407:, using a programming model instead of a language is common. The reason is that details of the parallel hardware leak into the abstractions used to program the hardware. This causes the programmer to have to map patterns in the algorithm onto patterns in the execution model (which have been inserted due to leakage of hardware into the abstraction). As a consequence, no one parallel programming language maps well to all computation problems. Thus, it is more convenient to use a base sequential language and insert API calls to parallel execution models via a programming model. Such parallel programming models can be classified according to abstractions that reflect the hardware, such as
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program describes what the problem is, not how to solve it. The program is structured as a set of properties to find in the expected result, not as a procedure to follow. Given a database or a set of rules, the computer tries to find a solution matching all the desired properties. An archetype of a
328:
do not state the order in which to execute operations. Instead, they supply a number of available operations in the system, along with the conditions under which each is allowed to execute. The implementation of the language's execution model tracks which operations are free to execute and chooses
431:
Some programming language researchers criticise the notion of paradigms as a classification of programming languages, e.g. Harper, and
Krishnamurthi. They argue that many programming languages cannot be strictly classified into one paradigm, but rather include features from several paradigms. See
320:
have two main features: they state the order in which operations occur, with constructs that explicitly control that order, and they allow side effects, in which state can be modified at one point in time, within one unit of code, and then later read at a different point in time inside a different
308:
When using a language that supports multiple paradigms, the developer chooses which paradigm elements to use. But, this choice may not involve considering paradigms per se. The developer often uses the features of a language as the language provides them and to the extent that the developer knows
747:
of their advocates, rather than necessarily representing progress from one level to the next. Precise comparisons of competing paradigms' efficacy are frequently made more difficult because of new and differing terminology applied to similar entities and processes together with numerous
113:– code declares properties of the desired result, but not how to compute it, describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
444:
Different approaches to programming have developed over time. Classification of each approach was either described at the time the approach was first developed, but often not until some time later, retrospectively. An early approach consciously identified as such is
533:, external variables and common sections (globals), enabling significant code re-use and isolation from hardware specifics via the use of logical operators such as READ/WRITE/GET/PUT. Assembly was, and still is, used for time-critical systems and often in
740:(HLA) is an example of this that fully supports advanced data types and object-oriented assembly language programming – despite its early origins. Thus, differing programming paradigms can be seen rather like
382:
construct. Partly for this reason, new paradigms are often regarded as doctrinaire or overly rigid by those accustomed to older ones. Yet, avoiding certain techniques can make it easier to understand program behavior, and to
479:
which is difficult to understand and maintain. This led to the development of structured programming paradigms that disallowed the use of goto statements; only allowing the use of more structured programming constructs.
1306:
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is a paradigm that describes programs able to manipulate formulas and program components as data. Programs can thus effectively modify themselves, and appear to "learn", making them suited for applications such as
49:, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are about the way code is organized, such as grouping into units that include both state and behavior. Yet others are about
879:, which allow the program to refer to itself, might also be considered as a programming paradigm. However, this is compatible with the major paradigms and thus is not a real paradigm in its own right.
725:
and other programmers, concerning the efficacy of the OOP paradigm versus the procedural paradigm. The need for every object to have associative methods leads some skeptics to associate OOP with
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that contain both data structure and associated behavior, uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
475:(1962). Early programming languages did not have clearly defined programming paradigms and sometimes programs made extensive use of goto statements. Liberal use of which lead to
198:– metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
139:– have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or
192:– writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
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In the 1960s, assembly languages were developed to support library COPY and quite sophisticated conditional macro generation and preprocessing abilities, CALL to
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119:– a desired result is declared as the value of a series of function evaluations, uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
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essay: documentation is integral to the program, and the program is structured following the logic of prose exposition, rather than compiler convenience.
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visible in the code, and so forth. These can be considered flavors of programming paradigm that apply to only parallel languages and programming models.
259:. The findings allow for describing and comparing programming practices and the languages used to code programs. For perspective, other research studies
500:
that define behavior at the lowest level of abstract possible for a computer. As it is the most prescriptive way to code it is classified as imperative.
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that contain state that is owned by and (usually) controlled by the code of the object. Most object-oriented languages are also imperative languages.
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160:– relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or
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186:– uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
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125:– a desired result is declared as the answer to a question about a system of facts and rules, uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
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These languages are classified as procedural paradigm. They directly control the step by step process that a computer program follows. The
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Wang, Fei; Decker, James; Wu, Xilun; Essertel, Gregory; Rompf, Tiark (2018), Bengio, S.; Wallach, H.; Larochelle, H.; Grauman, K. (eds.),
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351:, programs are treated as a sequence of stateless function evaluations. When programming computers or systems with many processors, in
218:– a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
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of the object that contains the data. Thus, an object's inner workings may be changed without affecting code that uses the object.
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Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming. Some paradigms are about implications of the
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by using only an API. Programming models can also be classified into paradigms based on features of the execution model.
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This article is about classification of programming languages. For definition of the term "programming model", see
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Although most OOP languages are third-generation, it is possible to create an object-oriented assembler language.
598:, while using mathematical language terminology, targeting scientific and engineering problems, just like FORTRAN.
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212:– a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
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that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
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1346:"Backpropagation with Callbacks: Foundations for Efficient and Expressive Differentiable Programming"
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103:– object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
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over them until an answer to the problem is found, or the set of formulas is proved inconsistent.
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supports functional. Most languages support multiple paradigms. For example, a program written in
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can be described in terms of paradigms. Some languages support only one paradigm. For example,
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224:– manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g.
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In object-oriented programming, programs are treated as a set of interacting objects. In
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605:) – a hybrid commercial-scientific general purpose language supporting
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180:– have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
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language terminology, it was developed mainly for scientific and engineering problems.
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is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a
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355:, programs are treated as sets of concurrent processes that act on a logical shared
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622: – a general-purpose programming language, initially developed by
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is a subset of declarative programming. Programs written using this paradigm use
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42:
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60:
Some common programming paradigms include (shown in hierarchical relationship):
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1992:
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806:
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356:
54:
131:– a desired result is declared with data streams and the propagation of change
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4825:
4389:
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2977:
2265:
1972:
1740:
1434:
826:
616:) – it was developed to enable more people to write programs.
565:
408:
290:
1223:
1207:
782:. Functional languages discourage changes in the value of variables through
556:. They support vocabulary related to the problem being solved. For example,
321:
unit of code. The communication between the units of code is not explicit.
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4057:
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2007:
2002:
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of such a program is therefore highly dependent on the programmer's skill.
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Overview of the various programming paradigms according to Peter Van Roy
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5166:
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4755:
4349:
3083:
3013:
2606:
2339:
2195:
2017:
1982:
1572:
1421:
1307:"Mode inheritance, cloning, hooks & OOP (Google Groups Discussion)"
805:
are expressed as logic formulas, and programs are executed by applying
775:
696:
and methods to manipulate the data are in the same code unit called an
594:) – focused on being an appropriate language to define
530:
204:– metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
5148:
5109:
4446:
2588:
2549:
1027:"CSCI/ARTI 4540/6540: First Lecture on Symbolic Programming and LISP"
866:
665:
595:
362:
Many programming paradigms are as well known for the techniques they
278:
890:
5209:
4692:
2649:
2132:
1765:
635:
522:. Assembly is classified as imperative and is sometimes called the
252:
225:
167:
3201:
833:
and computer games. Languages that support this paradigm include
71:
and state change, explicit statements that change a program state
4339:
4329:
1384:
580:
282:
263:
170:– forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g.
1110:"Programming paradigms: What are the principles of programming?"
768:, and the family of functional languages and logic programming.
704:
ensures that the only way that an object can access data is via
4406:
4374:
4258:
1622:
838:
661:
3158:
982:. Aalborg University, 9 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
313:
by paradigm is often an academic activity done in retrospect.
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1822:
669:
613:
591:
561:
286:
4396:
2033:
1020:
1018:
743:
693:
602:
379:
1059:"Programming Paradigms: What Every Programmer Should Know"
4431:
4401:
765:
681:
294:
1085:
Concepts, Techniques, and Models of
Computer Programming
1081:
1015:
305:, or can contain aspects of both paradigms, or others.
1208:"Teaching programming languages in a post-linnaean age"
865:, structures programs as a human-centered web, as in a
537:
as it gives the most control of what the machine does.
38:
can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms.
994:"Characteristics of declarative programming languages"
370:. For instance, pure functional programming disallows
1412:
Classification of the principal programming paradigms
496:
is the lowest-level of computer programming as it is
1353:
1343:
1321:"Business glossary: Symbolic programming definition"
1024:
886:
4545:
4042:
729:; an attempt to resolve this dilemma came through
518:introduced mnemonics for machine instructions and
449:, advocated since the mid 1960s. The concept of a
434:Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
331:Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
1417:How programming paradigms evolve and get adopted?
612:Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (
16:High-level computer programming conceptualization
5714:
1075:
465:, which cites the notion of paradigm as used by
390:Programming paradigms can also be compared with
1374:"On Machine Learning and Programming Languages"
1355:, Curran Associates, Inc., pp. 10201–10212
1189:"What, if anything, is a programming-paradigm?"
979:Overview of the four main programming paradigms
656:In attempt to improve on procedural languages,
1464:
1140:"'GOTO Considered Harmful' Considered Harmful"
748:implementation distinctions across languages.
645:
4732:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
4708:
4531:
4199:
4028:
3187:
2172:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
2148:
1588:
1450:
1205:
1056:
991:
1137:
4715:
4701:
4538:
4524:
4472:
4206:
4192:
4035:
4021:
3194:
3180:
2155:
2141:
1595:
1581:
1457:
1443:
1131:
801:over a body of knowledge. Facts about the
483:
4213:
3258:Programming in the large and in the small
1263:
778:, blocks of code intended to behave like
1786:Software development process/methodology
1602:
1426:
1206:Krishnamurthi, Shriram (November 2008).
847:structures programs so that they can be
751:
239:
1557:Category:Lists of programming languages
1032:. University of Georgia. Archived from
540:
472:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
453:as such dates at least to 1978, in the
5715:
5432:Knowledge representation and reasoning
2872:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1278:
1186:
660:(OOP) languages were created, such as
550:third-generation programming languages
524:second-generation programming language
5457:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
4696:
4519:
4187:
4016:
3175:
3162:
2897:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2136:
1576:
1562:List of programming languages by type
1438:
1425:
1371:
1365:
1245:
952:"Multi-Paradigm Programming Language"
505:first-generation programming language
4776:Energy consumption (Green computing)
4722:
2216:Energy consumption (Green computing)
2162:
2107:
1801:Software verification and validation
1704:Component-based software engineering
1552:Category:Lists of computer languages
564:) – uses terms like
340:programming, code is organized into
5728:Programming language classification
5462:Distributed artificial intelligence
4734:ACM Computing Classification System
2902:Distributed artificial intelligence
2174:ACM Computing Classification System
1082:Peter Van-Roy; Seif Haridi (2004).
1025:Michael A. Covington (2010-08-23).
560:COmmon Business Oriented Language (
13:
4967:Integrated development environment
2407:Integrated development environment
812:
329:the order independently. More at
14:
5744:
5442:Automated planning and scheduling
4972:Software configuration management
2882:Automated planning and scheduling
2412:Software configuration management
1781:Software configuration management
1648:Search-based software engineering
1633:Experimental software engineering
1405:
1285:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
1120:from the original on Jun 29, 2022
931:Von Neumann programming languages
309:them. Categorizing the resulting
5696:
5686:
5677:
5676:
4500:
4499:
4471:
3802:Partitioned global address space
3136:
3126:
3117:
3116:
2117:
2116:
2106:
889:
786:, making a great deal of use of
248:Programming paradigms come from
5687:
5090:Computational complexity theory
3163:
3127:
2530:Computational complexity theory
1337:
1313:
1299:
1272:
1239:
1199:
1004:from the original on 2014-02-27
488:
4874:Network performance evaluation
4547:Types of programming languages
4044:Types of programming languages
2314:Network performance evaluation
1628:Empirical software engineering
1248:"The paradigms of programming"
1180:
1102:
1050:
985:
970:
962:. Jun 21, 2013. Archived from
944:
797:paradigm views computation as
324:In contrast, languages in the
270:to describe and compare them.
148:– concurrent computation with
1:
5245:Multimedia information system
5230:Geographic information system
5220:Enterprise information system
4809:Computer systems organization
4647:
4144:
2685:Multimedia information system
2670:Geographic information system
2660:Enterprise information system
2249:Computer systems organization
1195:. Cambridge University Press.
1187:Harper, Robert (1 May 2017).
937:
281:supports object-oriented and
5604:Computational social science
5192:Theoretical computer science
5005:Software development process
4781:Electronic design automation
4766:Very Large Scale Integration
4679:Programming paradigms navbox
4176:Programming paradigms navbox
3329:Uniform Function Call Syntax
3044:Computational social science
2632:Theoretical computer science
2445:Software development process
2221:Electronic design automation
2206:Very Large Scale Integration
1653:Site reliability engineering
1057:Peter Van Roy (2009-05-12).
761:declarative language is the
463:The Paradigms of Programming
426:
353:process-oriented programming
7:
5733:Programming language topics
5427:Natural language processing
5215:Information storage systems
3797:Parallel programming models
3771:Concurrent constraint logic
2867:Natural language processing
2655:Information storage systems
1658:Social software engineering
992:Frans Coenen (1999-10-11).
897:Computer programming portal
882:
831:natural-language processing
658:object-oriented programming
652:Object-oriented programming
646:Object-oriented programming
552:are the first described as
510:
503:It is sometimes called the
396:, which allows invoking an
387:about program correctness.
255:into existing practices of
235:
10:
5749:
5343:Human–computer interaction
5313:Intrusion detection system
5225:Social information systems
5210:Database management system
3890:Metalinguistic abstraction
3757:Automatic mutual exclusion
2783:Human–computer interaction
2753:Intrusion detection system
2665:Social information systems
2650:Database management system
1796:Software quality assurance
1138:Frank Rubin (March 1987).
845:Differentiable programming
763:fourth generation language
649:
601:Programming Language One (
583:) – using
439:
18:
5672:
5609:Computational engineering
5584:Computational mathematics
5561:
5508:
5470:
5417:
5379:
5341:
5283:
5200:
5146:
5108:
5053:
4990:
4923:
4887:
4844:
4808:
4741:
4730:
4606:
4553:
4467:
4244:
4221:
4103:
4050:
3945:
3830:
3762:Choreographic programming
3732:
3548:
3490:
3447:
3350:
3341:
3281:
3223:
3214:
3169:
3112:
3049:Computational engineering
3024:Computational mathematics
3001:
2948:
2910:
2857:
2819:
2781:
2723:
2640:
2586:
2548:
2493:
2430:
2363:
2327:
2284:
2248:
2181:
2170:
2102:
2061:
2026:
1965:
1879:
1872:
1831:
1691:
1610:
1544:
1473:
1432:
1279:Soroka, Barry I. (2006).
1252:Communications of the ACM
1147:Communications of the ACM
956:Mozilla Developer Network
853:automatic differentiation
626:between 1969 and 1973 at
316:Languages categorized as
67:– code directly controls
5619:Computational healthcare
5614:Differentiable computing
5533:Graphics processing unit
4952:Domain-specific language
4821:Computational complexity
3812:Relativistic programming
3059:Computational healthcare
3054:Differentiable computing
2973:Graphics processing unit
2392:Domain-specific language
2261:Computational complexity
1952:Model-driven engineering
1751:Functional specification
1734:Software incompatibility
1643:Requirements engineering
1496:Knowledge representation
1481:Architecture description
906:Domain-specific language
851:throughout, usually via
230:diagrammatic programming
196:Template metaprogramming
5594:Computational chemistry
5528:Photograph manipulation
5419:Artificial intelligence
5235:Decision support system
3034:Computational chemistry
2968:Photograph manipulation
2859:Artificial intelligence
2675:Decision support system
1746:Enterprise architecture
1224:10.1145/1480828.1480846
823:artificial intelligence
758:declarative programming
484:Languages and paradigms
178:Distributed programming
5659:Educational technology
5490:Reinforcement learning
5240:Process control system
5138:Computational geometry
5128:Algorithmic efficiency
5123:Analysis of algorithms
4771:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
3822:Structured concurrency
3207:Comparison by language
3099:Educational technology
2930:Reinforcement learning
2680:Process control system
2578:Computational geometry
2568:Algorithmic efficiency
2563:Analysis of algorithms
2211:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
1957:Round-trip engineering
1714:Backward compatibility
1709:Software compatibility
911:Flow-based programming
863:imperative programming
780:mathematical functions
772:Functional programming
692:. In these languages,
590:ALGOrithmic Language (
447:structured programming
376:structured programming
349:functional programming
266:and describes various
245:
216:Rule-based programming
202:Reflective programming
158:Constraint programming
137:Concurrent programming
5723:Programming paradigms
5629:Electronic publishing
5599:Computational biology
5589:Computational physics
5485:Unsupervised learning
5399:Distributed computing
5275:Information retrieval
5182:Mathematical analysis
5172:Mathematical software
5055:Theory of computation
5020:Software construction
5010:Requirements analysis
4888:Software organization
4816:Computer architecture
4786:Hardware acceleration
4751:Printed circuit board
4668:Programming languages
4215:Programming languages
4165:Programming languages
3787:Multitier programming
3603:Interface description
3203:Programming paradigms
3069:Electronic publishing
3039:Computational biology
3029:Computational physics
2925:Unsupervised learning
2839:Distributed computing
2715:Information retrieval
2622:Mathematical analysis
2612:Mathematical software
2495:Theory of computation
2460:Software construction
2450:Requirements analysis
2328:Software organization
2256:Computer architecture
2226:Hardware acceleration
2191:Printed circuit board
1776:Software architecture
1729:Forward compatibility
1381:SysML Conference 2018
1282:Java 5: Objects First
1265:10.1145/359138.359140
1246:Floyd, R. W. (1979).
1159:10.1145/214748.315722
752:Declarative languages
579:FORmula TRANslation (
243:
5389:Concurrent computing
5361:Ubiquitous computing
5333:Application security
5328:Information security
5157:Discrete mathematics
5133:Randomized algorithm
5085:Computability theory
5063:Model of computation
5035:Software maintenance
5030:Software engineering
4992:Software development
4942:Programming language
4937:Programming paradigm
4854:Network architecture
2829:Concurrent computing
2801:Ubiquitous computing
2773:Application security
2768:Information security
2597:Discrete mathematics
2573:Randomized algorithm
2525:Computability theory
2503:Model of computation
2475:Software maintenance
2470:Software engineering
2432:Software development
2382:Programming language
2377:Programming paradigm
2294:Network architecture
2074:Computer engineering
1771:Software archaeology
1761:Programming paradigm
1673:Software maintenance
1618:Computer programming
1604:Software engineering
1511:Programming language
1491:Hardware description
1427:Software engineering
1372:Innes, Mike (2018).
859:Literate programming
818:Symbolic programming
554:high-level languages
546:Procedural languages
541:Procedural languages
498:machine instructions
451:programming paradigm
326:declarative paradigm
275:programming language
261:software engineering
257:software development
210:Pipeline programming
168:Dataflow programming
81:that call each other
36:programming language
28:programming paradigm
5664:Document management
5654:Operations research
5579:Enterprise software
5495:Multi-task learning
5480:Supervised learning
5202:Information systems
5025:Software deployment
4982:Software repository
4836:Real-time computing
3927:Self-modifying code
3535:Probabilistic logic
3466:Functional reactive
3421:Expression-oriented
3375:Partial application
3104:Document management
3094:Operations research
3019:Enterprise software
2935:Multi-task learning
2920:Supervised learning
2642:Information systems
2465:Software deployment
2422:Software repository
2276:Real-time computing
2094:Systems engineering
2079:Information science
1859:Service orientation
1811:Structured analysis
1719:Compatibility layer
1663:Software deployment
1212:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
926:Turing completeness
875:techniques such as
799:automated reasoning
738:High Level Assembly
318:imperative paradigm
184:Generic programming
45:, such as allowing
5447:Search methodology
5394:Parallel computing
5351:Interaction design
5260:Computing platform
5187:Numerical analysis
5177:Information theory
4962:Software framework
4925:Software notations
4864:Network components
4761:Integrated circuit
3840:Attribute-oriented
3613:List comprehension
3558:Algebraic modeling
3371:Anonymous function
3263:Design by contract
3233:Jackson structures
2887:Search methodology
2834:Parallel computing
2791:Interaction design
2700:Computing platform
2627:Numerical analysis
2617:Information theory
2402:Software framework
2365:Software notations
2304:Network components
2201:Integrated circuit
2084:Project management
1849:Object orientation
1816:Essential analysis
1724:Compatibility mode
1218:(11). ACM: 81–83.
1176:on March 20, 2009.
1114:IONOS Digitalguide
966:on 21 August 2013.
960:Mozilla Foundation
921:Programming domain
719:Alexander Stepanov
628:AT&T Bell Labs
548:, also called the
413:distributed memory
405:parallel computing
393:programming models
366:as for those they
246:
222:Visual programming
5710:
5709:
5639:Electronic voting
5569:Quantum Computing
5562:Applied computing
5548:Image compression
5318:Hardware security
5308:Security services
5265:Digital marketing
5045:Open-source model
4957:Modeling language
4869:Network scheduler
4690:
4689:
4657:Computer language
4644:
4643:
4513:
4512:
4495:Non-English-based
4154:Computer language
4141:
4140:
4010:
4009:
3900:Program synthesis
3792:Organic computing
3728:
3727:
3633:Non-English-based
3608:Language-oriented
3386:Purely functional
3337:
3336:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3079:Electronic voting
3009:Quantum Computing
3002:Applied computing
2988:Image compression
2758:Hardware security
2748:Security services
2705:Digital marketing
2485:Open-source model
2397:Modeling language
2309:Network scheduler
2130:
2129:
2057:
2056:
1998:Information model
1902:Incremental model
1756:Modeling language
1570:
1569:
1467:computer language
1193:FifteenEightyFour
1116:. 20 April 2020.
1095:978-0-262-22069-9
998:cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk
916:Modeling language
795:logic programming
516:Assembly language
162:simplex algorithm
146:Actor programming
21:Programming model
5740:
5700:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5500:Cross-validation
5472:Machine learning
5356:Social computing
5323:Network security
5118:Algorithm design
5040:Programming team
5000:Control variable
4977:Software library
4915:Software quality
4910:Operating system
4859:Network protocol
4724:Computer science
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4475:
4474:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3912:by demonstration
3817:Service-oriented
3807:Process-oriented
3782:Macroprogramming
3767:Concurrent logic
3638:Page description
3628:Natural language
3598:Grammar-oriented
3525:Nondeterministic
3514:Constraint logic
3416:Point-free style
3411:Functional logic
3348:
3347:
3319:Immutable object
3238:Block-structured
3221:
3220:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3119:
2940:Cross-validation
2912:Machine learning
2796:Social computing
2763:Network security
2558:Algorithm design
2480:Programming team
2440:Control variable
2417:Software library
2355:Software quality
2350:Operating system
2299:Network protocol
2164:Computer science
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2069:Computer science
1877:
1876:
1791:Software quality
1683:Systems analysis
1678:Software testing
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1383:. Archived from
1378:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1169:. Archived from
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:. info.ucl.ac.be
1063:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
989:
983:
974:
968:
967:
948:
899:
894:
893:
723:Richard Stallman
535:embedded systems
520:memory addresses
250:computer science
32:computer program
5748:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5697:
5668:
5649:Word processing
5557:
5543:Virtual reality
5504:
5466:
5437:Computer vision
5413:
5409:Multiprocessing
5375:
5337:
5303:Security hacker
5279:
5255:Digital library
5196:
5147:Mathematics of
5142:
5104:
5080:Automata theory
5075:Formal language
5049:
5015:Software design
4986:
4919:
4905:Virtual machine
4883:
4879:Network service
4840:
4831:Embedded system
4804:
4737:
4726:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4602:
4593:Very high-level
4549:
4544:
4514:
4509:
4463:
4240:
4217:
4212:
4178:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4099:
4090:Very high-level
4046:
4041:
4011:
4006:
3948:
3941:
3832:Metaprogramming
3826:
3742:
3737:
3724:
3706:Graph rewriting
3544:
3520:Inductive logic
3500:Abductive logic
3486:
3443:
3406:Dependent types
3354:
3333:
3305:Prototype-based
3285:
3283:Object-oriented
3277:
3273:Nested function
3268:Invariant-based
3210:
3200:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3137:
3108:
3089:Word processing
2997:
2983:Virtual reality
2944:
2906:
2877:Computer vision
2853:
2849:Multiprocessing
2815:
2777:
2743:Security hacker
2719:
2695:Digital library
2636:
2587:Mathematics of
2582:
2544:
2520:Automata theory
2515:Formal language
2489:
2455:Software design
2426:
2359:
2345:Virtual machine
2323:
2319:Network service
2280:
2271:Embedded system
2244:
2177:
2166:
2161:
2131:
2126:
2098:
2089:Risk management
2053:
2022:
1961:
1942:Waterfall model
1912:Prototype model
1907:Iterative model
1868:
1844:Aspect-oriented
1827:
1806:Software system
1687:
1668:Software design
1606:
1601:
1571:
1566:
1540:
1469:
1463:
1428:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1325:allbusiness.com
1319:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1244:
1240:
1204:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1005:
990:
986:
976:Nørmark, Kurt.
975:
971:
950:
949:
945:
940:
935:
895:
888:
885:
861:, as a form of
815:
813:Other paradigms
807:inference rules
754:
654:
648:
543:
513:
491:
486:
459:Robert W. Floyd
442:
429:
417:message passing
398:execution model
357:data structures
338:object-oriented
303:object-oriented
238:
228:); also termed
190:Metaprogramming
101:Prototype-based
87:– organized as
85:object-oriented
77:– organized as
43:execution model
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5684:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5553:Solid modeling
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:Control method
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5404:Multithreading
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5298:Formal methods
5295:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5270:World Wide Web
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4739:
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4731:
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4720:
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4712:
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4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4673:
4662:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
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4603:
4601:
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4595:
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4568:
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4557:
4555:
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4543:
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4528:
4520:
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4507:
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4492:
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4482:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
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4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4159:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3702:Transformation
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3588:Differentiable
3585:
3575:
3568:Automata-based
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3435:Function-level
3432:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3297:
3295:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Non-structured
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2993:Solid modeling
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Control method
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:Multithreading
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Formal methods
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2710:World Wide Web
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2062:Related fields
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Function model
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1897:Executable UML
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:Formal methods
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1536:Transformation
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1406:External links
1404:
1401:
1400:
1364:
1336:
1312:
1298:
1291:
1271:
1258:(8): 455–460.
1238:
1198:
1179:
1153:(3): 195–196.
1130:
1101:
1094:
1074:
1049:
1014:
984:
969:
942:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
901:
900:
884:
881:
849:differentiated
827:expert systems
814:
811:
803:problem domain
753:
750:
727:software bloat
650:Main article:
647:
644:
632:
631:
624:Dennis Ritchie
617:
610:
599:
588:
577:
542:
539:
512:
509:
490:
487:
485:
482:
477:spaghetti code
441:
438:
428:
425:
385:prove theorems
378:disallows the
297:can be purely
237:
234:
233:
232:
219:
213:
207:
206:
205:
199:
187:
181:
175:
165:
155:
154:
153:
134:
133:
132:
126:
120:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
98:
82:
69:execution flow
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5745:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5703:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5683:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Mixed reality
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5371:Accessibility
5369:
5367:
5366:Visualization
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4826:Dependability
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4506:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4390:Object Pascal
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4177:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Data-oriented
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Homoiconicity
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Concurrent OO
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Set-theoretic
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Probabilistic
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Concatenative
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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1390:on 2018-09-20
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1088:. MIT Press.
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1039:on 2012-03-07
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5634:Cyberwarfare
5293:Cryptography
4936:
4682:}}
4676:{{
4671:}}
4665:{{
4660:}}
4654:{{
4546:
4490:Generational
4480:Alphabetical
4476:
4456:
4281:Visual Basic
4179:}}
4173:{{
4168:}}
4162:{{
4157:}}
4151:{{
4043:
3977:Event-driven
3381:Higher-order
3309:Object-based
3202:
3074:Cyberwarfare
2733:Cryptography
2376:
2008:Object model
2003:Metamodeling
1932:Spiral model
1832:Orientations
1760:
1392:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1380:
1367:
1357:, retrieved
1352:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1301:
1281:
1274:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1171:the original
1150:
1146:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1084:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1006:. Retrieved
997:
987:
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972:
964:the original
955:
946:
871:
857:
843:
816:
792:
770:
755:
741:
735:
731:polymorphism
712:
705:
655:
633:
585:mathematical
544:
528:
514:
502:
494:Machine code
492:
489:Machine code
470:
462:
455:Turing Award
450:
443:
430:
420:
402:
391:
389:
372:side-effects
367:
363:
361:
346:
337:
335:
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317:
315:
307:
272:
247:
229:
172:spreadsheets
149:
59:
47:side effects
40:
27:
25:
5644:Video games
5624:Digital art
5381:Concurrency
5250:Data mining
5162:Probability
4895:Interpreter
4576:Interpreted
4485:Categorical
4073:Interpreted
3987:Intentional
3967:Data-driven
3949:of concerns
3908:Inferential
3895:Multi-stage
3875:Interactive
3752:Actor-based
3739:distributed
3682:Stack-based
3482:Synchronous
3439:Value-level
3426:Applicative
3343:Declarative
3301:Class-based
3164:Programming
3084:Video games
3064:Digital art
2821:Concurrency
2690:Data mining
2602:Probability
2335:Interpreter
1699:Abstraction
715:controversy
467:Thomas Kuhn
461:, entitled
457:lecture of
111:Declarative
95:Class-based
5717:Categories
5702:Glossaries
5574:E-commerce
5167:Statistics
5110:Algorithms
5068:Stochastic
4900:Middleware
4756:Peripheral
4608:Generation
4588:High-level
4350:JavaScript
4226:Comparison
4105:Generation
4085:High-level
3962:Components
3947:Separation
3922:Reflective
3916:by example
3860:Extensible
3734:Concurrent
3710:Production
3697:Templating
3677:Simulation
3662:Scientific
3582:Spacecraft
3510:Constraint
3505:Answer set
3457:Flow-based
3357:comparison
3352:Functional
3324:Persistent
3288:comparison
3253:Procedural
3225:Structured
3216:Imperative
3142:Glossaries
3014:E-commerce
2607:Statistics
2550:Algorithms
2508:Stochastic
2340:Middleware
2196:Peripheral
2018:View model
1983:Data model
1531:Stylesheet
1394:2019-02-13
1359:2019-02-13
1330:2014-07-30
1124:2022-05-03
1068:2014-01-27
1043:2013-11-20
1008:2014-02-20
938:References
877:reflection
784:assignment
717:raised by
640:efficiency
596:algorithms
531:subroutine
299:procedural
117:functional
79:procedures
75:procedural
65:Imperative
5523:Rendering
5518:Animation
5149:computing
5100:Semantics
4791:Processor
4583:Low-level
4447:Smalltalk
4080:Low-level
3849:Inductive
3845:Automatic
3667:Scripting
3366:Recursive
2963:Rendering
2958:Animation
2589:computing
2540:Semantics
2231:Processor
2027:Languages
1465:Types of
867:hypertext
790:instead.
788:recursion
776:functions
713:There is
666:Smalltalk
427:Criticism
301:, purely
279:Smalltalk
264:processes
5682:Category
5510:Graphics
5285:Security
4947:Compiler
4846:Networks
4743:Hardware
4648:See also
4598:Esoteric
4571:Compiled
4566:Assembly
4505:Category
4271:Assembly
4231:Timeline
4145:See also
4095:Esoteric
4068:Compiled
4063:Assembly
4002:Subjects
3992:Literate
3982:Features
3937:Template
3932:Symbolic
3904:Bayesian
3884:Hygienic
3744:parallel
3623:Modeling
3618:Low-code
3593:End-user
3530:Ontology
3462:Reactive
3449:Dataflow
3122:Category
2950:Graphics
2725:Security
2387:Compiler
2286:Networks
2183:Hardware
2122:Category
1988:ER model
1854:Ontology
1766:Software
1692:Concepts
1545:See also
1506:Modeling
1232:35714982
1118:Archived
1002:Archived
883:See also
873:Symbolic
636:efficacy
607:pointers
511:Assembly
374:, while
253:research
236:Overview
226:Simulink
129:reactive
5692:Outline
4561:Machine
4458:more...
4437:Scratch
4340:Haskell
4330:Fortran
4286:classic
4236:History
4058:Machine
3957:Aspects
3865:Generic
3855:Dynamic
3714:Pattern
3692:Tactile
3657:Quantum
3647:filters
3578:Command
3477:Streams
3472:Signals
3243:Modular
3132:Outline
2112:Commons
1937:V-model
1521:Shading
1167:6853038
707:methods
700:. This
581:FORTRAN
469:in his
440:History
368:support
342:objects
283:Haskell
141:futures
89:objects
55:grammar
4631:Fourth
4621:Second
4477:Lists:
4412:Python
4407:Prolog
4385:Pascal
4375:MATLAB
4360:Kotlin
4320:Erlang
4259:Simula
4128:Fourth
4118:Second
3720:Visual
3687:System
3572:Action
3396:Strict
1873:Models
1623:DevOps
1611:Fields
1501:Markup
1289:
1230:
1165:
1092:
839:Prolog
698:object
688:, and
678:Python
674:Eiffel
662:Simula
364:forbid
150:actors
51:syntax
5095:Logic
4929:tools
4636:Fifth
4626:Third
4616:First
4554:Level
4452:Swift
4442:Shell
4355:Julia
4325:Forth
4315:COBOL
4276:BASIC
4254:ALGOL
4133:Fifth
4123:Third
4113:First
4051:Level
3997:Roles
3880:Macro
3643:Pipes
3563:Array
3540:Query
3492:Logic
3401:GADTs
3391:Total
3314:Agent
2535:Logic
2369:tools
2049:SysML
1973:SPICE
1966:Other
1927:Scrum
1887:Agile
1839:Agile
1823:CI/CD
1516:Query
1474:Types
1388:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1228:S2CID
1174:(PDF)
1163:S2CID
1143:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
744:memes
614:BASIC
592:ALGOL
562:COBOL
421:place
415:with
293:, or
123:logic
4927:and
4800:Form
4796:Size
4427:Rust
4422:Ruby
4397:Perl
4365:Lisp
4345:Java
4291:.NET
3645:and
3292:list
2367:and
2240:Form
2236:Size
2034:IDEF
1978:CMMI
1864:SDLC
1287:ISBN
1090:ISBN
837:and
835:Lisp
793:The
694:data
686:Java
638:and
603:PL/I
574:copy
572:and
570:move
566:file
403:For
380:goto
311:code
53:and
34:. A
4432:SQL
4402:PHP
4370:Lua
4305:C++
4266:APL
4249:Ada
3550:DSL
2044:USL
2039:UML
1917:RAD
1892:EUP
1260:doi
1220:doi
1155:doi
766:SQL
682:PHP
670:C++
336:In
295:PHP
287:C++
5719::
4798:/
4380:ML
4335:Go
4310:C#
3914:,
3910:,
3906:,
3712:,
3708:,
3437:,
3428:,
3307:,
3303:,
3290:,
2238:/
1947:XP
1922:UP
1379:.
1351:,
1323:.
1256:22
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