431:, which can also be constructed of concrete blocks, can be constructed, either using blocks designed to be set back each course and used with a sand base and without mortar or reinforcing (gravity wall), or using blocks (typically an architectural style of block or clad with a veneer such as brick) with a concrete base, steel reinforcing and mortar (piling wall). Other very common, non-structural uses for concrete block walls (especially in American schools) are as interior fire-rated and extremely durable partition walls, and as exterior backup curtain walls for attachment of building envelope systems (rigid foam insulation and an air/vapor barrier) and veneers (stucco, steel, brick, or split-face concrete block).
65:
49:
57:
1658:
340:
37:
274:-inch mortar joints between blocks in any orientation). In Ireland and the UK, blocks are usually 440 mm Ă— 215 mm Ă— 100 mm (17.3 in Ă— 8.5 in Ă— 3.9 in) excluding mortar joints. In Australia, New Zealand and Canada, blocks are usually 390 mm Ă— 190 mm Ă— 190 mm (15.4 in Ă— 7.5 in Ă— 7.5 in) excluding mortar joints.
207:, for high-density blocks). In the western United States, where they are easily obtainable, porous lava rock gravels are used for weight reduction. They also have an added decorative effect to certain types of block, such as split-face, due to their distinct red and black colors. Lower-density blocks may use
439:
Concrete masonry walls may be ungrouted, partially grouted, or fully grouted, the latter two enhancing their structural strength. Additionally, steel reinforcement bars (rebar) can be used both vertically and horizontally inside a concrete block wall to maximize its structural performance. The cells
150:
material are called "cinder blocks" in the United States. They are also known as "breeze blocks", a term derived from "breeze", referring to the small cinders and cinder-dust that are created by partially burned coal. However, in the United States breeze blocks also refer specifically to decorative
326:
the width of a mortar joint to simulate different block modules. For example, an 8-by-16-inch (200 mm Ă— 410 mm) block may be scored in the middle to simulate 8-by-8-inch (200 mm Ă— 200 mm) masonry, with the grooves filled with mortar and struck to match the true joints.
325:
Concrete blocks may be formulated with special aggregates to produce specific colors or textures for finish use. Special textures may be produced by splitting a ribbed or solid two-block unit; such factory-produced units are called "split-rib" or "split-face" blocks. Blocks may be scored by grooves
877:
440:
in which the rebar is placed must be grouted for the bars to bond to the wall. For this reason, high-seismic zones typically allow only fully grouted walls in their building codes. The
American design code that guides design engineers in using concrete blocks as a structural system is the
253:
Blocks come in modular sizes, with the most popular typically referred to (by their thickness) as "4-inch", "6-inch", "8-inch", and "12-inch". In the US, concrete blocks are nominally 16 in (410 mm) long and 8 in (200 mm) wide. Their actual dimensions are
277:
Block cores are typically tapered so that their top surface (as laid) has a greater surface on which to spread a mortar bed and for easier handling. Most concrete blocks have two cores, but three- and four-core units are also produced. A core also allows for the insertion of
313:
assemblies, using horizontal reinforcing grouted into place in the cavity. Blocks with a channel on the end, known as "jamb blocks", allow doors to be secured to wall assemblies. Blocks with grooved ends permit the construction of
640:
225:
materials, such as post-consumer glass, slag cement, or recycled aggregate, are often used in the composition of the blocks. Use of recycled materials within blocks can create different appearances in the block, such as a
451:
of concrete blocks and masonry walls varies from approximately 3.4 to 34.5 MPa (500–5,000 psi) based on the type of concrete used to manufacture the unit, stacking orientation, the type of
666:
614:
241:; these are widely used for construction in Finland and other Scandinavian countries, as well as in central Europe, for the material's inherent thermal insulation characteristics, as are
644:
940:
305:
A variety of specialized shapes exist to allow special construction features. U-shaped blocks, or knockout blocks, have notches to allow the construction of
670:
916:
1596:
852:
427:
is the "crawl space foundation" which consists of a concrete block wall on the perimeter on which dimensional lumber floor joists are supported.
231:
522:
290:
the voids of blocks containing rebar with concrete. Thus reinforced, concrete block walls are better able to resist lateral forces such as
151:
blocks used on exterior walls to allow the breeze through, which were an important feature of Mid-Century Modern design, popularised by
1617:
553:
1334:
1044:
775:
318:, allowing a filler material to be anchored between the un-mortared block ends. Other features, such as radiused corners known as "
1687:
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836:
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180:(ash created as a waste product from impurities in minerals such as coal, limestone and iron-ore), also called slag.
369:
123:
and provide an interconnected void into which concrete can be poured to solidify the entire wall after it is built.
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361:
1074:
641:"A new invention by two female engineers could be the solution to Gaza's rebuilding problems - The Independent"
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Masonry
Standards Joint Committee's Building Code Requirements & Specification for Masonry Structures
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used to build the wall, and whether it is a load-bearing partition or not, among other factors.
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20:
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667:"Rebuilding Gaza: 'Green Cake' could be the phoenix rising from Gaza's ashes - Middle East Eye"
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776:"EPS Insulation | Geofoam, Styrofoam, EPS & Polystyrene | Universal Foam Products"
130:
available because of the wide variety of appearances that can be achieved using them.
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853:"TMS 402/602-16 Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures"
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of the resulting wall to be in compliance with the US national energy code.
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322:", may be incorporated. A wide variety of decorative profiles also exist.
56:
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was a major supplier of machines that made concrete blocks), and also as
108:. The use of blockwork allows structures to be built in the traditional
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Concrete blocks may be produced with hollow centers (cores) to reduce
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959:
Masonry Design and
Detailing for Architects, Engineers and Builders
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227:
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707:"Masonry & LEED v4: Continuing Education from Echelon Masonry"
264:
inch (9.5 mm) less than the nominal dimensions (to allow for
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420:) construction. One of the common foundation types for American
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752:. Canadian Concrete Masonry Producers Association. p. 2.
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19:"Cinder block" redirects here. For the American singer, see
1022:
298:(EPS) block foam insulation, substantially increasing the
991:
996:
804:
792:
756:
992:
Concrete
Masonry Association of California and Nevada
917:"Comprehensive Strength of Hollow Concrete Blockwork"
112:
style with layers (or courses) of staggered blocks.
922:. Government of Canada. 4 June 1986. Archived from
68:
A building constructed with concrete masonry blocks
29:"Breeze block" redirects here. For other uses, see
731:"Concrete Block (CMU) Sizes, Shapes, and Finishes"
294:and seismic forces. Cores may also be filled with
230:finish, and may help the finished structure earn
1674:
1597:International Federation for Structural Concrete
878:"ASTM Specifications for concrete masonry units"
615:"The Who, What, When & Why of Besser Blocks"
126:Concrete blocks are some of the most versatile
104:, is a standard-size rectangular block used in
987:How Products Are Made: Volume 3 Concrete Block
237:Lightweight blocks can also be produced using
1038:
368:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
52:An interior wall of painted concrete blocks
1045:
1031:
941:"Properties of Concrete Blocks — Strength"
587:
400:Concrete block, when built with integral
388:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Standard-sized block used in construction
1002:Mason Contractors Association of America
750:Coursing Tables, Metric Shapes and Sizes
693:"Block Making Machine aggregate example"
588:Henderson, Rabekah (24 September 2019).
63:
55:
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35:
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515:
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158:In Australia, they are often known as
1026:
997:National Concrete Masonry Association
956:
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282:to span courses in order to increase
1160:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
1017:"The History Behind Rock Face Block"
747:
512:
366:adding citations to reliable sources
333:
1577:Institution of Structural Engineers
825:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
23:. For the DC Comics character, see
13:
643:. 28 February 2018. Archived from
170:or concrete masonry units (CMUs).
14:
1699:
980:
892:"Compressive Strength of Masonry"
1657:
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412:of buildings, in what is termed
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669:. 17 April 2017. Archived from
1075:Roman architectural revolution
897:. Portland Cement Organization
699:
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633:
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188:Concrete blocks are made from
183:
1:
1688:Soil-based building materials
780:universalconstructionfoam.com
560:The Oxford English Dictionary
481:
434:
31:Breeze block (disambiguation)
1052:
1012:Masonry Institute of America
823:Ching, Francis D.K. (2012).
7:
1592:Portland Cement Association
1567:American Concrete Institute
459:
286:. This is accomplished by
239:autoclaved aerated concrete
101:
44:of "8-inch" concrete blocks
10:
1704:
1070:Ancient Roman architecture
1007:Concrete Block Association
961:(2nd ed.). New York:
950:
857:INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
28:
18:
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1582:Indian Concrete Institute
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957:Beall, Christine (1987).
590:"All about breeze blocks"
471:Rusticated concrete block
133:
1019:—Classic Rock Face Block
414:concrete block structure
203:, usually sand and fine
138:Those that use cinders (
564:Oxford University Press
329:
243:expanded clay aggregate
60:Concrete masonry blocks
25:Cinderblock (character)
21:Cinder Block (musician)
1360:Alkali–silica reaction
1118:Energetically modified
711:www.echelonmasonry.com
566:. 1989. Archived from
82:North American English
69:
61:
53:
45:
829:John Wiley & Sons
106:building construction
94:concrete masonry unit
67:
59:
51:
39:
1345:Environmental impact
1203:Reversing drum mixer
831:, Inc. p. 168.
449:compressive strength
362:improve this section
296:expanded-polystyrene
153:Edward Durrell Stone
647:on 28 February 2018
404:, is a very common
402:steel reinforcement
280:steel reinforcement
249:Sizes and structure
219:, as an aggregate.
102:various other terms
1448:Self-consolidating
1140:Water–cement ratio
495:"Concrete Masonry"
444:(TMS 402/602-16).
410:load-bearing walls
232:LEED certification
76:, also known as a
70:
62:
54:
46:
1670:
1669:
1662:Category:Concrete
1443:Roller-compacting
1264:Climbing formwork
1113:Calcium aluminate
1085:Roman engineering
838:978-0-470-64885-8
813:, pp. 68–70.
801:, pp. 66–68.
765:, pp. 61–63.
406:building material
398:
397:
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209:industrial wastes
128:building products
1695:
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1572:Concrete Society
1383:Fiber-reinforced
1198:Volumetric mixer
1090:Roman technology
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827:(2nd ed.).
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748:Sturgeon, Gary.
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562:(2nd ed.).
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929:on 2012-09-16.
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529:. 26 July 2023
523:"breeze-block"
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1536:Step barrier
1530:
1497:Applications
1408:Nanoconcrete
1294:Power trowel
1279:Power screed
1269:Slip forming
1242:Construction
958:
935:
924:the original
911:
899:. Retrieved
886:
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860:. Retrieved
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783:. Retrieved
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714:. Retrieved
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675:. Retrieved
671:the original
661:
649:. Retrieved
645:the original
635:
623:. Retrieved
619:Apex Masonry
618:
609:
597:. Retrieved
594:Atomic Ranch
593:
583:
572:. Retrieved
568:the original
554:
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531:. Retrieved
526:
502:. Retrieved
498:
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466:Gypsum block
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360:Please help
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86:breeze block
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78:cinder block
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1514:hollow-core
1473:Waste light
1468:Translucent
1428:Prestressed
1355:Segregation
1340:Degradation
1228:Cover meter
1165:Silica fume
1100:Composition
963:McGraw-Hill
378:August 2021
184:Composition
168:grey blocks
1677:Categories
1613:Eurocode 2
1551:Structures
1438:Reinforced
1398:Lunarcrete
1378:AstroCrete
1335:Durability
1330:Properties
1208:Slump test
1180:Production
1170:Metakaolin
811:Beall 1987
799:Beall 1987
785:2020-10-26
763:Beall 1987
716:2019-02-12
677:20 October
651:20 October
574:2007-11-30
504:31 January
482:References
435:Properties
307:bond beams
217:bottom ash
211:, such as
144:bottom ash
121:insulation
119:, improve
1644:Hempcrete
1606:Standards
1433:Ready-mix
1350:Recycling
1145:Aggregate
1128:Rosendale
548:"breeze,
349:does not
320:bullnoses
292:wind load
201:aggregate
148:aggregate
100:), or by
1637:See also
1628:EN 10080
1623:EN 206-1
1618:EN 197-1
1477:Aerated
1418:Polished
1413:Pervious
1388:Filigree
1284:Finisher
1259:Formwork
1123:Portland
1054:Concrete
625:3 August
599:3 August
533:3 August
499:ncma.org
460:See also
422:suburban
408:for the
288:grouting
245:blocks.
228:terrazzo
223:Recycled
193:concrete
146:) as an
1683:Masonry
1587:Nanocem
1546:Columns
1423:Polymer
1323:Science
1289:Grinder
1249:Precast
1155:Fly ash
1062:History
951:Sources
901:June 5,
370:removed
355:sources
300:R-value
269:⁄
259:⁄
213:fly ash
178:clinker
140:fly ash
110:masonry
1509:waffle
1458:Sulfur
1314:Tremie
1309:Sealer
1274:Screed
1218:Curing
1108:Cement
969:
862:4 June
835:
555:breeze
454:mortar
425:houses
311:lintel
205:gravel
195:(e.g.
134:Naming
117:weight
42:pallet
1541:Roads
1463:Tabby
1370:Types
1304:Float
1233:Rebar
1188:Plant
1135:Water
927:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
1504:Slab
1486:RAAC
1403:Mass
1393:Foam
1299:Pump
967:ISBN
903:2016
864:2024
833:ISBN
679:2018
653:2018
627:2023
601:2023
535:2023
506:2023
447:The
353:any
351:cite
330:Uses
199:and
190:cast
176:use
1481:AAC
552:".
418:CBS
364:by
309:or
215:or
142:or
98:CMU
88:in
80:in
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