Fortran - Knowledge

1465:, reads data on a tape reel containing three 5-digit integers A, B, and C as input. There are no "type" declarations available: variables whose name starts with I, J, K, L, M, or N are "fixed-point" (i.e. integers), otherwise floating-point. Since integers are to be processed in this example, the names of the variables start with the letter "I". The name of a variable must start with a letter and can continue with both letters and digits, up to a limit of six characters in FORTRAN II. If A, B, and C cannot represent the sides of a triangle in plane geometry, then the program's execution will end with an error code of "STOP 1". Otherwise, an output line will be printed showing the input values for A, B, and C, followed by the computed AREA of the triangle as a floating-point number occupying ten spaces along the line of output and showing 2 digits after the decimal point, the .2 in F10.2 of the FORMAT statement with label 601. 5064: 966:; a basic block is a stretch of program which has one entry point and one exit point. The purpose of section 4 is to prepare for section 5 a table of predecessors (PRED table) which enumerates the basic blocks and lists for every basic block each of the basic blocks which can be its immediate predecessor in flow, together with the absolute frequency of each such basic block link. This table is obtained by running the program once in Monte-Carlo fashion, in which the outcome of conditional transfers arising out of IF-type statements and computed GO TO's is determined by a random number generator suitably weighted according to whatever FREQUENCY statements have been provided. 5080: 3187: 513: 447: 10713: 6351:". This proposal purported to address the confusion that sometimes arises between the letter "O" and the numeral zero, by eliminating the letter from allowable variable names. However, the method proposed was to eliminate the letter from the character set entirely (thereby retaining 48 as the number of lexical characters, which the colon had increased to 49). This was considered beneficial in that it would promote structured programming, by making it impossible to use the notorious 986: 11087: 10693: 6386: 3168: 629: 998: 11059: 5072: 10703: 5651:(JCL), the compile/link-edit/execution successive process(es), or other complexities of the mainframe/minicomputer environment. A down side to this simplified environment was that WATFOR was not a good choice for programmers needing the expanded abilities of their host processor(s), e.g., WATFOR typically had very limited access to I/O devices. WATFOR was succeeded by 4117:), was finally released as ISO/IEC standard 1539:1991 in 1991 and an ANSI Standard in 1992. In addition to changing the official spelling from FORTRAN to Fortran, this major revision added many new features to reflect the significant changes in programming practice that had evolved since the 1978 standard: 4100:

Standard, released in 1991, provided a simple means for FORTRAN 77 programmers to issue POSIX system calls. Over 100 calls were defined in the document – allowing access to POSIX-compatible process control, signal handling, file system control, device control, procedure pointing, and

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Two compilers of the time, IBM "G" and UNIVAC, allowed comments to be written on the same line as instructions, separated by a special character: "master space": V (perforations 7 and 8) for UNIVAC and perforations 12/11/0/7/8/9 (hexadecimal FF) for IBM. These comments were not to be inserted in the

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When assumed-length arrays were being added, there was a dispute as to the appropriate character to separate upper and lower bounds. In a comment examining these arguments, Walt Brainerd penned an article entitled "Astronomy vs. Gastroenterology" because some proponents had suggested using the star

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statements in manipulating the array; mathematical operations are applied to the array as a whole. Also apparent is the use of descriptive variable names and general code formatting that conform with contemporary programming style. This example computes an average over data entered interactively.

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FOR TRANSIT statements were limited to columns 7 through 56, only. Punched cards were used for input and output on the IBM 650. Three passes were required to translate source code to the "IT" language, then to compile the IT statements into SOAP assembly language, and finally to produce the object

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code among other features; however, this version was never released as a product. Like the 704 FORTRAN and FORTRAN II, FORTRAN III included machine-dependent features that made code written in it unportable from machine to machine. Early versions of FORTRAN provided by other vendors suffered from

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statement was reminiscent of (but not readily implementable by) a three-way comparison instruction (CAS—Compare Accumulator with Storage) available on the 704. The statement provided the only way to compare numbers—by testing their difference, with an attendant risk of overflow. This deficiency was

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Variable names beginning with the letters I–N have a default type of integer, while variables starting with any other letters defaulted to real, although programmers could override the defaults with an explicit declaration. This led to the joke: "In FORTRAN, GOD is REAL (unless declared INTEGER)."

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The FORTRAN system was designed for a more complex machine than the 650, and consequently some of the 32 statements found in the FORTRAN Programmer's Reference Manual are not acceptable to the FOR TRANSIT system. In addition, certain restrictions to the FORTRAN language have been added. However,

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The first Fortran compiler set a high standard of efficiency for compiled code. This goal made it difficult to create a compiler so it was usually done by the computer manufacturers to support hardware sales. This left an important niche: compilers that were fast and provided good diagnostics for

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A small set of features were identified as "obsolescent" and were expected to be removed in a future standard. All of the functionalities of these early-version features can be performed by newer Fortran features. Some are kept to simplify porting of old programs but many were deleted in Fortran

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statement. F retains the array features added in Fortran 90, and removes control statements that were made obsolete by structured programming constructs added to both FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. F is described by its creators as "a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well

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The first FORTRAN compiler reported diagnostic information by halting the program when an error was found and outputting an error code on its console. That code could be looked up by the programmer in an error messages table in the operator's manual, providing them with a brief description of the

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According to the standards developers, "the optional parts describe self-contained features which have been requested by a substantial body of users and/or implementors, but which are not deemed to be of sufficient generality for them to be required in all standard-conforming Fortran compilers."

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was based largely on FORTRAN IV. A student using WATFOR could submit their batch FORTRAN job and, if there were no syntax errors, the program would move straight to execution. This simplification allowed students to concentrate on their program's syntax and semantics, or execution logic flow,

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The development of a revised standard to succeed FORTRAN 77 would be repeatedly delayed as the standardization process struggled to keep up with rapid changes in computing and programming practice. In the meantime, as the "Standard FORTRAN" for nearly fifteen years, FORTRAN 77 would become the

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The Fortran I compiler was the first major project in code optimization. It tackled problems of crucial importance whose general solution was an important research focus in compiler technology for several decades. Many classical techniques for compiler analysis and optimization can trace their

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was a problem in the early days because there was no agreed upon standard—not even IBM's reference manual—and computer companies vied to differentiate their offerings from others by providing incompatible features. Standards have improved portability. The 1966 standard provided a reference

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Large collections of library software that could be described as being loosely related to engineering and scientific calculations, such as graphics libraries, have been written in C, and therefore access to them presented a portability problem. This has been addressed by incorporation of C

3372:" was not yet available for ANSI standards.) While most of the 24 items in the conflict list (see Appendix A2 of X3.9-1978) addressed loopholes or pathological cases permitted by the prior standard but rarely used, a small number of specific capabilities were deliberately removed, such as: 4931:

private child sub-units. This allows the specification and implementation of a module to be expressed in separate program units, which improves packaging of large libraries, allows preservation of trade secrets while publishing definitive interfaces, and prevents compilation cascades.

579: 1449:), which only allows recursion if a stack is maintained by software and the return address is stored on the stack before the call is made and restored after the call returns. Although not specified in FORTRAN 77, many F77 compilers supported recursion as an option, and the 2198:

In the FORTRAN IV programming environment of the era, except for that used on Control Data Corporation (CDC) systems, only one instruction was placed per line. The CDC version allowed for multiple instructions per line if separated by a $ (dollar) character. The FORTRAN

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ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, informally known as Fortran 2008, was approved in September 2010. As with Fortran 95, this is a minor upgrade, incorporating clarifications and corrections to Fortran 2003, as well as introducing some new capabilities. The new capabilities include:

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Fortran 2023 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2023) was published in November 2023, and can be purchased from the ISO. Fortran 2023 is a minor extension of Fortran 2018 that focuses on correcting errors and omissions in Fortran 2018. It also adds some small features, including an

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1 to 5 were the label field: a sequence of digits here was taken as a label for use in DO or control statements such as GO TO and IF, or to identify a FORMAT statement referred to in a WRITE or READ statement. Leading zeros are ignored and 0 is not a valid label

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Columns 73 to 80 could therefore be used for identification information, such as punching a sequence number or text, which could be used to re-order cards if a stack of cards was dropped; though in practice this was reserved for stable, production programs. An

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A Fortran 77 version of the Heron program requires no modifications to the Fortran 66 version. However this example demonstrates additional cleanup of the I/O statements, including using list-directed I/O, and replacing the Hollerith edit descriptors in the

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of the generated code, the results of which were used to optimize the placement of basic blocks in memory—a very sophisticated optimization for its time. The Monte Carlo technique is documented in Backus et al.'s paper on this original implementation,

2152:, each named by letters that indicated the minimum amount of memory the compiler needed to run. The letters (F, G, H) matched the codes used with System/360 model numbers to indicate memory size, each letter increment being a factor of two larger: 5270:

Incompatible extensions were not the only portability problem. For numerical calculations, it is important to take account of the characteristics of the arithmetic. This was addressed by Fox et al. in the context of the 1966 standard by the

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and semantics, but vendors continued to provide incompatible extensions. Although careful programmers were coming to realize that use of incompatible extensions caused expensive portability problems, and were therefore using programs such as

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In this revision of the standard, a number of features were removed or altered in a manner that might invalidate formerly standard-conforming programs. (Removal was the only allowable alternative to X3J3 at that time, since the concept of

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was the name of a reduced version of the IBM 704 FORTRAN language, which was implemented for the IBM 650, using a translator program developed at Carnegie in the late 1950s. The following comment appears in the IBM Reference Manual

3217:, the Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (formerly BEMA). Final drafts of this revised standard circulated in 1977, leading to formal approval of the new FORTRAN standard in April 1978. The new standard, called 1437:

in subroutines. Early computer architectures supported no concept of a stack, and when they did directly support subroutine calls, the return location was often stored in one fixed location adjacent to the subroutine code (e.g. the

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preprocessor was often used to verify that code conformed to a portable subset of the language. Despite advances in the Fortran language, preprocessors continue to be used for conditional compilation and macro substitution.

5267:, that processors purchased by the U.S. Government were required to diagnose extensions of the standard. Rather than offer two processors, essentially every compiler eventually had at least an option to diagnose extensions. 5018:

Fortran 2018 deleted the arithmetic IF statement. It also deleted non-block DO constructs - loops which do not end with an END DO or CONTINUE statement. These had been an obsolescent part of the language since Fortran 90.

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The "Fortran character set" defined by the FORTRAN 77 standard was the minimal character set that standard-compliant compilers were required to support; in practice, many FORTRAN 77 compilers supported the full

4596:, published officially as ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997, was a minor revision, mostly to resolve some outstanding issues from the Fortran 90 standard. Nevertheless, Fortran 95 also added a number of extensions, notably from the 4348:

Unlike the prior revision, Fortran 90 removed no features. Any standard-conforming FORTRAN 77 program was also standard-conforming under Fortran 90, and either standard should have been usable to define its behavior.

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The language was widely adopted by scientists for writing numerically intensive programs, which encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that could generate faster and more efficient code. The inclusion of a

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already described FORTRAN as "old-fashioned", programs have been written in Fortran for many decades and there is a vast body of Fortran software in daily use throughout the scientific and engineering communities.

1017:, one line to a card. The resulting deck of cards would be fed into a card reader to be compiled. Punched card codes included no lower-case letters or many special characters, and special versions of the IBM 026 5581:

were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler. These preprocessors would typically support

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6 was a continuation field: a character other than a blank or a zero here caused the card to be taken as a continuation of the statement on the prior card. The continuation cards were usually numbered 1, 2,

4052:, standardized a number of features implemented by most FORTRAN 77 compilers but not included in the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard. These features would eventually be incorporated into the Fortran 90 standard. 696:

computers. Significantly, the increasing popularity of FORTRAN spurred competing computer manufacturers to provide FORTRAN compilers for their machines, so that by 1963 over 40 FORTRAN compilers existed.

2243:(although many continued to term it FORTRAN IV, the language on which the standard was largely based). FORTRAN 66 effectively became the first industry-standard version of FORTRAN. FORTRAN 66 included: 6346:

During the same FORTRAN standards committee meeting at which the name "FORTRAN 77" was chosen, a satirical technical proposal was incorporated into the official distribution bearing the title "Letter O

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officially published as ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004, was a major revision introducing many new features. A comprehensive summary of the new features of Fortran 2003 is available at the Fortran Working Group (

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Access to the computing environment (e.g., the program's command line, environment variables, textual explanation of error conditions) remained a problem until it was addressed by the 2003 standard.

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were added to Fortran 2003 and enhanced by the ISO/IEC technical specification 29113, which was incorporated into Fortran 2018 to allow more flexible interoperation with other programming languages.

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Nevertheless, if a standard-conforming Fortran does provide such options, then they "must be provided in accordance with the description of those facilities in the appropriate Part of the Standard".

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Two versions existed for the 650s with a 2000 word memory drum: FOR TRANSIT I (S) and FOR TRANSIT II, the latter for machines equipped with indexing registers and automatic floating-point decimal (

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have become popular in particular areas of computational science. Consequently, a growing fraction of scientific programs are also written in such higher-level scripting languages. For this reason,

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library. The ideas therein became widely used, and were eventually incorporated into the 1990 standard by way of intrinsic inquiry functions. The widespread (now almost universal) adoption of the

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New obsolescences are: COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements and the BLOCK DATA program unit, labelled DO loops, specific names for intrinsic functions, and the FORALL statement and construct.

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problem. Later, an error-handling subroutine to handle user errors such as division by zero, developed by NASA, was incorporated, informing users of which line of code contained the error.

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The above Fortran II version of the Heron program needs several modifications to compile as a Fortran 66 program. Modifications include using the more machine independent versions of the

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could be programmed to tab to column 7 and skip out after column 72. Later compilers relaxed most fixed-format restrictions, and the requirement was eliminated in the Fortran 90 standard.

477:(ANSI) developed a standard for Fortran to limit proliferation of compilers using slightly different syntax. Successive versions have added support for a character data type (Fortran 77), 4989:, which has been submitted to ISO in May 2012 for approval. The specification adds support for accessing the array descriptor from C and allows ignoring the type and rank of arguments. 4864:

transfer, stream access, user specified transfer operations for derived types, user specified control of rounding during format conversions, named constants for preconnected units, the

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Report of a Visit to Discuss Common Programming Languages in Czechoslowakia and Poland, 1963, John A. Gosden (Editor), Roger E. Gay, John L. Jones, Jack N. Merner, Christopher J. Shaw

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of only 8000 (six-bit) characters. The compiler could be run from tape, or from a 2200-card deck; it used no further tape or disk storage. It kept the program in memory and loaded

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was an object-oriented extension of Fortran, in which data items can be grouped into objects, which can be instantiated and executed in parallel. It was available for Sun, Iris,

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could be used to copy a program deck and add sequence numbers. Some early compilers, e.g., the IBM 650's, had additional restrictions due to limitations on their card readers.

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The following program illustrates dynamic memory allocation and array-based operations, two features introduced with Fortran 90. Particularly noteworthy is the absence of

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A letter "C" in column 1 caused the entire card to be treated as a comment and ignored by the compiler. Otherwise, the columns of the card were divided into four fields:

4857:, explicit type specification in array constructors and allocate statements, pointer enhancements, extended initialization expressions, and enhanced intrinsic procedures 7236: 1070:(blanks) were ignored outside a text literal. This allowed omitting spaces between tokens for brevity or including spaces within identifiers for clarity. For example, 6359:

statements would also be eliminated.) It was noted that this "might invalidate some existing programs" but that most of these "probably were non-conforming, anyway".

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IEEE 1003.9-1992 – IEEE Standard for InformationTechnology – POSIX(R) FORTRAN 77 Language Interfaces – Part 1: Binding for System Application Program Interface (API)

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statement, which passed control to one of three locations in the program depending on whether the result of the arithmetic expression was negative, zero, or positive

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Reflecting punched card input practice, Fortran programs were originally written in a fixed-column format, with the first 72 columns read into twelve 36-bit words.

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When X3J3 debated whether the minimum trip count for a DO loop should be zero or one in Fortran 77, Loren Meissner suggested a minimum trip count of two—reasoning

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for mesh and finite element support, and other generic libraries. Since the early 2000s, many of the widely used support libraries have also been implemented in

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wrote in 1984 that "physics and astronomy students simply have to learn FORTRAN. So much exists in FORTRAN that it seems unlikely that scientists will change to

2239:(based on FORTRAN II, but stripped of its machine-dependent features). The FORTRAN defined by the first standard, officially denoted X3.9-1966, became known as 5638:

One of the earliest versions of FORTRAN, introduced in the '60s, was popularly used in colleges and universities. Developed, supported, and distributed by the

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Such machine-specific extensions have either disappeared over time or have had elements incorporated into the main standards. The major remaining extension is

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Until the Fortran 66 standard was developed, each compiler supported its own variant of Fortran. Some were more divergent from the mainstream than others.

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and data together, and make them available to other program units, including the capability to limit the accessibility to only specific parts of the module.

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program, which could then be loaded into the machine to run the program (using punched cards for data input, and outputting results onto punched cards).

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Another problem was that there was no standard for Fortran and so slightly different versions ... would likely fail when used with a different compiler.

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The Fortran 2018 revision of the language was earlier referred to as Fortran 2015. It was a significant revision and was released on November 28, 2018.

6517: 5434:, which is a cross-platform extension for shared memory programming. One new extension, Coarray Fortran, is intended to support parallel programming. 8651: 7325: 5779:

was designed to be a clean subset of Fortran 95 that attempted to remove the redundant, unstructured, and deprecated features of Fortran, such as the

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line of computers. It had an optimizing compiler that was quite good for minicomputers of its time. The language most closely resembles FORTRAN 66.

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At about this time FORTRAN IV had started to become an important educational tool and implementations such as the University of Waterloo's WATFOR and

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to provide support for vector arithmetic and dynamic storage, among other extensions to support systems programming. The distribution included the

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called FORTRAN the "mother tongue of scientific computing", adding that its replacement by any other possible language "may remain a forlorn hope".

731:, a simplified, interpreted version of FORTRAN I (with only 12 statements not 32) for "load and go" operation was available (at least for the early 9878: 5113: 4777:

In addition to the mandatory "Base language" (defined in ISO/IEC 1539-1 : 1997), the Fortran 95 language also included two optional modules:

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the programmer (often a student). Examples include Watfor, Watfiv, PUFFT, and on a smaller scale, FORGO, Wits Fortran, and Kingston Fortran 2.

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A reproduction of a FORTRAN coding form, printed on paper and intended to be used by programmers to prepare programs for punching onto cards by

11161: 11141: 8773: 8627: 7398: 7359: 5260: 5055:. The language versions defined by later standards are often referred to collectively as 'Modern Fortran' and are described in the literature. 4982: 4913: 4747: 4705: 712:

that gradually transformed it, in place, into executable form, as described by Haines. This article was reprinted, edited, in both editions of

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Roberts, Mark L.; Griffiths, Peter D. (1985). "Design Considerations for IBM Personal Computer Professional FORTRAN, an Optimizing Compiler".

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Gaffney, P W; Wooten, J W (May 1, 1980). Methods to ensure the standardization of FORTRAN software (Report). Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

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data type, replacing Hollerith strings with vastly expanded facilities for character input and output and processing of character-based data

11116: 9682: 5171:. Many of the floating-point benchmarks to gauge the performance of new computer processors, such as the floating-point components of the 2224: 980: 4830:

Derived type enhancements: parameterized derived types, improved control of accessibility, improved structure constructors, and finalizers

665:, the IBM employee magazine, "Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the 7201: 7175: 6747: 5615: 5172: 9043: 7299: 6901: 11075: 9903: 8769:

ISO 8651-1:1988 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings – Part 1: FORTRAN

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Velocity and sea surface temperature in the oceans, computed with the NEMO Fortran code (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean,

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General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic Fortran simulation of black hole accretion using the BHAC code with cartesian adaptive mesh

669:, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs." 11136: 7573: 5611: 7868: 11080: 9677: 8317:

Whitten, Douglas E.; Demaine, Paul A. D. (1975). "A machine and configuration independent Fortran: Portable Fortran {PFortran}".

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is not an issue for optimization of array references, allowing compilers to generate faster code than in the case of pointers.)

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arrays are guaranteed by Fortran 95 to be deallocated automatically when they go out of scope, eliminating the possibility of

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An important practical extension to FORTRAN 77 was the release of MIL-STD-1753 in 1978. This specification, developed by the

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and the starting card might therefore have zero in its continuation column—which is not a continuation of its preceding card.

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and officially denoted X3.9-1978, added a number of significant features to address many of the shortcomings of FORTRAN 66:

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computer). Modern Fortran, and almost all later versions, are fully compiled, as done for other high-performance languages.

605:. Backus' historic FORTRAN team consisted of programmers Richard Goldberg, Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan, 11126: 8844: 8816: 8676:

Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further two parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.

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The manual for Fortran I was released in 1956, but it was 1958 before successful compilers were running programs correctly.

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none of these restrictions make a source program written for FOR TRANSIT incompatible with the FORTRAN system for the 704.

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Univac also offered a compiler for the 1100 series known as FORTRAN V. A spinoff of Univac Fortran V was Athena FORTRAN.

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before the latest minor revision IEEE 754–2019), hexadecimal input/output, IMPLICIT NONE enhancements and other changes.

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Ability to operate on arrays (or array sections) as a whole, thus greatly simplifying math and engineering computations.

4049: 3357: 1453:, designed with recursion built-in, did so by default. It became a standard in Fortran 90 via the new keyword RECURSIVE. 937:

statement was used originally (and optionally) to give branch probabilities for the three branch cases of the arithmetic

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and in the IBM manual "Fortran Specifications and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401". The executable form was not entirely

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It is now possible (and relatively easy) to write an entirely portable program in Fortran, even without recourse to a

720:; rather, floating-point arithmetic, sub-scripting, input/output, and function references were interpreted, preceding 10816: 10380: 10294: 9955: 9373: 9257: 9195: 8213: 6660: 6551: 6738: 1168:, originally allowed only in FORMAT and DATA statements, were prefixed by a character count and the letter H (e.g., 10821: 10226: 8948: 9614:

Victor Eijkhout : Introduction to Scientific Programming in C++17/Fortran2008, The Art of HPC, volume 3 (PDF)

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A maximum of seven dimensions in arrays, rather than three. Allowed subscript expressions were also generalized.

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John Backus (1924–2007) proposed the FORTRAN project in December 1953 and received the A.M. Turing Award in 1977.

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Fortran IV Language Specifications, Program Specifications, and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401, 1440, and 1460

7235:. Programming Research Department, International Business Machines Corporation. April 8, 1957. pp. 6–37. 646:

was completed by November 1954. The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956, with the first FORTRAN

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A full description of the Fortran language features brought by Fortran 95 is covered in the related article,

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Apart from this, more modern codes in computational science generally use large program libraries, such as

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Data manipulation enhancements: allocatable components (incorporating TR 15581), deferred type parameters,

4588: 4224: 4086: 1434: 563:. FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the Fortran character set included only uppercase letters. 498: 454:

supercomputer installation in 2007 at the Argonne Leadership Angela Yang Computing Facility located in the

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The language defined by the twenty-first century standards, in particular because of its incorporation of

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in the language made Fortran especially suited to technical applications such as electrical engineering.

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suited to education and scientific computing". Essential Lahey Fortran 90 (ELF90) was a similar subset.

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arrays, prior to the availability of fully Fortran 2003-compliant Fortran compilers. Such uses include

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Before the development of disk files, text editors and terminals, programs were most often entered on a

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arrays as derived type components, in procedure dummy argument lists, and as function return values. (

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letters, and the names of versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were usually spelled in all-

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is an application specific Fortran preprocessor for modeling and simulating large discrete systems.

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Additional changes and new features include support for ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 (the version of the

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Abstracting Away the Machine: The History of the FORTRAN Programming Language (FORmula TRANslation)

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X3J3 post-meeting distribution for meeting held at Brookhaven National Laboratory in November 1976.

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by allowing user-written subroutines and functions which returned values with parameters passed by

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Arjen, Markus (2012), "Modern Fortran in Practice", Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-1-13908479-6.

7290: 5756: 5587: 5420: 5132: 4894: 4808:, is often referred to as 'Modern Fortran', and the term is increasingly used in the literature. 4130:

Identifiers up to 31 characters in length (In the previous standard, it was only six characters).

2215:

Perhaps the most significant development in the early history of FORTRAN was the decision by the

2174: 1450: 755: 432: 7350: 4389:

Shared DO-loop termination or termination with a statement other than END DO or CONTINUE

3461:

Transfer of control out of and back into the range of a DO loop (also known as "Extended Range")

3209:

After the release of the FORTRAN 66 standard, compiler vendors introduced several extensions to

11181: 10871: 10624: 10395: 10211: 9913: 5639: 5583: 5164: 4901: 3242: 3179: 1379: 567: 506: 478: 382: 221: 144: 44: 40: 36: 7455: 7205: 6846: 724: 11156: 10640: 10605: 10231: 10190: 9821: 9053: 7229:

The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM : Preliminary Operator's Manual

6911: 6438: 5351: 5156: 5144: 5140: 4945:

Sub-modules – additional structuring facilities for modules; supersedes ISO/IEC TR 19767:2005

709: 424: 412: 393: 249: 6622: 5180: 4581: 4260:

New data type declaration syntax, to specify the data type and other attributes of variables

1021:

were offered that would correctly print the re-purposed special characters used in FORTRAN.

10800: 10460: 10370: 10324: 10319: 10125: 9923: 9868: 9851: 9694: 8089: 7826:

ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 – Information technology – Further interoperability of Fortran with C

7376: 7052: 5648: 5383: 5320: 4955: 4905: 4740: 4252: 3250:

loop extensions, including parameter expressions, negative increments, and zero trip counts

1067: 705: 570:

for Fortran have referred to the language as "Fortran" with initial caps since Fortran 90.

385: 27: 8907: 8: 10876: 10634: 10496: 10431: 10236: 10179: 10145: 8767: 4971: 4232: 3186: 1172:), allowing blanks to be retained within the character string. Miscounts were a problem. 746:

were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for Fortran programs.

490: 486: 52: 9572: 8093: 7812:

N1830, Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language

7056: 617:. Its concepts included easier entry of equations into a computer, an idea developed by 10609: 10584: 10484: 10466: 10130: 9507: 9440: 9165: 8940: 8755: 8342: 7010: 6740:

The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM: Programmer's Reference Manual

6718: 6348: 4884: 4845: 4766: 4656:

Several features noted in Fortran 90 to be "obsolescent" were removed from Fortran 95:

4121: 3376: 3353: 2400: 2306: 2107: 2091:

IBM began development of FORTRAN IV starting in 1961, as a result of customer demands.

1462: 1165: 950: 618: 602: 389: 159: 75: 8077: 4124:

removed the need to skip the first six character positions before entering statements.

2195:

were created to simplify the complex compile and link processes of earlier compilers.

10856: 10721: 10668: 10562: 10557: 10421: 10345: 9940: 9908: 9816: 9748: 9733: 9640: 9587:, Computer Science Corporation El Segundo, California (April 1970). NASA (N70-25287). 9490: 9390: 9369: 9346: 9318: 9297: 9276: 9269: 9253: 9234: 9210: 9191: 9172: 9149: 9132: 9122: 9105: 9095: 9076: 9057: 9030: 9020: 9001: 8981: 8971: 8952: 8747: 8334: 8294: 8257: 8236: 8209: 8184: 8105: 7631: 7435: 7426: 7018: 7000: 6915: 6656: 6547: 5378:) added extensions to Fortran to take advantage of special hardware features such as 5371: 5316: 5259:

it was not until after the 1977 standard, when the National Bureau of Standards (now

5184: 4851: 4844:, dynamic type allocation, and type-bound procedures, providing complete support for 4841: 4820: 4139:

whole, partial and masked array assignment statements and array expressions, such as

2100: 674: 651: 595: 512: 482: 378: 245: 233: 56: 9444: 8701: 8613: 8498: 8346: 7567: 7068: 5397:

to keep multiple internal arithmetic units busy simultaneously. Another example is

5279:

standard for binary floating-point arithmetic has essentially removed this problem.

11111: 10651: 10454: 10446: 10375: 10277: 10205: 9806: 9763: 9758: 9536: 9477: 9432: 9423:

Allen, F.E. (September 1981). "A History of Language Processor Technology in IBM".

8759: 8737: 8326: 8286: 8097: 7781: 7680: 7142: 7060: 6977: 6809: 6722: 6583: 5219: 4871: 4861: 4625:

Default initialization of derived type components, including pointer initialization

4331: 4082: 3380: 2119: 2079: 717: 459: 404: 340: 9400: 5075:

Flow around a cylinder computed in Fortran with OpenCL (University of Bristol, UK)

4897:

4-byte characters and choice of decimal or comma in numeric formatted input/output

10629: 10542: 10365: 10304: 9950: 9873: 9743: 9620: 8101: 8032: 6835: 6833: 5032: 4965: 4948: 4805: 2181: 1387: 428: 152: 63: 8855: 8825: 8705:

Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language

8683:

Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language

8653:

Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language

7912: 7840: 7757: 7725: 6874: 446: 10678: 10552: 10547: 10508: 10436: 10390: 10309: 10018: 9898: 9672: 9664: 8690: 8436: 7595: 6746:. New York, USA: Applied Science Division and Programming Research Department, 6447: 5788: 5763: 5207: 4788:

which, together, compose the multi-part International Standard (ISO/IEC 1539).

4291: 4243: 2231:. The resulting two standards, approved in March 1966, defined two languages, 2149: 9136: 8437:"On extending Fortran control structures to facilitate structured programming" 8125:"Scientific computing's future: Can any coding language top a 1950s behemoth?" 7569:

MIL-STD 1753 - FORTRAN, DoD Supplement To American National Standard X3.9-1978

6571: 4978:

The Final Draft international Standard (FDIS) is available as document N1830.

407:

have been written to support scientific and engineering applications, such as

11105: 10975: 10527: 10502: 10472: 10258: 9979: 9918: 9826: 9801: 9716: 9293: 9109: 9049: 9034: 8751: 8338: 8330: 8290: 8149: 7542: 7022: 6907: 5413:. IBM Research Labs also developed an extended FORTRAN-based language called 5276: 5128: 5120: 5101: 5000:

Fortran 2018 incorporates two previously published Technical Specifications:

4877: 4759: 4370: 3406:

Reading into an H edit (Hollerith field) descriptor in a FORMAT specification

776: 467: 451: 9481: 9312: 8985: 6981: 6587: 6468: 1386:. The COMMON statement provided a way for subroutines to access common (or 11027: 10866: 10696: 10490: 10478: 10083: 10078: 10057: 9633: 9389:. Computers and their applications (2nd ed.). Chichester: E. Horwood. 7014: 5630:-like languages, outputting preprocessed code in standard FORTRAN 66. The 5578: 5391: 5312: 5290: 5160: 2200: 1014: 990: 241: 9451: 9290:

FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists with an Introduction to Fortran 90

9207:

Classical Fortran: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications

8742: 8109: 7824: 7133:

Haines, L. H. (1965). "Serial compilation and the 1401 FORTRAN compiler".

7090: 6951: 3273:

statement, to override implicit conventions that undeclared variables are

945:

loop might run. The first FORTRAN compiler used this weighting to perform

728: 10706: 10567: 10537: 10360: 10248: 9972: 9967: 9738: 9460: 9452: 9342:

Numerical Recipes in Fortran 90: The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing

9340: 6960: 6952: 6788: 6734: 6730: 6725:; Herrick, Harlan L.; Hughes, R. A.; Mitchell, L. B.; Nelson, Robert A.; 6688: 6366:

that if it were less than two, then there would be no reason for a loop.

5832:! As written, if there are no data points, an average of zero is returned 5561:) arithmetic. Appendix A of the manual included wiring diagrams for the 5438: 4736: 3369: 1126:

because the zero in column 6 is treated as if it were a space (!), while

985: 963: 800: 721: 614: 587: 521: 473:

Fortran has evolved through numerous versions and dialects. In 1966, the

262: 209: 148: 139: 80: 68: 10769: 9560: 9540: 9436: 8633: 8325:(1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 111–124. 7115: 7064: 6733:; Sheridan, Peter B.; Stern, Harold; Ziller, Irving (October 15, 1956). 5350:

produced by the vendors of high-performance scientific computers (e.g.,

2148:

Between 1966 and 1968, IBM offered several FORTRAN IV compilers for its

520:

Since April 2024, Fortran has ranked among the top ten languages in the

10935: 10289: 10282: 10216: 9962: 9783: 9773: 9456: 8281:

P. A. Fox (1977). "Port — A portable mathematical subroutine library".

7146: 6956: 5424: 5176: 4628:

Expanded the ability to use initialization expressions for data objects

4236: 638:(October 15, 1956), the first programmer's reference manual for Fortran 610: 537: 420: 8484: 8458: 8261: 7202:"Subject: GOTRAN ON THE IBM 1316 DISK STORAGE PACK (Serial No. K7402)" 6813: 6601: 5835:! While this may not be desired behavior, it keeps this example simple 4336:

Portable specification of numerical precision under the user's control

11032: 10047: 10040: 9856: 9778: 9768: 8285:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 57. pp. 165–177. 8051: 7890: 6680: 6018:! Take the average by summing points and dividing by number_of_points 5769: 5566: 5402: 5379: 5363: 5124: 4826:

From that article, the major enhancements for this revision include:

4772: 3175: 3167: 2281: 704:

computer by an innovative 63-phase compiler that ran entirely in its

628: 560: 556: 237: 6385: 5586:, variable names longer than six characters, additional data types, 2235:(based on FORTRAN IV, which had served as a de facto standard), and 997: 650:

delivered in April 1957. Fortran produced efficient enough code for

10663: 10411: 10355: 10120: 10105: 10088: 9933: 9861: 9831: 9464: 9365: 7352:

Reference Manual, FORTRAN II for the IBM 704 Data Processing System

7116:"FORTRAN – The First Programming Language for Numeric Calculations" 6964: 6726: 5386:, and vector arrays. For example, one of IBM's FORTRAN compilers ( 5338: 5199: 5109: 5012: 4924: 4868:

statement, regularization of keywords, and access to error messages

4739:. In addition, elements of allocatable arrays are contiguous, and 4517:

COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, and the BLOCK DATA program unit

3202: 2185: 2131: 2127: 2123: 1439: 1060: 1018: 1010: 1002: 743: 732: 701: 693: 689: 647: 606: 463: 274: 8637:

American National Standard – Programming Language Fortran Extended

8181:

Large Eddy Simulation of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows

6408: 4580:"F95" redirects here. For the Düsseldorf-based football club, see 1162:. Note the slight visual difference between a comma and a period. 941:

statement. It could also be used to suggest how many iterations a

10925: 10673: 10115: 10110: 10052: 9811: 8640:. American National Standards Institute / ISO/IEC. Archived from 5607: 5562: 5203: 5183:) are written in Fortran. Math algorithms are well documented in 4961:

The CONTIGUOUS attribute – to specify storage layout restrictions

4290:

statement to facilitate the creation and manipulation of dynamic

1443: 1056: 1047: 930:

later overcome by "logical" facilities introduced in FORTRAN IV.

685: 681: 666: 634: 599: 225: 9603:, by Reinhold Bader, Nisarg Patel, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre 9500:"FORTRAN – Backus et al high-level compiler (Computer Language)" 9280: 7710: 5787:

Lahey and Fujitsu teamed up to create Fortran for the Microsoft

5071: 3551:

C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO

3506:

C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING

2524:

C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO

2461:

C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING

2439:

type conversion functions. Though not required, the arithmetic

1542:

C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO

1479:

C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING

578: 10992: 10960: 10844: 10100: 10073: 10030: 10008: 9928: 9171:(3rd ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 8075: 6414: 5652: 5643: 5623: 5619: 5603: 5431: 5375: 5223: 5148: 4900:

Enhanced integration with the host operating system: access to

4641:

arrays are automatically deallocated when they go out of scope.

3190: 2192: 2170: 440: 322: 310: 302: 4109:

The much-delayed successor to FORTRAN 77, informally known as

2095:

removed the machine-dependent features of FORTRAN II (such as

10900: 10890: 10861: 10839: 9721: 9222: 9144:

Ellis, T. M. R.; Phillips, Ivor R.; Lahey, Thomas M. (1994).

8939: 7094: 6936: 5759:

capability. This capability is often referred to as "CoCo".

5401:, a special variant of FORTRAN designed specifically for the 5215: 5195: 5191: 5096: 5007:

ISO/IEC TS 18508:2015 Additional Parallel Features in Fortran

4781:

Varying length character strings (ISO/IEC 1539-2 : 2000)

4645:

A number of intrinsic functions were extended (for example a

4097: 3350: 3214: 439:

and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's

314: 278: 9593:

A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume II—workbook

9566: 7511:"DECSYSTEM-10 FORTRAN IV (F40) Programmers Reference Manual" 7496:

from the original on October 29, 2021 – via bitsavers.

5084: 4085:

intrinsic functions, based on similar functions included in

754:

The initial release of FORTRAN for the IBM 704 contained 32

349: 119:

Fortran 2023 (ISO/IEC 1539:2023) / November 17, 2023

10982: 9945: 9888: 9584:

A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume I—textbook

9554: 8796:. European Computer Manufacturers Association. April 1965. 7601: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6630: 5791:. Silverfrost FTN95 is also capable of creating .NET code. 5406: 5359: 4219:

user-defined array-valued functions and array constructors.

3797:'Sum of two sides must be greater than third side.' 818: 306: 205: 183: 8702:

ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Final Draft International Standard).

5119:

It is the primary language for some of the most intensive

4974:– as an alternative to recursive pointers in derived types 4968:– can contain declarations of objects with construct scope 2137:

By 1965, FORTRAN IV was supposed to be compliant with the

2118:

FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the

1422:

Over the next few years, FORTRAN II added support for the

993:, showing the specialized uses of columns 1–5, 6 and 73–80 11017: 10987: 9656: 8883: 8851: 8609:

American National Standard – Programming Language FORTRAN

7177:

Fortran Specifications and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401

6851: 6399: 6370:

or asterisk ("*"), while others favored the colon (":").

6063:! Now form average over positive and negative points only 5367: 4958:

construct – for loop iterations with no interdependencies

3497:

C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION

3470:

statements with quoted strings. It also uses structured

3198: 2452:

C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION

2447:

statements and expressions in a more structured fashion.

2173:

from 1967 to 1975. Compilers were also available for the

1470:

C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION

591: 400: 358: 217: 213: 84: 9491:"Compiler support for Fortran 2008 & 2018 standards" 9119:

Modern Fortran: building efficient parallel applications

8417:. Computation Center, Carnegie Institute of Technology. 8232:

Modern Fortran: Building efficient parallel applications

6770: 6717: 524:, a measure of the popularity of programming languages. 9476:. Western Joint Computer Conference. pp. 188–198. 8612:. American National Standards Institute. Archived from 8585:. American National Standards Institute. Archived from 6976:. Western Joint Computer Conference. pp. 188–198. 4242:

A vastly improved argument-passing mechanism, allowing

1378:

appeared in 1958. The main enhancement was to support

9625: 8208:. North-Holland Publishing Company. pp. Preface. 8206:

Statistical and Computational Methods in Data Analysis

8076:

Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (October 11, 1968).

5762:

Many Fortran compilers have integrated subsets of the

5315:

Corp from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, for the

5218:. On the other hand, high-level languages such as the 4039: 3171:

FORTRAN-77 program with compiler output, written on a

9463:; P. B. Sheridan; H. Stern; L. Ziller; R. A. Hughes; 9287: 8995: 8546:

Rules for Data Typing (FORTRAN 77 Language Reference)

6963:; P. B. Sheridan; H. Stern; L. Ziller; R. A. Hughes; 5004:

ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 Further Interoperability with C

361: 346: 9121:. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Company. 8996:

Brainerd, W.S.; Goldberg, C.H.; Adams, J.C. (1996).

6443:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

6419:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

6404:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

6381: 5626:. EFL, Ratfor and Ratfiv, for example, implemented 5550:

Up to ten subroutines could be used in one program.

5147:, numerical linear algebra and numerical libraries ( 4784:

Conditional compilation (ISO/IEC 1539-3 : 1998)

4542: 4087:

Industrial Real-Time Fortran (ANSI/ISA S61.1 (1976))

3503:

C OUTPUT - DEFAULT STANDARD OUTPUT UNIT, REAL OUTPUT

3500:

C INPUT - DEFAULT STANDARD INPUT UNIT, INTEGER INPUT

680:

By 1960, versions of FORTRAN were available for the

355: 352: 9601:

An introduction to the Fortran programming language

9590:Valmer Norrod, Sheldom Blecher, and Martha Horton: 9488: 9070: 8970:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. 8411:

Internal Translator (IT) A Compiler for the IBM 650

6644: 4746:Another important supplement to Fortran 95 was the 3647:'IA, IB, and IC must be greater than zero.' 2122:("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the 343: 9382: 9268: 9252:. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 9167:Structured FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists 9164: 9143: 7703:"WG5 Completes Processing Fortran 2003 and the TR" 7483:IBM System/360 Model 50 Functional Characteristics 7425: 7077:origins and inspiration to the Fortran I compiler. 6535: 5390:) had a level of optimization which reordered the 5095:Although a 1968 journal article by the authors of 4773:Conditional compilation and varying length strings 3241:clauses, to provide improved language support for 2203:was divided into four fields, as described above. 8876:IBM System/360 and System/370 Fortran IV Language 8407: 8148: 7981: 7869:"Doctor Fortran in "Eighteen is the new Fifteen"" 7841:"Draft of the Technical Specification (TS) 29113" 7655:"Doctor Fortran in "It's a Modern Fortran World"" 7292:Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System 6678: 4421:Assigned statement numbers and FORMAT specifiers 3548:C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE 2521:C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE 1539:C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE 1390:) variables. Six new statements were introduced: 974: 11103: 9879:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History 9526: 9190:(1st ed.). O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 6653:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition 6544:Comparative Programming Languages, Third Edition 6450: – Software source code with poor structure 6417: – computer algebra system based on FORTRAN 6411: – Python library for numerical programming 5341:series. The language was based upon FORTRAN IV. 4917:TR-19767: Enhanced module facilities in Fortran. 4912:An important supplement to Fortran 2003 was the 4890:Interoperability with the C programming language 2162:1968 : FORTRAN IV H for OS/360 (256K bytes) 2159:1966 : FORTRAN IV G for OS/360 (128K bytes) 2156:1966 : FORTRAN IV F for DOS/360 (64K bytes) 742:, and many advances in the theory and design of 9360:Ruetsch, Gregory; Fatica, Massimiliano (2013). 8679: 8649: 8434: 8408:Perlis, A. J.; Smith, J. W.; Van Zoeren, H. R. 8142: 7861: 7088: 6402: – program to convert Fortran 77 to C code 4381:Non-integer DO parameters or control variables 3330:also accepts arguments of other types, such as 1156:, the assignment of 1.101 to a variable called 644:The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System 532:The first manual for FORTRAN describes it as a 403:. It first compiled correctly in 1958. Fortran 9596:, NASA CR-1478 (April 1970), NASA (N70-25288). 9383:Sleighthome, Jane; Chivers, Ian David (1990). 8634:ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997) / ISO/IEC 1539:1991. 8316: 7659:Intel (was DEC) Fortran forum discussion group 6847:"FORTRAN: The Pioneering Programming Language" 5934:"Input number of points to average:" 5594:capabilities. Popular preprocessors included 4983:International Organization for Standardization 4704:An important supplement to Fortran 95 was the 4413:ASSIGN statement and assigned GO TO statement 4249:User-written interfaces for generic procedures 3356:. (These ASCII functions were demanded by the 661:John Backus said during a 1979 interview with 609:, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Harold Stern, 10785: 9641: 9359: 9345:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 8968:Object-oriented programming via Fortran 90/95 8824:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. 1995. Archived from 8726:"Draft standard Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN" 8255: 7723:. It may also be downloaded as a PDF file at 7456:"List of FORTRAN Implementations 1957 – 1967" 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 5751:The Fortran-95 Standard includes an optional 4343: 2414:Identifiers of up to six characters in length 2223:(ANSI)) to form a committee sponsored by the 2169:maintained DECSYSTEM-10 Fortran IV (F40) for 544:. Other sources suggest the name stands for 9489:Chivers, Ian D.; Sleightholme, Jane (2022). 9314:Professional Programmer's Guide to Fortran77 9204: 7959: 4985:(ISO) Technical Specification (TS) 29113 on 4469:DATA statements among executable statements 3812:C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE 3545:C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO 3326:Generic names for intrinsic functions (e.g. 2890:C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE 2518:C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO 2443:statements can be re-written to use logical 2225:Business Equipment Manufacturers Association 1767:C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE 1536:C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO 1456: 981:Computer programming in the punched card era 787:Control statements for checking exceptions ( 633:The Fortran Automatic Coding System for the 9386:Interactive Fortran 77: A Hands-On Approach 8003: 6947: 6945: 6748:International Business Machines Corporation 5829:! Read in some numbers and take the average 4923:which make Fortran modules more similar to 4893:Support for international usage: access to 4752:TR-15580: Floating-point exception handling 4715:This specification defined enhanced use of 3409:Overindexing of array bounds by subscripts 2458:C OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUT 2455:C INPUT - TAPE READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUT 1476:C OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUT 1473:C INPUT - TAPE READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUT 799:); and control statements for manipulating 594:to develop a more practical alternative to 11167:Programming languages with an ISO standard 11058: 10792: 10778: 9648: 9634: 8630:1539–1980, informally known as FORTRAN 77. 8605: 8575: 8305:PORT ... written in (PFORT) .. ANS Fortran 8283:A portable mathematical subroutine library 8069: 6702: 5572: 5058: 4987:Further Interoperability of Fortran with C 2411:statements, and as arguments to procedures 738:The development of Fortran paralleled the 10799: 9362:CUDA Fortran for Scientists and Engineers 9317:(June 7, 2005 ed.). London: Pitman. 9266: 9071:Chivers, Ian; Sleightholme, Jane (2018). 8741: 8365:.. discusses .. portability of .. Fortran 8319:IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 8280: 8011:"Doctor Fortran Goes Dutch: Fortran 2015" 7945:"Additional Parallel Features in Fortran" 7423: 7417: 6441: – storage method in computer memory 5427:, and nCUBE, but is no longer supported. 5286:interoperability into the 2003 standard. 4694:statement, and assigned format specifiers 4493:CHARACTER* form of CHARACTER declaration 4397:Branching to END IF from outside a block 590:submitted a proposal to his superiors at 9247: 9185: 9094:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 9073:Introduction to Programming with Fortran 9014: 8178: 8172: 8122: 7574:United States Government Printing Office 7413:from the original on September 23, 2017. 7252: 7190:from the original on September 23, 2017. 6999:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 99. 6942: 6234:! Print result to terminal stdout unit 6 5994:"Enter the points to average:" 5460:Arithmetic assignment statements, e.g., 5447:C28-4038, Copyright 1957, 1959 by IBM): 5078: 5070: 5062: 4213:statement for selective array assignment 3323:statement for persistent local variables 3185: 3166: 2435:statements, and removal of the unneeded 996: 984: 627: 577: 511: 445: 9557:—the official home of Fortran standards 9425:IBM Journal of Research and Development 9288:Nyhoff, Larry; Sanford Leestma (1995). 9228: 9089: 9041: 8385:. CDC. pp. 169–172. Archived from 7937: 7905: 7253:Armstead, Betty Jo (January 21, 2015). 7242:from the original on February 26, 2014. 6994: 6899: 6801:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 6793:"The History of Fortran I, II, and III" 6508: 6461: 6309:'Average of negative points = ' 6282:'Average of positive points = ' 4758:This specification defined support for 4709:TR-15581: Enhanced Data Type Facilities 4296:Structured looping constructs, with an 4216:array-valued constants and expressions, 2303:statement for specifying initial values 2099:), while adding new features such as a 962:The fundamental unit of program is the 11172:Statically typed programming languages 11104: 9504:The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages 9497: 9455:; R. J. Beeber; S. Best; R. Goldberg; 9116: 8920:from the original on December 14, 2014 8276: 8274: 8228: 8203: 7857:from the original on January 15, 2018. 7770:from the original on January 15, 2018. 7652: 7365:from the original on October 30, 2005. 7305:from the original on December 1, 2008. 7132: 7045:Computing in Science & Engineering 7036:Padua, David (January–February 2000). 6955:; R. J. Beeber; S. Best; R. Goldberg; 6787: 6650: 6541: 6511:"The history of FORTRAN I, II and III" 4525:Specific names for intrinsic function 4339:New and enhanced intrinsic procedures. 3360:, in their conditional approval vote.) 3349:comparison of strings, based upon the 3264:statements for improved I/O capability 1074:was a valid identifier, equivalent to 1043:7 to 72 served as the statement field. 740:early evolution of compiler technology 11162:Programming languages created in 1957 11142:Object-oriented programming languages 10773: 10014:Center for The Business of Government 9629: 9422: 9338: 9162: 9092:Modern Fortran : style and usage 8905: 8723: 8435:Meissner, Loren (September 1, 1975). 8424:from the original on October 2, 2012. 8376: 7989:"Doctor Fortran in "One Door Closes"" 7925:from the original on December 1, 2017 7883: 7738:from the original on January 15, 2018 7537: 7535: 7505: 7503: 7318:Fortran II General Information Manual 7262:Denver Museum of Nature & Science 7035: 6481:from the original on February 5, 2016 5417:for processing vectors and matrices. 5236:facilities for inter-operation with C 4392:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F2018 4376:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F2018 4045:historically most important dialect. 2221:American National Standards Institute 1433:Early FORTRAN compilers supported no 1099:was a valid statement, equivalent to 1046:73 to 80 were ignored (the IBM 704's 475:American National Standards Institute 10702: 9310: 9045:Fortran for Scientists and Engineers 8965: 8034:Fortran 2018 Interpretation Document 6903:Fortran for Scientists and Engineers 6572:"The Ideal HPC Programming Language" 6502: 5647:rather than dealing with submission 5296: 5038: 4981:A supplement to Fortran 2008 is the 4300:statement for loop termination, and 555:Early IBM computers did not support 399:Fortran was originally developed by 16:General-purpose programming language 11117:Fortran programming language family 9470:The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System 8370: 8271: 8229:Curcic, Milan (November 24, 2020). 8183:. London: Cambridgey. p. 573. 7782:"Fortran 2008 – Last Working Draft" 7653:Lionel, Steve (December 30, 2013). 7331:from the original on April 26, 2005 7159: 6970:The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System 6721:; Beeber, R. J.; Best, Sheldon F.; 6569: 6429:List of Fortran numerical libraries 5445:FOR TRANSIT Automatic Coding System 4477:Assumed length character functions 4432:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 4424:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 4416:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 4408:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 4400:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 4384:Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 4286:attribute, pointer assignment, and 4040:Transition to ANSI Standard Fortran 956:The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System 13: 8564: 8481:"Fortran for .NET Language System" 8383:Advanced scientific Fortran by CDC 8154:"Scientists: FORTRAN vs. Modula-2" 7967:"The New Features of Fortran 2015" 7726:"The New Features of Fortran 2003" 7681:"Fortran 2003– Last Working Draft" 7532: 7500: 7091:"Fortran creator John Backus dies" 6823:from the original on March 3, 2016 6563: 6523:from the original on July 26, 2007 6355:statement as before. (Troublesome 5801:Wikibooks:Fortran/Fortran examples 4308:statements for terminating normal 3317:statement for specifying constants 1442:) or a specific machine register ( 14: 11193: 9683:PC business acquisition by Lenovo 9573:History of FORTRAN and Fortran II 9548: 9017:Guide to Fortran 2008 programming 8803:from the original on May 10, 2008 8713:Informally known as Fortran 2008. 8698:Informally known as Fortran 2003. 8455:"F Programming Language Homepage" 7913:"Further Interoperability with C" 7794:from the original on May 12, 2014 7432:A Guide to FORTRAN IV Programming 6757:from the original on July 4, 2022 5456:The permissible statements were: 5202:for linear algebra capabilities, 4795: 4312:loop iterations in an orderly way 4101:stream I/O in a portable manner. 11152:High-level programming languages 11147:Procedural programming languages 11086: 11085: 11057: 10712: 10711: 10701: 10692: 10691: 10381:Sabre airline reservation system 10227:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 9148:(1st ed.). Addison Wesley. 8998:Programmer's Guide to Fortran 90 8724:Kneis, Wilfried (October 1981). 7089:Brian Bergstein (May 20, 2007). 6469:"Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)" 6384: 5794: 4972:Recursive allocatable components 4678:statement from outside its block 1359: 1345: 1331: 1317: 1303: 1278: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1233: 1222: 1219: 1208: 1205: 516:FORTRAN and COBOL genealogy tree 339: 11137:Numerical programming languages 9894:Information Management Software 9459:; H. L. Herrick; R. A. Nelson; 8908:"Modern Fortran Reference Card" 8818:FORTRAN 77 4.0 Reference Manual 8646:Informally known as Fortran 90. 8602:Informally known as FORTRAN 66. 8537: 8522: 8513: 8499:"FTN95: Fortran 95 for Windows" 8491: 8473: 8447: 8428: 8401: 8353: 8310: 8249: 8222: 8197: 8116: 8044: 8025: 7833: 7817: 7806: 7774: 7750: 7695: 7673: 7646: 7624: 7615: 7588: 7560: 7520:. Digital Equipment Corporation 7474: 7448: 7406:. IBM. April 1966. C24-3322-2. 7391: 7369: 7343: 7309: 7283: 7246: 7220: 7194: 7168: 7153: 7126: 7108: 7082: 7029: 6988: 6959:; H. L. Herrick; R. A. Nelson; 6928: 6893: 6867: 6839: 6623:"Q13. What are the benchmarks?" 5545:EQUIVALENCE (a,b,c), (d,c), ... 5089:Barcelona Supercomputing Center 5025: 4992: 4935: 4811: 4611:constructs to aid vectorization 4533:FORALL construct and statement 4257:Derived (structured) data types 801:sense switches and sense lights 656:high-level programming language 435:. It is a popular language for 10647:International chess tournament 10427:Globally integrated enterprise 10417:Commercial Processing Workload 9271:A Guide to FORTRAN Programming 9205:Kupferschmid, Michael (2002). 8179:Galperin, Boris (1993). "26". 7709:. May 14, 2004. Archived from 7434:. New York: Wiley. p. v. 6679:TIOBE Software BV (May 2024). 6672: 6655:. Addison-Wesley. p. 18. 6615: 6594: 6546:. Addison-Wesley. p. 16. 6493: 5241: 4927:modules. They are similar to 4908:, and processor error messages 4878:IEEE floating-point arithmetic 4760:IEEE floating-point arithmetic 4631:Initialization of pointers to 2217:American Standards Association 2207:middle of continuation cards. 2145:X3.4.3 FORTRAN Working Group. 2143:American Standards Association 2069: 975:Fixed layout and punched cards 1: 10386:Scanning tunneling microscope 9267:McCracken, Daniel D. (1961). 9209:. Marcel Dekker (CRC Press). 8457:. Fortran.com. Archived from 8123:Phillips, Lee (May 8, 2014). 7424:McCracken, Daniel D. (1965). 6570:Loh, Eugene (June 18, 2010). 6474:. Cray Inc. October 1, 2015. 6454: 6434:List of programming languages 5746:Livermore Time Sharing System 5742:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 4575: 4246:to be checked at compile time 4104: 3205:for FORTRAN 77 (f77) compiler 3195:Digital Equipment Corporation 3162: 2379:statement and assigned format 2373:statements for sequential I/O 2210: 2167:Digital Equipment Corporation 2086: 1369: 1181:Timeline of Fortran language 1170:26HTHIS IS ALPHANUMERIC DATA. 700:FORTRAN was provided for the 388:that is especially suited to 9250:Unix for FORTRAN Programmers 9229:Lorenzo, Mark Jones (2019). 9042:Chapman, Stephen J. (2018). 8102:10.1126/science.162.3850.223 7460:BCS Fortran Specialist Group 6900:Chapman, Stephen J. (2018). 6516:. Softwarepreservation.org. 5137:computational fluid dynamics 5052:Fortran 95 language features 5045:Fortran 95 language features 5013:IEEE floating-point standard 4951:– a parallel execution model 4836:support: type extension and 4589:Fortran 95 language features 1175: 1066:Within the statement field, 536:, and printed the name with 417:computational fluid dynamics 409:numerical weather prediction 7: 11127:Array programming languages 10254:Canada Head Office Building 10244:Cambridge Scientific Center 10136:Science Research Associates 9904:Mainframe operating systems 9561:Fortran Standards Documents 9233:. Independently published. 6392:Computer programming portal 6377: 5131:, computational chemistry, 4860:Input/output enhancements: 4834:Object-oriented programming 4802:object-oriented programming 4509:Label form of DO statement 4357:Obsolescence and deletions 2341:and arithmetic (three-way) 503:object-oriented programming 456:Argonne National Laboratory 96:; 67 years ago 10: 11198: 10315:Virtual Universe Community 10036:International subsidiaries 9956:Service Automation Manager 9339:Press, William H. (1996). 9075:(4th ed.). Springer. 9000:(3rd ed.). Springer. 8886:. May 1974. Archived from 6651:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001). 6542:Wilson, Leslie B. (2001). 5798: 5755:which defines an optional 5577:Prior to FORTRAN 77, many 5405:supercomputer, running at 5042: 4754:, informally known as the 4711:, informally known as the 4700:Hollerith edit descriptor. 4649:argument was added to the 4586: 4579: 4344:Obsolescence and deletions 4127:Lowercase Fortran keywords 4050:U.S. Department of Defense 3358:U.S. Department of Defense 3277:if their name begins with 3233:statements, with optional 978: 749: 642:A draft specification for 573: 534:Formula Translating System 437:high-performance computing 230:Numerical Algorithms Group 11053: 10830: 10807: 10687: 10576: 10518: 10445: 10404: 10333: 10267: 10163: 10066: 10001: 9992: 9844: 9794: 9709: 9702: 9693: 9663: 9619:February 5, 2023, at the 9498:Pigott, Diarmuid (2006). 9015:Brainerd, Walter (2015). 8945:The Fortran 2003 Handbook 8529:"The obliteration of O". 8204:Brandt, Siegmund (1970). 7489:. IBM. 1967. A22-6898-1. 6791:(October–December 1998). 6424:List of Fortran compilers 6356: 6352: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5780: 5748:(LTSS) operating system. 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5509: 5504: 5466: 5112:, or whatever." In 1993, 5085:https://www.nemo-ocean.eu 4865: 4852: 4823:/WG5) official Web site. 4804:support and subsequently 4732: 4728: 4727:arrays are preferable to 4724: 4720: 4716: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4564:"Hello, World!" 4453:Computed GO TO statement 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4264:Dynamic memory allocation 4225: 4210: 4140: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4056: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3384: 3342: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313:(e.g., library) functions 2310: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2229:American Standard Fortran 2114:as an alternative to the 2101: 2096: 2078:in 1958 that allowed for 1457:Simple FORTRAN II program 1427: 1423: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1169: 1157: 1142: 1127: 1100: 1079: 1075: 1071: 942: 938: 934: 926: 917:statement (for providing 914: 909: 905: 901: 896: 892: 888: 882: 878: 874: 870: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 837: 832: 828: 824: 819: 812: 808: 804: 796: 792: 788: 780: 766: 762: 623:Laning and Zierler system 527: 273: 268: 261: 256: 200: 192: 178: 172: 168: 164: 158: 138: 134: 112: 108: 90: 74: 62: 26: 10341:Automated teller machine 10295:The Great Mind Challenge 9678:Mergers and acquisitions 9186:Kerrigan, J. F. (1993). 9090:Clerman, Norman (2012). 9056:. pp. xxiv + 1024. 8790:ECMA Standard on FORTRAN 8782:Other reference material 8331:10.1109/tse.1975.6312825 8291:10.1007/3-540-08446-0_42 8078:"Dartmouth Time-Sharing" 7164:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 7160:Lee, John A. N. (1967). 7038:"The Fortran I Compiler" 6341: 5820: 5657: 5655:and its later versions. 5356:Control Data Corporation 5335:Control Data Corporation 5194:for graph partitioning, 5163:, satellite simulation, 4887:(incorporating TR 15580) 4598:High Performance Fortran 4546: 4437:Vertical format control 3488: 3478:statements, rather than 3410: 2449: 2116:arithmetic IF statement. 1467: 1013:keyboard onto 80-column 1005:operators. Now obsolete. 675:complex number data type 654:programmers to accept a 621:and demonstrated in the 10300:Linux Technology Center 9655: 9581:Valmer Norrod, et al.: 9577:Computer History Museum 9482:10.1145/1455567.1455599 9311:Page, Clive G. (1988). 9248:Loukides, Mike (1990). 9188:Migrating to Fortran 90 8906:Goerz, Michael (2014). 8772:. Geneva, Switzerland: 6995:Mindell, David (2008). 6982:10.1145/1455567.1455599 6879:Encyclopedia Britannica 6588:10.1145/1810226.1820518 5757:conditional compilation 5588:conditional compilation 5573:Fortran-based languages 5421:Object-Oriented Fortran 5133:computational economics 5059:Science and engineering 4543:"Hello, World!" example 4485:Fixed form source code 4025:' square units' 2141:being developed by the 2083:the same disadvantage. 921:hints to the compiler). 789:IF ACCUMULATOR OVERFLOW 433:computational chemistry 413:finite element analysis 121:; 10 months ago 11177:Unix programming tools 10625:Dynamic infrastructure 10590:Big Blue sports teams 10396:Universal Product Code 9223:Supplemental materials 9146:Fortran 90 Programming 9117:Curcic, Milan (2020). 8235:. Simon and Schuster. 7632:"Fortran 95 Reference" 5777:F programming language 5640:University of Waterloo 5584:structured programming 5540:DIMENSION V, V, V, ... 5454: 5214:and more recently, in 5165:structural engineering 5092: 5076: 5068: 4731:-based arrays because 4122:Free-form source input 3815:C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE 3267:Direct-access file I/O 3243:structured programming 3206: 3183: 3180:RWTH Aachen University 2893:C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE 1770:C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE 1380:procedural programming 1050:only used 72 columns). 1006: 994: 968: 951:Monte Carlo simulation 639: 598:for programming their 583: 566:The official language 517: 507:concurrent programming 479:structured programming 470: 441:fastest supercomputers 10801:Programming languages 10757:Vacuum tube computers 10641:IBM and the Holocaust 10606:Common Public License 10491:Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 10274:Academy of Technology 9729:Power microprocessors 9555:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 9163:Etter, D. M. (1990). 9054:McGraw-Hill Education 8845:"FORTRAN Coding Form" 8743:10.1145/947864.947868 8680:ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004. 8650:ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. 8266:PFORT ... Library ... 8160:(letter). p. 404 7162:Anatomy of a Compiler 6912:McGraw-Hill Education 6750:. pp. 2, 19–20. 6439:Matrix representation 5799:Further information: 5740:was developed at the 5449: 5145:hydrological modeling 5141:computational physics 5082: 5074: 5066: 4919:This report provided 4906:environment variables 4637:Clearly defined that 4536:Obsolescent in F2018 4528:Obsolescent in F2018 4520:Obsolescent in F2018 4512:Obsolescent in F2018 4504:Obsolescent in F2008 3341:A set of intrinsics ( 3189: 3170: 2227:(BEMA) to develop an 2074:IBM also developed a 1068:whitespace characters 1000: 988: 960: 772:Assignment statements 714:Anatomy of a Compiler 631: 581: 515: 449: 425:computational physics 250:Oracle Solaris Studio 10371:Magnetic stripe card 10320:World Community Grid 10196:Toronto Software Lab 9852:Carbon Design System 9807:Cell microprocessors 9019:. London: Springer. 8966:Akin, J. E. (2003). 8579:USA Standard FORTRAN 8487:on October 18, 2014. 8379:"Towards FORTRAN VI" 8361:"Portability Issues" 8013:. Software.intel.com 7991:. Software.intel.com 7871:. Software.intel.com 7358:. 1958. C28-6000-2. 7298:. 1961. A22-6528-3. 7271:on December 24, 2019 7208:on February 21, 2006 6255:'Average = ' 5766:into their systems. 5649:Job Control Language 5411:Ames Research Center 4914:ISO technical report 4706:ISO technical report 4461:Statement functions 4362:Obsolescent feature 4253:Operator overloading 4113:(and prior to that, 2316:Assignment statement 2130:, and later for the 2112:logical IF statement 1451:Burroughs mainframes 793:IF QUOTIENT OVERFLOW 505:(Fortran 2003), and 394:scientific computing 386:programming language 11122:American inventions 10635:GUIDE International 10497:Samuel J. Palmisano 10356:Electronic keypunch 10180:One Atlantic Center 10150:Weather Underground 10146:The Weather Company 9563:—GFortran standards 9541:10.1147/sj.241.0049 9529:IBM Systems Journal 9437:10.1147/rd.255.0535 9275:. New York: Wiley. 9048:(Fourth ed.). 8730:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 8616:on October 29, 2013 8441:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 8377:Healy, MJR (1968). 8094:1968Sci...162..223K 7462:. IEEE Annals. 2017 7183:. IBM. C24-1455-2. 7135:IBM Systems Journal 7122:. October 15, 2019. 7065:10.1109/5992.814661 7057:2000CSE.....2a..70P 6906:(Fourth ed.). 6719:Backus, John Warner 6627:Overview – CPU 2017 6303:'(a,g12.4)' 6276:'(a,g12.4)' 6249:'(a,g12.4)' 5734:(line programming) 5333:was distributed by 5257:The PFORT Verifier, 4846:abstract data types 4496:Obsolescent in F90 4488:Obsolescent in F90 4480:Obsolescent in F90 4472:Obsolescent in F90 4464:Obsolescent in F90 4456:Obsolescent in F90 4448:Obsolescent in F90 4358: 4332:multi-way selection 4235:, to group related 3377:Hollerith constants 2401:Hollerith constants 2108:Boolean expressions 1182: 550:Formula Translation 491:generic programming 487:modular programming 390:numeric computation 160:Filename extensions 91:First appeared 23: 11132:Computer standards 10737:Personal computers 10727:Midrange computers 10717:Navigational boxes 10610:IBM Public License 10585:A Boy and His Atom 10543:Michelle J. Howard 10485:John Fellows Akers 10467:T. Vincent Learson 10174:1250 René-Lévesque 9914:Planning Analytics 9609:A coarray tutorial 9514:on October 8, 2009 9508:Murdoch University 8831:on January 5, 2012 8666:on August 18, 2011 8570:Language standards 8461:on January 9, 2015 8040:. October 9, 2018. 7576:. November 9, 1978 7255:"My Years at NASA" 7147:10.1147/sj.41.0073 7074:on June 17, 2020. 6349:Considered Harmful 5565:card reader/punch 5175:benchmarks (e.g., 5169:weather prediction 5123:tasks, such as in 5093: 5077: 5069: 4885:exception handling 4872:Procedure pointers 4767:exception handling 4582:Fortuna Düsseldorf 4429:H edit descriptor 4356: 4270:attribute and the 4004:' AREA= ' 3354:collating sequence 3343:LGE, LGT, LLE, LLT 3207: 3184: 3182:, Germany, in 1987 2175:UNIVAC 1100 series 1461:This program, for 1180: 1007: 995: 989:FORTRAN code on a 640: 619:J. Halcombe Laning 603:mainframe computer 584: 546:Formula Translator 518: 495:parallel computing 471: 21: 11099: 11098: 11081:Non-English-based 10767: 10766: 10732:Operating systems 10594:American football 10563:Joseph R. Swedish 10558:Martha E. Pollack 10461:Thomas Watson Jr. 10422:Customer engineer 10346:Cynefin framework 10232:Hakozaki Facility 10191:Rome Software Lab 10159: 10158: 9988: 9987: 9941:Rational Software 9840: 9839: 9822:Personal Computer 9817:Midrange computer 9467:(February 1957). 9403:on March 12, 2014 9396:978-0-13-466764-5 9352:978-0-521-57439-6 9324:978-0-273-02856-7 9303:978-0-13-363003-9 9216:978-0-8247-0802-3 9178:978-0-8053-0051-2 9155:978-0-201-54446-6 9128:978-1-61729-528-7 9101:978-0-521-51453-8 9082:978-3-319-75501-4 9063:978-0-07-338589-1 9026:978-1-4471-6758-7 9007:978-0-387-94570-5 8977:978-0-521-52408-7 8958:978-1-84628-378-9 8718:Related standards 8696:on July 31, 2023. 8501:. Silverfrost.com 8300:978-3-540-08446-4 8242:978-1-61729-528-7 8190:978-0-521-43009-8 8150:Pasachoff, Jay M. 8088:(3850): 223–228. 7713:on August 5, 2004 7441:978-0-471-58281-6 7006:978-0-262-13497-2 6967:(February 1957). 6921:978-0-07-338589-1 6814:10.1109/85.728232 6723:Goldberg, Richard 6364:(tongue-in-cheek) 5380:instruction cache 5372:Texas Instruments 5348:Specific variants 5297:Obsolete variants 5185:Numerical Recipes 5143:, data analysis, 5039:Language features 4821:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 4750:technical report 4663:statements using 4540: 4539: 4501:ENTRY statements 4445:Alternate return 4440:Deleted in F2003 3201:, displaying the 1367: 1366: 1195:ISO/IEC Standard 1166:Hollerith strings 869:Unformatted I/O: 857:WRITE OUTPUT TAPE 805:IF (SENSE SWITCH) 652:assembly language 596:assembly language 483:array programming 405:computer programs 332: 331: 228:, Lahey/Fujitsu, 140:Typing discipline 11189: 11089: 11088: 11061: 11060: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10771: 10770: 10715: 10714: 10705: 10704: 10695: 10694: 10455:Thomas J. Watson 10376:Relational model 10325:Think conference 10206:330 North Wabash 10126:Microelectronics 9999: 9998: 9924:Quantum Platform 9869:Cognos Analytics 9707: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9627: 9626: 9567:fortran-lang.org 9544: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9510:. Archived from 9494: 9485: 9475: 9448: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9399:. Archived from 9379: 9364:(1st ed.). 9356: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9307: 9292:(4th ed.). 9284: 9274: 9263: 9244: 9220: 9201: 9182: 9170: 9159: 9140: 9113: 9086: 9067: 9038: 9011: 8989: 8962: 8947:(1st ed.). 8941:Adams, Jeanne C. 8929: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8912: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8893:on April 6, 2011 8892: 8881: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8860: 8854:. Archived from 8849: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8830: 8823: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8802: 8795: 8777: 8763: 8745: 8712: 8710: 8697: 8695: 8689:. Archived from 8688: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8659:. Archived from 8658: 8645: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8606:ANSI x3.9-1978. 8601: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8584: 8576:ANSI x3.9-1966. 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8533:. March 3, 1977. 8526: 8520: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8483:. Archived from 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8416: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8278: 8269: 8268: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7917: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7845: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7821: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7786: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7515: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7488: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7330: 7323: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7297: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7270: 7264:. Archived from 7259: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7234: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7204:. Archived from 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7073: 7067:. Archived from 7042: 7033: 7027: 7026: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6975: 6949: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6843: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6797: 6785: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6745: 6715: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6444: 6420: 6405: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6358: 6354: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6315:negative_average 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288:positive_average 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6183:negative_average 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6099:positive_average 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6060:number_of_points 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027:number_of_points 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5970:number_of_points 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5955:number_of_points 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5907:negative_average 5905: 5902: 5899: 5898:positive_average 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5886:negative_average 5884: 5881: 5880:positive_average 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5865:number_of_points 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5782: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5485: 5468: 5463: 5337:in 1968 for the 5311:was marketed by 5220:Wolfram Language 5129:climate modeling 4867: 4854: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4674:Branching to an 4670: 4669:DOUBLE PRECISION 4666: 4662: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4405:PAUSE statement 4359: 4355: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266:by means of the 4227: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4083:Bit manipulation 4078: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3344: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3211:Standard Fortran 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271:DOUBLE PRECISION 2268: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2103: 2098: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1429: 1425: 1424:DOUBLE PRECISION 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1073: 944: 940: 936: 928: 916: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 890: 884: 880: 876: 872: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 839: 834: 830: 826: 821: 814: 810: 809:IF (SENSE LIGHT) 806: 798: 794: 790: 782: 768: 764: 727:by two decades. 718:machine language 543: 509:(Fortran 2008). 375:third generation 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 188: 185: 174: 170: 166: 129: 127: 122: 104: 102: 97: 64:Designed by 24: 20: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11049: 10826: 10803: 10798: 10768: 10763: 10683: 10669:SHARE computing 10630:GlobalFoundries 10572: 10520: 10514: 10441: 10400: 10391:Financial swaps 10366:Hard disk drive 10329: 10263: 10237:Yamato Facility 10155: 10062: 9994: 9984: 9951:Tivoli Software 9836: 9790: 9689: 9659: 9654: 9621:Wayback Machine 9551: 9517: 9515: 9473: 9406: 9404: 9397: 9376: 9368:. p. 338. 9353: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9304: 9260: 9241: 9217: 9198: 9179: 9156: 9129: 9102: 9083: 9064: 9027: 9008: 8978: 8959: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8879: 8873: 8864: 8862: 8861:on June 8, 2015 8858: 8847: 8843: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8815: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8793: 8787: 8766: 8708: 8693: 8686: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8644:on May 1, 2002. 8619: 8617: 8595: 8593: 8592:on May 15, 2011 8589: 8582: 8567: 8565:Further reading 8562: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8531:Computer Weekly 8528: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8389:on July 5, 2009 8375: 8371: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8279: 8272: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8121: 8117: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8056:wg5-fortran.org 8050: 8049: 8045: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7950: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7848:wg5-fortran.org 7843: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7714: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7158: 7154: 7131: 7127: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7087: 7083: 7071: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7007: 6993: 6989: 6973: 6950: 6943: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6881:. June 14, 2021 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6855:. March 7, 2012 6845: 6844: 6840: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6795: 6786: 6771: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6743: 6716: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6442: 6418: 6403: 6390: 6383: 6380: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5803: 5797: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5575: 5515:DO n i = m1, m2 5514: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5299: 5244: 5121:super-computing 5061: 5047: 5041: 5033:enumerated type 5028: 4995: 4966:BLOCK construct 4949:Coarray Fortran 4938: 4814: 4806:Coarray Fortran 4798: 4775: 4713:Allocatable TR. 4671:index variables 4600:specification: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4365:Current Status 4346: 4292:data structures 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4133:Inline comments 4107: 4075:variant of the 4042: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3992:' C= ' 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3980:' B= ' 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2213: 2097:READ INPUT TAPE 2089: 2080:inline assembly 2072: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1463:Heron's formula 1459: 1372: 1178: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 983: 977: 947:at compile time 925:The arithmetic 853:READ INPUT TAPE 843:Formatted I/O: 831:, and assigned 797:IF DIVIDE CHECK 752: 576: 541: 530: 452:IBM Blue Gene/P 429:crystallography 342: 338: 195:implementations 182: 130: 125: 123: 120: 100: 98: 95: 49:object-oriented 17: 12: 11: 5: 11195: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10797: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10774: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10709: 10699: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10654: 10652:Lucifer cipher 10649: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10588: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10568:Peter R. Voser 10565: 10560: 10555: 10553:Andrew Liveris 10550: 10548:Arvind Krishna 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10524: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10509:Arvind Krishna 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10451: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10310:Smarter Planet 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10275: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10202:IBM Buildings 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10187:Software Labs 10185: 10184: 10183: 10177: 10176:, Montreal, QC 10167: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10141:Service Bureau 10138: 10133: 10131:Product Center 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10096:Ambra Computer 10093: 10092: 10091: 10086: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10016: 10011: 10005: 10003: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9965: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9899:Lotus Software 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9713: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9653: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9611: 9606: 9597: 9588: 9579: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9550: 9549:External links 9547: 9546: 9545: 9524: 9495: 9486: 9449: 9431:(5): 535–548. 9419: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9395: 9380: 9374: 9357: 9351: 9336: 9323: 9308: 9302: 9285: 9264: 9258: 9245: 9240:978-1082395949 9239: 9226: 9215: 9202: 9196: 9183: 9177: 9160: 9154: 9141: 9127: 9114: 9100: 9087: 9081: 9068: 9062: 9039: 9025: 9012: 9006: 8993: 8990: 8976: 8963: 8957: 8936: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8903: 8871: 8841: 8813: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8764: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8699: 8677: 8647: 8631: 8626:Also known as 8603: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8536: 8521: 8512: 8490: 8472: 8446: 8427: 8400: 8369: 8352: 8309: 8299: 8270: 8248: 8241: 8221: 8214: 8196: 8189: 8171: 8152:(April 1984). 8141: 8115: 8068: 8052:"Fortran 2023" 8043: 8024: 8002: 7980: 7958: 7936: 7904: 7891:"Fortran 2018" 7882: 7860: 7832: 7816: 7805: 7773: 7749: 7694: 7672: 7645: 7623: 7614: 7587: 7559: 7531: 7499: 7473: 7447: 7440: 7416: 7390: 7377:"Ibibilio.org" 7368: 7342: 7308: 7282: 7245: 7219: 7193: 7167: 7152: 7125: 7107: 7081: 7028: 7005: 6997:Digital Apollo 6987: 6941: 6939:character set. 6927: 6920: 6914:. p. 13. 6892: 6866: 6838: 6769: 6767:(2+51+1 pages) 6701: 6671: 6661: 6643: 6614: 6593: 6562: 6552: 6534: 6501: 6492: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448:Spaghetti code 6445: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6412: 6406: 6396: 6395: 6379: 6376: 6343: 6340: 6261:average_points 6039:average_points 5889:average_points 5874:average_points 5821: 5796: 5793: 5789:.NET Framework 5764:C preprocessor 5658: 5574: 5571: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5388:H Extended IUP 5298: 5295: 5243: 5240: 5114:Cecil E. Leith 5060: 5057: 5043:Main article: 5040: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5009: 5008: 5005: 4994: 4991: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4934: 4910: 4909: 4898: 4891: 4888: 4882:floating-point 4874: 4869: 4858: 4848: 4831: 4813: 4810: 4797: 4796:Modern Fortran 4794: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4774: 4771: 4764:floating-point 4737:memory leakage 4702: 4701: 4695: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4612: 4587:Main article: 4577: 4574: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4330:construct for 4313: 4294: 4279: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4240: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4106: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4041: 4038: 3489: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3383:data, such as 3365: 3364: 3361: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3268: 3265: 3251: 3245: 3164: 3161: 2450: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2398: 2380: 2374: 2352: 2351:loop statement 2346: 2335: 2317: 2314: 2304: 2298: 2284: 2260: 2247:Main program, 2212: 2209: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2088: 2085: 2071: 2068: 1468: 1458: 1455: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1405: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192:ANSI Standard 1190: 1189:Informal name 1187: 1177: 1174: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1041: 1033: 976: 973: 923: 922: 912: 899: 885: 867: 841: 835: 816: 785: 773: 770: 751: 748: 588:John W. Backus 586:In late 1953, 575: 572: 529: 526: 493:(Fortran 90), 330: 329: 271: 270: 266: 265: 259: 258: 254: 253: 198: 197: 190: 189: 180: 176: 175: 162: 156: 155: 142: 136: 135: 132: 131: 118: 116: 114:Stable release 110: 109: 106: 105: 92: 88: 87: 78: 72: 71: 66: 60: 59: 33:Multi-paradigm 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11194: 11183: 11182:1957 software 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11092: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10977: 10976:Object Pascal 10974: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10790: 10788: 10783: 10781: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10710: 10708: 10700: 10698: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10528:Thomas Buberl 10526: 10525: 10523: 10517: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10503:Ginni Rometty 10501: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10473:Frank T. Cary 10471: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10259:IBM Rochester 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208:, Chicago, IL 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10182:, Atlanta, GA 10181: 10178: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9991: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9909:Mashup Center 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9734:Power Systems 9732: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9644: 9639: 9637: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9525: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9375:9780124169708 9371: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9295: 9294:Prentice Hall 9291: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9273: 9272: 9265: 9261: 9259:0-937175-51-X 9255: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9197:1-56592-049-X 9193: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9169: 9168: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8916: 8909: 8904: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8842: 8827: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8799: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8707: 8706: 8700: 8692: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8662: 8655: 8654: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8604: 8588: 8581: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8552:September 29, 8548: 8547: 8540: 8532: 8525: 8516: 8500: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8420: 8413: 8412: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8217: 8215:0-7204-2033-4 8211: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8072: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8036: 8035: 8028: 8012: 8006: 7995:September 21, 7990: 7984: 7968: 7962: 7946: 7940: 7921: 7914: 7908: 7892: 7886: 7870: 7864: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7836: 7828: 7827: 7820: 7814: 7809: 7790: 7783: 7777: 7766: 7759: 7753: 7734: 7727: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7682: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7633: 7627: 7618: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7519: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7492: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7420: 7409: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7383:September 15, 7379:. Ibiblio.org 7378: 7372: 7361: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7327: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7301: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7238: 7231: 7230: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7186: 7179: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6681:"TIOBE Index" 6675: 6668: 6664: 6662:0-201-71012-9 6658: 6654: 6647: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6553:0-201-71012-9 6549: 6545: 6538: 6519: 6512: 6509:John Backus. 6505: 6496: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6449: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6330:! free memory 5838:implicit none 5819: 5802: 5795:Code examples 5792: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5579:preprocessors 5570: 5568: 5567:control panel 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5535:PUNCH n, list 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5487: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5102:Jay Pasachoff 5098: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5073: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4956:DO CONCURRENT 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817:Fortran 2003, 4809: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4696: 4690:and assigned 4686: 4680: 4673: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4614:User-defined 4613: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4371:Arithmetic IF 4369: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4314: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4280: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4073:IMPLICIT NONE 4071: 4065: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4046: 3968:'A= ' 3487: 3460: 3408: 3405: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3269: 3266: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3169: 2448: 2419: 2417:Comment lines 2416: 2413: 2402: 2399: 2381: 2375: 2353: 2347: 2336: 2318: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2285: 2283: 2261: 2259:program units 2246: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2237:Basic FORTRAN 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2094: 2084: 2081: 2077: 1466: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1415: 1406: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1362: 1357:Fortran 2023 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1343:Fortran 2018 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1329:Fortran 2008 1328: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1315:Fortran 2003 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1173: 1167: 1163: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1015:punched cards 1012: 1004: 999: 992: 987: 982: 972: 967: 965: 959: 957: 952: 948: 931: 920: 913: 900: 886: 868: 842: 836: 822: 817: 802: 786: 783: 779: 774: 771: 761: 760: 759: 758:, including: 757: 747: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 670: 668: 664: 659: 658:replacement. 657: 653: 649: 645: 637: 636: 630: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601: 597: 593: 589: 580: 571: 569: 564: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 539: 535: 525: 523: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 366: 336: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 264: 260: 257:Influenced by 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196: 191: 187: 181: 177: 163: 161: 157: 154: 150: 146: 143: 141: 137: 133: 117: 115: 111: 107: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 61: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 31: 29: 25: 19: 11157:IBM software 11076:Generational 11066:Alphabetical 11062: 11042: 10915: 10867:Visual Basic 10656: 10639: 10620:Deep Thought 10583: 10511:(since 2020) 10479:John R. Opel 10437:Think slogan 10278:Deep Thunder 10084:Kaleida Labs 10079:AIM alliance 9883: 9764:Q System Two 9759:Q System One 9600: 9592: 9583: 9535:(1): 49–60. 9532: 9528: 9516:. Retrieved 9512:the original 9503: 9469: 9453:J. W. Backus 9428: 9424: 9405:. Retrieved 9401:the original 9385: 9361: 9341: 9328:. Retrieved 9313: 9289: 9270: 9249: 9230: 9206: 9187: 9166: 9145: 9118: 9091: 9072: 9044: 9016: 8997: 8967: 8944: 8924:December 14, 8922:. Retrieved 8897:November 17, 8895:. Retrieved 8888:the original 8875: 8865:November 17, 8863:. Retrieved 8856:the original 8835:November 17, 8833:. Retrieved 8826:the original 8817: 8807:November 17, 8805:. Retrieved 8789: 8768: 8736:(7): 45–60. 8733: 8729: 8704: 8691:the original 8682: 8670:December 13, 8668:. Retrieved 8661:the original 8652: 8642:the original 8636: 8620:December 11, 8618:. Retrieved 8614:the original 8608: 8594:. Retrieved 8587:the original 8578: 8550:. Retrieved 8545: 8539: 8530: 8524: 8515: 8505:November 19, 8503:. Retrieved 8493: 8485:the original 8475: 8465:November 19, 8463:. Retrieved 8459:the original 8449: 8440: 8430: 8410: 8403: 8391:. Retrieved 8387:the original 8382: 8372: 8364: 8355: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8304: 8282: 8265: 8251: 8231: 8224: 8205: 8199: 8180: 8174: 8162:. Retrieved 8157: 8144: 8132:. Retrieved 8129:Ars Technica 8128: 8118: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8061:November 30, 8059:. Retrieved 8055: 8046: 8033: 8027: 8017:November 19, 8015:. Retrieved 8005: 7993:. Retrieved 7983: 7971:. Retrieved 7961: 7951:November 20, 7949:. Retrieved 7939: 7929:November 20, 7927:. Retrieved 7907: 7897:November 30, 7895:. Retrieved 7885: 7875:November 20, 7873:. Retrieved 7863: 7847: 7835: 7825: 7819: 7808: 7796:. Retrieved 7776: 7752: 7740:. Retrieved 7715:. Retrieved 7711:the original 7706: 7697: 7685:. Retrieved 7675: 7663:. Retrieved 7658: 7648: 7636:. Retrieved 7626: 7621:Appendix B.1 7617: 7607:November 24, 7605:. Retrieved 7596: 7590: 7578:. Retrieved 7568: 7562: 7552:December 10, 7550:. Retrieved 7547:WorldCat.org 7546: 7543:"FORTRAN IV" 7522:. Retrieved 7517: 7482: 7476: 7464:. Retrieved 7459: 7450: 7431: 7419: 7399: 7393: 7381:. Retrieved 7371: 7351: 7345: 7335:November 19, 7333:. Retrieved 7317: 7311: 7291: 7285: 7273:. Retrieved 7266:the original 7261: 7248: 7228: 7222: 7210:. Retrieved 7206:the original 7196: 7176: 7170: 7161: 7155: 7141:(1): 73–80. 7138: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7110: 7098:. Retrieved 7084: 7075: 7069:the original 7051:(1): 70–75. 7048: 7044: 7031: 6996: 6990: 6969: 6953:J. W. Backus 6930: 6902: 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6878: 6869: 6857:. Retrieved 6850: 6841: 6825:. Retrieved 6808:(4): 68–78. 6805: 6799: 6789:Backus, John 6759:. Retrieved 6739: 6735:Sayre, David 6731:Sayre, David 6692:. Retrieved 6684: 6674: 6666: 6652: 6646: 6636:November 13, 6634:. Retrieved 6626: 6617: 6607:February 21, 6605:. Retrieved 6596: 6582:(6): 30–38. 6579: 6575: 6565: 6557: 6543: 6537: 6527:November 19, 6525:. Retrieved 6504: 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6463: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6345: 6333:end program 5804: 5786: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5752: 5750: 5736: 5733: 5637: 5576: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5530:READ n, list 5455: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5419: 5414: 5398: 5395:instructions 5392:machine code 5387: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5330: 5329: 5313:Data General 5308: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5291:preprocessor 5288: 5284: 5281: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5263:) published 5256: 5245: 5189: 5161:optimization 5118: 5094: 5050: 5048: 5035:capability. 5029: 5026:Fortran 2023 5021: 5017: 5010: 4999: 4996: 4993:Fortran 2018 4986: 4980: 4977: 4939: 4936:Fortran 2008 4921:sub-modules, 4920: 4916: 4911: 4902:command-line 4876:Support for 4862:asynchronous 4842:polymorphism 4825: 4816: 4815: 4812:Fortran 2003 4799: 4790: 4787: 4776: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4655: 4653:intrinsic). 4644: 4593: 4592: 4567:end program 4351: 4347: 4324:CASE DEFAULT 4114: 4110: 4108: 4091: 4047: 4043: 3464: 3366: 3346: 3218: 3210: 3208: 2426: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2179:Control Data 2165: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2115: 2111: 2092: 2090: 2075: 2073: 1460: 1446: 1432: 1430:data types. 1421: 1375: 1373: 1363:1539-1:2023 1349:1539-1:2018 1335:1539-1:2010 1321:1539-1:2004 1307:1539-1:1997 1290:X3.198-1992 1231:FORTRAN III 1164: 1141:was instead 1065: 1053: 1037: 1026: 1023: 1008: 991:punched card 969: 961: 955: 946: 932: 924: 919:optimization 777: 753: 737: 713: 699: 679: 671: 662: 660: 643: 641: 632: 585: 565: 554: 549: 545: 533: 531: 519: 472: 398: 370: 334: 333: 220:XL Fortran, 184:fortran-lang 18: 11071:Categorical 10752:Typewriters 10658:Mathematica 10599:Rugby union 10538:Alex Gorsky 10505:(2012–2020) 10499:(2002–2011) 10493:(1993–2002) 10487:(1985–1993) 10481:(1981–1985) 10475:(1973–1981) 10469:(1971–1973) 10463:(1956–1971) 10457:(1914–1956) 10405:Terminology 10361:Floppy disk 10305:SkillsBuild 10268:Initiatives 10249:IBM Hursley 10223:Facilities 9874:Connections 9744:FlashSystem 9457:L. M. Haibt 8164:February 6, 7787:. Gnu.Org. 7466:October 17, 7100:October 29, 7015:j.ctt5hhn02 6957:L. M. 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