361:(EPA) began developing regulations that would apply to all ash ponds in the U.S. The EPA published its "Part A" final rule for Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) on August 28, 2020, requiring all unlined ash ponds to retrofit with liners or close by April 11, 2021. Some facilities may apply to obtain additional time—up to 2028—to find alternatives for managing ash wastes before closing their surface impoundments. EPA published its "CCR Part B" rule on November 12, 2020, which allows certain facilities to use an alternative liner, based on a demonstration that human health and the environment will not be affected. Further litigation on the CCR regulation is pending as of 2021.
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Bottom ash can be extracted, cooled, and conveyed using dry ash handling technology. When left dry, the ash can be used to make concrete, bricks, and other useful materials. There are also several environmental benefits.
342:, many of which are highly toxic to humans and other life. Coal ash, a product of combustion, concentrates these elements and can contaminate groundwater or surface waters if there are leaks from an ash pond.
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EPA (2020-11-12). "Hazardous and Solid Waste
Management System: Disposal of CCR; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part B: Alternate Demonstration for Unlined Surface Impoundments." Final rule. 85
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EPA. "Hazardous and Solid Waste
Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part A: Deadline To Initiate Closure."
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177:. The clinkers fall by themselves into the bottom hopper of a coal-burning furnace and are cooled. The above portion of the ash is also referred to as bottom ash.
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196:(WIH) system, the clinker lumps get crushed to small sizes by clinker grinders mounted under water and fall down into a trough, where a water
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In the United States, coal ash is a major component of the nation's industrial waste stream. In 2017, 38.2 million short tons (34.7
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McLaren, R.J. & DiGioia, A.M. (1987). "The
Typical Engineering Properties of Fly Ash". In Woods, R. D. (ed.).
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401:. A pioneer use of bottom ash was in the production of concrete blocks used to construct many high-rise flats in
393:(usually after sieving). In the United Kingdom it is known as furnace bottom ash (FBA), to distinguish it from
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scrapes out the clinkers from under water and feeds them to clinker grinders outside the bottom ash hopper.
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Bottom ash may be used as raw alternative material, replacing earth or sand or aggregates, for example in
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and sticking to hot side walls of a coal-burning furnace during its operation. The portion of the
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499:(Report). Farmington Hills, MI: American Coal Ash Association. 2018. Archived from
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Geotechnical
Practice for Waste Disposal '87; Proceedings of a Specialty Conference
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609:"Revisions to the Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Closure Regulations; Fact sheet"
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landfills. Following a 2008 failure that caused the
Tennessee Valley Authority's
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by incinerating at 850 to 950 degrees
Celsius for at least two seconds, forming
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Kessler, K. A. (1981). "Wet
Disposal of Fossil Plant Waste Case History".
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takes them out to a sump. From there, it is pumped out by suitable
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Solid residue of combustion in the lower part of an industrial oven
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In United States facilities, the ash waste is typically pumped to
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2017 Coal
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Modern municipal waste incinerators reduce the production of
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571:"EPA Letting Some Hazardous Coal Ash Ponds Stay Open Longer"
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Most bottom ash generated at U.S. power plants is stored in
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and comprises traces of combustibles embedded in forming
526:"2 Tennessee Cases Bring Coal's Hidden Hazard to Light"
397:(IBA), the non-combustible elements remaining after
551:(2). American Society of Civil Engineers: 199–208.
458:. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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682:– How bottom ash is processed to make aggregate
355:Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill
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639:"Groups challenge rollback of coal ash rule"
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385:production). A noticeable other use is as
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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204:. In another arrangement, a continuous
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359:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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524:Schlossberg, Tatiana (2017-04-15).
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637:Smoot, D.E. (2020-12-11).
425:Health effects of coal ash
415:Coal combustion products
557:10.1061/JDAEDZ.0000063
395:incinerator bottom ash
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217:incinerator bottom ash
194:water-impounded hopper
188:Ash handling processes
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351:municipal solid waste
278:Environmental impacts
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167:that escapes up the
43:improve this article
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659:. EPA. 2021-01-25.
530:The New York Times
482:. EPA. 2021-01-25.
192:In a conventional
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611:. EPA. July 2020.
589:Federal Register,
480:"Coal Ash Basics"
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58:"Bottom ash"
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41:Please help
36:verification
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711:By-products
680:LondonWaste
153:incinerator
141:power plant
137:combustible
690:Categories
510:2019-06-17
441:References
336:molybdenum
206:link chain
133:Bottom ash
69:newspapers
575:U.S. News
312:beryllium
233:landfills
229:ash ponds
182:ash ponds
127:ash ponds
409:See also
332:selenium
328:thallium
324:chromium
266:May 2024
161:clinkers
99:May 2019
420:Fly ash
383:clinker
377:and in
340:mercury
320:cadmium
304:arsenic
213:dioxins
198:ejector
174:fly ash
169:chimney
149:furnace
83:scholar
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403:London
357:, the
338:, and
308:barium
145:boiler
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701:Waste
626:72506
596:53516
504:(PDF)
497:(PDF)
316:boron
151:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
460:ISBN
62:news
591:85
553:doi
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165:ash
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