:
5476:C programming language
5445:functional programming
5345:. Given the question:
4289:cons(head(x), tail(x))
4220:concurrent programming
4139:functional programming
3700:// -------------------
3697:// Nothing else to do.
2717:functional programming
2625:
2523:global and static data
2444:global and static data
2409:global and static data
2363:
2344:pointers to functions.
2302:C programming language
2081:It succeeded because:
1952:
1943:Imperative programming
1895:of languages fill the
1877:C programming language
1695:(1949) used the first
1688:
1420:
1284:
1207:
1175:
1113:unipolar transistors,
1064:semiconductor junction
1001:
969:
870:stored-program concept
802:
766:
712:
699:changed dramatically.
402:, which also includes
180:Compilation strategies
51:
33:The Computer Programme
11940:10.1145/155360.155362
11921:"The birth of Prolog"
11816:Gordon, Michael J. C.
11106:. 12 September 2011.
9123:arithmetic logic unit
9116:
8976:
8968:
8960:
8952:
8944:
8876:communication channel
8849:to the target system.
8767:virtual address space
8736:
8717:, the kernel quickly
8695:process control block
8676:
8579:
8449:
8442:Functional categories
8406:
8279:Coincidental Cohesion
7958:
7079:
6757:"student.h"
6534:"student.h"
5004:'The Student'
4979:'The Student'
4642:% each mouse is small
4343:
4035:Declarative languages
4012:Declarative languages
3728:"student.h"
3637:"student.h"
2569:declared without the
2543:is a special-purpose
2361:
2128:were introduced. The
1958:specify a sequential
1950:
1914:Declarative languages
1875:(1964). In 1973, the
1677:
1644:get their basis from
1642:Programming languages
1543:programming languages
1491:programming paradigms
1475:combine ideas freely.
1407:
1354:arithmetic logic unit
1324:x86 assembly language
1281:IBM Personal Computer
1278:
1236:disk operating system
1205:
1173:
996:
963:
800:
765:
710:
205:Compile and go system
42:
13638:Computer programming
13198:. Packt. p. 8.
12788:Software Engineering
12763:Software Engineering
12738:Software Engineering
12710:Software Engineering
12682:Software Engineering
12652:Software Engineering
12627:Software Engineering
12599:Software Engineering
12567:Software Engineering
12517:Software Engineering
12384:Software Engineering
12076:Software Engineering
12023:Software Engineering
10633:Linz, Peter (1990).
9870:Linz, Peter (1990).
9845:Linz, Peter (1990).
9142:memory data register
9100:random-access memory
9007:computer engineering
8537:proprietary software
8512:Application software
8506:Application software
8475:application software
8456:application software
8103:implementation phase
7987:Computer programming
7976:Software engineering
7715:Using BNF, a signed-
7543:which translates to
7529:which translates to
7251:with either a valid
7116:. Complementing the
7072:Syntax and semantics
6540:"person.h"
6420:"person.h"
6207:"person.h"
4228:imperative languages
4216:parallel programming
4208:Functional languages
4135:Imperative languages
4080:times_10(x) = 10 * x
4047:functional languages
4023:Imperative languages
3643:"person.h"
3535:"person.h"
3451:"person.h"
2770:relationships using
2762:people do not have.
2614:library function to
2296:
2254:Basic pioneered the
1990:and assigns it to a
1956:Imperative languages
1937:Imperative languages
1550:programming language
1518:different levels of
1511:different levels of
1502:functional languages
1498:procedural languages
1460:Programming language
1449:programming language
1347:random-access memory
1335:application software
1331:machine instructions
1289:software development
1287:In 1978, the modern
1148:programmers wrote a
911:application software
779:finite-state machine
697:computer programming
689:software development
675:History of computing
427:machine instructions
388:programming language
278:Java virtual machine
200:Tracing just-in-time
11928:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
9363:"ISO/IEC 2382:2015"
9193:machine instruction
9153:disk controller bus
9096:machine instruction
8999:digital logic level
8813:to free the memory.
8454:interacts with the
8416:functional cohesion
8340:Functional Cohesion
8314:Procedural Cohesion
8302:. Another example,
8155:imperative language
8151:Modular programming
8124:computer programmer
8118:Computer programmer
8078:investigation phase
7945:axiomatic semantics
6745:/* ------------- */
6742:/* student_dvr.c */
6426:"grade.h"
6088:is used instead of
5623:"grade.h"
5327:Rule (3) shows how
4747:Will Tom eat Jerry?
4338:imperative language
4326:imperative language
4299:imperative language
4247:tree data structure
4186:The primitives are
4143:functional language
4123:before setting the
4113:functional language
4058:functional language
3541:"grade.h"
2974:"grade.h"
2652:abstract data types
2575:automatic variables
2517:declared using the
2377:require the fewest
2362:Computer memory map
2256:interactive session
1924:language is called
1889:optimizing compiler
1881:high-level language
1725:instruction numbers
1633:are defined in the
1535:generic programming
1328:backward-compatible
1226:to build the first
1080:Czochralski process
1070:are converted into
894:computers in 1949.
683:History of software
527:a list of numbers:
94:Optimizing compiler
9292:also provides the
9265:increment operator
9221:introduced in 1999
9119:
8979:
8971:
8963:
8955:
8947:
8839:network management
8811:garbage collection
8784:physical addresses
8739:
8687:process scheduling
8679:
8601:
8468:
8412:Data flow analysis
8409:
8399:Data flow analysis
8098:the best solution.
8035:Development costs.
7973:
7082:
5343:backward reasoning
4522:% jerry is a mouse
4475:and others at the
4332:is widely used in
3716:// ---------------
3713:// student_dvr.cpp
2753:relationships. In
2705:, it is called an
2632:software engineers
2446:region have their
2364:
2314:AT&T Bell Labs
2308:was replaced with
1953:
1689:
1652:is to generate an
1427:to advance from a
1421:
1311:market (1981). As
1285:
1208:
1176:
1002:
970:
803:
767:
713:
52:
13618:978-0-13-291652-3
13593:978-0-13-291652-3
13568:978-0-13-291652-3
13543:978-0-13-291652-3
13518:978-0-13-291652-3
13493:978-0-13-291652-3
13468:978-0-13-291652-3
13443:978-0-13-291652-3
13418:978-0-13-291652-3
13393:978-0-13-291652-3
13280:978-1-59327-220-3
13230:978-1-59327-220-3
13205:978-1-78883-250-2
13180:978-0-13-291652-3
13125:978-1-59327-220-3
13091:978-1-59327-220-3
13063:978-0-13-854662-5
12827:978-0-201-50480-4
12343:978-0-07-053744-6
12312:978-0-07-053744-6
12281:978-0-07-053744-6
12225:978-0-07-053744-6
11481:978-0-321-56384-2
11456:978-0-321-56384-2
11431:978-0-321-56384-2
11223:978-1-59327-220-3
11198:978-1-59327-220-3
10969:978-0-321-56384-2
10944:978-0-201-56885-1
10834:978-0-13-854662-5
10803:978-0-13-854662-5
10772:978-0-13-854662-5
10700:978-0-13-854662-5
10644:978-0-669-17342-0
10588:978-0-321-56384-2
10558:978-0-321-56384-2
10228:978-0-201-50480-4
10145:978-0-13-854662-5
10109:978-0-8027-1348-3
10078:978-0-8027-1348-3
10047:978-0-8027-1348-3
10013:978-0-8027-1348-3
9982:978-0-8027-1348-3
9951:978-0-8027-1348-3
9920:978-0-8027-1348-3
9881:978-0-669-17342-0
9856:978-0-669-17342-0
9828:978-0-07-053744-6
9793:(4): 16, 19, 25,
9771:978-0-13-854662-5
9716:10.1109/85.728228
9691:Bromley, Allan G.
9676:978-0-13-854662-5
9645:978-0-8027-1348-3
9464:978-0-13-854662-5
9433:978-0-201-50480-4
9130:memory controller
8983:microcode program
8931:Microcode program
8832:device management
8788:memory controller
8744:memory management
8723:system developers
8637:that manages the
8598:Context Switching
8496:microcode program
8487:computer hardware
8471:Computer programs
8424:data-flow diagram
8296:Temporal Cohesion
8110:maintenance phase
7983:computer programs
7522:of BNF includes:
7159:is made up of an
6938:rmstudent_dvr*.o
6480:/* ----------- */
6477:/* Constructor */
6414:#define STUDENT_H
6411:#ifndef STUDENT_H
6153:/* ----------- */
6150:/* Constructor */
5541:/* ----------- */
5538:/* Constructor */
5465:abstract datatype
4612:% each cat is big
4457:logic programming
4051:logical languages
3986:c++-cstudent.cpp
3909:rmstudent_dvr*.o
3529:#define STUDENT_H
3526:#ifndef STUDENT_H
2656:concrete (scalar)
2549:assembly language
2329:high-level syntax
2325:assembly language
2245:Dartmouth College
2025:x := 2 + 2;
1922:fourth generation
1916:attempt to limit
1750:Assembly language
1746:assembly language
1506:logical languages
1487:programming style
1429:computer terminal
1417:computer terminal
1309:personal computer
1160:and named it the
1156:. In 1971, Intel
1068:silicate minerals
966:Data General Nova
921:—having multiple
827:in 1940s currency
748:Bernoulli numbers
725:Analytical Engine
703:Analytical Engine
693:computer hardware
439:Assembly language
376:
375:
58:Program execution
18:Computer programs
16:(Redirected from
13650:
13623:
13622:
13604:
13598:
13597:
13579:
13573:
13572:
13554:
13548:
13547:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13504:
13498:
13497:
13479:
13473:
13472:
13454:
13448:
13447:
13429:
13423:
13422:
13404:
13398:
13397:
13379:
13370:
13369:
13351:
13340:
13339:
13321:
13310:
13309:
13291:
13285:
13284:
13266:
13260:
13259:
13241:
13235:
13234:
13216:
13210:
13209:
13191:
13185:
13184:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13141:
13130:
13129:
13111:
13096:
13095:
13077:
13068:
13067:
13043:
13037:
13036:
13018:
13005:
13004:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12954:
12948:
12947:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12898:
12892:
12891:
12873:
12860:
12859:
12838:
12832:
12831:
12813:
12802:
12801:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12758:
12752:
12751:
12733:
12724:
12723:
12705:
12696:
12695:
12677:
12666:
12665:
12647:
12641:
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12613:
12612:
12594:
12581:
12580:
12562:
12556:
12555:
12537:
12531:
12530:
12512:
12506:
12505:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12462:
12456:
12455:
12437:
12428:
12427:
12409:
12398:
12397:
12379:
12373:
12372:
12354:
12348:
12347:
12323:
12317:
12316:
12292:
12286:
12285:
12261:
12255:
12254:
12236:
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12229:
12205:
12199:
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12180:
12174:
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12155:
12146:
12145:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12096:
12090:
12089:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12046:
12040:
12039:
12018:
12012:
12011:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11962:
11953:
11950:
11944:
11943:
11925:
11916:
11910:
11909:
11891:
11885:
11884:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11841:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11831:
11812:
11806:
11805:
11787:
11778:
11777:
11759:
11753:
11752:
11734:
11728:
11727:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11684:
11678:
11677:
11659:
11653:
11652:
11634:
11623:
11622:
11604:
11598:
11597:
11579:
11568:
11567:
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10458:"360 Revolution"
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9157:hard disk drives
9003:computer science
8925:computer viruses
8861:file descriptors
8727:dispatch latency
8699:computer program
8659:utility programs
8631:operating system
8624:operating system
8614:and controlling
8605:operating system
8572:Operating system
8566:Operating system
8492:utility programs
8485:, which couples
8483:operating system
8460:operating system
8381:
8372:Control Coupling
8356:Content Coupling
8329:
8319:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8291:
8284:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8044:Operating costs.
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7508:Backus–Naur form
7178:is made up of a
7144:is made up of a
7134:natural language
7098:production rules
7090:computer program
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6121:
6118:
6117:#define PERSON_H
6115:
6114:#ifndef PERSON_H
6112:
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5300:is_the_mother_of
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5217:is_the_father_of
5215:
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5181:is_the_mother_of
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4465:Alain Colmerauer
4410:
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4212:computer science
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4108:
4107:times_10(2) = 20
4094:
4090:
4081:
4007:c++-cperson.cpp
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3722:<iostream>
3720:
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3371:
3368:
3367:#define PERSON_H
3365:
3364:#ifndef PERSON_H
3362:
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2799:. Here is a C++
2685:
2613:
2590:operating system
2572:
2528:
2520:
2507:to the function.
2499:formal parameter
2490:block delimiters
2488:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2466:
2461:global variables
2401:
2395:pointer variable
2375:static variables
2371:Global variables
2336:inline assembler
2321:operating system
2260:operating system
2162:Backus–Naur form
2058:, it supported:
2030:
2007:
1997:
1988:computer program
1901:third generation
1885:third-generation
1857:third generation
1811:memory addresses
1721:Machine language
1717:machine language
1679:Machine language
1646:formal languages
1635:Backus–Naur form
1513:data abstraction
1224:Sacramento State
1154:Programmable ROM
1150:computer program
1142:read-only memory
1107:photolithography
1042:, co-founder of
1026:During the 1960s
919:multiprogramming
874:John von Neumann
752:computer program
687:Improvements in
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
458:operating system
411:computer program
380:computer program
368:
361:
354:
230:Notable runtimes
217:Transcompilation
64:General concepts
54:
53:
21:
13658:
13657:
13653:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13628:
13627:
13626:
13619:
13605:
13601:
13594:
13580:
13576:
13569:
13555:
13551:
13544:
13530:
13526:
13519:
13505:
13501:
13494:
13480:
13476:
13469:
13455:
13451:
13444:
13430:
13426:
13419:
13405:
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13394:
13380:
13373:
13366:
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13336:
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13313:
13306:
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12983:
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12888:
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12863:
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12773:
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12706:
12699:
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12678:
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12662:
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12513:
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12139:
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12111:
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12068:
12061:
12047:
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12033:
12019:
12015:
12005:
11991:
11987:
11977:
11963:
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11923:
11917:
11913:
11906:
11892:
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11867:
11863:
11856:
11842:
11838:
11829:
11827:
11813:
11809:
11802:
11788:
11781:
11774:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11735:
11731:
11724:
11710:
11706:
11699:
11685:
11681:
11674:
11660:
11656:
11649:
11635:
11626:
11619:
11605:
11601:
11594:
11580:
11571:
11560:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11521:
11517:
11510:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11468:
11464:
11457:
11443:
11439:
11432:
11418:
11414:
11407:
11393:
11389:
11382:
11368:
11364:
11357:
11343:
11339:
11332:
11318:
11314:
11307:
11293:
11284:
11277:
11263:
11256:
11249:
11235:
11231:
11224:
11210:
11206:
11199:
11185:
11176:
11169:
11155:
11151:
11144:
11130:
11123:
11113:
11111:
11102:
11101:
11090:
11083:
11069:
11058:
11051:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11009:
11005:
10998:
10984:
10977:
10970:
10956:
10952:
10945:
10931:
10927:
10917:
10903:
10899:
10892:
10878:
10867:
10860:
10846:
10842:
10835:
10815:
10811:
10804:
10784:
10780:
10773:
10753:
10744:
10737:
10723:
10708:
10701:
10681:
10677:
10670:
10656:
10652:
10645:
10631:
10624:
10617:
10603:
10596:
10589:
10575:
10566:
10559:
10545:
10538:
10528:
10526:
10517:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10500:
10491:
10490:
10483:
10473:
10471:
10467:
10460:
10456:
10455:
10451:
10441:
10439:
10430:
10429:
10425:
10415:
10413:
10404:
10403:
10399:
10389:
10387:
10378:
10377:
10373:
10363:
10361:
10352:
10351:
10347:
10337:
10335:
10324:
10320:
10310:
10308:
10301:
10287:
10286:
10279:
10269:
10267:
10258:
10257:
10236:
10229:
10215:
10206:
10199:
10185:
10181:
10174:
10160:
10153:
10146:
10124:
10117:
10110:
10090:
10086:
10079:
10059:
10055:
10048:
10028:
10021:
10014:
9994:
9990:
9983:
9963:
9959:
9952:
9932:
9928:
9921:
9901:
9892:
9882:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9843:
9839:
9829:
9809:
9805:
9783:
9779:
9772:
9752:
9745:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9697:
9688:
9684:
9677:
9657:
9653:
9646:
9626:
9619:
9609:
9595:
9591:
9584:
9570:
9555:
9548:
9534:
9525:
9515:
9501:
9497:
9490:
9476:
9472:
9465:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9420:
9416:
9406:
9392:
9388:
9376:
9374:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9347:
9346:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9312:
9308:
9293:
9288:
9284:
9275:
9271:
9260:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9245:
9241:
9234:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9207:
9203:
9190:
9186:
9177:
9173:
9168:
8939:
8933:
8916:utility program
8912:
8910:Utility program
8771:physical memory
8725:is to minimize
8671:
8588:
8574:
8568:
8545:custom software
8514:
8508:
8479:system software
8444:
8401:
8379:
8378:. For example,
8366:Common Coupling
8349:
8327:
8317:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8289:
8282:
8272:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8148:
8146:Program modules
8120:
8062:waterfall model
8058:
8056:Waterfall model
8041:Hardware costs.
8029:
8027:Cost objectives
8007:
7995:systems analyst
7967:programmed the
7953:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7721:production rule
7713:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7567:production rule
7557:which surround
7554:
7550:
7540:
7531:is made up of a
7526:
7504:production rule
7163:followed by an
7100:which form its
7074:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7015:gcc-cstudent.c
7012:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6751:<stdio.h>
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6528:/* --------- */
6527:
6525:/* student.c */
6524:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6408:/* --------- */
6407:
6405:/* student.h */
6404:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5508:#define GRADE_H
5507:
5505:#ifndef GRADE_H
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5431:into an object
5410:
5398:problem solving
5390:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4473:Robert Kowalski
4471:, pioneered by
4450:
4415:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4346:
4315:dynamic binding
4288:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4236:
4204:will output 6.
4201:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4125:program counter
4106:
4092:
4088:
4079:
4062:lambda calculus
4020:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
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2832:
2830:#define GRADE_H
2829:
2827:#ifndef GRADE_H
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2768:subset/superset
2751:subset/superset
2725:member function
2683:
2658:datatypes like
2628:
2611:
2570:
2567:Local variables
2526:
2518:
2515:Local variables
2494:local variables
2486:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2399:
2347:bit operations.
2299:
2238:
2173:block structure
2166:syntax-directed
2151:
2119:
2037:
2024:
2023:– for example:
2005:
1996:var x: integer;
1995:
1994:– for example:
1945:
1939:
1672:
1666:
1650:formal language
1621:structure names
1531:container types
1520:class hierarchy
1457:
1402:
1326:is a family of
1273:
1265:instruction set
1248:hard disk drive
1200:
1076:Siemens process
1074:rods using the
991:
850:
811:Turing complete
795:
787:Turing complete
773:introduced the
760:
721:Charles Babbage
717:Jacquard's loom
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417:form is called
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252:(CLR) and
238:Android Runtime
134:Virtual machine
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10449:
10423:
10408:. Britannica.
10397:
10371:
10356:. Britannica.
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9404:
9386:
9369:. 2020-09-03.
9353:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9327:
9306:
9282:
9269:
9248:
9239:
9223:
9214:
9201:
9195:ready for the
9184:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9149:computer buses
9088:microsequencer
9062:binary algebra
9058:
9057:
9050:
9043:
9036:
9029:
8935:Main article:
8932:
8929:
8911:
8908:
8888:
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8872:
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8850:
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8777:
8774:
8748:
8747:
8731:
8730:
8691:context switch
8670:
8669:Kernel Program
8667:
8635:kernel program
8567:
8564:
8510:Main article:
8507:
8504:
8443:
8440:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8389:
8386:Stamp Coupling
8383:
8369:
8363:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8293:
8286:
8271:
8268:
8211:, then by its
8205:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8163:program module
8159:software aging
8147:
8144:
8119:
8116:
8115:
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8085:analysis phase
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8025:
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8023:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8006:
8003:
7961:Betty Jennings
7952:
7949:
7874:
7823:
7731:signed-integer
7726:
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7489:
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7461:
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7391:
7368:
7351:
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7320:
7306:
7292:
7278:
7270:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7182:followed by a
7172:
7167:followed by a
7153:
7148:followed by a
7073:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7036:gcc-cperson.c
6916:
6740:
6523:
6403:
6201:/* -------- */
6198:/* person.c */
6196:
6111:/* -------- */
6108:/* person.h */
6106:
5612:
5488:
5457:data structure
5409:
5406:
5370:
5348:
5320:Rule (2) is a
5274:
5240:
5199:is_a_parent_of
5163:is_a_parent_of
5161:
5126:is_a_parent_of
5097:
5063:
4993:
4782:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4507:% tom is a cat
4493:
4449:
4446:
4442:static binding
4413:
4354:
4345:
4342:
4235:
4232:
4179:
4178:
4095:to a range of
4072:to a range of
4016:Main article:
4013:
4010:
3887:
3711:
3631:// -----------
3628:// student.cpp
3626:
3615:Here is a C++
3518:
3507:Here is a C++
3440:
3429:Here is a C++
3356:
3345:Here is a C++
2963:
2810:
2664:floating-point
2642:into separate
2630:In the 1970s,
2627:
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2475:
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2440:
2421:
2420:
2381:to store. The
2356:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2298:
2295:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2249:microcomputers
2237:
2234:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2164:. This led to
2150:
2147:
2118:
2115:
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2107:
2093:
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2089:
2086:
2079:
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2031:
2009:
1998:
1941:Main article:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1905:
1904:
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1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1807:variable names
1797:
1796:
1795:, and comment.
1782:
1781:
1737:
1736:
1686:microprocessor
1668:Main article:
1665:
1662:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1625:function names
1617:variable names
1606:
1584:
1539:
1538:
1523:
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1456:
1453:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1350:
1272:
1269:
1232:Sac State 8008
1199:
1198:Sac State 8008
1196:
1188:IBM System/360
1180:microprocessor
1165:microprocessor
1103:planar process
990:
987:
899:IBM System/360
862:Presper Eckert
849:
846:
817:to create the
794:
791:
759:
756:
704:
701:
662:
659:
530:
500:
497:
415:human-readable
374:
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219:
214:
212:Precompilation
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112:Runtime system
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13365:0-619-06489-7
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13337:
13335:0-619-06489-7
13331:
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13305:0-201-12919-1
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13155:0-13-201799-7
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13032:0-619-06489-7
13028:
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13017:
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13013:
13011:
13003:
13002:requirements.
12998:
12996:0-619-06489-7
12992:
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12551:0-619-06489-7
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12526:0-256-08515-3
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12501:0-619-06489-7
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12368:0-201-71012-9
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12106:
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12095:
12087:
12085:0-256-08515-3
12081:
12077:
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12060:0-8053-5443-3
12056:
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12045:
12038:
12034:
12032:0-256-08515-3
12028:
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12000:
11996:
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11719:
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11694:
11690:
11683:
11675:
11673:9781447117193
11669:
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11276:0-13-110362-8
11272:
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11244:
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11078:
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11046:
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11018:
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10999:
10997:0-201-71012-9
10993:
10989:
10982:
10980:
10971:
10965:
10961:
10954:
10946:
10940:
10936:
10929:
10922:
10918:
10916:0-619-06489-7
10912:
10908:
10901:
10893:
10891:0-201-71012-9
10887:
10883:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10861:
10859:0-201-71012-9
10855:
10851:
10844:
10836:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10821:
10813:
10805:
10799:
10795:
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10790:
10782:
10774:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10759:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10738:
10736:0-619-06489-7
10732:
10728:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10715:
10713:
10711:
10702:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10687:
10679:
10671:
10669:0-8053-5443-3
10665:
10661:
10654:
10646:
10640:
10636:
10629:
10627:
10618:
10616:0-619-06489-7
10612:
10608:
10601:
10599:
10590:
10584:
10580:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10560:
10554:
10550:
10543:
10541:
10524:
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10514:
10498:
10494:
10488:
10486:
10466:
10459:
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10385:
10381:
10375:
10359:
10355:
10349:
10333:
10329:
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10306:
10302:
10300:9780801886393
10296:
10292:
10291:
10284:
10282:
10265:
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10255:
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10247:
10245:
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10230:
10224:
10220:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10200:
10198:0-201-71012-9
10194:
10190:
10183:
10175:
10173:0-201-71012-9
10169:
10165:
10158:
10156:
10147:
10141:
10137:
10132:
10131:
10122:
10120:
10111:
10105:
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10097:
10096:
10088:
10080:
10074:
10070:
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10065:
10057:
10049:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10034:
10026:
10024:
10015:
10009:
10005:
10001:
10000:
9992:
9984:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9969:
9961:
9953:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9938:
9930:
9922:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9907:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9866:
9858:
9852:
9848:
9841:
9834:
9830:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9815:
9807:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9781:
9773:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9758:
9750:
9748:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9704:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9678:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9663:
9655:
9647:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9624:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9608:0-201-71012-9
9604:
9600:
9593:
9585:
9583:0-201-71012-9
9579:
9575:
9568:
9566:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9549:
9547:0-201-71012-9
9543:
9539:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9520:
9516:
9514:0-201-71012-9
9510:
9506:
9499:
9491:
9489:0-201-71012-9
9485:
9481:
9474:
9466:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9443:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9418:
9411:
9407:
9405:0-201-71012-9
9401:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9354:
9341:
9337:
9331:
9321:provides the
9320:
9316:
9310:
9303:
9299:
9291:
9286:
9279:
9273:
9266:
9252:
9243:
9232:
9227:
9218:
9211:
9205:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9181:
9175:
9171:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9124:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9082:
9078:
9077:control store
9074:
9070:
9065:
9063:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9010:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8975:
8967:
8959:
8951:
8943:
8938:
8928:
8926:
8920:
8917:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8815:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8775:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8675:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8627:
8625:
8619:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8563:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8448:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8425:
8421:
8420:data coupling
8417:
8413:
8405:
8393:
8392:Data Coupling
8390:
8387:
8384:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8325:
8322:
8315:
8312:
8297:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8232:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8128:
8125:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8053:
8051:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8002:
8000:
7999:detailed plan
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7931:
7928:Therefore, a
7872:
7869:
7867:
7821:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7570:
7568:
7560:
7559:non-terminals
7549:
7546:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7516:meta-language
7513:
7509:
7505:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7491:Therefore, a
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7249:non-terminals
7245:
7243:
7239:
7238:non-terminals
7236:are known as
7235:
7232:The words in
7227:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7078:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7057:For example:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
6994:gcc-cgrade.c
6914:
6912:
6868:grade_numeric
6738:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6093:
5812:grade_numeric
5617:/* ------- */
5614:/* grade.c */
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5568:grade_numeric
5493:/* ------- */
5490:/* grade.h */
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5368:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5288:is_a_creature
5272:
5242:is_a_creature
5238:
5159:
5114:is_a_creature
5095:
5061:
5058:
5016:numeric_grade
4874:numeric_grade
4856:numeric_grade
4838:numeric_grade
4820:numeric_grade
4802:numeric_grade
4784:numeric_grade
4780:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4198:. Executing:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
3885:
3883:
3709:
3624:
3622:
3621:STUDENT class
3618:
3516:
3514:
3513:STUDENT class
3510:
3445:// ----------
3442:// person.cpp
3438:
3436:
3432:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3070:grade_numeric
3046:grade_numeric
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2896:grade_numeric
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:is executing
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:. However, a
2692:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:numbers, and
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2617:
2610:provides the
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:out of memory
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:stack pointer
2538:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:, but uses a
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2258:. It offered
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:introduces a
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
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467:and starts a
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222:Recompilation
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188:Ahead-of-time
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144:Types of code
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11828:. Retrieved
11810:
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11112:. Retrieved
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10548:
10527:. Retrieved
10513:
10501:. Retrieved
10472:. Retrieved
10452:
10440:. Retrieved
10426:
10414:. Retrieved
10400:
10388:. Retrieved
10374:
10362:. Retrieved
10348:
10336:. Retrieved
10321:
10309:. Retrieved
10289:
10268:. Retrieved
10218:
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9806:
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9786:
9780:
9756:
9735:. Retrieved
9710:(4): 29–45.
9707:
9701:
9685:
9661:
9654:
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9612:
9598:
9592:
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9423:
9417:
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9389:
9381:
9375:. Retrieved
9366:
9357:
9330:
9318:
9309:
9289:
9285:
9277:
9272:
9263:is a prefix
9251:
9242:
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8602:
8580:Program vs.
8557:
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8549:
8534:
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8469:
8428:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8410:
8391:
8385:
8376:control flow
8371:
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8121:
8113:environment.
8109:
8102:
8092:design phase
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7698:cat | mouse
7685:big | small
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7256:
7253:non-terminal
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7141:
7131:
7125:
7117:
7106:declarations
7089:
7083:
7056:
7039:
6908:
6736:
6666:__FUNCTION__
6517:
6513:
6511:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6333:__FUNCTION__
6190:
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6096:
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6083:
5752:__FUNCTION__
5606:
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5391:
5366:
5353:billows_fire
5340:
5333:
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5236:
5157:
5144:billows_fire
5099:billows_fire
5093:
5065:billows_fire
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4778:
4742:
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4483:
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4451:
4438:compile-time
4433:
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4416:
4404:
4400:
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4347:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4302:
4298:
4295:environments
4292:
4287:
4268:
4263:
4237:
4227:
4210:are used in
4207:
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4200:
4185:
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4026:
4022:
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3879:
3707:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3523:// ---------
3520:// student.h
3512:
3508:
3506:
3435:PERSON class
3434:
3430:
3428:
3351:PERSON class
3350:
3346:
3344:
2968:// ---------
2965:// grade.cpp
2957:
2951:
2949:
2936:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2711:
2694:
2688:
2684:integer_list
2647:
2639:
2629:
2607:
2594:heap pointer
2593:
2574:
2566:
2548:
2522:
2514:
2497:
2493:
2460:
2443:
2434:
2430:data segment
2428:initialized
2427:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2387:declarations
2379:clock cycles
2366:
2365:
2300:
2287:Visual Basic
2281:
2253:
2239:
2199:
2152:
2139:
2134:Grace Hopper
2120:
2094:
2080:
2048:declarations
2038:
2021:control flow
2012:
2001:
1987:
1986:name to the
1979:
1964:declarations
1955:
1954:
1921:
1918:side effects
1900:
1884:
1871:(1960), and
1856:
1853:interpreters
1828:
1822:
1816:
1802:
1757:instructions
1749:
1729:machine code
1724:
1720:
1690:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1631:Syntax Rules
1630:
1608:
1599:control flow
1586:
1577:declarations
1572:
1552:is a set of
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1484:
1458:
1422:
1365:real numbers
1286:
1231:
1209:
1179:
1177:
1149:
1135:
1130:
1110:
1040:Robert Noyce
1038:
1010:World War II
1003:
971:
935:
931:input/output
896:
877:
869:
866:John Mauchly
851:
834:accumulators
815:vacuum tubes
804:
768:
751:
744:Ada Lovelace
742:
736:
732:
728:
714:
686:
656:
502:
485:
455:
410:
408:
379:
377:
194:Just-in-time
167:Machine code
87:Compile time
71:
32:
10503:January 31,
10474:February 5,
10442:January 31,
10390:February 5,
10364:February 8,
10338:February 8,
10311:February 3,
10270:January 31,
9317:variables,
9302:memory cell
8900:Objective-C
8709:only for a
8616:peripherals
8432:daisy chain
8308:stage_two()
8304:stage_one()
8048:Applying a
7991:source code
7939:. They are
7655:noun-phrase
7637:verb-phrase
7604:noun-phrase
7595:verb-phrase
7589:noun-phrase
7366:noun-phrase
7349:noun-phrase
7332:verb-phrase
7318:verb-phrase
7304:verb-phrase
7290:verb-phrase
7276:verb-phrase
7273:noun-phrase
7255:or a valid
7221:is 'mouse';
7214:is 'cat' or
7207:is 'small';
7200:is 'big' or
7184:noun-phrase
7176:verb-phrase
7157:noun-phrase
7150:verb-phrase
7146:noun-phrase
7110:expressions
6946:student_dvr
6940:student_dvr
6930:student_dvr
6820:'a'
6790:student_new
6549:student_new
6514:source file
6489:student_new
6394:header file
6187:source file
6097:header file
6049:'f'
6037:'F'
6001:'d'
5989:'D'
5953:'c'
5941:'C'
5905:'b'
5893:'B'
5857:'a'
5845:'A'
5602:source file
5596:operation.
5594:constructor
5590:grade_new()
5479:header file
5469:inheritance
5467:. However,
5336:inheritance
5276:is_a_dragon
5257:is_a_dragon
5080:is_a_dragon
5040:'A'
4985:'A'
4967:'F'
4952:'D'
4937:'C'
4922:'B'
4907:'A'
4862:'F'
4844:'D'
4826:'C'
4808:'B'
4790:'A'
4414:times_10 2
4031:side effect
3917:student_dvr
3911:student_dvr
3901:student_dvr
3797:'a'
3617:source file
3509:header file
3431:source file
3361:// --------
3358:// person.h
3347:header file
3310:'f'
3298:'F'
3262:'d'
3250:'D'
3214:'c'
3202:'C'
3166:'b'
3154:'B'
3118:'a'
3106:'A'
2958:GRADE class
2953:source file
2947:statement.
2939:constructor
2805:GRADE class
2801:header file
2797:header file
2772:inheritance
2284:Microsoft's
2182:"for" loops
2069:subroutines
2052:expressions
1980:declaration
1968:expressions
1780:and memory.
1764:DW (Define
1609:Identifiers
1595:assignments
1562:identifiers
1072:polysilicon
1046:(1957) and
1016:(1947) and
771:Alan Turing
451:interpreter
419:source code
308:Zend Engine
289:Objective-C
157:Object code
152:Source code
129:Interpreter
77:Translation
44:Source code
13632:Categories
11830:2021-10-30
11114:6 November
10529:1 February
9737:2015-10-30
9377:2022-05-26
9350:References
9018:transistor
9016:is a tiny
9014:logic gate
8792:page fault
8711:time slice
8609:scheduling
8594:Preemption
8590:Scheduling
8570:See also:
7965:Fran Bilas
7499:activity.
7228:is 'eats';
7114:statements
6921:# --------
6918:# makefile
6909:Here is a
6711:person_new
6216:person_new
6162:person_new
5474:Here is a
5437:operations
5429:phenomenon
5417:operations
4409:times_10()
4093:times_10()
4086:expression
4070:expression
4060:is to use
3892:# --------
3889:# makefile
3880:Here is a
2815:// -------
2812:// grade.h
2755:set theory
2737:operations
2703:identifier
2676:structures
2672:characters
2640:physically
2403:function.
2160:using the
2112:to arrays.
2075:"do" loops
2056:statements
2002:expression
1972:statements
1897:imperative
1817:Operations
1603:delimiters
1591:operations
1581:statements
1371:Call stack
1320:x86 series
1301:Intel 8088
1297:Intel 8086
1293:Intel 8080
1271:x86 series
1261:Intel 8080
1220:Intel 8008
1178:The terms
1162:Intel 4004
1115:capacitors
1111:integrates
1052:production
975:paper tape
838:plugboards
823:Pascalines
665:See also:
493:executable
475:will soon
447:executable
431:translated
124:Executable
48:JavaScript
9261:++counter
9231:Operators
9134:registers
9094:the next
9081:data path
9069:mnemonics
9033:NAND gate
8987:data path
8953:NAND gate
8937:Microcode
8639:processes
8629:The term
8612:processes
8436:algorithm
8070:waterfall
8068:. As the
7937:semantics
7723:listing:
7677:adjective
7622:adjective
7569:listing:
7409:adjective
7386:adjective
7298:adjective
7284:adjective
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7234:bold-face
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7193:is 'the';
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7126:semantics
7122:semantics
6996:student.o
6814:grade_new
5632:grade_new
5550:grade_new
5433:container
5421:functions
5329:functions
5322:recursive
4328:program.
4251:recursive
4027:non-local
3967:student.o
2729:operation
2662:numbers,
2648:logically
2505:interface
2501:variables
2448:addresses
2397:from the
2352:operators
2194:recursion
2188:functions
2013:statement
1960:algorithm
1903:spectrum.
1849:compilers
1789:operation
1778:registers
1761:assembler
1658:algorithm
1654:algorithm
1613:constants
1527:datatypes
1389:algorithm
1379:functions
1238:to run a
1123:resistors
1099:substrate
1030:aerospace
923:processes
915:Model 195
783:algorithm
769:In 1936,
719:inspired
715:In 1837,
517:variables
489:statement
443:assembler
333:and
301:and
291:and
261:and
172:Microcode
107:Execution
13643:Software
11824:Archived
11818:(1996).
11108:Archived
10523:Archived
10497:Archived
10465:Archived
10436:Archived
10416:April 1,
10410:Archived
10384:Archived
10358:Archived
10332:Archived
10305:Archived
10264:Archived
9728:Archived
9693:(1998).
9371:Archived
9323:strdup()
9304:to zero.
9294:calloc()
9047:AND gate
9040:NOR gate
9026:NOT gate
8991:hardware
8969:AND gate
8961:NOR gate
8945:NOT gate
8892:assembly
8880:engineer
8719:preempts
8464:hardware
8347:Coupling
8270:Cohesion
8260:Coupling
8256:coupling
8248:function
8244:Cohesion
8240:cohesion
8231:is not.
8209:function
8187:function
8171:function
7930:semantic
7904:><
7866:semantic
7853:><
7796:><
7746:><
7719:has the
7652:><
7625:><
7619:><
7592:><
7577:sentence
7493:semantic
7268:sentence
7257:terminal
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7017:person.o
6911:makefile
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6748:#include
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6660:__FILE__
6537:#include
6531:#include
6516:for the
6423:#include
6417:#include
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6204:#include
6189:for the
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6090:malloc()
6086:calloc()
5758:__LINE__
5746:__FILE__
5620:#include
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5481:for the
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5306:norberta
5282:norberta
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3988:person.o
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3851:<<
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3719:#include
3640:#include
3634:#include
3619:for the
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3532:#include
3511:for the
3448:#include
3433:for the
3349:for the
2971:#include
2803:for the
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2612:malloc()
2545:register
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2206:Modula-2
2110:pointers
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1867:(1959),
1863:(1958),
1829:Comments
1823:Operands
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1529:, as in
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1352:Integer
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1146:firmware
907:Model 20
819:circuits
521:declared
519:are not
463:it into
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400:software
392:computer
384:sequence
246:(Erlang)
162:Bytecode
82:Compiler
50:language
9724:2285332
9108:execute
9054:OR gate
8977:OR gate
8884:signals
8843:packets
8763:process
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8697:when a
8647:devices
8582:Process
8264:context
8252:between
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7828:integer
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7281:article
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6847:student
6802:student
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2035:Fortran
1928:(SQL).
1861:Fortran
1793:operand
1727:called
1699:in its
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1343:strings
1295:to the
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1240:Memorex
1216:Busicom
1092:crystal
955:compile
946:Fortran
831:base-10
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423:execute
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303:Node.js
259:CPython
117:Runtime
13615:
13590:
13565:
13540:
13515:
13490:
13465:
13440:
13415:
13390:
13362:
13332:
13302:
13277:
13252:
13227:
13202:
13177:
13152:
13122:
13088:
13060:
13029:
12993:
12965:
12937:
12909:
12884:
12849:
12824:
12794:
12769:
12744:
12716:
12688:
12658:
12633:
12605:
12573:
12548:
12523:
12498:
12473:
12448:
12420:
12390:
12365:
12340:
12309:
12278:
12247:
12222:
12191:
12166:
12135:
12107:
12082:
12057:
12029:
12001:
11973:
11902:
11877:
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11798:
11770:
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11720:
11695:
11670:
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11590:
11556:
11531:
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11273:
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11165:
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10913:
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10831:
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10075:
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9979:
9948:
9917:
9878:
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9825:
9768:
9722:
9673:
9642:
9605:
9580:
9544:
9511:
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9430:
9402:
9315:string
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9151:. The
9136:. The
9104:decode
9075:(CPU)
8902:, and
8663:editor
8661:, and
8645:, and
8643:memory
8586:Thread
8528:, and
8236:within
8215:. Its
8177:, and
8094:is to
7766:+ | -
7520:syntax
7518:. The
7512:syntax
7124:. The
7118:syntax
7112:, and
7086:syntax
7030:person
7023:person
6967:person
6895:return
6886:letter
6853:person
6838:"
6826:printf
6723:return
6705:person
6654:"
6642:stderr
6612:sizeof
6600:calloc
6507:#endif
6450:person
6444:PERSON
6432:struct
6381:person
6378:return
6360:person
6321:"
6309:stderr
6285:PERSON
6279:sizeof
6267:calloc
6261:person
6243:person
6237:PERSON
6210:PERSON
6180:#endif
6156:PERSON
6144:PERSON
6123:struct
6070:return
6058:return
6043:letter
6031:letter
6010:return
5995:letter
5983:letter
5962:return
5947:letter
5935:letter
5914:return
5899:letter
5887:letter
5866:return
5851:letter
5839:letter
5821:letter
5797:return
5791:letter
5785:letter
5740:"
5728:stderr
5698:sizeof
5686:calloc
5641:letter
5583:#endif
5577:letter
5559:letter
5523:letter
5514:struct
5461:record
4678:cheese
4555:animal
4525:animal
4453:Prolog
4448:Prolog
4279:cons()
4275:tail()
4271:head()
4099:. One
4097:values
4089:10 * x
4074:values
4001:person
3994:person
3938:person
3866:return
3860:"
3854:"
3682:PERSON
3610:#endif
3568:public
3562:PERSON
3559:public
3460:PERSON
3454:PERSON
3424:#endif
3385:PERSON
3379:public
3373:PERSON
3331:return
3319:return
3304:letter
3292:letter
3271:return
3256:letter
3244:letter
3223:return
3208:letter
3196:letter
3175:return
3160:letter
3148:letter
3127:return
3112:letter
3100:letter
3082:letter
3052:letter
3022:letter
3016:letter
2995:letter
2932:#endif
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2881:letter
2866:letter
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2790:Simula
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2707:object
2701:to an
2619:stack.
2571:static
2519:static
2480:main()
2469:main()
2465:main()
2312:, and
2218:Oberon
2214:Delphi
2202:Pascal
2158:syntax
2063:arrays
2054:, and
2044:string
2017:assign
2015:might
1970:, and
1962:using
1803:Labels
1770:memory
1733:PDP-11
1623:, and
1601:, and
1566:syntax
1504:, and
1391:on an
1322:. The
1316:demand
1138:matrix
1121:, and
1119:diodes
1101:. The
1090:. The
1078:. The
1028:, the
927:memory
913:. The
905:. The
858:memory
681:, and
509:syntax
477:switch
471:. The
465:memory
390:for a
284:LuaJIT
196:(JIT)
11924:(PDF)
10468:(PDF)
10461:(PDF)
9731:(PDF)
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8362:verb.
8360:alter
8310:, ...
8217:logic
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7840:digit
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7793:digit
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7432:small
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6953:grade
6933:clean
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6877:->
6856:->
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6462:grade
6456:GRADE
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5800:grade
5782:->
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5626:GRADE
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5532:GRADE
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4570:mouse
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4188:max()
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3959:grade
3952:grade
3924:grade
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3839:->
3821:->
3791:GRADE
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3779:->
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3601:grade
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3487:->
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3406:const
3391:const
3370:class
3076:const
3064:GRADE
3037:->
3013:->
2989:const
2983:GRADE
2977:GRADE
2902:const
2860:const
2854:GRADE
2836:GRADE
2833:class
2757:, an
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2650:into
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2557:scope
2537:stack
2383:stack
2241:BASIC
2236:Basic
2154:ALGOL
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1873:BASIC
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280:(JVM)
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13588:ISBN
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13538:ISBN
13513:ISBN
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13360:ISBN
13330:ISBN
13300:ISBN
13275:ISBN
13250:ISBN
13225:ISBN
13200:ISBN
13175:ISBN
13150:ISBN
13120:ISBN
13086:ISBN
13058:ISBN
13027:ISBN
12991:ISBN
12963:ISBN
12935:ISBN
12907:ISBN
12882:ISBN
12847:ISBN
12822:ISBN
12792:ISBN
12767:ISBN
12742:ISBN
12714:ISBN
12686:ISBN
12656:ISBN
12631:ISBN
12603:ISBN
12571:ISBN
12546:ISBN
12521:ISBN
12496:ISBN
12471:ISBN
12446:ISBN
12418:ISBN
12388:ISBN
12363:ISBN
12338:ISBN
12307:ISBN
12276:ISBN
12245:ISBN
12220:ISBN
12189:ISBN
12164:ISBN
12133:ISBN
12105:ISBN
12080:ISBN
12055:ISBN
12027:ISBN
11999:ISBN
11971:ISBN
11900:ISBN
11875:ISBN
11850:ISBN
11796:ISBN
11768:ISBN
11743:ISBN
11718:ISBN
11693:ISBN
11668:ISBN
11643:ISBN
11613:ISBN
11588:ISBN
11554:ISBN
11529:ISBN
11504:ISBN
11476:ISBN
11451:ISBN
11426:ISBN
11401:ISBN
11376:ISBN
11351:ISBN
11326:ISBN
11301:ISBN
11271:ISBN
11243:ISBN
11218:ISBN
11193:ISBN
11163:ISBN
11138:ISBN
11116:2021
11077:ISBN
11045:ISBN
11017:ISBN
10992:ISBN
10964:ISBN
10939:ISBN
10911:ISBN
10886:ISBN
10854:ISBN
10829:ISBN
10798:ISBN
10767:ISBN
10731:ISBN
10695:ISBN
10664:ISBN
10639:ISBN
10611:ISBN
10583:ISBN
10553:ISBN
10531:2022
10505:2022
10476:2022
10444:2022
10418:2022
10392:2022
10366:2022
10340:2022
10313:2022
10295:ISBN
10272:2022
10223:ISBN
10193:ISBN
10168:ISBN
10140:ISBN
10104:ISBN
10073:ISBN
10042:ISBN
10008:ISBN
9977:ISBN
9946:ISBN
9915:ISBN
9876:ISBN
9851:ISBN
9823:ISBN
9766:ISBN
9671:ISBN
9640:ISBN
9603:ISBN
9578:ISBN
9542:ISBN
9509:ISBN
9484:ISBN
9459:ISBN
9428:ISBN
9400:ISBN
9336:UNIX
9334:The
9313:For
9178:The
9005:and
8803:heap
8584:vs.
8477:and
8452:user
8418:and
8199:The
8192:The
8185:The
8161:. A
8108:The
8101:The
8096:plan
8090:The
8083:The
8076:The
8060:The
7963:and
7943:and
7919:>
7913:<
7910:>
7898:<
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7888:<
7882:>
7876:<
7859:>
7847:<
7843:>
7837:<
7831:>
7825:<
7811:>
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7728:<
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7640:>
7634:<
7631:>
7628:noun
7613:<
7607:>
7601:<
7598:>
7586:<
7580:>
7574:<
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7553:and
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7502:One
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7301:noun
7287:noun
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7212:noun
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7169:noun
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6555:char
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6222:char
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3809:cout
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1711:The
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1533:and
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1408:The
1242:, 3-
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7922:::=
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7429:the
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3803:std
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