1390:(NPS), "Non-jurisdictional—means a structure which does not meet the minimum criteria, as listed in the Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety, to be included in dam safety programs. The non-jurisdictional structure does not receive a hazard classification and is not considered for any further requirements or activities under the NPS dam safety program." Small dams can be dangerous individually (i.e., they can fail), but also collectively, as an aggregation of small dams along a river or within a geographic area can multiply risks. Graham's 1999 study of US dam failures resulting in fatalities from 1960 to 1998 concluded that the failure of dams between 6.1 and 15 m high (typical height range of smaller dams) caused 86% of the deaths, and the failure of dams less than 6.1 m high caused 2% of the deaths. Non-jurisdictional dams may pose hazards because their design, construction, maintenance, and surveillance is unregulated. Scholars have noted that more research is needed to better understand the environmental impact of small dams (e.g., their potential to alter the flow, temperature, sediment and plant and animal diversity of a river).
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environmental conditions and beta diversity patterns of each biological group. Both replacement and richness differences contributed to high values of total beta diversity for fish (average = 0.77) and phytoplankton (average = 0.79), but their relative importance was more associated with the replacement component for both biological groups (average = 0.45 and 0.52, respectively). A study conducted by de
Almeida, R. A., Steiner, M.T.A and others found that, while some species declined in population by more than 30% after the building of the dam, others increased their population by 28%. Such changes may be explained by the fact that the fish obtained "different feeding habits, with almost all species being found in more than one group.
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270:. Initiated sometime between 1750 and 1700 BC, it was made of packed earth – triangular in cross-section, 580 m (1,900 ft) in length and originally 4 m (13 ft) high – running between two groups of rocks on either side, to which it was linked by substantial stonework. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most importantly around 750 BC, and 250 years later the dam height was increased to 7 m (23 ft). After the end of the
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5139:"However, a reservoir, at worst, can only advance an earthquake which would have occurred otherwise too. The magnitude of forces associated with an earthquake is several orders bigger compared to the additional load of water in the reservoir. The change in stresses due to water load is too small to cause fracture in the Earth's crust (Srivastava, 1993). Therefore, the presence of a reservoir does not increase the severity of an earthquake."
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place by gravity, i.e., there is no tension in the upstream face of the dam holding the top of the dam down. The designer does this because it is usually more practical to make a dam of material essentially just piled up than to make the material stick together against vertical tension. The shape that prevents tension in the upstream face also eliminates a balancing compression stress in the downstream face, providing additional economy.
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1565:. Conventional water retention dams can serve this purpose, but due to cost, a tailings dam is more viable. Unlike water retention dams, a tailings dam is raised in succession throughout the life of the particular mine. Typically, a base or starter dam is constructed, and as it fills with a mixture of tailings and water, it is raised. Material used to raise the dam can include the tailings (depending on their size) along with soil.
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138:, dating to 3,000 BC. Egyptians also built dams, such as Sadd-el-Kafara Dam for flood control. In modern-day India, Dholavira had an intricate water-management system with 16 reservoirs and dams. The Great Dam of Marib in Yemen, built between 1750 and 1700 BC, was an engineering wonder, and Eflatun Pinar, a Hittite dam and spring temple in Turkey, dates to the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The
2389:, due to changes in water load and/or the height of the water table. However, this is a mistaken assumption, because the relatively marginal stress attributed to the water load is orders of magnitude lesser than the force of an earthquake. The increased stress from the water load is insufficient to fracture the Earth's crust, and thus does not increase the severity of an earthquake.
1066:, in the United States is an example of the type. This method of construction minimizes the amount of concrete necessary for construction but transmits large loads to the foundation and abutments. The appearance is similar to a single-arch dam but with a distinct vertical curvature to it as well lending it the vague appearance of a concave lens as viewed from downstream.
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278:(c. 115 BC) who undertook further improvements, creating a structure 14 m (46 ft) high, with five spillways, two masonry-reinforced sluices, a settling pond, and a 1,000 m (3,300 ft) canal to a distribution tank. These works were not finished until 325 AD when the dam permitted the irrigation of 25,000 acres (100 km).
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665:, artificial channels for conducting water, were kept open in the dam. The first was near the base of the dam on its east side. A second sluice was put in on the west side of the dam, about 20 ft (6.1 m) above the base. To make the switch from the lower to upper sluice, the outlet of Sand Lake was blocked off.
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546:, a low-lying country, dams were often built to block rivers to regulate the water level and to prevent the sea from entering the marshlands. Such dams often marked the beginning of a town or city because it was easy to cross the river at such a place, and often influenced Dutch place names. The present Dutch capital,
1051:, in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels is taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams.
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At the same time, however, some particular dams may contribute to the establishment of better conditions for some kinds of fish and other aquatic organisms. Studies have demonstrated the key role played by tributaries in the downstream direction from the main river impoundment, which influenced local
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Impact is assessed in several ways: the benefits to human society arising from the dam (agriculture, water, damage prevention and power), harm or benefit to nature and wildlife, impact on the geology of an area (whether the change to water flow and levels will increase or decrease stability), and the
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One of the best places for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary function of the dam's structure is to fill the gap in the natural reservoir line left by the stream channel. The sites are usually those where the gap becomes
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dams were widely used in the early part of the industrial revolution and in frontier areas due to ease and speed of construction. Rarely built in modern times because of their relatively short lifespan and the limited height to which they can be built, timber dams must be kept constantly wet in order
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in the impoundment. The downstream design refers to the successive raising of the embankment that positions the fill and crest further downstream. A centerlined dam has sequential embankment dams constructed directly on top of another while fill is placed on the downstream side for support and slurry
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for areas with massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a pure gravity dam. The inward compression of the dam by the water reduces the lateral (horizontal) force acting on the dam. Thus, the gravitational force required by the dam is lessened, i.e., the dam does not need to be so
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or drainage route from an impervious layer (such as solid bedrock) up to just below the surface. They can be constructed of a variety of materials to include bricks, stones, concrete, steel or PVC. Once built, the water stored behind the dam raises the water table and is then extracted with wells. A
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production, flood protection, and water storage. Small dams can be particularly useful on farms to capture runoff for later use, for example, during the dry season. Small scale dams have the potential to generate benefits without displacing people as well, and small, decentralised hydroelectric dams
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For this type of dam, it is essential to have an impervious foundation with high bearing strength. Permeable foundations have a greater likelihood of generating uplift pressures under the dam. Uplift pressures are hydrostatic pressures caused by the water pressure of the reservoir pushing up against
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Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards the bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of
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and monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is useful to anticipate any problems and permit remedial action to be taken before structural failure occurs. Most dams incorporate mechanisms to permit the reservoir to be lowered or even drained in the event of such problems. Another
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designed to control the flow through the spillway. There are several types of spillway. A "service spillway" or "primary spillway" passes normal flow. An "auxiliary spillway" releases flow in excess of the capacity of the service spillway. An "emergency spillway" is designed for extreme conditions,
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is a type of dam briefly experimented with around the start of the 20th century which uses steel plating (at an angle) and load-bearing beams as the structure. Intended as permanent structures, steel dams were an (failed) experiment to determine if a construction technique could be devised that was
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of the forces of gravity acting on the dam and water pressure on the dam acts in a line that passes upstream of the toe of the dam. The designer tries to shape the dam so if one were to consider the part of the dam above any particular height to be a whole dam itself, that dam also would be held in
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Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and the lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six
Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on 1 March 1936, more than
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Some of these purposes are conflicting, and the dam operator needs to make dynamic tradeoffs. For example, power generation and water supply would keep the reservoir high, whereas flood prevention would keep it low. Many dams in areas where precipitation fluctuates in an annual cycle will also see
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spillway" is a low embankment designed to be overtopped and washed away in the event of a large flood. The elements of a fuse plug are independent free-standing blocks, set side by side which work without any remote control. They allow increasing the normal pool of the dam without compromising the
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create dams primarily out of mud and sticks to flood a particular habitable area. By flooding a parcel of land, beavers can navigate below or near the surface and remain relatively well hidden or protected from predators. The flooded region also allows beavers access to food, especially during the
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A saddle dam is an auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency. An auxiliary dam is constructed in a low spot or "saddle" through which the reservoir
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A barrage dam is a special kind of dam that consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the water load, and are often used to control and stabilize water
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During the Middle Ages, dams were built in the
Netherlands to regulate water levels and prevent sea intrusion. In the 19th century, large-scale arch dams were constructed around the British Empire, marking advances in dam engineering techniques. The era of large dams began with the construction of
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In the latter half of the nineteenth century, significant advances in the scientific theory of masonry dam design were made. This transformed dam design from an art based on empirical methodology to a profession based on a rigorously applied scientific theoretical framework. This new emphasis was
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Reservoirs held behind dams affect many ecological aspects of a river. Rivers topography and dynamics depend on a wide range of flows, whilst rivers below dams often experience long periods of very stable flow conditions or sawtooth flow patterns caused by releases followed by no releases. Water
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Countries worldwide consider small hydropower plants (SHPs) important for their energy strategies, and there has been a notable increase in interest in SHPs. Couto and Olden (2018) conducted a global study and found 82,891 small hydropower plants (SHPs) operating or under construction. Technical
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In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earth's gravity pulling down on the mass of the dam. The water presses laterally (downstream) on the dam, tending to overturn the dam by rotating about its toe (a point at the bottom downstream side of the
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side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the
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Despite some positive effects, the construction of dams severely affects river ecosystems leading to degraded riverine ecosystems as part of the hydrological alteration. One of the main ways to reduce the negative impacts of reservoirs and dams is to implement the newest nature-based reservoir
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and store all or most of it below the surface for extended use in a localized area. In some cases, they are also built to prevent saltwater from intruding into a freshwater aquifer. Underground dams are typically constructed in areas where water resources are minimal and need to be efficiently
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defines a jurisdictional dam as 25 feet or greater in height and storing more than 15 acre-feet or a dam that stores 50 acre-feet or greater and is six feet or more in height (section 72-5-32 NMSA), suggesting that dams that do not meet these requirements are non-jurisdictional. Most US dams,
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Roman engineers built dams with advanced techniques and materials, such as hydraulic mortar and Roman concrete, which allowed for larger structures. They introduced reservoir dams, arch-gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and multiple arch buttress dams. In Iran, bridge dams were used for
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and undiscovered species in the area, and the replacement of the original environment by a new inland lake. As a result, the construction of dams have been opposed in various countries with some, such as
Tasmania's Franklin Dam project, being cancelled following environmentalist campaigns.
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Common uses for cofferdams include the construction and repair of offshore oil platforms. In such cases, the cofferdam is fabricated from sheet steel and welded into place under water. Air is pumped into the space, displacing the water and allowing a dry work environment below the surface.
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A dam is non-jurisdictional when its size (usually "small") excludes it from being subject to certain legal regulations. The technical criteria for categorising a dam as "jurisdictional" or "non-jurisdictional" varies by location. In the United States, each state defines what constitutes a
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A fixed-crest dam is a concrete barrier across a river. Fixed-crest dams are designed to maintain depth in the channel for navigation. They pose risks to boaters who may travel over them, as they are hard to spot from the water and create induced currents that are difficult to escape.
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Small dams incur risks similar to large dams. However, the absence of regulation (unlike more regulated large dams) and of an inventory of small dams (i.e., those that are non-jurisdictional) can lead to significant risks for both humans and ecosystems. For example, according to the
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Tummers, J. S., Winter, E., Silva, S., O'Brien, P., Jang, M. H., & Lucas, M. C. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of a
Larinier super active baffle fish pass for European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis before and after modification with wall-mounted studded tiles.
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A typically small dam used to divert water for irrigation, power generation, or other uses, with usually no other function. Occasionally, they are used to divert water to another drainage or reservoir to increase flow there and improve water use in that particular area. See:
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model and early warning system for levee/dike failures. As a part of the development effort, full-scale dikes are destroyed in the IJkdijk fieldlab. The destruction process is monitored by sensor networks from an international group of companies and scientific institutions.
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Recently, agricultural development has concentrated on soil and water conservation and resulted in the construction of a multitude of dams of various capacities which tend to stabilize water flow in rivers and provide a significant amount of permanent and stable bodies of
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Environmental issues and management of waste in energy and mineral production: Proceedings of the Sixth
International Conference on Environmental Issues and Management of Waste in Energy and Mineral Production: SWEMP 2000; Calgary, Alberta, Canada, May 30 – June 2,
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Roman engineers made routine use of ancient standard designs like embankment dams and masonry gravity dams. Apart from that, they displayed a high degree of inventiveness, introducing most of the other basic dam designs which had been unknown until then. These include
311:. The basic structure dates to the 2nd century AD and is considered one of the oldest water diversion or water regulating structures still in use. The purpose of the dam was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals.
194:. This gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and 1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft) earthen rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC. However, the oldest continuously operational dam is
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is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as
2495:, and are large-scale projects in comparison to carbon-based power generation. The number of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; new sites tend to be far from population centers and usually require extensive
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at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. (For example, see
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provided a good understanding of the principles behind dam design. In France, J. Augustin
Tortene de Sazilly explained the mechanics of vertically faced masonry gravity dams, and Zola's dam was the first to be built on the basis of these principles.
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the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902. The Hoover Dam, a massive concrete arch-gravity dam, was built between 1931 and 1936 on the
Colorado River. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, with some 40,000 of them over 15 meters high.
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releases from a reservoir including that exiting a turbine usually contain very little suspended sediment, and this, in turn, can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks; for example, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by the
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A dry dam, also known as a flood retarding structure, is designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.
1288:(ICOLD) defines a "large dam" as "A dam with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater from lowest foundation to crest or a dam between 5 m (16 ft) metres and 15 metres impounding more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400
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dam). The dam's weight counteracts that force, tending to rotate the dam the other way about its toe. The designer ensures that the dam is heavy enough that the dam's weight wins that contest. In engineering terms, that is true whenever the
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During an armed conflict, a dam is to be considered as an "installation containing dangerous forces" due to the massive impact of possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment. As such, it is protected by the rules of
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Natural dams often pose significant hazards to human settlements and infrastructure. The resulting lakes often flood inhabited areas, while a catastrophic failure of the dam could cause even greater damage, such as the failure of western
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Silva, S., Vieira-Lanero, R., Barca, S., & Cobo, F. (2017). Densities and biomass of larval sea lamprey populations (Petromyzon marinus
Linnaeus, 1758) in north-western Spain and data comparisons with other European regions.
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and hydropower generation. Its construction required the loss of over a million people's homes and their mass relocation, the loss of many valuable archaeological and cultural sites, and significant ecological change. During the
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In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal
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On a suitable site, a gravity dam can prove to be a better alternative to other types of dams. When built on a solid foundation, the gravity dam probably represents the best-developed example of dam building. Since the fear of
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A weir (sometimes called an "overflow dam") is a small dam that is often used in a river channel to create an impoundment lake for water abstraction purposes and which can also be used for flow measurement or retardation.
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Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow" and are generally made of either concrete or masonry. The solid form is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct.
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published a study of the cost of large dams – based on the largest existing dataset – documenting significant cost overruns for a majority of dams and questioning whether benefits typically offset costs for such dams.
2358:, which keeps many fish from moving upstream to their natural breeding grounds, causing failure of breeding cycles or blocking of migration paths. Even fish ladders do not prevent a reduction in fish reaching the
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A diversionary dam is designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. The water may be redirected into a canal or tunnel for irrigation and/or hydroelectric power production.
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Ashley, Jeffrey T. F.; Bushaw-Newton, Karen; Wilhelm, Matt; Boettner, Adam; Drames, Gregg; Velinsky, David J. (March 2006). "The
Effects of Small Dam Removal on the Distribution of Sedimentary Contaminants".
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embankments being constructed on top but toe to crest of another, moving the crest further upstream. This creates a relatively flat downstream side and a jagged upstream side which is supported by tailings
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component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the
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There are three raised tailings dam designs, the "upstream", "downstream", and "centerline", named according to the movement of the crest during raising. The specific design used is dependent upon
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to maintain their water retention properties and limit deterioration by rot, similar to a barrel. The locations where timber dams are most economical to build are those where timber is plentiful,
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of permanent dams, bridges, and similar structures. When the project is completed, the cofferdam will usually be demolished or removed unless the area requires continuous maintenance. (See also
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There is variability, both worldwide and within individual countries, such as in the United States, in how dams of different sizes are categorized. Dam size influences construction, repair, and
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with a capacity of 100 acre-feet or less and a surface area of 20 acres or less and with a height measured as defined in Rules 4.2.5.1. and 4.2.19 of 10 feet or less. In contrast, the state of
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C. J. Shiff (1972). M. Taghi Farvar; John P. Milton (eds.). "The Impact of Agricultural Development on Aquatic Systems and its Effect on the Epidemiology of Schistosomes in Rhodesia".
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of the water flowing over the spillway, leading to its failure. It was the inadequate design of the spillway and installation of fish screens that led to the 1889 over-topping of the
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West, but most have failed, been hidden under earth embankments, or been replaced with entirely new structures. Two common variations of timber dams were the "crib" and the "plank".
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also includes in the "large" category, dams which are between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) high with a reservoir capacity of more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400
5396:
Ritchie, A. C.; Warrick, J. A.; East, A. E.; Magirl, C. S.; Stevens, A. W.; Bountry, J. A.; Randle, T. J.; Curran, C. A.; Hilldale, R. C.; Duda, J. J.; Gelfenbaum, G. R. (2018).
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construction was characterized by "the Romans' ability to plan and organize engineering construction on a grand scale." Roman planners introduced the then-novel concept of large
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1073:, Québec, Canada. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type but requires a good rock foundation because the buttress loads are heavy.
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was granted in 1844, the dam was constructed over the following decade. Its construction was carried out on the basis of the mathematical results of scientific stress analysis.
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Once completed, if it is well designed and maintained, a hydroelectric power source is usually comparatively cheap and reliable. It has no fuel and low escape risk, and as an
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Erosion rates are often monitored, and the risk is ordinarily minimized, by shaping the downstream face of the spillway into a curve that minimizes turbulent flow, such as an
2404:. While dams and the water behind them cover only a small portion of earth's surface, they harbour biological activity that can produce large quantities of greenhouse gases.
704:. The dam cost £17,000 and was completed in 1856 as the first engineered dam built in Australia, and the second arch dam in the world built to mathematical specifications.
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2.41 million of a total of 2.5 million dams, are not under the jurisdiction of any public agency (i.e., they are non-jurisdictional), nor are they listed on the
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security of the dam because they are designed to be gradually evacuated for exceptional events. They work as fixed weirs at times by allowing overflow in common floods.
1673:"Timber plank dams" were more elegant structures that employed a variety of construction methods using heavy timbers to support a water retaining arrangement of planks.
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is a major source of electricity in the world. Many countries have rivers with adequate water flow, that can be dammed for power generation purposes. For example, the
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in Middle Egypt. Two dams called Ha-Uar running east–west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called
4500:"How Big of an Effect Do Small Dams Have? Using Geomorphological Footprints to Quantify Spatial Impact of Low-Head Dams and Identify Patterns of Across-Dam Variation"
1524:. It must be strong, as floods will wash over its crest. Over time, sand accumulates in layers behind the dam, which helps store water and, most importantly, prevent
539:. It stands 60 meters tall, and in crest is a one meter width. Some historians believe the dam was built by Shāh Abbās I, whereas others believe that he repaired it.
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is costly or difficult to transport, and either a low head diversion dam is required or longevity is not an issue. Timber dams were once numerous, especially in the
822:. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever before been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world.
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by altering the river's depth. Deeper water increases or creates freedom of movement for water vessels. Large dams can serve this purpose, but most often weirs and
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3798:
Atif Ansar; Bent Flyvbjerg; Alexander Budzier; Daniel Lunn (June 2014). "Should we build more large dams? The actual costs of hydropower megaproject development".
1823:. At 560 m (1,840 ft) high, it is the tallest dam in the world, including both natural and man-made dams. A more recent example would be the creation of
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can aid rural development in developing countries. In the United States alone, there are approximately 2,000,000 or more "small" dams that are not included in the
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source it is cheaper than both nuclear and wind power. It is more easily regulated to store water as needed and generate high power levels on demand compared to
611:, but it was only in the 19th century that the engineering skills and construction materials available were capable of building the first large-scale arch dams.
2803:"), in which three German dams were selected to be breached in order to damage German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the
299:
is constructed of unhewn stone, over 300 m (980 ft) long, 4.5 m (15 ft) high and 20 m (66 ft) wide, across the main stream of the
5589:
Lansac-Tôha, Fernando Miranda (2019). "A Differently dispersing organism groups show contrasting beta diversity patterns in a dammed subtropical river basin".
5480:"A case study on environmental sustainability: A study of the trophic changes in fish species as a result of the damming of rivers through clustering analysis"
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the reservoir fluctuate annually in an attempt to balance these different purposes. Dam management becomes a complex exercise amongst competing stakeholders.
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earth, and are of two main types: rock-fill and earth-fill. Like concrete gravity dams, embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back the force of water.
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1352:. Records of small dams are kept by state regulatory agencies and therefore information about small dams is dispersed and uneven in geographic coverage.
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Ren, Kang (2019). "A nature-based reservoir optimization model for resolving the conflict in human water demand and riverine ecosystem protection".
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The main causes of dam failure include inadequate spillway capacity, piping through the embankment, foundation or abutments, spillway design error (
2711:(IHL) and shall not be made the object of attack if that may cause severe losses among the civilian population. To facilitate the identification, a
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As of 2021, ICOLD's World Register of Dams contains 58,700 large dam records. The tallest dam in the world is the 305 m-high (1,001 ft)
1752:, intercept the path of a stream or lake outlet, resulting in the creation of a natural impoundment. An example would be the eruptions of the
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Province that created an enormous irrigation reservoir (100 km (62 mi) in circumference), a reservoir that is still present today.
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By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, some 40,000 of them over 15 m (49 ft) high. In 2014, scholars from the
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In 2008, it was estimated that 40–80 million people worldwide have been displaced from their homes as a result of dam construction.
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The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments, as for example the
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2511:, and glacial melt, causing additional expenditure for the extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low-water years.
216:, was 102 m (335 ft) long at its base and 87 m (285 ft) wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a
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during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that have a lower impact upon aquatic life are an active area of research.
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liner to prevent seepage. Water/slurry levels in the tailings pond must be managed for stability and environmental purposes as well.
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A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have
2126:. Others such as the Berg Strait Dam can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes and seas, in this case, the
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is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical.
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Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a). "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
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the bottom of the dam. If large enough uplift pressures are generated there is a risk of destabilizing the concrete gravity dam.
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1408:
to prevent inundation of nearby land. Dikes are commonly used for reclamation of arable land from a shallow lake, similar to a
1285:
2203:
Dams create deep reservoirs and can also vary the flow of water downstream. This can in return affect upstream and downstream
1708:
is a barrier, usually temporary, constructed to exclude water from an area that is normally submerged. Made commonly of wood,
1010:
of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The
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5787:
5731:
5712:
5693:
5562:
5539:
5520:
5132:
4920:
4827:
4780:
4750:
4313:
Graf, WL (1993). "Landscapes, commodities, and ecosystems: The relationship between policy and science for American rivers".
4150:
3514:
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3433:
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3067:
1662:
and the interior filled with earth or rubble. The heavy crib structure supported the dam's face and the weight of the water.
1346:
720:
507:
through which it flowed into reservoirs of the city. Another one, the Band-i-Amir Dam, provided irrigation for 300 villages.
1225:
5909:
2090:
Many urban areas of the world are supplied with water taken from rivers pent up behind low dams or weirs. Examples include
1449:
is a structure that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment.
696:
wall was designed by Lieutenant Percy Simpson who was influenced by the advances in dam engineering techniques made by the
5168:
3106:
1542:
853:. In 1928, Congress authorized the project to build a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce
527:, is the thinnest arch dam in the world and one of the oldest arch dams in Asia. It was constructed some 700 years ago in
3923:
3607:
3093:
2983:
2907:
2552:
flows can be re-established by removing dams from a river. Dam removal is considered appropriate when the dam is old and
2326:
5843:
4382:
2287:
1918:
uses small-scale hydro generation on a wide scale and is responsible for about 50% of world use of this type of power.
2238:
a minimum for the required storage capacity. The most economical arrangement is often a composite structure such as a
738:
in 1880 with an overflow spillway and a special water outlet, it was eventually heightened to 10 m (33 ft).
5965:
4498:
Fencl, Jane S.; Mather, Martha E.; Costigan, Katie H.; Daniels, Melinda D. (5 November 2015). Deng, Z. Daniel (ed.).
4079:
A large dam is defined by the industry as one higher than 15 meters high and a major dam as higher than 150.5 meters.
3952:
3457:
1304:
dams can be classified as either "high-head" (greater than 30 m in height) or "low-head" (less than 30 m in height).
923:
361:
321:
system in China that included a dam that directed waterflow. It was finished in 251 BC. A large earthen dam, made by
1585:
Because tailings dams often store toxic chemicals from the mining process, modern designs incorporate an impervious
4404:
3668:
1356:
definitions of SHPs, such as their maximum generation capacity, dam height, reservoir area, etc., vary by country.
630:(it is still in use today). It had a height of 12 m (39 ft) and consisted of 21 arches of variable span.
1515:
There are two types of underground dams: "sub-surface" and a "sand-storage". A sub-surface dam is built across an
5945:
4888:
4812:
2492:
2178:
in this context) are used to prevent ingress of water to an area that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its
1942:
1910:
As of 2005, hydroelectric power, mostly from dams, supplies some 19% of the world's electricity, and over 63% of
692:, was dammed in the 1850s, to cater to the demand for water from the growing population of the city. The masonry
5338:
Bellmore, J. R.; Duda, J. J.; Craig, L. S.; Greene, S. L.; Torgersen, C. E.; Collins, M. J.; Vittum, K. (2017).
4113:
4097:
4738:
3589:
2778:
2708:
2628:
2596:
1546:
905:
476:
570:. The central square of Amsterdam, covering the original site of the 800-year-old dam, still carries the name
400:; its record height of 50 m (160 ft) remained unsurpassed until its accidental destruction in 1305.
6059:
4975:
Construction of a dam (Berg Strait) to stabilize and increase the level of the northern part of the Aral Sea.
3192:
2106:. Other major sources include deep upland reservoirs contained by high dams across deep valleys, such as the
743:
259:
was built. The system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it.
5703:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b). "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
3975:"Army Corps, waterways partners focus on fixed-crest dam safety > Pittsburgh District > News Releases"
3033:"overview of the hystory [sic] of water resources and irrigation management in the near east region"
142:
in South India, built in the 2nd century AD, is one of the oldest water regulating structures still in use.
130:
Ancient dams were built in Mesopotamia and the Middle East for water control. The earliest known dam is the
834:
314:
5722:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987c). "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
4870:
1933:; to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, the water may be run through a large pipe called a
940:. Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height), intended purpose or structure.
2860:
1768:. The largest such lake grew to about 800 km (500 mi) in length before the failure of its dam.
220:
for flood control, but was destroyed by heavy rain during construction or shortly afterwards. During the
503:
was more than 910 m (3,000 ft) long, and that it had many water-wheels raising the water into
5867:
5149:
Kosnik, Lea-Rachel (1 March 2008). "The Potential of Water Power in the Fight Against Global Warming".
4999:
4566:
3710:
2676:
Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. Routine
2531:
optimization model for resolving the conflict in human water demand and riverine ecosystem protection.
1509:
1379:
1349:
811:
3194:
Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment
1412:, which is a wall or embankment built along a river or stream to protect adjacent land from flooding.
5797:
Vogel, Alexius (1987). "Die historische Entwicklung der Gewichtsmauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
5511:
Hartung, Fritz; Kuros, Gh. R. (1987). "Historische Talsperren im Iran". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
4204:
2758:
807:
1528:. The stored water can be extracted with a well, through the dam body, or by means of a drain pipe.
936:
Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife such as
5902:
4036:
2242:
dam flanked by earth embankments. The current use of the land to be flooded should be dispensable.
1721:
459:, which often powered water-raising mechanisms. One of the first was the Roman-built dam bridge in
221:
2715:
consisting of three bright orange circles placed on the same axis is defined by the rules of IHL.
6049:
4477:
2880:
2730:
2014:
1753:
1191:
1126:
894:
504:
345:
5259:
3133:
292:, Turkey. It is thought to date from the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th centuries BC.
6008:
3638:
2875:
2677:
2208:
1951:
948:
Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as easily created without materials,
799:
742:
centered around the engineering faculties of universities in France and in the United Kingdom.
491:. Water was conducted from the back of the dam through a large pipe to drive a water wheel and
389:
5154:
5122:
3845:
2741:), geological instability caused by changes to water levels during filling or poor surveying (
1404:
would otherwise escape. On occasion, a reservoir is contained by a similar structure called a
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3903:
3733:
3473:
3413:
2850:
1844:
1785:
1781:
1387:
1199:
1063:
747:
735:
712:
649:
and built a series of curved masonry dams as part of the waterway system. In particular, the
5339:
3859:
3534:
2436:, who threatened to "release the waters" and drown the villagers if they did not cooperate.
767:
39:
5860:
5643:
5598:
5409:
5351:
4631:
4511:
4441:
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4145:. Hamilton, Canada: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
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1059:
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608:
31:
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and an engineering marvel. In order to keep the water in control during construction, two
8:
5895:
5398:"Morphodynamic evolution following sediment release from the world's largest dam removal"
3673:
2774:
2770:
2484:
2250:
2055:
1797:
1572:, geology, climate, the type of tailings, and cost. An upstream tailings dam consists of
1501:
1276:
costs and affects the dams' potential range and magnitude of environmental disturbances.
858:
854:
731:
372:
for urban settlements over the dry season. Their pioneering use of water-proof hydraulic
101:
5647:
5602:
5466:
5413:
5355:
5097:"Tasmanian Wilderness Society blocks dam construction (Franklin River Campaign) 1981-83"
4635:
4515:
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4350:
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3821:
1945:
to produce electricity to match periods of high and low demand, by moving water between
6023:
5881:
5766:
5758:
5659:
5622:
5499:
5438:
5397:
5375:
5201:
4991:
4709:"Underground Dams—A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources"
4663:
4542:
4499:
3833:
3807:
3775:
3750:
3166:
3107:
http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1062-the-reservoirs-of-dholavira.html
2800:
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2397:
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1930:
1904:
1612:
1497:
1070:
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815:
425:
421:
209:
67:
created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as
5574:"Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs"
5237:
4796:
4682:
2908:"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more"
2718:
1190:
flow for irrigation systems. An example of this type of dam is the now-decommissioned
5802:
5783:
5770:
5727:
5708:
5689:
5663:
5626:
5614:
5558:
5535:
5516:
5503:
5479:
5443:
5425:
5379:
5367:
5150:
5128:
4996:
The principal objective of the dam and reservoir is to protect downstream communities
4951:
4823:
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4655:
4647:
4603:
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4459:
4364:
4295:
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3485:
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operations after separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an
1101:
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803:
532:
275:
183:
131:
5610:
5550:
4667:
3884:
3837:
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grounds upstream. In some areas, young fish ("smolt") are transported downstream by
1807:
in mountainous regions with unstable local geology. Historical examples include the
5984:
5926:
5750:
5651:
5606:
5491:
5433:
5417:
5359:
4639:
4537:
4519:
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1922:
1911:
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1150:
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76:
5655:
5557:. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 331–339.
4708:
4430:"Little dams, big problems: The legal and policy issues of nonjurisdictional dams"
2702:
International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces
1658:
Timber crib dams were erected of heavy timbers or dressed logs in the manner of a
1627:
cheaper than masonry, concrete or earthworks, but sturdier than timber crib dams.
668:
584:
281:
5993:
5850:
5573:
4877:
4524:
3891:
3643:
3562:
3124:
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2147:
2139:
2018:
1717:
1246:
1048:
1031:
716:
697:
677:
650:
619:
472:
171:. Dams were used to control water levels, for Mesopotamia's weather affected the
3829:
2063:
1340:
As with large dams, small dams have multiple uses, such as, but not limited to,
248:
covered 1,700 km (660 sq mi) and is known today as Birket Qarun.
5998:
5421:
2738:
2722:
2573:
2413:
2393:
2385:
Large reservoirs formed behind dams have been indicated in the contribution of
2143:
2010:
1848:
1792:
deposits left behind by glaciers can also dam rivers to form lakes, such as at
1757:
1729:
1240:
1233:
995:
953:
838:
755:
615:
604:
377:
326:
112:
72:
5495:
4851:
4643:
4098:"How Dams Vary and Why It Matters for the Emerging Science of Dam Removal;..."
3998:"Family of kayaker swept over Dashields Dam sues U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"
3927:
3615:
2915:
417:
6054:
6043:
6018:
6003:
5429:
5371:
4745:. Paris: International Council on Metals and the Environment. pp. 9–10.
4651:
4607:
4533:
4463:
4368:
4299:
4228:
4122:
2838:
2784:
A notable case of deliberate dam failure (prior to the above ruling) was the
2754:
2648:
2569:
2460:
2456:
2444:
2429:
2314:
2192:
2067:
1926:
1900:
1816:
1804:
1793:
1765:
1652:
1441:
A check dam is a small dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil
1308:
1214:
1184:
1173:
819:
784:
701:
658:
623:
563:
488:
468:
448:
436:
381:
251:
By the mid-late third millennium BC, an intricate water-management system in
225:
217:
206:
195:
60:
5467:"Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)"
2432:, Interior Minister of India, in 1960 speaking to villagers upset about the
1087:
750:
pioneered the theoretical understanding of dam structures in his 1857 paper
30:
This article is about structures for water impoundment. For other uses, see
6013:
5975:
5618:
5447:
4659:
4551:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2762:
2607:, were removed between 2011 and 2014 that together stored approximately 30
2488:
2204:
2095:
1973:
1824:
1537:
1493:
1258:
791:
734:, Australia, was possibly the world's first concrete arch dam. Designed by
654:
638:
589:
528:
496:
413:
369:
350:
229:
139:
116:
84:
4955:
3784:
3766:
2973:
S.W. Helms: "Jawa Excavations 1975. Third Preliminary Report", Levant 1977
2499:
lines. Hydroelectric generation can be vulnerable to major changes in the
802:, the British began construction in 1898. The project was designed by Sir
424:). Roman workforces also were the first to build dam bridges, such as the
380:
allowed for much larger dam structures than previously built, such as the
27:
Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams
6028:
5955:
5950:
3357:
3038:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from
2660:
2644:
2624:
2588:
2584:
2540:
2508:
2425:
2355:
2303:
Removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed reservoir area
2291:
2246:
2155:
2119:
1832:
1586:
1525:
1488:
1273:
1229:
1210:
1082:
1003:
957:
788:
776:
567:
543:
456:
393:
385:
330:
308:
245:
168:
164:
80:
44:
5876:
4290:
4265:
3953:"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wants You To Enjoy The Rivers, Safely"
2459:). It creates a reservoir 600 km (370 mi) long to be used for
2428:, and that it often leads to abuses of the masses by planners. He cites
1968:
1896:
1756:
about 1.8 million–10,000 years ago, which created lava dams on the
857:. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called
5960:
5918:
5762:
3918:
3916:
2766:
2742:
2636:
2608:
2556:
exceed the expense of its removal. Some effects of dam removal include
2519:
2452:
2421:
2386:
2263:
2231:
2226:
2151:
2123:
2059:
2006:
2002:
1860:
1820:
1812:
1803:
Natural disasters such as earthquakes and landslides frequently create
1697:
1663:
1569:
1553:
A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store
1374:
1341:
1301:
1142:
1052:
999:
978:
908: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
826:
795:
772:
685:
673:
572:
452:
318:
304:
104:) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.
88:
68:
5801:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 47–56 (50).
5363:
4454:
4429:
4335:"Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy"
2300:
Compensation for land being flooded as well as population resettlement
1205:
Barrages that are built at the mouths of rivers or lagoons to prevent
515:
5069:
5067:
4819:
4359:
4334:
3481:
3425:
3160:"Water management: Historical maritime, riverine tradition of Bharat"
2746:
2669:
2632:
2600:
2561:
2269:
1990:
1985:
1946:
1705:
1687:
1659:
1623:
1608:
1603:
1573:
1436:
1370:
1297:
1289:
1007:
689:
627:
559:
547:
524:
492:
365:
322:
263:
252:
176:
124:
120:
93:
64:
5754:
5000:
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Missions/Recreation/BlackwaterDam.aspx
3913:
2643:. In total, renewed sediment delivery caused approximately 60 ha of
1888:
883:
5515:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 221–274.
2612:
2549:
2504:
2433:
2345:
2127:
2118:
Dams are often used to control and stabilize water flow, often for
2107:
2075:
1963:
1934:
1828:
1808:
1745:
1725:
1709:
1616:
1554:
1446:
1366:
1020:
1016:
986:
982:
969:
818:, was the main contractor. Capital and financing were furnished by
693:
600:
409:
296:
285:
271:
5303:
5064:
4620:
3812:
1635:
1292:)". "Major dams" are over 150 m (490 ft) in height. The
806:
and involved several eminent engineers of the time, including Sir
420:, all of which were known and employed by the 2nd century AD (see
5824:
Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
5726:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 75–96.
5707:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 57–74.
2844:
2832:
2815:
2792:
2577:
2557:
2500:
2401:
2374:
2348:
2239:
2099:
1998:
1938:
1840:
1789:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1667:
1516:
1458:
1442:
842:
783:
The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the
634:
487:, Iran, and many of these were later built in other parts of the
431:
5688:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 9–20.
5340:"Status and trends of dam removal research in the United States"
4243:"Why small-scale hydroelectric plants benefit local communities"
3010:
Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike",
2956:
Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike",
2472:
and the huge reservoir rose by 4 m (13 ft) overnight.
2331:
4567:"A Procedure for Estimating Loss of Life Caused by Dam Failure"
4485:
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service
4174:"The Jinping-I Double Curvature Arch Dam sets new world record"
3229:
2692:
2418:
Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia
2091:
2079:
1865:
1749:
1648:
1643:
1578:
1558:
1505:
1039:
1024:
937:
846:
708:
662:
646:
642:
593:
555:
460:
300:
187:
172:
135:
5012:"Lake Diefenbaker Reservoir Operations Context and Objectives"
4948:
The careless technology: Ecology and international development
4022:
Guidelines for Retirement of Dams and Hydroelectric Facilities
1520:
sand-storage dam is a weir built in stages across a stream or
5887:
4906:
4592:"How to manage the cumulative flood safety of catchment dams"
3132:. Law library – University of New Mexico. Archived from
2726:
2682:
2640:
2620:
2545:
2448:
2363:
2175:
2171:
1977:
1915:
1713:
1692:
1409:
1405:
1312:
1177:
1114:
974:
607:
from the abutment stabilizes the structure from the external
500:
484:
464:
354:
334:
289:
267:
256:
213:
199:
191:
97:
48:
4139:
Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk
2811:
rivers. This raid later became the basis for several films.
262:
One of the engineering wonders of the ancient world was the
4114:
10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0659:HDVAWI]2.0.CO;2
3218:
3125:
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy; Sunitha Chaudhary; Minna J. Hsu.
2928:
2616:
2071:
2025:
1521:
1512:, Mexico, India, Germany, Italy, Greece, France and Japan.
1421:
1206:
715:, and it was built by François Zola in the municipality of
536:
444:
397:
384:, possibly the largest water barrier to that date, and the
237:
4497:
4019:
Carter, Edward F.; Hosko, Mary Ann; Austin, Roger (1997).
3450:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology
1989:
such as a serious malfunction of the service spillway. A "
1058:
A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam.
499:
described several dams in Persia. He reported that one in
212:
at Wadi Al-Garawi, about 25 km (16 mi) south of
4973:"Kazakhstan". Land and Water Development Division. 1998.
4478:"Director's Order #40: Dam Safety & Security Program"
3863:
3608:"Egyptian Irrigation Bond 1898 – Aswan Dam on Nile River"
3577:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3127:"The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages"
1784:, which formed the 7,780 km (3,000 sq mi)
1562:
5395:
5081:
5079:
4317:. Washington DC: National Academy Press. pp. 11–42.
3507:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
3478:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
3006:
3004:
1369:
a non-jurisdictional dam is defined as a dam creating a
1168:
1160:
massive. This enables thinner dams and saves resources.
5831:
Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams
5337:
5304:"Transparent Cost Database – Transparent Cost Database"
4857:(Report). ICOLD Committee on Tailings Dams. p. 91.
3317:
3190:
1772:
can also form natural dams, such as the damming of the
1744:
Dams can also be created by natural geological forces.
1155:
A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an
523:
Shāh Abbās Arch (Persian: طاق شاه عباس), also known as
190:, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of the capital
4574:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
4423:
4421:
3575:
Rankine, W. (1857) "On the stability of loose earth".
2883: – Device for raising and lowering boats or ships
1670:
downstream in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
232:
dug a canal 16 km (9.9 mi) long linking the
5865:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5076:
4779:. NBK Institute of Mining Engineering. Archived from
3504:
3472:
3001:
2753:
dams), poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes (
2572:, re-establishment of natural water temperatures and
1028:
character of the rock should be carefully inspected.
5391:
5389:
3092:. The Southasia Trust. December 2008. Archived from
1914:. Much of this is generated by large dams, although
1055:
on the Colorado River is a constant-angle arch dam.
119:, as seen in the names of many old cities, such as
5741:Smith, Norman (1970). "The Roman Dams of Subiaco".
5549:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000). "Reservoirs and Dams". In
5471:1st International Congress on Construction History
5121:Jain, Sharad K.; Singh, V. P. (12 September 2003).
4797:
http://mining.ubc.ca/files/2013/03/Dirk-van-Zyl.pdf
4418:
4328:
4326:
4324:
3409:
3407:
3226:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3
3184:
2290:on river fisheries, forests and wildlife (see also
1720:, cofferdams are used to allow construction on the
1492:stored, such as in deserts and on islands like the
707:The first such dam was opened two years earlier in
224:in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III,
5671:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978). "Römische Talsperren".
5326:
5017:. Saskatchewan Watershed Authority. Archived from
4585:
4583:
3531:"Key Developments in the History of Buttress Dams"
2631:. Approximately 65% of the sediment stored in the
5941:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
5464:
5386:
5319:
5317:
5169:"Water Reservoirs behind Rising Greenhouse Gases"
4428:Brewitt, Peter K.; Colwyn, Chelsea L. M. (2020).
4091:
4089:
4087:
4018:
3885:http://www.britishdams.org/about_dams/gravity.htm
3375:
3240:
3238:
3056:http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4357e/y4357e14.htm
2941:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
2525:
1549:installation on a mine tailings storage facility.
1336:Dam in Europe at Autumn as viewed from FPV drone.
614:Three pioneering arch dams were built around the
59:is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of
6041:
5095:Stobbe Reimer, Asha Miriam (30 September 2021).
4321:
4096:Poff, N. Leroy; Hart, David D. (1 August 2002).
3404:
2889: – Risk prevention of reservoir dam failure
2396:. The changing water levels in reservoirs are a
5124:Water Resources Systems Planning and Management
4849:
4580:
4412:Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau
3151:
2313:disruption to human lives (relocation, loss of
618:in the early 19th century. Henry Russel of the
5314:
4707:Onder, H; M. Yilmaz (November–December 2005).
4706:
4084:
3738:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 79.
3278:
3266:
3235:
2835: – Retaining wall around pollution source
2580:that were previously unavailable due to dams.
2412:Dams' impact on human society is significant.
657:, was completed in 1832 as the largest dam in
483:. The first was built at Shustar on the River
439:dam, built by the Romans in the 3rd century AD
5903:
5465:Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003).
5094:
4882:"RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2006 Update"
4866:
4864:
4427:
3549:"John Redpath, the Whispering Dam, and Sugar"
3421:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
3417:
3030:
2468:, the dam held back a what would have been a
680:, the first engineered dam built in Australia
5571:
5510:
4990:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from
4683:"Control of Groundwater by Underground Dams"
3732:Interior, United States Dept of the (1948).
3468:
3466:
3398:
3371:
3312:
3191:Singh, Vijay P.; Ram Narayan Yadava (2003).
3157:
2639:. The remaining ~90% was transported to the
2487:requires a long lead time for site studies,
2253:considerations when building a dam include:
5588:
5260:"China's Three Gorges dam faces flood test"
5197:"Dams the latest culprit in global warming"
4950:. Natural History Press. pp. 102–108.
4945:
4871:Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update
4333:Couto, Thiago BA; Olden, Julian D. (2018).
4025:. Waterpower '97. ASCE. pp. 1248–1256.
3026:
3024:
2635:eroded, of which ~10% was deposited in the
2074:and supplied 93% of the energy consumed by
5910:
5896:
5721:
5702:
5683:
4861:
4850:McLeod, Harvey; Bjelkevik, Annika (2021).
4806:
4804:
4589:
4332:
4202:
3995:
3367:
3351:
3335:
3331:
2945:Magazine for Dutch Language and Literature
2611:of sediment. As a result, the delivery of
2335:Wood and garbage accumulation due to a dam
1359:
711:. It was the first French arch dam of the
333:, flooded a valley in modern-day northern
5861:Structurae: Dams and Retaining Structures
5670:
5578:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions
5437:
5230:
5120:
4541:
4523:
4453:
4358:
4289:
4112:
3811:
3774:
3463:
3363:
3327:
2373:A large dam can cause the loss of entire
1877:
1666:were timber crib dams used to help float
924:Learn how and when to remove this message
841:, on the border between the US states of
719:to improve the supply of water after the
633:In the 1820s and 30s, Lieutenant-Colonel
357:has been in use for almost two millennia.
146:hydropower and water-raising mechanisms.
5826:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2004.
5782:. London: Peter Davies. pp. 25–49.
5572:James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002).
4339:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
4245:. World Economic Forum. 3 September 2015
4129:
4095:
4039:. International Commission on Large Dams
3731:
3709:. University of Michigan. Archived from
3021:
2717:
2697:
2664:
2451:is more than five times the size of the
2330:
2225:
1967:
1921:Most hydroelectric power comes from the
1895:
1887:
1872:
1691:
1634:
1607:
1541:
1365:non-jurisdictional dam. In the state of
1322:
1224:
1167:
1136:
1086:
1030:
973:
766:
667:
583:
579:
514:
430:
344:
274:, the dam fell under the control of the
38:
5477:
4810:
4801:
4624:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
4405:"Evaluation of Non-Jurisdictional Dams"
4383:"DWR Dam Safety Non-Jurisdictional Dam"
4263:
4209:Australasian Journal of Water Resources
4203:Nathan, R.; Lowe, L. (1 January 2012).
3852:
3644:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
3636:
3498:
3418:Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996).
2769:, and human, computer or design error (
2647:growth, and also resulted in increased
2320:
1851:resulting in the deaths of six people.
1696:A cofferdam during the construction of
626:in 1804 to supply water to the city of
14:
6042:
5484:Computers & Industrial Engineering
5148:
4910:, published 2006, accessed 16 May 2007
4736:
4688:. The Middle East Technical University
4680:
4564:
4135:
2984:"The world's oldest dams still in use"
2856:International Commission on Large Dams
2847: – Accumulation of ice in a river
2568:downstream, increased river width and
2424:to displace people in the name of the
2407:
1941:. A variant on this simple model uses
1294:Report of the World Commission on Dams
1286:International Commission on Large Dams
5891:
5796:
5777:
5740:
5548:
5529:
5073:Lansac-Tôha, Fernando Miranda (2019).
4927:. Johnstown Area Heritage Association
4852:TAILINGS DAM DESIGN Technology Update
4205:"The Hydrologic Impacts of Farm Dams"
4136:Perera, Duminda; et al. (2021).
3748:
3563:"Historical Development of Arch Dams"
3442:
3386:
3339:
3323:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3244:
1847:in 1927, which wiped out the town of
1145:is an example of an arch-gravity dam.
1095:is an example of a solid gravity dam.
5555:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
4312:
3031:Mohamed Bazza (28–30 October 2006).
2307:
1700:at the Montgomery Point Lock and Dam
1132:
906:adding citations to reliable sources
877:
368:dams which could secure a permanent
340:
5633:
4743:Case studies on tailings management
4266:"Small Hydro for Rural Development"
3924:"Dams and Development: An Overview"
3637:Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902),
2327:Environmental impacts of reservoirs
1639:A timber crib dam in Michigan, 1978
1467:
1252:
637:supervised the construction of the
599:The Romans were the first to build
554:), started with a dam on the river
467:(c. 23 m) to supply the town. Also
24:
5844:Basic Terms of Dam Characteristics
5816:
5532:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply
5280:. 29 February 2008. Archived from
4385:. Colorado Information Marketplace
3977:. Lrp.usace.army.mil. 19 June 2017
3926:. 16 November 2000. Archived from
3416:(1996), "Engineering", p. 759, in
3197:. Allied Publishers. p. 508.
2818:foundation is developing, with an
2115:Stabilize water flow / irrigation
2036:
1892:Hydroelectric dam in cross section
1788:near the end of the last Ice Age.
1748:are formed when lava flows, often
1487:Underground dams are used to trap
1482:
1220:
1042:, is a multiple-arch buttress dam.
25:
6071:
5966:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
5837:
5274:"World Commission on Dams Report"
5238:"Three Gorges dam wall completed"
5101:The Commons Social Change Library
4059:"Methodology and Technical Notes"
3755:Environmental Health Perspectives
3401:, pp. 232, 238, fig. 13, 249
3158:Kalyanaraman, S (18 March 2003).
2392:Dams are also found to influence
2317:or cultural matters underwater).
1500:, Japan. They are most common in
849:between 1931 and 1936 during the
163:Early dam building took place in
5974:
5875:
5591:Science of the Total Environment
4270:Canadian Water Resources Journal
3696:, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899)
2493:environmental impact assessments
1232:is an earthen embankment dam in
882:
800:invasion and occupation of Egypt
622:oversaw the construction of the
392:. The highest Roman dam was the
5946:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
5611:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.236
5296:
5266:
5252:
5221:
5205:. 8 August 2012. Archived from
5189:
5161:
5142:
5114:
5088:
5050:
5036:
5004:
4980:
4966:
4939:
4913:
4843:
4766:
4739:"Construction of Tailings Dams"
4730:
4700:
4681:Yilmaz, Metin (November 2003).
4674:
4614:
4558:
4491:
4470:
4397:
4375:
4306:
4257:
4235:
4196:
4166:
4051:
4029:
4012:
3989:
3967:
3945:
3896:
3877:
3791:
3742:
3725:
3699:
3680:
3662:
3630:
3600:
3582:
3569:
3555:
3541:
3523:
3392:
3380:
3345:
3302:
3290:
3250:
3118:
2841: – Barrier in construction
2420:that dam construction requires
2260:of the surrounding rock or soil
2110:series of dams and reservoirs.
1943:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
1739:
1531:
1076:
943:
893:needs additional citations for
752:On the Stability of Loose Earth
475:dams were introduced which the
158:
5917:
5045:Marine and Freshwater Research
4565:Graham, W J (September 1999).
4315:Sustaining Our Water Resources
4221:10.7158/13241583.2012.11465405
3505:Donald Routledge Hill (1996).
3082:
3060:
2976:
2967:
2950:
2933:
2900:
2779:Taum Sauk pumped storage plant
2709:international humanitarian law
2597:Restoration of the Elwha River
2534:
2526:Reservoir and dam improvements
2158:protects the Netherlands from
1854:
1676:
1630:
1592:
562:began with a dam on the river
558:in the late 12th century, and
510:
182:The earliest known dam is the
13:
1:
5656:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.221
5636:Journal of Cleaner Production
4822:: Balkema. pp. 257–260.
4811:Singhal, Raj K., ed. (2000).
4774:"Properties of Tailings Dams"
3686:Frederic Courtland Penfield,
3376:Arenillas & Castillo 2003
3090:"The reservoirs of Dholavira"
2146:, Canada can store 8.76
2021:(the "great flood of 1889").
1681:
1597:
1508:while also being used in the
1398:
1318:
1279:
862:two years ahead of schedule.
762:
744:William John Macquorn Rankine
684:Hunts Creek near the city of
463:, which could raise water 50
5240:. China Embassy. 20 May 2006
4737:Blight, Geoffrey E. (1998).
4590:Pisaniello, John D. (2009).
4525:10.1371/journal.pone.0141210
3370:, pp. 60, table 1, 62;
2478:
2297:Impacts on human habitations
2102:, with water taken from the
2078:and 20% of that consumed by
1997:A spillway can be gradually
1957:
1582:supports the upstream side.
1557:, which are produced during
1430:
1245:Embankment dams are made of
963:
787:in Egypt in 1902, a gravity
7:
4037:"Definition of a Large Dam"
3940:Box 1. What is a large dam?
3830:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069
2861:List of dams and reservoirs
2826:
2398:source for greenhouse gases
2221:
2031:
1163:
1125:is a solid gravity dam and
723:devastated the area. After
566:, a minor tributary of the
519:14th c. Shāh Abbās arch dam
418:multiple arch buttress dams
288:dam and spring temple near
10:
6076:
5458:
5422:10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
3996:Bob Bauder (20 May 2017).
3749:Joyce, S. (October 1997).
2695:into weak fractured rock.
2658:
2654:
2538:
2503:, including variations in
2324:
1961:
1925:of dammed water driving a
1881:
1858:
1685:
1601:
1535:
1510:southwestern United States
1471:
1456:
1452:
1434:
1419:
1380:National Inventory of Dams
1350:National Inventory of dams
1267:
1256:
1238:
1209:or use the tidal flow for
1182:
1148:
1080:
967:
447:, bridge dams such as the
153:
29:
5983:
5972:
5925:
5530:Hodge, A. Trevor (1992).
5496:10.1016/j.cie.2018.09.032
5478:Almeida, Ricardo (2018).
5262:. BBC News. 20 July 2010.
5127:. Elsevier. p. 408.
4644:10.1007/s10661-006-4781-3
4143:(Report Series, Issue 11)
3955:. 90.5 WESA. 23 June 2017
3509:. Routledge. p. 31.
2759:Val di Stava Dam collapse
2199:
2186:
2166:
2154:) of floodwater, and the
2134:
2114:
2086:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2001:by water flow, including
1393:
1129:is a hollow gravity dam.
1047:the dam becomes smaller.
960:, with several subtypes.
5849:30 November 2020 at the
5085:Almeida, Ricardo (2018).
3735:The Hoover Dam Documents
3399:Hartung & Kuros 1987
3372:James & Chanson 2002
3313:James & Chanson 2002
3224:Needham, Joseph (1986).
2988:www.water-technology.net
2929:http://www.bartleby.com/
2893:
2593:U.S. state of Washington
2354:Older dams often lack a
1388:US National Park Service
1127:Braddock Locks & Dam
873:
317:is the oldest surviving
115:, and before that, from
63:or underground streams.
4264:Faruqui, N. I. (1994).
4063:Watersheds of the World
3594:Encyclopædia Britannica
3018:(1986), pp.51–64 (52f.)
3014:, 2nd special edition:
2960:, 2nd special edition:
2881:Lock (water navigation)
2733:in Pennsylvania in 1889
2015:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
1980:, soon after first fill
1796:, also in Montana (see
1754:Uinkaret volcanic field
1415:
1360:Non-jurisdictional dams
1347:Army Corps of Engineers
1192:Red Bluff Diversion Dam
798:. Following their 1882
495:. In the 10th century,
18:Concrete-face rock-fill
6009:Gorlov helical turbine
5799:Historische Talsperren
5778:Smith, Norman (1971).
5743:Technology and Culture
5724:Historische Talsperren
5705:Historische Talsperren
5686:Historische Talsperren
5513:Historische Talsperren
5059:Ecological Engineering
4925:Johnstown Flood Museum
4921:"The Club and the Dam"
3890:31 August 2011 at the
3112:21 August 2016 at the
2876:List of tidal barrages
2814:Since 2007, the Dutch
2734:
2725:failure and resulting
2703:
2678:deformation monitoring
2673:
2336:
2234:
2094:, with water from the
1981:
1952:Dinorwig Power Station
1907:
1893:
1878:Power generation plant
1701:
1640:
1619:
1550:
1547:Bituminous geomembrane
1504:and the arid areas of
1337:
1236:
1180:
1146:
1096:
1043:
990:
829:is a massive concrete
780:
730:The 75-miles dam near
681:
596:
520:
440:
358:
202:between 1319-1304 BC.
111:can be traced back to
52:
5534:. London: Duckworth.
4994:on 28 February 2013.
3767:10.1289/ehp.971051050
3707:"The First Aswan Dam"
3688:"Harnessing the Nile"
3474:Donald Routledge Hill
3414:Donald Routledge Hill
2964:(1986), pp.51–64 (52)
2851:Inflatable rubber dam
2761:), extreme rainfall (
2721:
2701:
2681:solution can be rock
2668:
2507:, ground and surface
2344:was a contributor to
2334:
2288:Environmental impacts
2229:
1971:
1899:
1891:
1873:Construction elements
1845:Gros Ventre landslide
1786:Glacial Lake Missoula
1782:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
1695:
1638:
1611:
1545:
1335:
1228:
1200:Red Bluff, California
1171:
1140:
1090:
1064:Mountain City, Nevada
1034:
1006:will depend upon the
977:
833:, constructed in the
770:
748:University of Glasgow
736:Henry Charles Stanley
721:1832 cholera outbreak
671:
587:
580:Industrial revolution
518:
451:were used to provide
434:
351:Roman dam at Cornalvo
348:
42:
6060:Hydraulic structures
5856:Gravity Dam Analysis
5833:. London: Zed. 2001.
5284:on 13 September 2008
5278:International Rivers
4876:18 July 2011 at the
3883:British Dam Society
3751:"Is it worth a dam?"
3693:The Century Magazine
3428:. pp. 751–795.
3342:, p. 332, fn. 2
2871:List of tallest dams
2866:List of largest dams
2583:The world's largest
2321:Environmental impact
996:hydrostatic pressure
902:improve this article
867:University of Oxford
609:hydrostatic pressure
588:An engraving of the
32:Dam (disambiguation)
5648:2019JCPro.231..406R
5603:2019ScTEn.691.1271L
5414:2018NatSR...813279R
5356:2017WIRWa...4E1164R
4636:2006EMnAs.114..287A
4516:2015PLoSO..1041210F
4446:2020WIRWa...7E1393B
4351:2018FrEE...16...91C
4291:10.4296/cwrj1903227
4282:1994CaWRJ..19..227F
4184:on 17 November 2018
3822:2014EnPol..69...43A
3674:Jewish Encyclopedia
3639:"Subduing the Nile"
3448:Adam Lucas (2006),
3232:: Caves Books, Ltd.
2775:Dale Dike Reservoir
2771:Buffalo Creek Flood
2560:of sediment in the
2485:hydroelectric plant
2408:Human social impact
2251:engineering geology
2170:Dams (often called
2056:Hydroelectric power
2017:, resulting in the
1815:, which blocks the
1798:Moraine-dammed lake
1502:northeastern Africa
859:Six Companies, Inc.
855:hydroelectric power
816:John Aird & Co.
672:Masonry arch wall,
6024:Cross-flow turbine
5829:McCully, Patrick.
5822:Khagram, Sanjeev.
5402:Scientific Reports
5202:The Times of India
4414:. 7 December 2009.
3930:on 28 October 2010
3551:. 31 October 2014.
3326:, pp. 33–35;
3172:on 6 February 2007
3070:. Brown University
2801:Operation Chastise
2735:
2704:
2674:
2619:to the downstream
2605:Glynes Canyon dams
2497:power transmission
2483:Construction of a
2337:
2245:Significant other
2235:
1982:
1908:
1905:electric generator
1894:
1827:by a landslide on
1702:
1641:
1620:
1613:Redridge Steel Dam
1551:
1338:
1237:
1181:
1147:
1097:
1071:Daniel-Johnson Dam
1044:
1036:Daniel-Johnson Dam
991:
781:
682:
597:
521:
441:
426:Bridge of Valerian
422:List of Roman dams
359:
264:Great Dam of Marib
210:Sadd-el-Kafara Dam
53:
6037:
6036:
5808:978-3-87919-145-1
5789:978-0-432-15090-0
5780:A History of Dams
5733:978-3-87919-145-1
5714:978-3-87919-145-1
5695:978-3-87919-145-1
5564:978-90-04-11123-3
5541:978-0-7156-2194-3
5522:978-3-87919-145-1
5364:10.1002/wat2.1164
5323:Ren, Kang (2019).
5134:978-0-08-054369-7
5047:, 68(1), 116–122.
5024:on 6 October 2014
4829:978-90-5809-085-0
4786:on 1 October 2011
4752:978-1-895720-29-7
4455:10.1002/wat2.1393
4152:978-92-808-6105-1
3860:"Arch Dam Forces"
3761:(10): 1050–1055.
3596:. 13 August 2023.
3537:on 21 March 2012.
3516:978-0-415-15291-4
3491:978-0-415-15291-4
3484:. pp. 56–8.
3435:978-0-415-12410-2
3330:, pp. 31f.;
3204:978-81-7764-548-4
3016:Antiker Wasserbau
2962:Antiker Wasserbau
2751:Testalinden Creek
2599:). Two dams, the
2554:maintenance costs
2466:2010 China floods
2308:Impact assessment
2284:Reservoir silting
2230:The discharge of
2215:
2214:
2167:Land reclamation
2135:Flood prevention
2052:Power generation
1901:Hydraulic turbine
1333:
1133:Arch-gravity dams
998:between vertical
950:arch-gravity dams
934:
933:
926:
804:William Willcocks
533:Khorasan Province
406:arch-gravity dams
376:and particularly
341:Roman engineering
73:human consumption
16:(Redirected from
6067:
5985:Hydroelectricity
5978:
5927:Hydroelectricity
5912:
5905:
5898:
5889:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5812:
5793:
5774:
5737:
5718:
5699:
5680:
5667:
5630:
5585:
5568:
5545:
5526:
5507:
5474:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5335:
5324:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5209:on 9 August 2012
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5074:
5071:
5062:
5054:
5048:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4988:"Blackwater Dam"
4984:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4917:
4911:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4887:. Archived from
4886:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4808:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4713:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4630:(1–3): 287–312.
4618:
4612:
4611:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4527:
4510:(11): e0141210.
4495:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4360:10.1002/fee.1746
4330:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4180:. Archived from
4178:en.powerchina.cn
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4093:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4065:. Archived from
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3684:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:. Archived from
3604:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3533:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3520:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3470:
3461:
3452:, p. 62. Brill,
3446:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3361:
3355:
3354:, pp. 59–62
3349:
3343:
3321:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3299:, pp. 331f.
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3233:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3165:. Archived from
3164:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3045:on 8 August 2007
3044:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2954:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2914:. Archived from
2904:
2887:Reservoir safety
2687:pressure pumping
2587:occurred on the
2470:disastrous flood
2441:Three Gorges Dam
2387:seismic activity
2281:Peak flood flows
2187:Water diversion
2160:coastal flooding
2041:
2040:
1923:potential energy
1912:renewable energy
1884:Hydroelectricity
1770:Glacial activity
1474:Diversionary dam
1468:Diversionary dam
1445:. Conversely, a
1334:
1253:Fixed-crest dams
1207:tidal incursions
1196:Sacramento River
1157:arch-gravity dam
1151:Arch-gravity dam
1123:Grand Coulee Dam
1093:Grand Coulee Dam
929:
922:
918:
915:
909:
886:
878:
851:Great Depression
831:arch-gravity dam
645:near modern-day
477:Muslim engineers
234:Fayum Depression
207:Ancient Egyptian
21:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6033:
5994:Francis turbine
5979:
5970:
5921:
5916:
5886:
5874:
5866:
5851:Wayback Machine
5840:
5819:
5817:Further reading
5809:
5790:
5755:10.2307/3102810
5734:
5715:
5696:
5565:
5551:Wikander, Örjan
5542:
5523:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5394:
5387:
5336:
5327:
5322:
5315:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5227:Cullather, 110.
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5177:. 9 August 2012
5167:
5166:
5162:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5065:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4878:Wayback Machine
4869:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4809:
4802:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4619:
4615:
4588:
4581:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4496:
4492:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4426:
4419:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4331:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4094:
4085:
4072:
4070:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3892:Wayback Machine
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3796:
3792:
3747:
3743:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3713:on 15 June 1997
3705:
3704:
3700:
3685:
3681:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3471:
3464:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3368:Schnitter 1987b
3362:
3358:
3352:Schnitter 1987b
3350:
3346:
3336:Schnitter 1987c
3332:Schnitter 1987a
3322:
3318:
3311:, p. 332;
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:, pp. 79f.
3255:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3139:on 20 July 2013
3136:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3114:Wayback Machine
3099:
3097:
3096:on 11 July 2011
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2938:
2934:
2921:
2919:
2918:on 8 April 2009
2906:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2829:
2820:open innovation
2786:Royal Air Force
2729:that destroyed
2713:protective sign
2690:Portland cement
2663:
2657:
2566:sediment supply
2543:
2537:
2528:
2481:
2410:
2342:Glen Canyon Dam
2329:
2323:
2310:
2274:slope stability
2224:
2182:for human use.
2140:Keenleyside Dam
2039:
2037:Common purposes
2034:
2019:Johnstown Flood
1966:
1960:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1742:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1633:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1540:
1534:
1485:
1483:Underground dam
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1401:
1396:
1362:
1323:
1321:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1243:
1223:
1221:Embankment dams
1187:
1166:
1153:
1135:
1085:
1079:
1049:Jones Falls Dam
972:
966:
954:embankment dams
946:
930:
919:
913:
910:
899:
887:
876:
765:
717:Aix-en-Provence
698:Royal Engineers
678:New South Wales
651:Jones Falls Dam
620:Royal Engineers
605:reaction forces
582:
513:
435:Remains of the
343:
272:Kingdom of Saba
222:Twelfth Dynasty
161:
156:
100:(also known as
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6050:Barrages (dam)
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5999:Kaplan turbine
5996:
5990:
5988:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5892:
5885:
5884:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5839:
5838:External links
5836:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5794:
5788:
5775:
5738:
5732:
5719:
5713:
5700:
5694:
5681:
5668:
5631:
5586:
5569:
5563:
5546:
5540:
5527:
5521:
5508:
5475:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5385:
5325:
5313:
5295:
5265:
5251:
5229:
5220:
5188:
5174:French Tribune
5160:
5141:
5133:
5113:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5061:, 91, 183–194.
5049:
5035:
5003:
4979:
4965:
4938:
4912:
4894:on 14 May 2016
4860:
4842:
4828:
4800:
4765:
4751:
4729:
4716:European Water
4699:
4673:
4613:
4602:(4): 361–370.
4579:
4557:
4490:
4487:. 25 May 2010.
4469:
4417:
4396:
4374:
4320:
4305:
4276:(3): 227–235.
4256:
4234:
4195:
4165:
4151:
4128:
4107:(8): 659–668.
4083:
4069:on 4 July 2007
4050:
4028:
4011:
3988:
3966:
3944:
3912:
3904:"Gravity Dams"
3895:
3876:
3851:
3790:
3741:
3724:
3698:
3679:
3661:
3629:
3618:on 13 May 2005
3599:
3581:
3568:
3554:
3540:
3522:
3515:
3497:
3490:
3462:
3441:
3434:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3366:, p. 29;
3364:Schnitter 1978
3356:
3344:
3338:, p. 80;
3334:, p. 12;
3328:Schnitter 1978
3316:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3259:, p. 49;
3249:
3234:
3217:
3203:
3183:
3150:
3117:
3081:
3059:
3020:
3000:
2975:
2966:
2949:
2932:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2739:South Fork Dam
2723:South Fork Dam
2659:Main article:
2656:
2653:
2649:river braiding
2629:re-established
2574:recolonisation
2539:Main article:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2480:
2477:
2414:Nick Cullather
2409:
2406:
2394:global warming
2325:Main article:
2322:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2144:Columbia River
2136:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2011:South Fork Dam
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1882:Main article:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1859:Main article:
1856:
1853:
1805:landslide dams
1758:Colorado River
1741:
1738:
1730:retaining wall
1686:Main article:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1653:North American
1632:
1629:
1615:, built 1905,
1602:Main article:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1484:
1481:
1472:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1361:
1358:
1320:
1317:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1254:
1251:
1241:Embankment dam
1239:Main article:
1234:North Carolina
1222:
1219:
1215:tidal barrages
1183:Main article:
1165:
1162:
1149:Main article:
1134:
1131:
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
968:Main article:
965:
962:
945:
942:
932:
931:
890:
888:
881:
875:
872:
839:Colorado River
814:, whose firm,
808:Benjamin Baker
764:
761:
756:Rankine theory
725:royal approval
713:industrial era
616:British Empire
581:
578:
512:
509:
469:diversion dams
378:Roman concrete
342:
339:
327:prime minister
255:in modern-day
160:
157:
155:
152:
113:Middle English
77:industrial use
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6072:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:Turgo turbine
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Tyson turbine
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5597:: 1271–1281.
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5490:: 1239–1252.
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5390:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
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5341:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5308:en.openei.org
5305:
5299:
5283:
5279:
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5269:
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5224:
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5176:
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5164:
5156:
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5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5082:
5080:
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5046:
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5001:
4997:
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4989:
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4957:
4953:
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4890:
4883:
4879:
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4865:
4853:
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4782:
4775:
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4703:
4684:
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4629:
4625:
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4609:
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4597:
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4413:
4406:
4400:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:(2): 91–100.
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4283:
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4275:
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4230:
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4132:
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4038:
4032:
4024:
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4015:
3999:
3992:
3976:
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3948:
3941:
3929:
3925:
3919:
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3905:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3865:
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3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3800:Energy Policy
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3712:
3708:
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3694:
3689:
3683:
3676:
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3646:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3458:90-04-14649-0
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3069:
3068:"Lake Moeris"
3063:
3057:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:Grout curtain
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:Lawn Lake Dam
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:studies, and
2490:
2486:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2461:flood control
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:Yangtze River
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:Morarji Desai
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2315:archeological
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:diversion dam
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:purposes and
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2087:Water supply
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:generates 14
2069:
2068:South America
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:water turbine
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Murghab River
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:Flathead Lake
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:United States
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:Jinping-I Dam
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1213:are known as
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1174:Koshi Barrage
1170:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:Wildhorse Dam
1056:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
928:
925:
917:
907:
903:
897:
896:
891:This section
889:
885:
880:
879:
871:
868:
863:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
820:Ernest Cassel
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
785:Aswan Low Dam
778:
774:
769:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
675:
670:
666:
664:
660:
659:North America
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
595:
591:
586:
577:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Islamic world
486:
482:
481:Pul-i-Bulaiti
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Band-e Kaisar
446:
438:
437:Band-e Kaisar
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:buttress dams
411:
407:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Lake Homs Dam
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
356:
352:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
282:Eflatun Pınar
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Amenemhat III
223:
219:
218:diversion dam
215:
211:
208:
203:
201:
197:
196:Lake Homs Dam
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:surface water
58:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6014:Pelton wheel
5935:
5830:
5823:
5798:
5779:
5749:(1): 58–68.
5746:
5742:
5723:
5704:
5685:
5676:
5672:
5639:
5635:
5594:
5590:
5581:
5577:
5554:
5531:
5512:
5487:
5483:
5470:
5408:(1): 13279.
5405:
5401:
5350:(2): e1164.
5347:
5343:
5307:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5282:the original
5277:
5268:
5254:
5242:. Retrieved
5232:
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5207:the original
5200:
5191:
5179:. Retrieved
5172:
5163:
5144:
5123:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5100:
5090:
5058:
5052:
5044:
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5019:the original
5006:
4995:
4992:the original
4982:
4974:
4968:
4959:
4947:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4924:
4915:
4905:
4896:. Retrieved
4889:the original
4845:
4833:. Retrieved
4813:
4788:. Retrieved
4781:the original
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4742:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4715:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4676:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4599:
4595:
4573:
4560:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4484:
4472:
4440:(1): e1393.
4437:
4433:
4411:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4377:
4342:
4338:
4314:
4308:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4237:
4215:(1): 75–83.
4212:
4208:
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4182:the original
4177:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4138:
4131:
4104:
4100:
4078:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4062:
4053:
4041:. Retrieved
4031:
4021:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3947:
3939:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:the original
3898:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3854:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3711:the original
3701:
3691:
3682:
3672:
3664:
3653:, retrieved
3648:
3642:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3557:
3543:
3535:the original
3525:
3506:
3500:
3477:
3449:
3444:
3420:
3394:
3389:, p. 50
3382:
3359:
3347:
3319:
3304:
3292:
3287:, p. 87
3280:
3275:, p. 42
3268:
3252:
3247:, p. 49
3225:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3193:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3167:the original
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3120:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3062:
3047:. Retrieved
3040:the original
3015:
3011:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:
2978:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2920:. Retrieved
2916:the original
2912:bartleby.com
2911:
2902:
2813:
2799:(codenamed "
2797:World War II
2789:'Dambusters'
2783:
2763:Shakidor Dam
2736:
2705:
2675:
2582:
2564:, increased
2544:
2529:
2516:clean energy
2513:
2509:water levels
2489:hydrological
2482:
2474:
2438:
2417:
2411:
2391:
2384:
2377:, including
2372:
2368:
2353:
2338:
2311:
2258:Permeability
2244:
2236:
2216:
2120:agricultural
2096:River Thames
2082:as of 2005.
2064:Paraná River
2023:
1996:
1983:
1974:Llyn Brianne
1972:Spillway on
1920:
1909:
1864:
1837:
1825:Attabad Lake
1802:
1760:in northern
1743:
1740:Natural dams
1734:
1703:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1621:
1584:
1567:
1552:
1538:Tailings dam
1532:Tailings dam
1514:
1494:Fukuzato Dam
1486:
1477:
1462:
1440:
1425:
1402:
1384:
1363:
1354:
1339:
1306:
1293:
1283:
1271:
1262:
1259:Low head dam
1244:
1204:
1188:
1185:Barrage dams
1154:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1077:Gravity dams
1068:
1057:
1045:
992:
958:masonry dams
947:
944:By structure
935:
920:
911:
900:Please help
895:verification
892:
864:
835:Black Canyon
824:
792:buttress dam
782:
751:
740:
729:
706:
683:
655:John Redpath
639:Rideau Canal
632:
624:Mir Alam dam
613:
603:, where the
598:
590:Rideau Canal
571:
551:
541:
529:Tabas county
522:
497:Al-Muqaddasi
480:
471:were known.
457:water wheels
442:
402:
370:water supply
360:
315:Du Jiang Yan
313:
294:
280:
261:
250:
241:
230:Amenemhat IV
204:
181:
162:
159:Ancient dams
148:
144:
140:Kallanai Dam
129:
117:Middle Dutch
108:
106:
85:navigability
56:
54:
36:
6029:Water wheel
5956:Micro hydro
5951:Small hydro
5882:Engineering
5679:(2): 25–32.
5673:Antike Welt
5642:: 406–418.
5344:WIREs Water
4434:WIREs Water
4188:16 November
3651:: 2861–2870
3612:Scripophily
3579:, Vol. 147.
3100:27 February
3012:Antike Welt
2993:18 December
2958:Antike Welt
2767:earthquakes
2661:Dam failure
2589:Elwha river
2585:dam removal
2541:Dam removal
2535:Dam removal
2426:common good
2356:fish ladder
2292:fish ladder
2278:Water table
2247:engineering
2200:Navigation
2180:reclamation
2156:Delta Works
2150:(2.10
1937:before the
1855:Beaver dams
1833:Hunza River
1677:Other types
1664:Splash dams
1631:Timber dams
1593:By material
1587:geomembrane
1574:trapezoidal
1526:evaporation
1489:groundwater
1230:Chatuge Dam
1211:tidal power
1083:Gravity dam
1004:arch action
777:Ansel Adams
653:, built by
568:Nieuwe Maas
552:Amstelredam
544:Netherlands
511:Middle Ages
479:called the
394:Subiaco Dam
390:Roman Syria
386:Harbaqa Dam
331:Chu (state)
309:South India
246:Lake Moeris
198:, built in
169:Middle East
165:Mesopotamia
81:aquaculture
45:Edersee Dam
6044:Categories
5961:Pico hydro
5929:generation
5919:Hydropower
4931:15 January
4898:9 November
4835:9 November
4158:23 January
4101:BioScience
4043:23 January
4000:. TribLIVE
3934:24 October
3622:9 November
3387:Vogel 1987
3340:Hodge 2000
3324:Smith 1971
3309:Hodge 2000
3297:Hodge 2000
3285:Hodge 1992
3273:Smith 1971
3261:Hodge 1992
3257:Smith 1971
3245:Smith 1971
3210:9 November
3176:23 January
3143:8 November
2922:9 November
2633:reservoirs
2520:wind power
2453:Hoover Dam
2416:argues in
2379:endangered
2375:ecospheres
2270:Landslides
2264:Earthquake
2232:Takato Dam
2211:are used.
2205:navigation
2152:cu mi
2124:irrigation
2060:Itaipu Dam
2007:turbulence
2003:cavitation
1986:floodgates
1947:reservoirs
1861:Beaver dam
1821:Sarez Lake
1819:to create
1813:Tajikistan
1774:Clark Fork
1722:foundation
1682:Cofferdams
1598:Steel dams
1570:topography
1399:Saddle dam
1375:New Mexico
1342:hydropower
1319:Small dams
1302:Hydropower
1280:Large dams
1257:See also:
1143:Hoover Dam
1053:Parker Dam
1000:cantilever
979:Gordon Dam
827:Hoover Dam
796:Nile River
773:Hoover Dam
763:Modern era
686:Parramatta
674:Parramatta
573:Dam Square
550:(old name
453:hydropower
388:, both in
319:irrigation
305:Tamil Nadu
276:Ḥimyarites
94:floodgates
89:Hydropower
69:irrigation
65:Reservoirs
5987:equipment
5771:111915102
5664:182485278
5627:199071096
5504:115846219
5430:2045-2322
5380:114768364
5372:2049-1948
5288:16 August
4820:Rotterdam
4790:10 August
4758:10 August
4652:0167-6369
4608:1816-7950
4534:1932-6203
4464:2049-1948
4369:1540-9309
4300:0701-1784
4229:1324-1583
4123:0006-3568
3869:7 January
3813:1409.0002
3806:: 43–56.
3717:2 January
3482:Routledge
3426:Routledge
3074:14 August
2747:Malpasset
2731:Johnstown
2670:Teton Dam
2562:reservoir
2479:Economics
2422:the state
2104:River Dee
2044:Function
1991:fuse plug
1958:Spillways
1931:generator
1746:Lava dams
1706:cofferdam
1688:Cofferdam
1660:log house
1624:steel dam
1604:Steel dam
1437:Check dam
1431:Check dam
1371:reservoir
1247:compacted
1102:resultant
1017:abutments
1008:stiffness
964:Arch dams
812:John Aird
690:Australia
628:Hyderabad
601:arch dams
592:locks at
560:Rotterdam
548:Amsterdam
525:Kurit Dam
505:aqueducts
493:watermill
428:in Iran.
410:arch dams
366:reservoir
362:Roman dam
323:Sunshu Ao
303:River in
253:Dholavira
177:Euphrates
125:Rotterdam
121:Amsterdam
107:The word
51:, Germany
5847:Archived
5619:31466207
5584:: 39–56.
5448:30185796
5213:9 August
5181:9 August
4874:Archived
4668:46471207
4660:16565804
4596:Water SA
4552:26540105
4504:PLOS ONE
4073:1 August
3888:Archived
3838:55722535
3677:, c.1906
3476:(1996).
3110:Archived
3049:1 August
2939:Source:
2827:See also
2791:raid on
2685: –
2683:grouting
2637:riverbed
2613:sediment
2578:habitats
2570:braiding
2550:sediment
2505:rainfall
2434:Pong Dam
2360:spawning
2346:sand bar
2222:Location
2128:Aral Sea
2108:Claerwen
2076:Paraguay
2047:Example
2032:Creation
1964:Spillway
1935:penstock
1869:winter.
1829:Pakistan
1809:Usoi Dam
1750:basaltic
1726:causeway
1710:concrete
1617:Michigan
1555:tailings
1447:wing dam
1367:Colorado
1164:Barrages
1021:buttress
1019:(either
987:arch dam
985:, is an
983:Tasmania
970:Arch dam
914:May 2014
810:and Sir
694:arch dam
531:, South
455:through
297:Kallanai
184:Jawa Dam
179:Rivers.
167:and the
132:Jawa Dam
5763:3102810
5644:Bibcode
5599:Bibcode
5553:(ed.).
5459:Sources
5439:6125403
5410:Bibcode
5352:Bibcode
5155:1108425
5028:27 June
4718:: 35–45
4632:Bibcode
4543:4634923
4512:Bibcode
4442:Bibcode
4347:Bibcode
4278:Bibcode
4004:18 July
3981:18 July
3959:18 July
3846:2406852
3818:Bibcode
3785:9349830
3776:1470397
3669:Finance
3655:10 July
2947:), 1947
2845:Ice dam
2833:Bunding
2816:IJkdijk
2793:Germany
2672:failure
2655:Failure
2591:in the
2558:erosion
2501:climate
2443:on the
2402:methane
2349:erosion
2240:masonry
2142:on the
2100:Chester
2062:on the
2028:curve.
1939:turbine
1866:Beavers
1841:Wyoming
1790:Moraine
1780:by the
1778:Montana
1764:in the
1762:Arizona
1517:aquifer
1498:Okinawa
1459:Dry dam
1453:Dry dam
1443:erosion
1382:(NID).
1298:acre⋅ft
1290:acre⋅ft
1274:removal
1268:By size
1194:on the
938:beavers
843:Arizona
837:of the
794:on the
789:masonry
746:at the
732:Warwick
663:sluices
635:John By
542:In the
473:Milling
286:Hittite
242:Mer-wer
236:to the
154:History
5868:Portal
5805:
5786:
5769:
5761:
5730:
5711:
5692:
5662:
5625:
5617:
5561:
5538:
5519:
5502:
5446:
5436:
5428:
5378:
5370:
5244:21 May
5153:
5131:
5106:7 July
4961:water.
4956:315029
4954:
4826:
4749:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4606:
4550:
4540:
4532:
4462:
4389:11 May
4367:
4298:
4249:11 May
4227:
4149:
4121:
3844:
3836:
3783:
3773:
3513:
3488:
3456:
3432:
3230:Taipei
3201:
2743:Vajont
2693:slurry
2266:faults
2176:levees
2098:, and
2092:London
2080:Brazil
1999:eroded
1718:piling
1716:sheet
1649:cement
1644:Timber
1579:slurry
1559:mining
1506:Brazil
1394:By use
1040:Quebec
1025:canyon
1012:normal
847:Nevada
779:, 1942
709:France
647:Ottawa
643:Canada
594:Bytown
556:Amstel
465:cubits
461:Dezful
374:mortar
325:, the
301:Kaveri
228:, and
188:Jordan
173:Tigris
136:Jordan
98:levees
83:, and
5767:S2CID
5759:JSTOR
5660:S2CID
5623:S2CID
5500:S2CID
5376:S2CID
5022:(PDF)
5015:(PDF)
4907:REN21
4892:(PDF)
4885:(PDF)
4855:(PDF)
4784:(PDF)
4777:(PDF)
4722:7 May
4712:(PDF)
4692:7 May
4686:(PDF)
4664:S2CID
4570:(PDF)
4481:(PDF)
4408:(PDF)
3907:(PDF)
3834:S2CID
3808:arXiv
3590:"dam"
3170:(PDF)
3163:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3130:(PDF)
3043:(PDF)
3036:(PDF)
2894:Notes
2727:flood
2645:delta
2641:coast
2627:were
2625:delta
2621:river
2601:Elwha
2595:(see
2546:Water
2449:China
2400:like
2364:barge
2209:locks
2172:dykes
1978:Wales
1976:dam,
1916:China
1849:Kelly
1714:steel
1712:, or
1698:locks
1410:levee
1313:China
1198:near
1178:Nepal
1115:flood
1062:near
874:Types
702:India
564:Rotte
501:Ahwaz
485:Karun
396:near
355:Spain
335:Anhui
290:Konya
284:is a
268:Yemen
257:India
214:Cairo
200:Syria
192:Amman
102:dikes
49:Hesse
6055:Dams
5803:ISBN
5784:ISBN
5728:ISBN
5709:ISBN
5690:ISBN
5615:PMID
5582:CE43
5559:ISBN
5536:ISBN
5517:ISBN
5444:PMID
5426:ISSN
5368:ISSN
5290:2012
5246:2006
5215:2012
5183:2012
5151:SSRN
5129:ISBN
5108:2023
5030:2013
4952:OCLC
4933:2018
4900:2015
4837:2015
4824:ISBN
4815:2000
4792:2011
4760:2011
4747:ISBN
4724:2012
4694:2012
4656:PMID
4648:ISSN
4604:ISSN
4548:PMID
4530:ISSN
4460:ISSN
4391:2020
4365:ISSN
4296:ISSN
4251:2020
4225:ISSN
4190:2018
4160:2021
4147:ISBN
4119:ISSN
4075:2007
4045:2021
4006:2018
3983:2018
3961:2018
3936:2010
3871:2007
3842:SSRN
3781:PMID
3719:2011
3657:2009
3624:2015
3511:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3212:2015
3199:ISBN
3178:2021
3145:2011
3102:2011
3076:2018
3051:2007
2995:2023
2924:2015
2809:Eder
2807:and
2805:Ruhr
2623:and
2617:wood
2615:and
2603:and
2548:and
2457:U.S.
2439:The
2272:and
2249:and
2138:The
2026:ogee
1929:and
1903:and
1728:and
1668:logs
1522:wadi
1422:Weir
1416:Weir
1406:dike
1284:The
1172:The
1141:The
1091:The
1002:and
845:and
825:The
771:The
537:Iran
445:Iran
416:and
398:Rome
349:The
295:The
238:Nile
205:The
175:and
123:and
43:The
5936:Dam
5751:doi
5652:doi
5640:231
5607:doi
5595:691
5492:doi
5488:135
5434:PMC
5418:doi
5360:doi
4640:doi
4628:114
4538:PMC
4520:doi
4450:doi
4355:doi
4286:doi
4217:doi
4109:doi
3864:PBS
3826:doi
3771:PMC
3763:doi
3759:105
2795:in
2781:).
2765:),
2576:of
2447:in
2174:or
2066:in
2013:in
2005:or
1954:.)
1843:'s
1831:'s
1811:in
1800:).
1776:in
1732:.)
1563:ore
1496:in
1311:in
1300:).
1176:of
1023:or
956:or
904:by
775:by
700:in
641:in
443:In
353:in
329:of
266:in
244:or
186:in
134:in
109:dam
96:or
57:dam
47:in
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