Law of war - Knowledge

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attack on a legitimate military objective. However, as Robbie Sabel, Professor of international law at the Hebrew University, who has written on this topic, notes: “Anyone with experience in armed conflict knows that you want to hit the enemy’s forces harder than they hit you… if you are attacked with a rifle, there is no rule that stipulates that you can only shoot back with a rifle, but using a machine gun would not be fair, or that if you are attacked with only one tank you cannot shoot back with two.”

53: 3700: 3714: 3050: 3209:" has determined that they are not eligible for POW status (e.g., Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.) At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the 2759:

bello, the law of war, the way of making war, which involves behaving as soldiers invested with a mission for which all violence is not allowed. In any case, the very idea of a right to war is based on an idea of war that can be defined as an armed conflict, limited in space, limited in time, and by its objectives. War begins with a declaration (of war), ends with a treaty (of peace) or surrender agreement, an act of sharing, etc.

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The idea that there is a right to war concerns, on the one hand, the jus ad bellum, the right to make war or to enter war, assuming a motive such as to defend oneself from a threat or danger, presupposes a declaration of war that warns the adversary: war is a loyal act, and on the other hand, jus in

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additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacking people parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent

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Historian Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war's "epoch of highest repute." The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and

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Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of their subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a

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is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected by an

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Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those

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provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or

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is a principle that demands a certain amount of fairness and mutual respect between adversaries. Parties to a conflict must accept that their right to adopt means of injuring each other is not unlimited, they must refrain from taking advantage of the adversary's adherence to the law by falsely

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20:19–20 limits the amount of environmental damage, allowing only the cutting down of non-fruitful trees for use in the siege operation, while fruitful trees should be preserved for use as a food source. Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the

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restrictions against using arms, projectiles, or materials calculated to cause suffering or injury manifestly disproportionate to the military advantage realized by the use of the weapon for legitimate military purposes. In some countries, weapons are reviewed prior to their use in combat to

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projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violates general principles of the law

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One should not attack chariots with cavalry; chariot warriors should attack chariots. One should not assail someone in distress, neither to scare him nor to defeat him ... War should be waged for the sake of conquest; one should not be enraged toward an enemy who is not trying to kill

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of the same year and to submit to the Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace

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In either case, people protected by the Red Cross/Crescent/Star or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as

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1938 Amsterdam Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. (Officially the Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. Amsterdam, 1938). This convention was never

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However, their employment is forbidden during a combat, that is, the opening of fire whilst in the guise of the enemy. But there is no unanimity as to whether the uniform of the enemy may be worn and his flag displayed for the purpose of approach or

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determine if they comply with the law of war and are not designed to cause unnecessary suffering when used in their intended manner. This principle also prohibits using an otherwise lawful weapon in a manner that causes unnecessary suffering.

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in warfare has been an especially tricky situation for the laws of war. Some scholars claim that private security contractors appear so similar to state forces that it is unclear if acts of war are taking place by private or public agents.

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However, because the laws of war are based on consensus (as the nature of international law often relies on self-policing by individual states), the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing.

2557:. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force." 3540: 2636:, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not. 3549: 4090: 2625:

customs. It is during this "modern" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the "multilateral treaty" served as the positive mechanism for codification.

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To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent's power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing

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Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the

3272:, officially the Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, renounced the usage of explosive projectiles with a mass of less than 400 grams. 3545:

1971 Zagreb Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged

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applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breach one or more of the following treaties:

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claiming the law's protections, and they must recognize that they are members of a common profession that fights not out of personal hostility but on behalf of their respective States.

5010: 3663: 4634: 4153:"The Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Use of Depleted Uranium Projectiles" 3190:. Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, try and punish, anyone who had committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. ( 2829:, and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. 2431:

which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.

2613:, signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico in 1848, articulates rules for any future wars, including protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war. The 4386:(PDF) Page 57/58 "if international law is not enforced, persistent violations can conceivably be adopted as customary practice, permitting conduct that was once prohibited" 2696:

It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to

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Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects

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E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering

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After a conflict ends, persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for

5038: 3279:). Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 4180: 3385: 2978:

Impersonating enemy combatants by wearing the enemy's uniform is possibly allowed, however the issue is unsettled. Fighting in that uniform is unlawful

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Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction.

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by warring parties through the ages, it was believed by many, especially after the eighteenth century, that codifying laws of war would be beneficial.

3109:. Failure to follow these requirements can result in the loss of protected status and make the individual violating the requirements a lawful target. 3094: 5206: 4642: 3656: 3644: 2795: 87: 4850: 3872:

explains that "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities".

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Ottawa Treaty - Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

3041:. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress. 2408:

victors of a war, then not desired anymore, be let go wherever they want, and requires them not to be treated as slaves nor be sold for money.

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is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts

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also contain rules of respect for the adversary. It is always a matter of establishing rules that protect civilians and the defeated.

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In the history of the early Christian church, many Christian writers considered that Christians could not be soldiers or fight wars.

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that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts

2929:(1945) Article 2, and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older 5318: 1657: 2957:, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements. Article 4(a)(2) of the 2571:(international agreements) that directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent. 4685: 4277: 4275: 240: 4587:. Alabama: Bibliographer, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Maxwell (United States) Air Force Base. Archived from 3626:

1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict

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People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship.

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largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect.

3201:. Unlawful combatants who have been captured may lose the status and protections that would otherwise be afforded to them as 4698:

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

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The Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity" held, under the guidelines

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of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or justification of war.

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for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.

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Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea

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The law of war is binding not only upon states as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem

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The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today.

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Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example,

2301:). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law. 2208: 1986: 596: 143: 4971:(Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War 4580: 4525:

Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".

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Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases

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that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of

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is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby

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The Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War signed on November 25 and 26, 1820 between the president of the

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for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in

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Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field

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are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected.

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Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

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cites D. Schindler and J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34.

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neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage." (Source:

2681: 2610: 2544: 2359:, king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code of conduct in the event of war: 2213: 1400: 1197: 1068: 606: 46: 3254:, a compilation of extant international norms on the treatment of civilians assembled by German scholar 5313: 5119: 5047: 4858: 4287: 4219: 3461: 3129:, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly or incidentally hits a residential area. 2826: 1677: 233: 213: 3607:

Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices

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Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field

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declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War

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had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations:

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The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war, many of which were explored at the

2481:. The impulse to restrict the extent of warfare, and especially protect the lives and property of 5130: 4426: 3800: 3739: 3527: 3517: 3419: 3392: 3262: 3191: 3003: 2954: 2930: 2508: 2191: 2173: 1929: 1488: 1410: 1355: 1235: 948: 611: 490: 153: 57: 3574:

1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts

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Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking

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of 1928 for those nations who ratified it.See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in

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Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices

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Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft

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for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.

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XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War

8: 5308: 5188: 5135: 5098: 3670: 3448: 3198: 3038: 2503: 2451: 2404: 1889: 1874: 1750: 1637: 1615: 1590: 1550: 1460: 1270: 1170: 1120: 887: 877: 842: 634: 624: 374: 298: 4711:"Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War" 4156: 3326:

Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

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1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (

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Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

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Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War

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1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form.

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A 1904 article outlining the basic principles of the law of war, as published in

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pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of

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Protected civilian in this instance means civilians who are enemy nationals or

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III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864

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List of declarations, conventions, treaties, and judgments on the laws of war:

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2 L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW §§ 67–69 (H. Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952).

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V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land

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Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons

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Texts and commentaries of 1949 Geneva Conventions & Additional Protocols

4728:. Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly. 30 September 1938. 3320:

Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons

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and the texts of Manou's law urged mercy on unarmed or wounded enemies. The

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Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry

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Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

3728: 3455: 3255: 3240: 3118: 2811:(sometimes called chivalry) are the five most commonly cited principles of 2736: 2717:

To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by:

2561: 2486: 2344: 2252: 2178: 2158: 2153: 2048: 1993: 1627: 1622: 1445: 1360: 1103: 837: 738: 535: 419: 178: 173: 35: 4759:"San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea" 4235: 3420:

General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy

3101:, since that indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. 60:

governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in 1864.

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The meetings of forum were from 29.08.1938 until 02.09.1938 in Amsterdam.

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X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention

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II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts

3251: 2965:(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; 2836: 2614: 2466: 2412: 2383: 2368: 2163: 1914: 1879: 1718: 1405: 1370: 1078: 1021: 924: 708: 409: 404: 168: 5000:

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations

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United States; Department of Defense; Office of General Counsel (2016).

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of protected persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly

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Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed

3187: 3176: 3141: 3126: 3098: 3009: 2968:(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance; 2886: 2673: 2120: 2090: 1176: 163: 4603:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention, 1864" 3937: 3352:

VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities

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is established by the general practice of nations together with their

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gathered Kings and church leaders from around Ireland and Scotland to

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The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the

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Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations

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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

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consisted of three main sections and three additional declarations:

5145: 4197:(Repr ed.). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross. 4076:"THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS OF LAND WARFARE" 3631:

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel

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Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms

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Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

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I prescribe these laws so that the strong do not oppress the weak.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war

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recognizes Lawful Combatants by the following characteristics:

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Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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The modern law of war is made up from three principal sources:

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Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag

2807: 2751: 2391: 2372: 1113: 649: 644: 4284:, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5. 3220: 2343:

is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the

4746:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3 October 2013. 3373:

XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War

2703:

Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are:

389: 384: 5013:, U.S. Department of Defense (2015, updated December 2016) 4739: 4645:

Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare. Archived from

4021:

Adomnan of Iona. Life of St. Columba, Penguin Books, 1995.

3112: 2922:

or by an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war.

5212:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

4545: 3623:

on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea

3449:

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament

2686:

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

2645:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2288: 262: 93:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

3766:

Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict

2710:

Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible.

5247:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

2944: 4994: 3860:

citizens whose presence is outside the territory of a

3838:, an act that amounts to a violation of the law of war 3358:

VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines

4952:(2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books, archived from 3355:

VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships

4193:

Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry (1986).

3695: 3370:

XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court *

3337:

I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes

2477:, reflected to some extent in movements such as the 4969:

Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History

3386:

London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War

2304:Among other issues, modern laws of war address the 5202:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 4250: 4192: 2918:required hostilities to be preceded by a reasoned 2875: 2860:is a principle based on the 1907 Hague Convention 4991:—International Committee of the Red Cross website 4797:. 30 April 1996. pp. 230–237. Archived from 3095:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2949:Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war ( 5300: 5232:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 5207:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4643:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4623:. Brussels. 27 August 1874 – via ICRC.org. 3657:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 3645:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 3311:I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 2762: 2743:, the wounded and sick, children, and protected 2549:acceptance that such practice is required by law 88:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3361:IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War 2998:People parachuting from an aircraft in distress 5046: 4106:GEOFFREY BEST, HUMANITY IN WARFARE 129 (1980). 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3816:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 3379:Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration 3161:has yet to come to a consensus on this issue. 2805:(sometimes called unnecessary suffering), and 5032: 4919:Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), 4918: 4890: 4551: 4281: 4266: 2511:by some of the major European powers in 1864. 2287:that regulates the conditions for initiating 2260: 234: 4756: 4658: 4656: 4312:"International Law and the Conflict in Gaza" 3806:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 3685:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2601:and the Chief of the Military Forces of the 2350: 4923:(Third ed.), Oxford University press, 4001:Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, 3891: 3584:1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments 2531:§ International treaties on the laws of war 5217:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 5039: 5025: 4740:"International Committee of the Red Cross" 4484:"International Committee of the Red Cross" 4397:"Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 1" 3287:1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War 3170: 2267: 2253: 241: 227: 98:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 5237:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 4911:Moseley, Alex (2009), "Just War Theory", 4848: 4757:Doswald-Beck, Louise (31 December 1995). 4653: 4293: 3237:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 3221:International treaties on the laws of war 2666:United Nations Convention Against Torture 2654:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4877:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 4578: 4481: 3745:Customary international humanitarian law 3482:(entered into force on October 24, 1945) 3346:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land 3055:International Committee of the Red Cross 3048: 3008:Modern laws of war, specifically within 2862:IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land 2766: 2698:customary international humanitarian law 2502: 1226:List of military strategies and concepts 51: 4913:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4910: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4339: 4337: 3939:Department of Defense law of war manual 3293:. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the 3113:Applicability to states and individuals 2691: 2489:and his attempts to write laws of war. 41:"Jus in Bello" redirects here. For the 14: 5301: 5006:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 4945: 4872: 4524: 3059:Comité international de la croix-rouge 2617:, promulgated by the Union during the 2336:that may cause unnecessary suffering. 30:"Laws of War" redirects here. For the 5020: 4795:International Review of the Red Cross 4764:International Review of the Red Cross 4309: 4224:European Journal of International Law 4217: 3666:(entered into force 12 February 2002) 3612:Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War 3601:Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons 2971:(c) That of carrying arms openly; and 2903: 2473:also began promulgating teachings on 4995:International Law of War Association 4881: 4470: 4334: 4155:. Un.org. 2007-03-05. Archived from 4073: 3995: 3687:(entered into force 22 January 2021) 3314:II – Laws and Customs of War on Land 3136:use protected people or property as 2945:Lawful conduct of belligerent actors 2411:In the early 7th century, the first 27:International regulations of warfare 4310:Sabel, Robbie (December 18, 2023). 3485:1946 Judgment of the International 3297:appointed a committee to study the 3132:By the same token, combatants that 2586:on their conduct when dealing with 2439:contradicted this and wrote about ' 24: 4961: 4842: 4767:. pp. 583–594. Archived from 3680:(entered into force 1 August 2010) 3497:UN General Assembly Resolution 177 3227:List of international declarations 2678:Convention on Conventional Weapons 2297:) and the conduct of hostilities ( 25: 5330: 4975: 4713:. Amsterdam – via ICRC.org. 4682:this convention was never adopted 4316:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 3821:Self-defence in international law 3414:Greco-German arbitration tribunal 3093:, or other emblem related to the 2735:Safeguarding certain fundamental 2492: 2332:; and the prohibition of certain 4851:"Illegal Targeting of Civilians" 4567:Treaties & Documents by date 4356: 3712: 3698: 3659:(entered into force 1 July 2002) 3343:III – The Opening of Hostilities 3211:rights of fair and regular trial 3194:, Article 129 and Article 130.) 2750:Facilitating the restoration of 280: 4813: 4783: 4750: 4732: 4718: 4703: 4691: 4671: 4627: 4613: 4595: 4572: 4557: 4518: 4442: 4414: 4389: 4368: 4303: 4211: 4186: 4170: 4145: 4118: 4109: 4100: 3918:from the original on 2013-12-30 3850: 3678:Convention on Cluster Munitions 2876:Example substantive laws of war 2643:, the chief prosecutor for the 5319:International humanitarian law 5278:International humanitarian law 5222:Special Court for Sierra Leone 4678:The Hague Rules of Air Warfare 4579:Phillips, Joan T. (May 2006). 4496:10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0183 4482:Forsythe, David (2019-06-26), 4298:Illegal Targeting of Civilians 4066: 4045: 4024: 4015: 3983: 3954: 3929: 3760:Islamic military jurisprudence 3638:International Court of Justice 3487:Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 3295:Institute of International Law 3147: 2813:international humanitarian law 2565:international humanitarian law 209:International human rights law 103:International Court of Justice 68:International humanitarian law 13: 1: 4897:OTP letter to senders re Iraq 4873:Johnson, James Turner (198), 4328:10.1080/23739770.2023.2289272 3879: 2827:legitimate military objective 2763:Principles of the laws of war 2658:Charter of the United Nations 2578:. These laws define both the 5242:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 5227:International Criminal Court 4921:Documents on the Laws of War 4905:International Criminal Court 4431:. United Nations. 1950-09-21 3884: 2582:rights of states as well as 2499:Sources of international law 108:International Criminal Court 7: 5283:International speech crimes 5064:Customary international law 4663:Brussels Conference of 1874 4490:, Oxford University Press, 3731:(includes list of treaties) 3691: 2925:Some treaties, notably the 2732:from unnecessary suffering. 2682:Chemical Weapons Convention 2611:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2545:customary international law 1724:Military–industrial complex 1198:Operational manoeuvre group 47:Jus in Bello (Supernatural) 10: 5335: 5104:Convention Against Torture 5048:International criminal law 4003:Islamic Rulings on Warfare 3992:; Book 21, Number 21.3.10. 3462:Second London Naval Treaty 3270:St. Petersburg Declaration 3224: 3163: 3001: 2907: 2496: 2454:, where he gave them the ' 214:International criminal law 40: 29: 5273:Joint criminal enterprise 5255: 5186: 5117: 5054: 4552:Roberts & Guelff 2000 4256:Article 52 of Additional 3166:Convention on Mercenaries 2839:must distinguish between 2632:, that treaties like the 2422:, whilst instructing his 2351:Early sources and history 1788:Loss-of-strength gradient 640:Combat information center 36:Arma 3 § Laws of War 5193:(in order of foundation) 4946:Walzer, Michael (1997), 4849:Greenberg, Joel (2011), 4218:Stahn, C. (2006-11-01). 3864:nation. Article 51.3 of 3843: 3215:Fourth Geneva Convention 2916:Hague Convention of 1907 2634:Hague Convention of 1907 2106:Military science fiction 1591:Technology and equipment 1007:List of military tactics 159:Fourth Geneva Convention 5131:Crimes against humanity 4700:. Geneva, 17 June 1925. 4427:University of Minnesota 4374:Jefferson D. Reynolds. 4269:, page 5, footnote 11). 4074:Doty, Grant R. (1998). 4034:. Publicaciones Defensa 4032:"Publicaciones Defensa" 3801:List of Articles of War 3740:Crimes against humanity 3393:Washington Naval Treaty 3192:Third Geneva Convention 3171:Remedies for violations 3004:Attacks on parachutists 2955:1949 Geneva Conventions 2509:First Geneva Convention 2174:Wartime sexual violence 1930:Full-spectrum dominance 1741:Supply-chain management 154:Third Geneva Convention 58:First Geneva Convention 5288:Universal jurisdiction 5263:Command responsibility 5156:Incitement to genocide 5094:United Nations Charter 4680:, 1922–12 to 1923–02, 4607:ihl-databases.icrc.org 4454:ihl-databases.icrc.org 4352:Curtis E. LeMay Center 3735:Command responsibility 3480:United Nations Charter 3332:1907 Hague Conventions 3306:1899 Hague Conventions 3281:Hague Peace Conference 3248:United States military 3062: 2982:, as is the taking of 2927:United Nations Charter 2819:in an armed conflict. 2778: 2512: 2479:Peace and Truce of God 2433: 2401: 2367:In ancient India, the 2365: 2086:Awards and decorations 2059:Peace through strength 2034:Low-intensity conflict 1668:Conscientious objector 1541:Area of responsibility 61: 4809:– via ICRC.org. 4779:– via ICRC.org. 4527:Politics & Policy 4195:A Memory of Solferino 4089:: 224. Archived from 4055:. Avalon.law.yale.edu 3154:contracted combatants 3052: 2770: 2590:and non-signatories. 2506: 2471:Roman Catholic Church 2428: 2396: 2361: 2312:and the treatment of 673:Torpedo data computer 663:Ship gun fire-control 55: 5189:International courts 5089:Nuremberg principles 4429:Human Rights Library 4379:Air Force Law Review 3577:1980 United Nations 3554:1977 United Nations 3548:1974 United Nations 3493:Nuremberg Principles 3395:, also known as the 3299:Brussels Declaration 3277:Brussels Declaration 3205:, but only after a " 2941:, p. 57 (No. 2137). 2815:governing the legal 2692:Purposes of the laws 2630:Nuremberg Principles 2595:Republic of Colombia 2576:Nuremberg War Trials 2456:Law of the Innocents 2403:An example from the 2204:Military occupations 2039:Military engineering 1941:Unrestricted Warfare 1798:Force multiplication 691:Military manoeuvrers 188:Related areas of law 74:Courts and Tribunals 5136:Crime of aggression 5099:Genocide Convention 4982:War & law index 4967:Witt, John Fabian. 4894:(9 February 2006), 4892:Moreno-Ocampo, Luis 4855:www.crimesofwar.org 4801:on 16 November 2006 4236:10.1093/ejil/chl037 4083:Military Law Review 3966:cref.u-bordeaux4.fr 3671:Geneva Protocol III 3428:Kellogg-Briand Pact 3422:(also known as the 3199:unlawful combatants 3039:intelligence agents 2935:League of Nations, 2931:Kellogg–Briand Pact 2914:Section III of the 2662:Genocide Convention 2507:The signing of the 2405:Book of Deuteronomy 2306:declarations of war 1890:Penal military unit 1875:Rules of engagement 1551:Command and control 1171:Operations research 635:Director (military) 625:Fire-control system 375:Command and control 256:Part of a series on 5141:Crime of apartheid 5079:Geneva Conventions 4987:2014-08-15 at the 4539:10.1111/polp.12100 4282:Moreno-Ocampo 2006 4267:Moreno-Ocampo 2006 4262:Geneva Conventions 4159:on August 16, 2000 4130:2016-09-08 at the 3870:Geneva Conventions 3569:Geneva Protocol II 3513:Geneva Conventions 3499:, 21 November 1947 3207:competent tribunal 3063: 3053:The emblem of the 2992:foreign occupation 2920:declaration of war 2910:Declaration of war 2904:Declaration of war 2823:Military necessity 2783:Military necessity 2779: 2670:Geneva Conventions 2619:American Civil War 2555:General Principles 2513: 2437:Augustine of Hippo 2318:military necessity 2283:is a component of 1999:Counter-insurgency 1920:Command of the sea 1865:Jewish laws on war 1840:Geneva Conventions 1376:Divide and conquer 1166:Military operation 1131:Tactical objective 630:Fire-control radar 607:Electronic-warfare 149:Geneva Conventions 62: 5314:International law 5296: 5295: 5122:international law 5084:Nuremberg Charter 5074:Hague Conventions 5011:Law of War Manual 4930:978-0-19-876390-1 4882:Lamb, A. (2013), 4591:on July 30, 2012. 4505:978-0-19-979695-3 4488:International Law 4204:978-2-88145-006-8 4134:contained in the 4096:on July 18, 2006. 3811:Right of conquest 3795:Lex pacificatoria 3779:Law of occupation 3755:International law 3562:Geneva Protocol I 3495:formulated under 3473:League of Nations 3397:Five-Power Treaty 3263:Geneva Convention 3175:During conflict, 3159:International law 2357:Code of Hammurabi 2285:international law 2277: 2276: 2169:Horses in warfare 2116:Anti-war movement 2019:Gunboat diplomacy 2009:Disaster response 1957:Philosophy of war 1952:Principles of war 1925:Deterrence theory 1870:Right of conquest 1793:Lanchester's laws 1561:Principles of war 1251:Counter-offensive 1231:Military campaign 1136:Target saturation 1059:Counterinsurgency 668:Gun data computer 602:Close air support 564:Aircraft carriers 251: 250: 144:Hague Conventions 16:(Redirected from 5326: 5256:Related concepts 5194: 5151:Genocidal intent 5041: 5034: 5027: 5018: 5017: 4957: 4942: 4933: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4857:, archived from 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4576: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4479: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4393: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4307: 4301: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4270: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4190: 4184: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3968:. 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2209:Military terms 2206: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1967:Tripwire force 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1489:Administrative 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416:New generation 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391:Fleet in being 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1329:Grand strategy 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1316:Scorched earth 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188:Deep operation 1185: 1180: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1014: 1005: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 989:Unconventional 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 937: 935:Disinformation 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 906: 905: 900: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 859: 854: 853: 850: 849: 846: 845: 840: 833: 832: 831: 830: 829: 828: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 786: 785: 784: 783: 782: 781: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 734: 733: 732: 731: 726: 721: 712: 707: 706: 703: 702: 699: 698: 693: 688: 686:Basic training 683: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 615: 614: 612:Reconnaissance 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 539: 538: 533: 531:Special forces 528: 523: 522: 521: 511: 506: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 441: 440: 431: 426: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 351: 350: 345: 335: 334: 333: 328: 318: 317: 316: 309:Post-classical 306: 301: 295: 290: 289: 286: 285: 277: 276: 258: 257: 249: 248: 246: 245: 238: 231: 223: 220: 219: 217: 216: 211: 206: 193: 190: 189: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 26: 18:Conduct of war 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Slave trading 5166: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4956:on 2011-09-10 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4861:on 2013-07-06 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4363:public domain 4353: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4012: 4011:1-4289-1039-5 4008: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3972:on 2006-03-09 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3932: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3696: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3424:Pact of Paris 3421: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3138:human shields 3135: 3134:intentionally 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077:displaying a 3076: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2937:Treaty Series 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2680:of 1980, the 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:Pablo Morillo 2604: 2600: 2599:Simón Bolívar 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2388:Old Testament 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2320:, along with 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2294:jus ad bellum 2290: 2286: 2282: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Warrior caste 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2066:Show of force 2064: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2054:Peacebuilding 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910:Air supremacy 1908: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Islamic rules 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1830:Court-martial 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1729:Arms industry 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Broken-backed 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1183:Expeditionary 1181: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1054:Counterattack 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 997: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 979:Psychological 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 915:Combined arms 913: 911: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 857: 852: 851: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 827: 824: 823: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 792: 789: 788: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754:Fortification 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 740: 737: 736: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 714: 713: 710: 705: 704: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 575: 572: 570: 569:Landing craft 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 520: 517: 516: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 439: 435: 434:Standing army 432: 430: 427: 425: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 359: 358: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 326:pike and shot 324: 323: 322: 319: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 288: 287: 283: 279: 278: 272: 264: 260: 259: 255: 254: 244: 239: 237: 232: 230: 225: 224: 222: 221: 215: 212: 210: 207: 204: 203: 202:jus ad bellum 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 187: 186: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 134: 133: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 116: 115: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 78: 77: 73: 72: 69: 66: 65: 59: 54: 48: 45:episode, see 44: 37: 33: 19: 5109:Rome Statute 4968: 4954:the original 4948: 4938: 4920: 4912: 4896: 4883: 4874: 4863:, retrieved 4859:the original 4854: 4829:. Retrieved 4827:. 1995-12-31 4824: 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4799:the original 4794: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4769:the original 4762: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4720: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4673: 4647:the original 4638: 4629: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4589:the original 4584: 4574: 4559: 4547: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4509:, retrieved 4487: 4463: 4457:. Retrieved 4453: 4444: 4433:. Retrieved 4425: 4416: 4404:. Retrieved 4400: 4391: 4381: 4375: 4370: 4351: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4252: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4194: 4188: 4172: 4161:. Retrieved 4157:the original 4147: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4091:the original 4086: 4082: 4068: 4057:. Retrieved 4047: 4036:. Retrieved 4026: 4017: 4002: 3997: 3985: 3974:. Retrieved 3970:the original 3965: 3956: 3938: 3931: 3920:. 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