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1265:—while acknowledging the brutality of the incident—he said that there was nothing to show that it was the "product of government policy" or that Japanese government officials were directly responsible. There is "no evidence, testimonial or circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses," he said. In any case, he added, conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since. In addition, Pal thought the refusal to try what he perceived as Allied crimes (particularly the use of atomic bombs) weakened the tribunal's authority. Recalling a letter by
806:: "I would hold that each and every one of the accused must be found not guilty of each and every one of the charges in the indictment and should be acquitted on all those charges." While taking into account the influence of wartime propaganda, exaggerations, and distortions of facts in the evidence, and "over-zealous" and "hostile" witnesses, Pal concluded, "The evidence is still overwhelming that atrocities were perpetrated by the members of the Japanese armed forces against the civilian population of some of the territories occupied by them as also against the prisoners of war."
274:, murder, and various war crimes and crimes against humanity (such as torture and forced labor) against prisoners-of-war, civilian internees, and the inhabitants of occupied territories; ultimately, 45 of the counts, including all the murder charges, were ruled either redundant or not authorized under the IMTFE Charter. The Tokyo Trial lasted more than twice as long as the better-known Nuremberg trials, and its impact was similarly influential in the development of international law; similar international war crimes tribunals would not be established until the 1990s.
301:
1057:, who acted as the local representatives of the nations of the Far Eastern Commission. Six of those representatives made no recommendations for clemency. Australia, Canada, India, and the Netherlands were willing to see the general make some reductions in sentences. He chose not to do so. The issue of clemency was thereafter to disturb Japanese relations with the Allied powers until the late 1950s, when a majority of the Allied powers agreed to release the last of the convicted major war criminals from captivity.
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parole with respect to such prisoners may not be exercised except on the decision of the government or governments which imposed the sentence in each instance, and on the recommendation of Japan. In the case of persons sentenced by the
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, such power may not be exercised except on the decision of a majority of the governments represented on the Tribunal, and on the recommendation of Japan.
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crimes tribunals" and the "misery and hardship of the families of war criminals." The movement quickly garnered the support of more than ten million
Japanese. The government commented that "public sentiment in our country is that the war criminals are not criminals. Rather, they gather great sympathy as victims of the war, and the number of people concerned about the war crimes tribunal system itself is steadily increasing."
493:"Class C" charges covered crimes against humanity, that is, systematic violence, deportation, or enslavement of any civilian population in time of peace or war, or persecutions on political or racial grounds in the execution of or in connection with any foregoing crimes. This category was created mainly to address atrocities committed by a state against its own nationals or allied citizens, such as Japan's use of
814:
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740:. The defense insisted that there was no basis in international law for holding individuals responsible for acts of state, as the Tokyo Trial proposed to do. The defense attacked the notion of negative criminality, by which the defendants were to be tried for failing to prevent breaches of law and war crimes by others, as likewise having no basis in international law.
328:. The Potsdam Declaration (July 1945) had stated, "stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners," though it did not specifically foreshadow trials. The terms of reference for the Tribunal were set out in the IMTFE Charter, issued on January 19, 1946. There was major disagreement, both among the
1806:. Those enshrined include Hideki Tōjō, Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Heitarō Kimura, Kōki Hirota, Seishirō Itagaki, Akira Mutō, Yosuke Matsuoka, Osami Nagano, Toshio Shiratori, Kiichirō Hiranuma, Kuniaki Koiso and Yoshijirō Umezu. Since 1985, visits made by Japanese government officials to the Shrine have aroused protests in China and South Korea.
1356:'s interpreter, Fellers met the two men at his office on March 6, 1946, and told Yonai, "It would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the emperor is completely blameless. I think the forthcoming trials offer the best opportunity to do that. Tōjō, in particular, should be made to bear all responsibility at this trial."
1093:. The charges covered a wide range of crimes including prisoner abuse, rape, sexual slavery, torture, ill-treatment of laborers, execution without trial, and inhumane medical experiments. The trials took place in around fifty locations in Asia and the Pacific. Most trials were completed by 1949, but Australia held some trials in 1951.
701:, which obviated the need to prove the various alleged atrocities were the result of the defendants' illegal orders. The prosecution instead had to prove three things: that war crimes were systematic or widespread; the accused knew that troops were committing atrocities; and the accused had power or authority to stop the crimes.
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could have convincingly argued issues of government policy which were unfamiliar to the Allied justices." Pointing out the difficulties and limitations in holding individuals responsible for an act of state and making omission of responsibility a crime, Röling called for the acquittal of several defendants, including Hirota.
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one of two justices to vote for acquittal on all counts, observed, "in a proceeding where we had to allow the prosecution to bring in any amount of hearsay evidence, it was somewhat misplaced caution to introduce this best evidence rule particularly when it operated practically against the defense only".
1143:, there was only a single prosecution team, led by an American, although the members of the tribunal represented eleven different Allied countries. The IMTFE had less official support than the Nuremberg trials. Keenan, a former U.S. assistant attorney general, had a much lower position than Nuremberg's
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to a swift conclusion through brutal means if necessary, Pal stated that "This policy of indiscriminate murder to shorten the war was considered to be a crime. In the
Pacific war under our consideration, if there was anything approaching what is indicated in the above letter of the German Emperor, it
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held 13 tribunals, resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions. Of the 5,700 Japanese individuals indicted for Class B war crimes, 984 were sentenced to death; 475 received life sentences; 2,944 were given more limited prison terms; 1,018 were acquitted; and 279 were never brought to trial or not
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Wartime press releases of the Allies offered as evidence by the prosecution were admitted, while those sought to be entered by the defense were excluded. The recollection of a conversation with a long-dead man was admitted. Letters allegedly written by
Japanese citizens were admitted with no proof of
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Many
Japanese reacted to the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal by demanding parole for the detainees or mitigation of their sentences. Shortly after the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect, a movement demanding the release of B- and C-class war criminals began, emphasizing the "unfairness of the war
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detailing the experiments of Unit 731 and its open-air tests of germ warfare on civilians. It was printed with a statement by Judge Röling, the last surviving member of the Tokyo
Tribunal, who wrote, "As one of the judges in the International Military Tribunal, it is a bitter experience for me to be
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about the criminal responsibility of
Hirohito. Judge-in-Chief Webb declared, "No ruler can commit the crime of launching aggressive war and then validly claim to be excused for doing so because his life would otherwise have been in danger ... It will remain that the men who advised the commission of
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of France argued that the tribunal's course of action was flawed due to
Hirohito's absence and the lack of sufficient deliberation by the judges. He concluded that Japan's declaration of war "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present Defendants could only
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After the defense had finished its presentation on
September 9, 1947, the IMT spent fifteen months reaching judgement and drafting its 1,781-page opinion. The reading of the judgement and the sentences lasted from December 4 to 12, 1948. Five of the eleven justices released separate opinions outside
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once the
Prosecution had rested. The best evidence rule dictates that the "best" or most authentic evidence must be produced (for example, a map instead of a description of the map; an original instead of a copy; and a witness instead of a description of what the witness may have said). Justice Pal,
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George Furness, a Defense Counsel, stated, "e say that regardless of the known integrity of the individual members of this tribunal they cannot, under the circumstances of their appointment, be impartial; that under the circumstances this trial, both in the present day and in history, will never be
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was not granted parole until March 1956, the last of the Class A Japanese war criminals to be released. With the concurrence of a majority of the powers represented on the tribunal, the Japanese government announced on April 7, 1957, that the last ten major Japanese war criminals who had previously
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Similarly, the indiscriminate bombing of Chinese cities by Japanese Imperial forces was never raised in the Tokyo Trials in fear of America being accused of the same thing for its air attacks on Japanese cities. As a result, Japanese pilots and officers were not prosecuted for their aerial raids on
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had been captured by the Japanese and survived the Bataan Death March. The defense sought to remove him from the bench claiming he would be unable to maintain objectivity. The request was rejected but Jaranilla did excuse himself from presentation of evidence for atrocities in his native country of
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of the Netherlands in his dissent. He stated, "I think that not only should there have been neutrals in the court, but there should have been Japanese also." He argued that they would always have been a minority and therefore would not have been able to sway the balance of the trial. However, "they
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who accepted "ministerial and other advice for war" and that "no ruler can commit the crime of launching aggressive war and then validly claim to be excused for doing so because his life would otherwise have been in danger ... It will remain that the men who advised the commission of a crime, if it
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with regard to its involvement in World War II would be remembered by his future subjects; as Naruhito put it at that time: it was "important to look back on the past humbly and correctly," in reference to Japan's role in World War II-era war crimes and that he was concerned about the ongoing need
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wrote that the campaign to absolve Emperor Hirohito of responsibility "knew no bounds." He argued that with MacArthur's full approval, the prosecution effectively acted as "a defense team for the emperor," who was presented as "an almost saintly figure" let alone someone culpable of war crimes. He
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from the list of crimes and the lack of judges from the vanquished nations on the bench signified the "failure of the Tribunal to provide anything other than the opportunity for the victors to retaliate". In this he was not alone among Indian jurists, with one prominent barrister writing that the
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The United States had provided the funds and staff necessary for running the Tribunal and also held the function of Chief Prosecutor. The argument was made that it was difficult, if not impossible, to uphold the requirement of impartiality with which such an organ should be invested. This apparent
1125:. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948.
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In 1950, after most Allied war crimes trials had ended, thousands of convicted war criminals sat in prisons across Asia and Europe, detained in the countries where they had been convicted. Some executions had not yet been carried out, as Allied courts agreed to reexamine their verdicts. Sentences
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Part of Article 13 of the Charter provided that evidence against the accused could include any document "without proof of its issuance or signature" as well as diaries, letters, press reports, and sworn or unsworn out-of-court statements relating to the charges. Article 13 of the Charter read, in
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Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan, and will carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan. The power to grant clemency, reduce sentences and
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The International Prosecution Section (IPS) of the SCAP decided to try the seventy Japanese apprehended for "Class A" war crimes in three groups. The first group of 28 were major leaders in the military, political, and diplomatic sphere. The second group (23 people) and the third group (nineteen
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Bix also argues that "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war" and "months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to
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that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the International Prosecution Section (IPS), and court officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted, but also to skew the testimony of the
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as the 60th anniversary of the start of the trial approached in 2006, 70% of those who were questioned were unaware of the details of the trial, a figure that rose to 90% among those who were in the 20–29 age group. Some 76% of the people who were polled recognized the fact that a degree of the
1443:
Despite Class C charges being created to prosecute Japan for atrocities against its nationals, this never occurred at all. Britain, France, Netherlands, and the U.S.—four-nation members of the Tokyo trials—had colonies themselves and feared that their own colonial atrocities might be brought to
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showed that a "common plan or conspiracy" to commit "crimes against peace" bound the accused together. Thus, the prosecution argued that the conspiracy had begun in 1927 and continued through to the end of the war in 1945. The Tanaka Memorial is now considered by most historians to have been an
1724:
On September 4, 1952, President Truman issued Executive Order 10393, establishing a Clemency and Parole Board for War Criminals. Its purpose was to advise the President regarding recommendations by the Government of Japan for clemency, reduction of sentence, or parole of Japanese war criminals
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The focus changed from the top wartime leaders to "ordinary" war criminals (Class B and C in Japan), and an intense campaign for amnesty for all imprisoned war criminals ensued which enjoyed widespread public support. The campaign reframed the issue of criminal responsibility as a humanitarian
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against other nations, and only applied to Japan's top leaders who had planned and directed the war. Unlike the Nuremberg trials, the charge of crimes against peace was a prerequisite to prosecution—only those individuals whose crimes included crimes against peace could be prosecuted by the
453:
On May 3 the prosecution opened its case, charging the defendants with crimes against peace, conventional war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The trial continued for more than two and a half years, hearing testimony from 419 witnesses and admitting 4,336 exhibits of evidence, including
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stated, "Even Japanese activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters and who have labored to document and publicize the atrocities of the Shōwa regime cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of the
1709:
On March 7, 1950, MacArthur issued a directive that reduced the sentences by one-third for good behavior and authorized the parole after fifteen years of those who had received life sentences. Several of those who were imprisoned were released earlier on parole due to ill health.
1524:
people) were industrial and financial magnates who had been engaged in weapons manufacturing industries or were accused of trafficking in narcotics, as well as a number of lesser known leaders in military, political, and diplomatic spheres. The most notable among these were:
766:
of Australia took issue with Emperor Hirohito's legal status, writing, "The suggestion that the Emperor was bound to act on advice is contrary to the evidence." While refraining from personal indictment of Hirohito, Webb indicated that Hirohito bore responsibility as a
818:
Defendants at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East: (front row, left to right) Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, Admiral Takazumi Oka, (back row, left to right) Chairman of the Privy Council of Japan Kiichiro Hiranuma, Foreign Minister Shigenori
1837:
A South Korean government commission cleared 83 of the 148 Koreans who were convicted of war crimes by the Allies. The commission ruled that the Koreans, who were categorized as Class B and Class C war criminals, were actually victims of Japanese imperialism.
725:
The defendants were represented by over a hundred attorneys, three-quarters of them Japanese and one-quarter American, plus a support staff. The defense opened its case on January 27, 1947, and finished its presentation 225 days later on September 9, 1947.
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defendants to ensure that no one implicated the emperor. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals. People arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in the
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on December 23, 1948. MacArthur, afraid of embarrassing and antagonizing the Japanese people, defied the wishes of President Truman and barred photography of any kind, instead bringing in four members of the Allied Council to act as official witnesses.
270:. Twenty-eight high-ranking Japanese military and political leaders were tried by the court, including current and former prime ministers, cabinet members, and military commanders. They were charged with fifty-five separate counts, including the waging
1340:"immediately on landing in Japan went to work to protect Hirohito from the role he had played during and at the end of the war" and "allowed the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the emperor would be spared from indictment."
1260:
raised substantive objections in a dissenting opinion: he found the entire prosecution case to be weak regarding the conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war, which would include the brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations. About the
4610:
Zachary D. Kaufman, "Transitional Justice for Tojo's Japan: the United States Role in the Establishment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Other Transitional Justice Mechanisms for Japan after World War II"
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Justice Henri Bernard of France concluded that Japan's declaration of war "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present Defendants could only be considered as accomplices."
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is the decision coming from the Allied powers to use the bomb", adding that "Future generations will judge this dire decision". Pal was the only judge to argue for the acquittal of all of the defendants.
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to, in his own words: "correctly pass down tragic experiences and the history behind Japan to the generations who have no direct knowledge of the war, at the time memories of the war are about to fade."
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of the Philippines disagreed with the penalties imposed by the tribunal as being "too lenient, not exemplary and deterrent, and not commensurate with the gravity of the offence or offences committed."
368:. On April 25, in accordance with the provisions of Article 7 of the CIMTFE, the original Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East with amendments were promulgated.
1702:
were reduced in some cases, and a system of parole was instituted, but without relinquishing control over the fate of the imprisoned (even after Japan and Germany had regained their sovereignty).
683:
and his family was excluded from the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, as the United States believed it needed him to maintain order in Japan and achieve their postwar objectives.
587:, issued a press statement along with the indictment: "War and treaty-breakers should be stripped of the glamour of national heroes and exposed as what they really are—plain, ordinary murderers."
1732:
rejected a proposed amnesty for the imprisoned war criminals but instead agreed to "change the ground rules" by reducing the period required for eligibility for parole from 15 years to 10 years.
732:
The defense challenged the indictment, arguing that crimes against peace, and more specifically, the undefined concepts of conspiracy and aggressive war, had yet to be established as crimes in
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As leaders, organizers, instigators, or accomplices in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to wage wars of aggression, and war or wars in violation of international law
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2011:
360:
On January 19, 1946, MacArthur issued a special proclamation ordering the establishment of an International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE). On the same day, he also approved the
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aggression which was perpetrated during the war was perpetrated by Japan, while only 7% of them believed that the war was a war which was strictly waged for the purpose of self-defense.
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account for crimes against humanity. As a consequence, this left the Korean and Taiwanese victims of Japanese colonial atrocities without any recourse in the international legal system.
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218:, issued a special proclamation establishing the IMTFE. A charter was drafted to establish the court's composition, jurisdiction, and procedures; the crimes were defined based on the
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maintained that Japan had had no choice but to enter the war for self-defense purposes. He asserted that " we felt at the time that Japan was being driven either to war or suicide".
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conflict gave the impression that the tribunal was no more than a means for the dispensation of victors' justice. Solis Horowitz argues that IMTFE had an American bias: unlike the
364:(CIMTFE), which prescribed how it was to be formed, the crimes that it was to consider, and how the tribunal was to function. The charter generally followed the model set by the
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Justice Röling did not find the emperor's immunity objectionable and further argued that five defendants (Kido, Hata, Hirota, Shigemitsu, and Tōgō) should have been acquitted.
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The prosecution began opening statements on May 3, 1946, and took 192 days to present its case, finishing on January 24, 1947. It submitted its evidence in fifteen phases.
281:, was ruled unfit to stand trial. All remaining defendants were found guilty of at least one count, of whom seven were sentenced to death and sixteen to life imprisonment.
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Waging aggressive war against the British Commonwealth (Crown colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom in the Far East and South Asia, Australia and New Zealand)
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Thousands of other "lesser" war criminals were tried by domestic tribunals convened across Asia and the Pacific by Allied nations, with most concluding by 1949. Due to
266:; the defense consisted of Japanese and American lawyers. The Tokyo Trial exercised broader temporal jurisdiction than its counterpart in Nuremberg, beginning from the
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Eiji Amo: Chief of the Intelligence Section of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs; Director of Intelligence Bureau in the Tojo cabinet.
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Yakichiro Suma: Consul General at Nanking; in 1938, he served as counselor at the Japanese Embassy in Washington; after 1941, Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain.
1435:, were imprisoned in the expectation that they would be prosecuted at a second Tokyo Tribunal but they were never charged. They were released in 1947 and 1948.
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1185:. It was horrible that we went there for the purpose of vindicating the laws of war, and yet saw every day how the Allies had violated them dreadfully."
1621:, signed on September 8, 1951, Japan accepted the jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Article 11 of the treaty reads:
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was sentenced to 7 years and paroled in 1950. He later served as Foreign Minister and as Deputy Prime Minister of post-war Japan under Prime Minister
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The verdict and sentences of the tribunal were confirmed by MacArthur on November 24, 1948, two days after a perfunctory meeting with members of the
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Six defendants were sentenced to death by hanging for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace (Class A, Class B and Class C):
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part: "The tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence ... and shall admit any evidence which it deems to have probative value.
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The parole for war criminals movement was driven by two groups: people who had "a sense of pity" for the prisoners demanded, "Just set them free" (
790:"It is well-nigh impossible to define the concept of initiating or waging a war of aggression both accurately and comprehensively," wrote Justice
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informed now that centrally ordered Japanese war criminality of the most disgusting kind was kept secret from the Court by the U.S. government".
340:, decided to initiate arrests. On September 11, a week after the surrender, he ordered the arrest of 39 suspects—most of them members of General
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All remaining people apprehended and accused of Class A war crimes who had not yet come to trial were set free by MacArthur in 1947 and 1948.
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Sixteen defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment. Three (Koiso, Shiratori, and Umezu) died in prison, while the other thirteen were
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The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at Ichigaya Court, formerly the Imperial Japanese Army H building, in
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222:. The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal was composed of judges, prosecutors, and staff from eleven countries that had fought against Japan:
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The Tokyo major war crimes trial: the transcripts of the court proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
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1721:) regardless of how it is done. The war criminals themselves called for their own release as part of an anti-war peace movement.
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Following months of preparation, the IMTFE convened on April 29, 1946. The trials were held in the War Ministry office in Tokyo.
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View of the Tribunal in session: the bench of judges is on the right, the defendants on the left, and the prosecutors in the back
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3240:"United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency"
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1595:: Ambassador to Manchukuo, Minister of Foreign Affairs and concurrently Director of the Intelligence Bureau; Ambassador to the
1561:: Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army, Commander-in-Chief of China Expeditionary Army, 1939–41; war-time Minister of Education.
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The defense argued that the trial could never be free from substantial doubt as to its "legality, fairness and impartiality".
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1555:(1931), at the invitation of his relative Nobusuke Kishi, where he founded the Manchurian Heavy Industry Development Company.
1585:: Administrator of Manchurian affairs; Minister of Treasury in Nobuyoki Abe's cabinet; followed Abe to China as an advisor;
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held by the Soviets tried and found guilty some members of Japan's bacteriological and chemical warfare unit, also known as
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be considered as accomplices" and that a "verdict reached by a Tribunal after a defective procedure cannot be a valid one."
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of 1,068 convicted war criminals, including the kami of 14 convicted Class-A war criminals, were secretly enshrined in the
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Legal Tools, Other International(ised) Criminal Jurisdictions, International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE)
1531:: In charge of industry and commerce of Manchukuo, 1936–40; Minister of Industry and Commerce under Tojo administration.
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both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes."
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736:; in effect, the IMTFE was contradicting accepted legal procedure by trying the defendants retroactively for violating
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The Tokyo Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (I.M.T.F.E), 29 April 1946 – 12 November 1948
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and other members of the imperial family might have been regarded as potential suspects. They included career officer
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One defendant was sentenced to death by hanging for war crimes and crimes against humanity (Class B and Class C):
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7397:
7238:
7227:
7056:
6815:
6774:
6667:
6605:
5985:
5255:
5124:
5092:
1854:
1082:
1065:
More than 5,700 lower-ranking personnel were charged with conventional war crimes in separate trials convened by
251:
5772:
5340:
332:
and within their administrations, about whom to try and how to try them. Despite the lack of consensus, General
9395:
9339:
9078:
8720:
8421:
8191:
7996:
7783:
7755:
7633:
7426:
6656:
6107:
6033:
5822:
5193:
4912:
4817:
4702:
3366:
1666:
1488:
1196:
407:
267:
1368:, release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right-winged war criminals like the later prime minister
9211:
9005:
8430:
8345:
8335:
7951:
7843:
7776:
7727:
7658:
7483:
6982:
6933:
6697:
6690:
6293:
6054:
5838:
4891:
2081:
1586:
1310:
231:
3711:"Harry S. Truman – Executive Order 10393 – Establishment of the Clemency and Parole Board for War Criminals"
462:
Following the model used at the Nuremberg trials in Germany, the Allies established three broad categories:
9441:
9359:
9344:
9173:
8985:
8856:
8310:
8251:
8241:
7917:
7813:
7188:
7142:
6061:
5889:
5874:
5801:
5780:
5598:
5276:
5062:
5055:
5039:
4750:
4709:
4681:
2601:
2282:
2071:
1551:: Sworn brother of Fusanosuke Kuhara, founder of Japan Industrial Corporation; went to Manchuria after the
1438:
4609:
9400:
9181:
8660:
8479:
8350:
7880:
7204:
7149:
6767:
6739:
6592:
6207:
6186:
5700:
5363:
5269:
4759:
4080:
2616:
2586:
2188:
1875:
MacArthur appointed a panel of 11 judges, nine from the nations that signed the Instrument of Surrender.
1298:
1193:
1102:
1735:
By the end of 1958, all Japanese war criminals were released from prison and politically rehabilitated.
9237:
9165:
8947:
8916:
7678:
7167:
7086:
7031:
6919:
6875:
6525:
6151:
6075:
5970:
5847:
5719:
5712:
5672:
5645:
5377:
5310:
4905:
4716:
4646:
3916:"Dissenting judgment of the member from France of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East"
2658:
2629:
1941:
1813:
1266:
1189:
783:
498:
9390:
8906:
8901:
8828:
8783:
8574:
8261:
7580:
7497:
7282:
7135:
7107:
6940:
6845:
6635:
6068:
5135:
4789:
3764:
3605:
3445:
War and State Terrorism: The United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the Long Twentieth Century
2007:
1917:
494:
8763:
8053:
5333:
3866:
344:'s war cabinet. Tojo tried to commit suicide but was resuscitated with the help of U.S. physicians.
9020:
8803:
8745:
8693:
8315:
8143:
7944:
7319:
7296:
6541:
6342:
6335:
5992:
5652:
5624:
5617:
5004:
2678:
2272:
2107:
1651:
1473:
1302:
931:
392:
325:
5349:
5326:
1404:, received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners. In 1981
1382:
a crime, if it be one, are in no worse position than the man who directs the crime be committed."
277:
By the time it adjourned on November 12, 1948, two defendants had died of natural causes and one,
9248:
8843:
8715:
8645:
8454:
8206:
8133:
7741:
7685:
7555:
7415:
7093:
6746:
6642:
6548:
6116:
5977:
5947:
5911:
5896:
5768:
5660:
5638:
5584:
5570:
5552:
5216:
4997:
4725:
4674:
4562:
3452:
2917:
2001:
1911:
1899:
1655:
1618:
1477:
1294:
1188:
However, in respect to Pal and Röling's statement about the conduct of air attacks, there was no
1121:
and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on
1001:
768:
396:
300:
247:
196:
180:
79:
668:
Deliberately and recklessly disregarded their duty to take adequate steps to prevent atrocities
9405:
9380:
9273:
8793:
8555:
8519:
8495:
8392:
8377:
8226:
8138:
7433:
7326:
7121:
7072:
6975:
6868:
6838:
6621:
6509:
6235:
6026:
5610:
5591:
5561:
5108:
5078:
4597:
University of Virginia The International Military Tribunal for the Far East Digital Collection
2794:
Hidden Atrocities: Japanese Germ Warfare and American Obstruction of Justice at the Tokyo Trial
2792:
2669:
2571:
2029:
1965:
1824:"; this rebuttal was posthumously published in 1987, four years after Arnold Brackman's death.
1788:
been paroled were granted clemency and were to be regarded henceforth as unconditionally free.
1345:
1212:
1122:
1094:
1070:
698:
483:
329:
313:
207:
4329:
3660:
2979:
2945:
2911:
1101:
The Soviet Union and Chinese Communist forces also held trials of Japanese war criminals. The
8579:
8041:
7924:
7647:
7490:
7386:
7356:
7312:
7181:
7045:
7010:
7003:
6926:
6824:
6265:
6242:
6089:
5693:
5230:
4970:
4956:
4639:
1290:
5528:
3740:
2721:
1329:
solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.
9466:
9461:
9456:
9349:
9206:
8710:
8534:
8524:
8036:
7748:
7603:
7254:
7211:
7174:
7100:
6910:
6889:
5808:
5285:
4963:
3617:
2897:
Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. April 25, 1946.
2743:
2292:
2128:
1893:
1847:
1054:
763:
743:
The defense argued that Allied Powers' violations of international law should be examined.
172:
71:
4042:, Minister for External Affairs and Attorney General. Letter of 3 July 1946. Available at
3336:
Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal: Charter, Indictment, and Judgments
2513:
2422:
2338:
1008:
944:
8:
9306:
9253:
9216:
8942:
8889:
8862:
8852:
8798:
8788:
8773:
8650:
8474:
8153:
8148:
8031:
7866:
7640:
7518:
7474:
6989:
6123:
5882:
5409:
5239:
5223:
5172:
4557:
Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal: Charter, Indictment and Judgments
2951:
2621:
2591:
2365:
2323:
Twenty-eight defendants were charged, mostly military officers and government officials.
1971:
1821:
1596:
1035:
803:
747:
317:
8725:
3710:
3621:
2439:
1576:
1439:
Failure to prosecute Japan's atrocities against its nationals as crimes against humanity
1392:
859:
776:
288:, the trials did not charge imperial Japanese leaders who may have been responsible for
9290:
9285:
9258:
9196:
8911:
8848:
8665:
8635:
8176:
7859:
7692:
7617:
7571:
7541:
7449:
7289:
6947:
6831:
6725:
6676:
6614:
6370:
6321:
6130:
5747:
5402:
5200:
4572:
4568:
4453:
4292:
3394:
3272:
3239:
2947:
War Crimes Tribunals and Transitional Justice: The Tokyo Trial and the Nuremberg Legacy
2576:
2093:
1991:
1729:
1564:
1232:
1204:
1182:
1078:
987:
690:
553:
487:
164:
4160:
2531:
2383:
1028:
831:
9201:
8952:
8640:
8620:
8387:
8016:
7850:
7734:
7624:
7564:
7525:
7458:
7440:
7406:
7349:
7303:
7247:
7065:
6803:
6795:
6732:
6585:
6179:
5704:
5165:
5144:
4854:
4576:
4535:
4516:
4479:
4460:
4402:
4383:
4376:
4316:
4259:
4231:
4167:
4141:
4134:
3744:
3664:
3653:
3633:
3456:
3420:
3386:
3340:
3277:
3259:
3226:
Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up
3184:
2985:
2955:
2921:
2798:
2663:
2552:
2371:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1548:
1534:
1314:
1207:, an American defense counsel for Japanese defendants, argued that "f the killing of
1144:
1042:
927:
824:
733:
660:
Ordered, authorized, and permitted inhumane treatment of prisoners of war and others
522:
467:
333:
278:
271:
219:
215:
8096:
3688:
3443:(2003). "State Terror versus Humanitarian Law". In Mark Selden; Alvin Y. So (eds.).
2499:
2446:
1558:
994:
866:
478:
in which only enemy and neutral nationals can be the principal victims, such as the
9319:
9268:
9093:
8813:
8529:
8201:
7769:
7762:
7706:
7370:
7128:
7114:
7017:
6954:
6905:
6718:
6571:
6518:
6328:
6279:
6193:
5416:
5393:
4926:
4444:
Unjust Enrichment: How Japan's Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs
4419:
4182:
3733:
3629:
3625:
3448:
3378:
3267:
3251:
2818:
2611:
2397:
2359:
2265:
2261:
2161:
2140:
2024:
1932:
1858:
1428:
1283:
1262:
1174:
1154:
1140:
1014:
772:
be one, are in no worse position than the man who directs the crime be committed."
584:
537:
479:
365:
188:
120:
67:
9068:
4935:
4055:
3835:
1109:. However, those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial. As
802:
of India produced a judgment in which he dismissed the legitimacy of the IMTFE as
9385:
9186:
9113:
8818:
8735:
8655:
8128:
7967:
7792:
7504:
7419:
7377:
7275:
7218:
7079:
6861:
6852:
6381:
5956:
5932:
5186:
3964:"Dissentient Judgement of Pal | Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact"
2606:
2211:
2144:
2084:
2062:
1809:
1803:
1573:: A radical ultranationalist. War profiteer, smuggler and underground crime boss.
1567:: Garrison Commander of Port Arthur and Minister of Interior in the Tojo cabinet.
1552:
1542:
1353:
1321:
1046:
709:
533:
518:
168:
8730:
7904:
2888:
Within documents relating to the IMTFE, it is also referred to as the "Charter".
2867:
9063:
8957:
8778:
8768:
8625:
8589:
8011:
7799:
7335:
7261:
5299:
5158:
4247:
The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War Two
4214:
3416:
2524:
2184:
2179:
2044:
1959:
1841:
1780:
1772:
1528:
1424:
1405:
1369:
1337:
1333:
1306:
1257:
1220:
1200:
1086:
1021:
799:
259:
160:
9098:
9073:
4532:
The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II
3310:. Republic Of The Philippines, Office Of The Solicitor General. Archived from
3255:
2467:
2350:
2332:
1982:
1397:
980:
963:
852:
791:
474:"Class B" charges covered conventional war crimes, that is, violations of the
9420:
9134:
8584:
8305:
8295:
8123:
8088:
7610:
5521:
5370:
5209:
4338:
4274:
4254:
Wilson, Sandra; Cribb, Robert; Trefalt, Beatrice; Aszkielowicz, Dean (2017).
4155:
4011:
3987:
3939:
3915:
3637:
3390:
3263:
3179:
Wilson, Sandra; Cribb, Robert; Trefalt, Beatrice; Aszkielowicz, Dean (2017).
2648:
2581:
2535:
2453:
2432:
2415:
2344:
2204:
2104:
2068:
1829:
1760:
1740:
1592:
1570:
1377:
1360:
1326:
1208:
1090:
973:
950:
937:
900:
846:
737:
526:
513:
The indictment accused the defendants of promoting a scheme of conquest that:
506:
502:
361:
263:
239:
8685:
4563:
International Military Tribunal for the Far East; R. John Pritchard (1998).
4290:
3963:
3796:
2474:
873:
9226:
8181:
8058:
7909:
7713:
5999:
5904:
5535:
4898:
4662:
4012:"[IMTFE] Opinion of Mr. Justice Roling, Member for the Netherlands"
3440:
3281:
3119:
free from substantial doubt as to its legality, fairness and impartiality."
2481:
2463:, commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force and Central China Area Army
2460:
2377:
2124:
1846:
Some time before the situation emerged about his expected accession to the
1764:
1748:
1452:
1236:
956:
892:
835:
255:
200:
184:
8755:
8372:
4495:
The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945–1951
4434:
The Tokyo Trial: War Criminals and Japan's Postwar International Relations
4256:
Japanese War Criminals: the Politics of Justice after the Second World War
4038:, as President of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to
3181:
Japanese War Criminals: the Politics of Justice after the Second World War
8833:
8382:
7548:
7534:
7196:
5858:
5679:
5664:
5018:
4109:
4043:
3238:
Brody, Howard; Leonard, Sarah E.; Nie, Jing-Bao; Weindling, Paul (2014).
2637:
2408:
2198:
2074:; Resigned from the tribunal; replaced by Major General Myron C. Cramer.
1768:
1752:
1744:
1349:
1270:
1251:
1118:
920:
880:
713:
anti-Japanese forgery; however, it was not regarded as such at the time.
557:
341:
243:
203:
for their war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity.
4360:
3006:"Should the United States be Blamed for Japan's Historical Revisionism?"
47:
8630:
8246:
6896:
6649:
6628:
5514:
4847:
4775:
3398:
2633:
1582:
576:
565:
475:
75:
62:
8539:
3793:"Enshrinement Politics: War Dead and War Criminals at Yasukuni Shrine"
2640:
in 1997, the sixtieth anniversary of the start of the Nanjing Massacre
717:
authenticity and no opportunity for cross examination by the defense.
442:
9295:
8962:
8937:
8932:
8740:
8611:
8544:
8216:
7159:
6564:
6361:
6172:
5963:
5918:
4039:
3819:
The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial,
2426:
2195:
1987:
1926:
1393:
Failure to prosecute perpetrators of inhumane medical experimentation
1224:
1066:
1038:
was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Togo died in prison in 1950.
904:
895:, commander, Shanghai Expeditionary Force and Central China Area Army
738:
laws which had not existed when the alleged crimes had been committed
223:
192:
176:
5439:
3890:"World War II Should Not Be Forgotten, Japan's Prince Naruhito Says"
3382:
1818:
The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial,
1640:
1462:
1173:
Justice Röling stated, "f course, in Japan we were all aware of the
517:
ontemplated and carried out ... murdering, maiming and ill-treating
381:
9263:
9041:
8469:
8160:
8104:
5423:
5151:
4136:
The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial
3834:. Mansfield Asian Opinion Poll Database. April 2006. Archived from
2653:
2315:
1538:
1401:
1365:
1286:
1178:
1106:
827:, was found mentally unfit for trial and the charges were dropped.
680:
573:
561:
305:
289:
53:
7936:
2977:
2767:
899:
The seven defendants who were sentenced to death were executed at
636:
Waging aggressive war against the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies)
466:"Class A" charges covered crimes against peace, that is, waging a
8211:
4307:
Ming-Hui Yao. "Nanjing Massacre and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial".
3769:
3413:
Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II
2864:"Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East"
2597:
Justice Erima Harvey Northcroft Tokyo War Crimes Trial Collection
2400:, prime minister (1941–44), war minister (1940–44), chief of the
2021:
1227:," although Pearl Harbor was classified as a war crime under the
569:
549:
530:
4598:
1857:
on the occasion of his 55th birthday in February 2015 about how
9280:
8894:
8063:
6040:
4631:
4620:
4604:
2456:, prime minister (1944–45), governor-general of Korea (1942–44)
2335:, prime minister (1936–37), foreign minister (1933–36, 1937–38)
1432:
1254:
1216:
912:
541:
362:
Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
227:
4455:
The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility
4253:
1865:
1320:
As early as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral
8256:
6228:
4413:
4399:
Judgment at Tokyo: World War II and the Making of Modern Asia
4378:
Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Trials
3142:
3140:
3127:
3125:
4504:
Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II
4293:"Judgment: International Military Tribunal for the Far East"
2913:
The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations
1842:
Potential concerns expressed by the Japanese Imperial Family
1827:
In a survey of 3,000 Japanese people which was conducted by
1352:." According to a written report by Shūichi Mizota, Admiral
1243:
Pearl Harbor and cities in China and other Asian countries.
983:, commander, Kwantung Army, former governor-general of Korea
3988:"Opinion of Mr. Justice Roling, Member for the Netherlands"
3570:『戦争裁判余録』, Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha,泰生社 1986, pp. 170–172.
3526:
3524:
3522:
2909:
1798:
545:
9452:
Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II
4437:. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture.
4279:. Japan: Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact.
3332:
3137:
3122:
484:
attack on the neutral U.S. at Pearl Harbor without warning
9330:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3012:
2720:. The University of Georgia School of Law. Archived from
2632:: a book about the Nanjing Massacre which was written by
708:
The prosecution argued that a 1927 document known as the
4125:
The Tokyo International Military Tribunal: A Reappraisal
3519:
3237:
3024:
1219:, we know the name of the very man who hands loosed the
644:
Waging aggressive war against France (French Indochina)
9365:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3685:"Taiwan Documents Project – Treaty of Peace with Japan"
3308:"Hon. Delfin J. Jaranilla, Attorney General, 1927–1932"
2341:, prime minister (1939), president of the privy council
454:
depositions and affidavits from 779 other individuals.
5293:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
3036:
2768:"The International Military Tribunal for the Far East"
1418:
29:"The Tokyo Trial" redirects here. For other uses, see
4382:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3100:
3076:
2127:
was also apparently favourably disposed to replacing
1277:
4599:
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4221:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
4162:
War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
3585:
3339:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. lv.
3288:
3194:
2981:
Trials and Tribulations of International Prosecution
1630:
1161:
Justice Radhabinod Pal argued that the exclusion of
3206:
3088:
2239:Crown Prosecutor and Judge, Supreme Court of India
2131:as a judge, but his appointment did not eventuate.
2114:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR
1170:Tribunal was little more than "a sword in a wig."
9320:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
4452:
4375:
4291:International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
4276:The Tokyo Trials and the Truth of "Pal's Judgment"
4159:
4133:
3732:
3652:
3573:
3548:
3536:
3164:"Abe's Japan Cannot Apologize for the Pacific War"
1579:: Ultranationalist businessman and philanthropist.
1031:, war minister and Chief of the Army General Staff
4476:Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials
4424:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
3832:"'Asahi Shimbun' May 2, 2006 'Tokyo Trials Poll'"
3469:
2744:"Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian"
2636:, the book was published in the United States by
2626:: A 2007 Chinese film about the Nanjing Massacre.
2143:of the United States, was appointed by President
976:, governor-general of Korea, later prime minister
883:, commander, Kwantung Army (later prime minister)
849:, chief of the intelligence services in Manchukuo
9427:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
9418:
9350:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
9325:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
9119:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4626:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4515:. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company.
4343:Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact
4230:. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: APA-University Press.
2978:Henry F. Carey, Stacey M. Mitchell, ed. (2013).
2418:, chief of the intelligence service in Manchukuo
1853:, some degree of concern was voiced by the then
620:Waging aggressive war against the United States
145:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
40:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
22:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
9089:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
4446:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
4249:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
3481:
2943:
2303:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union
2167:Assistant Attorney General of the United States
1820:a rebuttal of charges that the trial had been "
697:The prosecution team relied on the doctrine of
572:and other barbaric cruelties upon the helpless
206:Following Japan's defeat and occupation by the
9164:
8073:
1453:Release of the remaining 42 "Class A" suspects
1133:
312:The Tribunal was established to implement the
9150:
7952:
4647:
4534:. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
4459:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources.
2228:Provisional Government of the French Republic
1946:Avocat-General (Solicitor-General) at Bangui
1612:
679:Any possible evidence that would incriminate
4219:Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial
4122:
3367:"The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking"
9477:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1948
9447:Sexual violence in Asia during World War II
8436:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
4513:War Crimes: International Military Tribunal
4497:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
4478:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
4225:
4201:Horowitz, Solis (1950). "The Tokyo Trial".
3161:
3146:
3131:
2689:Post-World War II Romanian war crime trials
2540:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
2402:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
1866:List of judges, prosecutors, and defendants
1669:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1491:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1246:
838:, died of natural causes during the trial.
410:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
9335:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
9157:
9143:
7959:
7945:
4654:
4640:
4492:
3650:
2172:Department of Justice of the United States
1060:
9355:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
8839:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
8449:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
4430:
3271:
2910:Dieter Fleck, Terry D. Gill, ed. (2015).
2790:
2170:Director of the Criminal Division of the
1689:Learn how and when to remove this message
1511:Learn how and when to remove this message
1167:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1024:, president of the Cabinet Planning Board
855:, prime minister (later foreign minister)
674:
430:Learn how and when to remove this message
371:
9472:Courts and tribunals established in 1946
8222:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
4306:
4272:
4200:
4140:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
4131:
4056:"Supreme Court of India - Former Judges"
3493:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3333:Neil Boister, Robert Cryer, ed. (2008).
3294:
3244:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
3042:
2939:
2937:
2516:, navy minister (1941–44), chief of the
2484:, navy minister (1936–37), chief of the
2314:
2277:Associate Prosecutor of the Philippines
2249:Associate Prosecutor of the Netherlands
2216:Minister of Justice and Foreign Affairs
1597:Reorganized National Government of China
813:
441:
351:
347:
299:
4510:
4258:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4226:Röling, B. V. A.; Rüter, C. F. (1977).
4115:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
3887:
3856:
3730:
3503:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
3183:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3175:
3173:
2973:
2971:
2905:
2903:
2666:: A 1998 Japanese film about the trial.
2555:, a political philosopher and ideologue
1427:, who later became Prime Minister, and
1111:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
652:Waging aggressive war against the USSR
212:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
9419:
9037:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
6508:
6486:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4571:: Robert M.W. Kempner Collegium by E.
4555:Boister, Neil, and Robert Cryer, eds.
4529:
4441:
4359:(a 2016 documentary by Tim B. Toidze)
4244:
4213:
4044:http://www.naa.gov.au/go.aspx?i=819494
3603:
3106:
3082:
3030:
3018:
2674:: A 2006 Chinese film about the trial.
2509:, chief of the Military Affairs Bureau
2495:, chief of the Bureau of Naval Affairs
2477:, chief of staff of the 14th Area Army
1344:attribute ultimate responsibility for
1269:signalling his determination to bring
1004:, chief of the Military Affairs Bureau
338:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
9138:
7940:
7364:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
6789:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6435:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6391:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5489:Rape during the occupation of Germany
4635:
4418:
4339:"Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal"
4180:
4154:
4123:Boister, Niel; Cryer, Robert (2008).
3857:Koehler, Robert (November 13, 2006).
3739:. Columbia University Press. p.
3591:
3530:
3475:
3364:
3353:
3200:
3157:
3155:
3094:
2934:
2567:Allied war crimes during World War II
2527:, chief of the Cabinet Planning Board
2470:, governor-general of Korea (1936–42)
2326:
1751:were all released on parole in 1954.
52:Court chamber during the tribunal in
8441:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
8197:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
6479:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5504:Rape during the liberation of France
4501:
4473:
4450:
4396:
4373:
4191:
4127:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4036:William Webb (judge)Sir William Webb
3439:
3212:
3170:
2968:
2900:
2518:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
2486:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
2390:
2301:Head of the Legal Department of the
2097:Replaced Judge Higgins in July 1946
1728:On May 26, 1954, Secretary of State
1667:adding citations to reliable sources
1634:
1489:adding citations to reliable sources
1456:
612:Waging unprovoked war against China
408:adding citations to reliable sources
375:
9109:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
8351:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
7966:
4108:
3888:Itasaka, Kiko (February 24, 2015).
3765:"Where war criminals are venerated"
3757:
3579:
3554:
3542:
3487:
2546:
2203:Vice-Judge Advocate General of the
1419:Failure to prosecute other suspects
1055:Allied Control Commission for Japan
268:1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria
16:Post–World War II war crimes trials
13:
9482:International courts and tribunals
6705:German invasion of the Netherlands
4978:Weather events during World War II
4549:
4366:
3228:, revised ed. Routledge, New York.
3152:
2449:, commander of the Burma Area Army
2368:, foreign minister (1941–42, 1945)
1278:Exoneration of the imperial family
1175:bombings and the burnings of Tokyo
762:In his concurring opinion Justice
199:, which prosecuted the leaders of
187:. The IMTFE was modeled after the
14:
9493:
7343:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
4591:
3610:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2054:Senator of the College of Justice
1812:, who had covered the trials for
1783:were released on parole in 1955.
1725:sentenced by military tribunals.
1631:Parole for war criminals movement
1411:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
8809:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
8072:
7903:
4661:
4619:
4559:(Oxford University Press, 2008).
2984:. Lexington Books. p. 169.
2644:Philippine War Crimes Commission
2245:W.G. Frederick Borgerhoff-Mulder
2035:Supreme Court of the Philippines
1950:First Military Tribunal in Paris
1639:
1461:
1203:before and during World War II.
876:, chief of staff, 14th Area Army
380:
46:
31:The Tokyo Trial (disambiguation)
8824:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
4336:
4073:
4048:
4028:
4004:
3980:
3956:
3932:
3908:
3881:
3850:
3824:
3811:
3785:
3724:
3703:
3677:
3644:
3597:
3560:
3433:
3405:
3326:
3300:
3231:
3218:
3112:
3048:
2998:
1918:Court of King's Bench of Quebec
189:International Military Tribunal
183:, leading up to and during the
105:
9396:International humanitarian law
9340:Special Court for Sierra Leone
9079:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
8192:Imperial Rescript on Education
7590:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
5286:Territorial changes of Germany
5194:Indonesian National Revolution
4613:Emory International Law Review
4493:Piccigallo, Philip R. (1979).
3859:"Korean war criminals cleared"
3630:10.1080/00963402.1981.11458900
2891:
2882:
2856:
2832:
2811:
2784:
2760:
2736:
2706:
2134:
1197:international humanitarian law
529:under inhumane conditions ...
1:
8525:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
8431:Imperial General Headquarters
8022:Foreign commerce and shipping
6983:Japanese invasion of Thailand
6934:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
6698:German invasion of Luxembourg
5072:Mediterranean and Middle East
4431:Higurashi, Yoshinobu (2022).
4081:"Parakulangara Govinda Menon"
3606:"A hidden chapter in history"
3056:"Charter of the Tokyo trials"
2797:. Columbia University Press.
2694:
2355:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
2310:
2297:Sergei Alexandrovich Golunsky
1587:Minister of Greater East Asia
1235:and without a just cause for
968:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
809:
295:
163:convened on 29 April 1946 to
9360:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
9345:International Criminal Court
8857:Hirohito surrender broadcast
8252:Greater East Asia Conference
6890:Invasion of the Soviet Union
6579:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
5890:Independent State of Croatia
4442:Holmes, Linda Goetz (2001).
4414:online scholarly book review
4374:Bass, Gary Jonathan (2000).
4132:Brackman, Arnold C. (1987).
3817:Brackman, Arnold C. (1987),
3795:. JapanFocus. Archived from
2602:Khabarovsk war crimes trials
2386:, foreign minister (1940–41)
2380:, finance minister (1941–44)
2374:, foreign minister (1943–45)
2283:Arthur Strettell Comyns Carr
1447:
1423:Forty-two suspects, such as
1408:published an article in the
1128:
869:, commander, Burma Area Army
552:beyond any justification of
286:U.S. government intervention
7:
9401:International speech crimes
9182:Customary international law
8237:Supreme Court of Judicature
7881:End of World War II in Asia
7721:Western invasion of Germany
7228:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
7205:Second Battle of El Alamein
6768:Hundred Regiments Offensive
6740:Battle of the Mediterranean
6593:Italian invasion of Albania
4760:Air warfare of World War II
4511:Sherman, Christine (2001).
3651:Barenblatt, Daniel (2004).
2664:プライド運命の瞬間 ("Praido", Pride)
2617:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
2587:Indian National Army trials
2559:
2189:Supreme Court of Queensland
1931:Attorney and Member of the
1231:, as it happened without a
1134:Charges of victors' justice
1103:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
753:
135:
10:
9498:
9222:Convention Against Torture
9166:International criminal law
8948:Second Philippine Republic
8721:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
7807:Naval bombardment of Japan
7168:First Battle of El Alamein
7087:Battle of Christmas Island
7032:Japanese invasion of Burma
6796:Italian invasion of Greece
6712:German invasion of Belgium
6684:German invasion of Denmark
6657:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
6526:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
4783:Comparative military ranks
4426:. New York: Penguin Books.
4273:Watanabe, Shōichi (2008).
4203:International Conciliation
4016:Legal-tools.org/doc/462134
3992:Legal-tools.org/doc/fb16ff
3944:Legal-tools.org/doc/675a23
3920:Legal-tools.org/doc/d1ac54
3731:Maguire, Peter H. (2000).
3659:. Harper Collins. p.
2791:Guillemin, Jeanne (2017).
2659:Yokohama War Crimes Trials
2630:The Rape of Nanking (book)
1903:President of the Tribunal
1814:United Press International
1619:San Francisco Peace Treaty
1613:San Francisco Peace Treaty
930:, major instigator of the
720:
689:The Tribunal embraced the
579:of the over-run countries.
457:
356:The judges (July 29, 1946)
28:
18:
9391:Joint criminal enterprise
9373:
9304:
9235:
9172:
9056:
9029:
8971:
8925:
8882:
8875:
8829:Japan during World War II
8784:Pacification of Manchukuo
8754:
8684:
8676:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
8671:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
8609:
8602:
8553:
8540:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
8493:
8419:
8412:
8359:
8277:
8270:
8262:Imperial Japanese Airways
8169:
8116:
8081:
8070:
7974:
7896:
7728:Bratislava–Brno offensive
7668:
7659:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
7396:
7283:Allied invasion of Sicily
7237:
7136:Aleutian Islands campaign
7108:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7055:
7046:Greek famine of 1941–1944
6941:Second Battle of Changsha
6846:German invasion of Greece
6814:
6691:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
6666:
6604:
6499:
6380:
6106:
6016:
5857:
5560:
5551:
5309:
5134:
5026:North and Central Pacific
4987:
4749:
4742:
4669:
4474:Maga, Timothy P. (2001).
4451:Lael, Richard L. (1982).
4034:Personal correspondence,
3256:10.1017/S0963180113000753
2347:, chief cabinet secretary
2287:British MP and Barrister
2155:
2152:
2033:Associate Justice of the
1886:
1883:
1880:
1870:
1791:
953:, Chief Cabinet Secretary
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
595:
592:
216:General Douglas MacArthur
157:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
131:
126:
116:
111:
101:
93:
85:
61:
45:
38:
19:For the documentary, see
9432:War crimes organizations
9311:(in order of foundation)
8804:Second Sino-Japanese War
8746:Racial Equality Proposal
8326:Agriculture and Commerce
7320:Allied invasion of Italy
7297:Solomon Islands campaign
7039:Third Battle of Changsha
6636:First Battle of Changsha
6542:Second Sino-Japanese War
5475:German military brothels
5341:United States war crimes
4506:. Boston: Da Capo Press.
4102:
3604:Powell, John W. (1981).
3453:Rowman & Littlefield
3371:Journal of Asian Studies
2944:Madoka Futamura (2007).
2699:
2442:, war minister (1938–39)
2435:, war minister (1939–40)
2411:, war minister (1931–34)
2014:of the New Zealand Army
1851:at the end of April 2019
1617:Under Article 11 of the
1375:Three justices wrote an
1247:Pal's dissenting opinion
932:second Sino-Japanese War
746:Former Foreign Minister
9437:Crimes against humanity
9249:Crimes against humanity
8716:Washington Naval Treaty
8661:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
8646:First Sino-Japanese War
8465:Nuclear weapons program
8207:Great Japan Youth Party
8134:National seals of Japan
7742:Second Guangxi campaign
7597:Philippines (1944–1945)
7094:Battle of the Coral Sea
6997:Fall of the Philippines
6643:Battle of South Guangxi
6549:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
5948:Italian Social Republic
4502:Rees, Laurence (2001).
4350:
3365:Brook, Timothy (2001).
3147:Röling & Rüter 1977
3132:Röling & Rüter 1977
2918:Oxford University Press
2502:, ambassador to Germany
2010:of New Zealand; former
2002:Erima Harvey Northcroft
1912:Edward Stuart McDougall
1900:High Court of Australia
1332:According to historian
1295:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
1213:bombing of Pearl Harbor
1061:Other war crimes trials
997:, Ambassador to Germany
915:between 1952 and 1958:
322:Instrument of Surrender
181:crimes against humanity
80:crimes against humanity
9406:Universal jurisdiction
9381:Command responsibility
9274:Incitement to genocide
9212:United Nations Charter
8794:Motherland controversy
8764:Shōwa financial crisis
8556:Imperial Japanese Navy
8496:Imperial Japanese Army
8227:Peace Preservation Law
7327:Armistice of Cassibile
7122:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7073:Battle of the Java Sea
6976:Attack on Pearl Harbor
6876:Syria–Lebanon campaign
6869:Battle of South Shanxi
6839:Invasion of Yugoslavia
6622:Battle of the Atlantic
6236:Korean Liberation Army
5942:(until September 1943)
5899:(until September 1944)
5877:(until September 1944)
4397:Bass, Gary J. (2023).
4284:
4085:Imtfe.law.virginia.edu
3655:A Plague upon Humanity
2772:imtfe.law.virginia.edu
2714:"More about the IMTFE"
2572:Bangka Island massacre
2320:
2139:The chief prosecutor,
2090:Judge Advocate General
2012:Judge Advocate General
1966:University of Calcutta
1628:
820:
769:constitutional monarch
699:command responsibility
675:Evidence and testimony
583:The chief prosecutor,
581:
540:, wantonly destroying
447:
372:Tokyo War Crimes Trial
357:
309:
8706:Siberian Intervention
8515:Railways and Shipping
8331:Commerce and Industry
8027:Industrial production
7491:Second Battle of Guam
7387:Bengal famine of 1943
7357:Second Battle of Kiev
7313:Battle of the Dnieper
7182:Kokoda Track campaign
7011:Battle of Wake Island
6883:East African campaign
6825:Battle of South Henan
6470:atrocities by Germans
6243:Korean Volunteer Army
5217:Occupation of Germany
4971:Music in World War II
4530:Totani, Yuma (2009).
4245:Totani, Yuma (2008).
3419:. 2010. p. 167.
2819:"Potsdam Declaration"
2362:, Ambassador to Italy
2318:
2256:Ronald Henry Quilliam
1855:Crown Prince Naruhito
1623:
1311:Truman Administration
1291:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
1229:1907 Hague Convention
1123:human experimentation
1017:, Ambassador to Italy
959:, Minister of Finance
817:
527:forcing them to labor
515:
445:
355:
348:Creation of the court
303:
151:), also known as the
9307:International courts
9207:Nuremberg principles
9124:Political dissidence
8973:Occupied territories
8711:General Election Law
8535:Taiwan Army of Japan
7777:Surrender of Germany
7255:Battle of West Hubei
7212:Guadalcanal campaign
7175:Battle of Stalingrad
7101:Battle of Madagascar
5868:Albania protectorate
5655:(formerly Swaziland)
5364:Wehrmacht war crimes
5180:Expulsion of Germans
4964:Art and World War II
4862:British contribution
4811:Governments in exile
4628:at Wikimedia Commons
4209:(November): 473–584.
4181:Dower, John (1999).
3691:on February 21, 2001
3224:Harris, S.H. (2002)
2952:Taylor & Francis
2920:. pp. 548–549.
2870:on February 22, 1999
2718:Guides @ Georgia Law
1848:Chrysanthemum Throne
1663:improve this section
1589:in the Tojo cabinet.
1537:: Leader of the pro-
1485:improve this section
1336:, Brigadier General
404:improve this section
173:crimes against peace
72:crimes against peace
9442:Crime of aggression
9254:Crime of aggression
9217:Genocide Convention
8943:Wang Jingwei regime
8853:Potsdam Declaration
8844:Soviet–Japanese War
8799:Anti-Comintern Pact
8789:January 28 incident
8774:London Naval Treaty
8651:Triple Intervention
8480:Supreme War Council
8364:deliberative bodies
7867:Potsdam Declaration
7756:Italy (Spring 1945)
7519:Liberation of Paris
6969:Siege of Sevastopol
5980:(until August 1944)
5883:Wang Jingwei regime
5705:from September 1943
5665:from September 1944
5603:from September 1944
5463:Romanian war crimes
5454:Persecution of Jews
5440:Croatian war crimes
5410:Japanese war crimes
5224:Occupation of Japan
5173:First Indochina War
4885:Military production
4797:Declarations of war
4401:. New York: Knopf.
4194:Unit 731: Testimony
3838:on November 8, 2006
3799:on October 16, 2007
3622:1981BuAtS..37h..44P
3568:Sensô saiban yoroku
3566:Kumao Toyoda 豊田隈雄,
3533:, pp. 323–325.
3501:"Herbert P. Bix on
3021:, pp. 122–123.
2682:: a 2016 miniseries
2592:Japanese war crimes
2534:, commander of the
2523:Lieutenant General
2505:Lieutenant General
2498:Lieutenant General
2473:Lieutenant General
2185:Senior Puisne Judge
1972:Calcutta High Court
1163:Western colonialism
1147:, a justice of the
1020:Lieutenant General
1000:Lieutenant General
993:Lieutenant General
872:Lieutenant General
318:Potsdam Declaration
9259:Crime of apartheid
9197:Geneva Conventions
8666:Russo-Japanese War
8636:Two Lords Incident
8291:Imperial Household
7860:Surrender of Japan
7693:Battle of Iwo Jima
7542:Belgrade offensive
6948:Siege of Leningrad
6832:Battle of Shanggao
6761:British Somaliland
6726:Dunkirk evacuation
6677:Norwegian campaign
6615:Invasion of Poland
6442:Japanese prisoners
5403:Italian war crimes
5334:British war crimes
5249:Soviet occupations
5033:South-West Pacific
4920:Allied cooperation
4878:Military equipment
4573:Edwin Mellen Press
4569:Lewiston, New York
4215:Minear, Richard H.
4192:Gold, Hal (2003).
3821:New York: Morrow.
3455:. pp. 41–61.
3033:, pp. 122–23.
2577:Bataan Death March
2327:Civilian officials
2321:
2226:Prosecutor of the
2094:United States Army
2052:Judge (Scottish),
1992:Utrecht University
1948:Chief Prosecutor,
1730:John Foster Dulles
1719:tonikaku shakuho o
1299:Prince Higashikuni
1233:declaration of war
1205:Ben Bruce Blakeney
1149:U.S. Supreme Court
1079:Netherlands Indies
821:
691:best evidence rule
554:military necessity
523:civilian internees
499:Taiwanese subjects
488:Bataan Death March
448:
358:
310:
272:wars of aggression
9414:
9413:
9240:international law
9202:Nuremberg Charter
9192:Hague Conventions
9132:
9131:
9104:Socialist thought
9052:
9051:
8991:Dutch East Indies
8953:Empire of Vietnam
8871:
8870:
8641:Satsuma Rebellion
8621:Meiji Restoration
8598:
8597:
8408:
8407:
8346:Greater East Asia
8232:Political parties
8187:Foreign relations
7934:
7933:
7892:
7891:
7735:Battle of Okinawa
7634:Burma (1944–1945)
7468:Mariana and Palau
7248:Tunisian campaign
7066:Fall of Singapore
6990:Fall of Hong Kong
6733:Battle of Britain
6586:Operation Himmler
6495:
6494:
6159:Dutch East Indies
5795:Southern Rhodesia
5547:
5546:
5447:Genocide of Serbs
5350:German war crimes
5327:Soviet war crimes
5320:Allied war crimes
5166:Division of Korea
5145:Chinese Civil War
4943:Strategic bombing
4855:Manhattan Project
4624:Media related to
4582:978-0-7734-8313-2
4541:978-0-674-03339-9
4522:978-1-56311-728-2
4485:978-0-8131-2177-2
4420:Frank, Richard B.
4337:Pal, Radhabinod.
4324:Missing or empty
4237:978-90-6042-041-6
3773:. January 4, 2003
3750:978-0-231-12051-7
3426:978-1-8454-5844-7
3162:Baird, J. Kevin.
2927:978-0-1987-4462-7
2804:978-0-231-54498-6
2748:history.state.gov
2514:Shigetarō Shimada
2423:Kingorō Hashimoto
2391:Military officers
2372:Mamoru Shigemitsu
2339:Kiichirō Hiranuma
2308:
2307:
2121:
2120:
1777:Shimada Shigetarô
1757:Hiranuma Kiichirô
1737:Hashimoto Kingorô
1699:
1698:
1691:
1549:Yoshisuke Ayukawa
1535:Fusanosuke Kuhara
1521:
1520:
1513:
1315:General MacArthur
1267:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1158:the Philippines.
1155:Justice Jaranilla
1145:Robert H. Jackson
1113:, MacArthur gave
1043:Mamoru Shigemitsu
1041:Foreign minister
1034:Foreign minister
1009:Shigetarō Shimada
945:Kiichirō Hiranuma
928:Kingorō Hashimoto
734:international law
672:
671:
556:; (perpetrating)
468:war of aggression
440:
439:
432:
334:Douglas MacArthur
326:Moscow Conference
314:Cairo Declaration
220:Nuremberg Charter
141:
140:
97:December 12, 1948
9489:
9374:Related concepts
9312:
9269:Genocidal intent
9159:
9152:
9145:
9136:
9135:
9094:Shinmin no Michi
9084:Internment camps
8996:French Indochina
8880:
8879:
8726:Taishō Democracy
8607:
8606:
8530:Japanese holdout
8417:
8416:
8341:Colonial Affairs
8275:
8274:
8202:Yokusan Sonendan
8108:
8100:
8092:
8076:
8075:
8002:Economic history
7961:
7954:
7947:
7938:
7937:
7927:
7920:
7913:
7910:World portal
7908:
7907:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7770:Prague offensive
7765:
7763:Battle of Berlin
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7707:Vienna offensive
7702:
7695:
7688:
7686:Battle of Manila
7681:
7661:
7652:
7643:
7636:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7576:
7567:
7560:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7470:
7463:
7454:
7445:
7436:
7429:
7427:Korsun–Cherkassy
7422:
7411:
7389:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7269:Bombing of Gorky
7264:
7257:
7250:
7230:
7223:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7129:Battle of Midway
7124:
7117:
7115:Battle of Gazala
7110:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7025:Battle of Borneo
7020:
7018:Malayan campaign
7013:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6962:Bombing of Gorky
6957:
6955:Battle of Moscow
6950:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6807:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6719:Battle of France
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6572:Munich Agreement
6567:
6560:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6528:
6521:
6506:
6505:
6488:
6481:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6457:Soviet prisoners
6451:
6444:
6437:
6428:
6421:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6397:German prisoners
6393:
6373:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5950:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5926:French Indochina
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5850:
5841:
5834:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5773:from August 1944
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5656:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5558:
5557:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5499:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5465:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5417:Nanjing Massacre
5412:
5405:
5396:
5394:Nuremberg trials
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5235:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5127:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4998:Asia and Pacific
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4929:
4927:Mulberry harbour
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4769:
4762:
4747:
4746:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4623:
4615:, vol. 27 (2013)
4586:
4545:
4526:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4470:
4458:
4447:
4438:
4427:
4412:
4393:
4381:
4346:
4333:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4312:
4309:archives.cnd.org
4303:
4301:
4299:
4280:
4269:
4250:
4241:
4222:
4210:
4197:
4188:
4184:Embracing Defeat
4177:
4165:
4151:
4139:
4128:
4119:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4052:
4046:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3865:. Archived from
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3738:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3687:. Archived from
3681:
3675:
3674:
3658:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3449:Lanham, Maryland
3437:
3431:
3430:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3314:on 30 April 2013
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2991:9-7807-3916-9414
2975:
2966:
2965:
2961:9-7811-3409-1317
2941:
2932:
2931:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2866:. Archived from
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2710:
2612:Nanjing Massacre
2547:Other defendants
2440:Seishirō Itagaki
2360:Toshio Shiratori
2266:New Zealand Army
2262:Adjutant-General
2235:P. Govinda Menon
2162:Joseph B. Keenan
2150:
2149:
2141:Joseph B. Keenan
2030:Attorney General
2025:Delfin Jaranilla
1933:Legislative Yuan
1878:
1877:
1859:Japanese history
1822:victor's justice
1694:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1643:
1635:
1577:Ryōichi Sasakawa
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1465:
1457:
1429:Yoshisuke Aikawa
1309:explained, "The
1284:Japanese emperor
1263:Nanking Massacre
1199:with respect to
1183:other big cities
1141:Nuremberg trials
1015:Toshio Shiratori
1011:, naval minister
990:, naval minister
947:, prime minister
860:Seishirō Itagaki
830:Two defendants,
804:victor's justice
777:Delfín Jaranilla
681:Emperor Hirohito
590:
589:
585:Joseph B. Keenan
538:private property
519:prisoners of war
435:
428:
424:
421:
415:
384:
376:
366:Nuremberg trials
214:, United States
185:Second World War
127:Court membership
121:Nuremberg trials
50:
41:
36:
35:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9410:
9386:Superior orders
9369:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9300:
9242:
9239:
9231:
9187:Peremptory norm
9168:
9163:
9133:
9128:
9114:Yasukuni Shrine
9048:
9025:
8967:
8921:
8867:
8819:Tripartite Pact
8814:Rape of Nanking
8750:
8736:Tapani incident
8680:
8656:Boxer Rebellion
8614:
8594:
8558:
8549:
8498:
8489:
8424:
8404:
8398:Representatives
8366:
8363:
8362:Legislative and
8355:
8321:Foreign Affairs
8284:
8281:
8266:
8165:
8144:Government Seal
8129:Rising Sun Flag
8112:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8077:
8068:
7970:
7968:Empire of Japan
7965:
7935:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7902:
7900:
7888:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7849:
7842:
7835:
7826:
7821:Atomic bombings
7819:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7791:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7664:
7657:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7579:
7570:
7563:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7524:
7517:
7512:Eastern Romania
7510:
7505:Warsaw Uprising
7503:
7498:Tannenberg Line
7496:
7489:
7484:Western Ukraine
7482:
7473:
7466:
7457:
7448:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7414:
7405:
7392:
7385:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7276:Battle of Kursk
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7233:
7226:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7157:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7080:St Nazaire Raid
7078:
7071:
7064:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6904:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6862:Anglo-Iraqi War
6860:
6853:Battle of Crete
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6810:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6782:Eastern Romania
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6600:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6524:
6517:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6424:
6417:
6408:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6376:
6369:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6343:Western Ukraine
6341:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6287:Northeast China
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5986:Slovak Republic
5984:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5957:Empire of Japan
5955:
5946:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5866:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5659:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5543:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5502:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5469:Sexual violence
5468:
5461:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5199:
5192:
5187:Greek Civil War
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5130:
5123:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5012:South-East Asia
5010:
5003:
4996:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4871:Military awards
4869:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4765:
4758:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4605:ICC Legal Tools
4594:
4589:
4583:
4552:
4550:Primary sources
4542:
4523:
4486:
4467:
4409:
4390:
4369:
4367:Further reading
4353:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4266:
4238:
4174:
4148:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3869:on May 22, 2012
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3649:
3645:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3507:. HarperCollins
3499:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3383:10.2307/2700106
3363:
3354:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3178:
3171:
3166:. The Diplomat.
3160:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2954:. p. 116.
2942:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:"IMTFE Charter"
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2724:on 11 July 2018
2712:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2685:
2671:The Tokyo Trial
2607:Manila massacre
2562:
2549:
2538:, chief of the
2532:Yoshijirō Umezu
2393:
2384:Yōsuke Matsuoka
2329:
2313:
2222:Robert L. Oneto
2212:Hsiang Che-chun
2169:
2145:Harry S. Truman
2137:
2129:John P. Higgins
2096:
2085:Myron C. Cramer
2067:Chief Justice,
2063:John P. Higgins
2032:
1969:
1947:
1916:Justice of the
1902:
1898:Justice of the
1873:
1868:
1844:
1810:Arnold Brackman
1804:Yasukuni Shrine
1794:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1660:
1644:
1633:
1615:
1553:Mukden Incident
1543:Rikken Seiyukai
1517:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1482:
1466:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1421:
1400:, commander of
1395:
1354:Mitsumasa Yonai
1322:Mitsumasa Yonai
1280:
1249:
1136:
1131:
1063:
1047:Ichiro Hatoyama
1029:Yoshijirō Umezu
832:Yōsuke Matsuoka
823:One defendant,
812:
756:
723:
710:Tanaka Memorial
677:
503:forced laborers
480:Rape of Nanking
460:
436:
425:
419:
416:
401:
385:
374:
350:
298:
175:, conventional
169:Empire of Japan
167:leaders of the
57:
39:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9495:
9485:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9377:
9375:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9316:
9314:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9245:
9243:
9238:Crimes against
9236:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9178:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9162:
9161:
9154:
9147:
9139:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8977:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8958:State of Burma
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8929:
8927:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8886:
8884:
8877:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8779:Musha Incident
8776:
8771:
8769:Jinan incident
8766:
8760:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8690:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8626:Beipu uprising
8623:
8617:
8615:
8610:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8590:Treaty Faction
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8561:
8559:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8520:Imperial Guard
8517:
8512:
8507:
8501:
8499:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8427:
8425:
8420:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8280:Administration
8278:
8272:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8131:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8102:
8094:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7971:
7964:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7941:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7840:
7837:South Sakhalin
7833:
7832:
7831:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7674:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7637:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7577:
7568:
7561:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7471:
7464:
7455:
7446:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7316:
7309:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7262:Battle of Attu
7258:
7251:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7224:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7007:
7004:Battle of Guam
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6927:Battle of Kiev
6923:
6916:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6820:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6672:
6670:
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6653:
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6625:
6618:
6610:
6608:
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6598:
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6554:
6553:
6552:
6545:
6531:
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6529:
6514:
6512:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6438:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:United Kingdom
6422:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6394:
6386:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:British Empire
5816:United Kingdom
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5632:Czechoslovakia
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5529:Rape of Manila
5525:
5518:
5511:
5500:
5485:
5478:
5466:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5406:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5367:
5360:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5300:United Nations
5296:
5289:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5245:
5236:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5159:Decolonization
5155:
5148:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5105:
5098:
5097:
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5067:
5066:
5059:
5045:
5044:
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5022:
5015:
5008:
4993:
4991:
4985:
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4895:
4888:
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4874:
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4866:
4865:
4851:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4832:United Kingdom
4828:
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4807:
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4678:
4670:
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4666:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4607:
4601:
4593:
4592:External links
4590:
4588:
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4265:978-0231179225
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4098:
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3643:
3596:
3594:, p. 562.
3584:
3582:, p. 584.
3572:
3559:
3557:, p. 585.
3547:
3545:, p. 583.
3535:
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3492:
3480:
3468:
3462:978-0742523913
3461:
3432:
3425:
3417:Berghahn Books
3404:
3377:(3): 673–700.
3352:
3346:978-0199541928
3345:
3325:
3299:
3287:
3250:(2): 220–230.
3230:
3217:
3215:, p. 109.
3205:
3203:, p. 447.
3193:
3189:978-0231179225
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3151:
3149:, p. 496.
3136:
3134:, p. 478.
3121:
3111:
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2569:
2563:
2561:
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2557:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2528:
2525:Teiichi Suzuki
2521:
2510:
2503:
2500:Hiroshi Ōshima
2496:
2489:
2480:Fleet Admiral
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2447:Heitarō Kimura
2443:
2436:
2431:Field Marshal
2429:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2366:Shigenori Tōgō
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2319:The defendants
2312:
2309:
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2305:
2299:
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2201:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2180:Alan Mansfield
2175:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2136:
2133:
2123:Legal scholar
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:Member of the
2110:
2108:I. M. Zaryanov
2101:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2072:Superior Court
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2045:The Honourable
2041:
2040:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1960:Radhabinod Pal
1956:
1955:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
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1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1843:
1840:
1793:
1790:
1781:Suzuki Teiichi
1773:Ôshima Hiroshi
1697:
1696:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:Toshizō Nishio
1556:
1546:
1532:
1529:Nobusuke Kishi
1519:
1518:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1425:Nobusuke Kishi
1420:
1417:
1406:John W. Powell
1394:
1391:
1370:Nobusuke Kishi
1338:Bonner Fellers
1279:
1276:
1258:Radhabinod Pal
1248:
1245:
1201:aerial warfare
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1087:United Kingdom
1062:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1036:Shigenori Tōgō
1032:
1025:
1022:Teiichi Suzuki
1018:
1012:
1005:
998:
995:Hiroshi Ōshima
991:
984:
977:
970:
960:
954:
948:
941:
940:, war minister
936:Field Marshal
934:
924:
923:, war minister
897:
896:
885:
884:
877:
870:
867:Heitarō Kimura
863:
862:, war minister
856:
850:
811:
808:
800:Radhabinod Pal
755:
752:
748:Shigenori Tōgō
722:
719:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
511:
510:
491:
472:
459:
456:
438:
437:
388:
386:
379:
373:
370:
349:
346:
297:
294:
260:United Kingdom
161:military trial
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:Related action
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
89:April 29, 1946
87:
83:
82:
65:
59:
58:
51:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9494:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9308:
9303:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9286:Slave trading
9284:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9234:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9160:
9155:
9153:
9148:
9146:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9069:Fukoku kyōhei
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8970:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:Puppet states
8924:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8585:Fleet Faction
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8565:General Staff
8563:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8505:General Staff
8503:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8492:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8458:military code
8457:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8388:Imperial Diet
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8378:Privy Council
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8358:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8296:Home Ministry
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8139:Imperial Seal
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8124:Flag of Japan
8122:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7962:
7957:
7955:
7950:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:Kuril Islands
7841:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7790:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7611:Syrmian Front
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:Market Garden
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7416:Monte Cassino
7413:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6775:Baltic states
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6419:United States
6416:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:Quốc dân Đảng
6352:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:Liechtenstein
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6007:Collaboration
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:United States
5829:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:Comfort women
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5506: /
5505:
5501:
5498:
5495: /
5494:
5491: /
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:Camp brothels
5479:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:The Holocaust
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:forced labour
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:Marshall Plan
5207:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5063:Eastern Front
5060:
5057:
5056:Western Front
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:Puppet states
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:Naval history
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4839:United States
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4637:
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4389:9780691049229
4385:
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4357:Judging Japan
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3884:
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3863:rjkoehler.com
3860:
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3484:
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3464:
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3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:Falk, Richard
3436:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
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3380:
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3359:
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3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3295:Horowitz 1950
3291:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
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3241:
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3197:
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3148:
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3141:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3097:, p. 22.
3096:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3045:, p. 60.
3044:
3043:Brackman 1987
3039:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2983:
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2705:
2690:
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2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Sugamo Prison
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
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2615:
2613:
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2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Comfort women
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2536:Kwantung Army
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:Vice Admiral
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:Kuniaki Koiso
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:Shunroku Hata
2430:
2428:
2425:, founder of
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:Kenji Doihara
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:Naoki Hoshino
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2317:
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2300:
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2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:Canadian Army
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
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2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2168:
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2148:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:Major-General
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:Major General
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:Massachusetts
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:Supreme Court
2006:Judge of the
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:Judge of the
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1942:Henri Bernard
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1876:
1863:
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1856:
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1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:In 1978, the
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Hoshino Naoki
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Hata Shunroku
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1679:December 2022
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1648:This section
1646:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:Masayuki Tani
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:Yoshio Kodama
1569:
1566:
1565:Kisaburō Andō
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1501:December 2022
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1470:This section
1468:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:obiter dictum
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:John W. Dower
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1327:Sugamo Prison
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Prince Takeda
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
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1210:
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1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:United States
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
986:Vice Admiral
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:Kuniaki Koiso
971:
969:
965:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:Naoki Hoshino
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:Shunroku Hata
935:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
917:
916:
914:
909:
906:
902:
901:Sugamo Prison
894:
890:
889:
888:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:Kenji Doihara
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
816:
807:
805:
801:
796:
793:
788:
785:
784:Henri Bernard
780:
778:
773:
770:
765:
760:
751:
749:
744:
741:
739:
735:
730:
727:
718:
714:
711:
706:
702:
700:
695:
692:
687:
684:
682:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
588:
586:
580:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
508:
507:comfort women
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
463:
455:
451:
444:
434:
431:
423:
420:December 2022
413:
409:
405:
399:
398:
394:
389:This section
387:
383:
378:
377:
369:
367:
363:
354:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
302:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:United States
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
136:11 (see list)
134:
132:Judge sitting
130:
125:
122:
119:
115:
110:
107:
106:28 (see list)
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
49:
44:
37:
32:
25:
23:
9324:
9227:Rome Statute
9118:
9057:Other topics
8893:
8731:Taishō Roman
8485:Conscription
8455:
8447:
8422:Armed Forces
8282:(ministries)
8182:Charter Oath
8177:Constitution
8059:State Shinto
8042:Essentialism
7992:Demographics
7918:Bibliography
7901:
7714:Project Hula
7679:Vistula–Oder
7648:
7581:
7572:
7556:
7526:
7475:
7459:
7450:
7441:
7407:
7304:
7219:
7195:
7158:
6909:
6802:
6747:North Africa
6449:Soviet Union
6403:Soviet Union
6329:Soviet Union
6097:Vatican City
6000:Vichy France
5905:German Reich
5802:Soviet Union
5788:South Africa
5781:Sierra Leone
5734:Newfoundland
5553:Participants
5536:Marocchinate
5430:
5240:
5231:
5201:
5079:North Africa
5040:Indian Ocean
4899:Nazi plunder
4790:Cryptography
4663:World War II
4612:
4564:
4556:
4531:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4475:
4454:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4398:
4377:
4356:
4342:
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4275:
4255:
4246:
4227:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4193:
4183:
4166:. Pantheon.
4161:
4135:
4124:
4118:. Perennial.
4114:
4110:Bix, Herbert
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:
4050:
4030:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
4006:
3995:. Retrieved
3991:
3982:
3971:. Retrieved
3968:Sdh-fact.com
3967:
3958:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:
3934:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3893:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3862:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3826:
3818:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3797:the original
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3768:
3759:
3734:
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:the original
3679:
3654:
3646:
3616:(8): 44–52.
3613:
3609:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3509:. Retrieved
3502:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3444:
3435:
3412:
3407:
3374:
3370:
3335:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3302:
3290:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3180:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3000:
2980:
2946:
2912:
2893:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:the original
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2813:
2793:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2717:
2708:
2677:
2670:
2622:
2553:Shūmei Ōkawa
2493:Takazumi Oka
2482:Osami Nagano
2461:Iwane Matsui
2378:Okinori Kaya
2322:
2178:Mr. Justice
2138:
2125:Roscoe Pound
2122:
2048:Lord Patrick
1968:Law College
1894:William Webb
1874:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1765:Kaya Okinori
1749:Oka Takazumi
1734:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1676:
1661:Please help
1649:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1522:
1507:
1498:
1483:Please help
1471:
1442:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1358:
1346:Pearl Harbor
1342:
1331:
1319:
1281:
1250:
1241:
1237:self-defense
1209:Admiral Kidd
1192:or specific
1187:
1172:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1100:
1064:
1052:
988:Takazumi Oka
957:Okinori Kaya
910:
898:
893:Iwane Matsui
886:
840:
836:Osami Nagano
829:
825:Shūmei Ōkawa
822:
797:
789:
781:
774:
764:William Webb
761:
757:
745:
742:
731:
728:
724:
715:
707:
703:
696:
688:
685:
678:
582:
516:
512:
461:
452:
449:
426:
417:
402:Please help
390:
359:
311:
283:
279:Shūmei Ōkawa
276:
256:Soviet Union
205:
201:Nazi Germany
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
112:Case history
21:
9467:1948 in law
9462:1947 in law
9457:1946 in law
9099:Shōwa Modan
9074:Hakkō ichiu
9011:Philippines
8898:after 1943)
8876:Territories
8834:Pacific War
8694:World War I
8570:Air Service
8510:Air Service
8383:Gozen Kaigi
8099:(Yoshihito)
8091:(Mutsuhito)
8037:Nationalism
7982:Agriculture
7649:Bodenplatte
7535:Gothic Line
6754:West Africa
6301:Philippines
6280:Netherlands
6145:Czech lands
6083:Switzerland
6027:Afghanistan
5971:Philippines
5839:Puerto Rico
5755:Philippines
5741:New Zealand
5727:Netherlands
5680:Free France
5431:Prosecution
5232:Osoaviakhim
5102:West Africa
5086:East Africa
4733:Conferences
4156:Dower, John
4090:8 September
4065:8 September
3894:nbcnews.com
3735:Law and War
3107:Minear 1971
3083:Minear 1971
3068:8 September
3031:Minear 1971
3019:Minear 1971
2679:Tokyo Trial
2638:Basic Books
2507:Kenryō Satō
2468:Jirō Minami
2409:Sadao Araki
2398:Hideki Tōjō
2351:Kōichi Kido
2333:Kōki Hirota
2273:Pedro Lopez
2199:Henry Nolan
2156:Background
2153:Prosecutor
2135:Prosecutors
1996:Dissenting
1983:Bert Röling
1976:Dissenting
1954:Dissenting
1884:Background
1785:Satô Kenryô
1769:Kido Kôichi
1753:Araki Sadao
1745:Minami Jirô
1541:faction of
1398:Shirō Ishii
1350:Hideki Tōjō
1334:Herbert Bix
1307:Herbert Bix
1271:World War I
1221:atomic bomb
1119:Shiro Ishii
1098:sentenced.
1083:Philippines
1002:Kenryō Satō
981:Jirō Minami
964:Kōichi Kido
921:Sadao Araki
881:Hideki Tōjō
853:Kōki Hirota
792:Bert Röling
759:the court.
564:, pillage,
558:mass murder
476:laws of war
342:Hideki Tojo
252:Philippines
248:New Zealand
244:Netherlands
153:Tokyo Trial
9421:Categories
9291:Starvation
8863:Occupation
8686:Taishō era
8631:Boshin War
8475:War crimes
8271:Government
8247:Tonarigumi
8154:Privy Seal
8149:State Seal
8107:(Hirohito)
8032:Militarism
7987:Censorship
7749:West Hunan
7582:Pointblank
6911:Silver Fox
6897:Summer War
6650:Winter War
6629:Phoney War
6410:Azerbaijan
6371:Yugoslavia
6266:Luxembourg
6108:Resistance
5848:Yugoslavia
5713:Luxembourg
5515:Sook Ching
5311:War crimes
4913:Technology
4906:Opposition
4848:Lend-Lease
4825:Australian
4818:Home front
4776:Blitzkrieg
4726:Casualties
4717:Commanders
4689:Operations
4326:|url=
4021:2020-07-23
3997:2020-07-23
3973:2018-06-17
3949:2020-07-23
3925:2020-07-23
3896:. NBC News
3592:Dower 1999
3531:Dower 1999
3476:Dower 1999
3201:Dower 1999
3095:Dower 1987
2777:2021-12-12
2753:2021-12-12
2695:References
2634:Iris Chang
2475:Akira Mutō
2311:Defendants
2295:and Judge
2254:Brigadier
1981:Professor
1964:Lecturer,
1830:Asahi News
1583:Kazuo Aoki
1431:, head of
1359:Historian
1089:, and the
874:Akira Mutō
810:Sentencing
577:population
566:brigandage
531:plundering
324:, and the
296:Background
262:, and the
177:war crimes
171:for their
76:war crimes
68:Conspiracy
63:Indictment
9296:War crime
9064:Sonnō jōi
9016:Singapore
9001:Hong Kong
8963:Azad Hind
8938:Mengjiang
8933:Manchukuo
8907:Kantō-shū
8849:Surrender
8756:Shōwa era
8741:Truku War
8612:Meiji era
8580:Tokkeitai
8545:Kempeitai
8456:Senjinkun
8373:Daijō-kan
8336:Munitions
8217:Mokusatsu
8007:Education
7814:Manchuria
7700:Indochina
7476:Bagration
6920:Lithuania
6565:Anschluss
6362:Viet Minh
6259:Lithuania
6201:Hong Kong
5964:Manchukuo
5919:Azad Hind
5578:Australia
5378:Aftermath
5241:Paperclip
5136:Aftermath
4936:Total war
4804:Diplomacy
4767:In Europe
4361:IMDB link
4298:March 29,
4196:. Tuttle.
4040:Dr. Evatt
3777:April 13,
3716:April 13,
3695:April 13,
3638:0096-3402
3391:0021-9118
3264:0963-1801
3213:Gold 2003
2542:(1944–45)
2488:(1941–44)
2427:Sakurakai
2196:Brigadier
2039:Separate
1988:Professor
1927:Mei Ju-ao
1906:Separate
1706:problem.
1650:does not
1472:does not
1448:Aftermath
1225:Hiroshima
1194:customary
1129:Criticism
1067:Australia
905:Ikebukuro
486:, or the
471:Tribunal.
391:does not
224:Australia
193:Nuremberg
191:(IMT) at
102:Defendant
9264:Genocide
9042:Yen bloc
9030:Ideology
9021:Thailand
8890:Karafuto
8883:Colonies
8470:Kamikaze
8413:Military
8316:Treasury
8170:Policies
8161:Kimigayo
8082:Emperors
8049:Politics
8017:Eugenics
7975:Overview
7925:Category
7874:document
7784:document
7641:Ardennes
7625:Budapest
7573:Crossbow
7451:Overlord
7290:Smolensk
6501:Timeline
6336:Slovakia
6322:Thailand
6173:Ethiopia
6138:Bulgaria
6062:Portugal
5993:Thailand
5875:Bulgaria
5653:Eswatini
5646:Ethiopia
5599:Bulgaria
5424:Unit 731
5385:Response
5202:Keelhaul
5152:Cold War
5125:Americas
5116:timeline
5109:Atlantic
4989:Theaters
4422:(1999).
4317:cite web
4217:(1971).
4158:(1987).
4112:(2001).
3900:April 9,
3580:Bix 2001
3555:Bix 2001
3543:Bix 2001
3488:Bix 2001
3318:29 April
3282:24534743
2728:22 April
2654:Unit 731
2560:See also
2530:General
2512:Admiral
2466:General
2459:General
2452:General
2445:General
2438:General
2421:Colonel
2414:General
2407:General
2396:General
2293:Minister
1990:of Law,
1887:Opinion
1816:, wrote
1539:Zaibatsu
1402:Unit 731
1366:Cold War
1287:Hirohito
1190:positive
1179:Yokohama
1165:and the
1115:immunity
1107:Unit 731
1027:General
1007:Admiral
979:General
972:General
962:Marquis
926:Colonel
919:General
891:General
879:General
865:General
858:General
845:General
798:Justice
782:Justice
775:Justice
754:Judgment
596:Offense
574:civilian
550:villages
308:, Tokyo.
306:Ichigaya
290:Unit 731
159:, was a
155:and the
54:Ichigaya
9174:Sources
8603:History
8575:Marines
8212:Kokutai
8117:Symbols
8097:Taishō
8054:Statism
7997:Economy
7851:Shumshu
7618:Hungary
7565:Estonia
7549:Lapland
7527:Dragoon
7460:Neptune
7442:Ichi-Go
7408:Tempest
7350:Changde
7305:Cottage
7197:Jubilee
6906:Finland
6804:Compass
6510:Prelude
6463:Finland
6349:Vietnam
6315:Romania
6187:Germany
6166:Estonia
6152:Denmark
6131:Belgium
6124:Austria
6117:Albania
6048:Ireland
6034:Andorra
6018:Neutral
5978:Romania
5912:Hungary
5897:Finland
5769:Romania
5661:Finland
5639:Denmark
5585:Belgium
5571:Algeria
5277:Romania
5263:Hungary
5019:Pacific
4743:General
4697:Leaders
4682:Battles
4675:Outline
3803:May 12,
3770:CNN.com
3618:Bibcode
3399:2700106
3273:4487829
2874:May 12,
2848:May 26,
2824:May 24,
2623:Nanking
2264:of the
2260:Deputy
2187:of the
2092:of the
2022:Colonel
1671:removed
1656:sources
1493:removed
1478:sources
1211:by the
913:paroled
721:Defense
649:35, 36
570:torture
458:Charges
412:removed
397:sources
197:Germany
94:Decided
86:Started
56:, Tokyo
9281:Piracy
9006:Malaya
8981:Borneo
8917:Taiwan
8912:Nan'yō
8902:Chōsen
8895:naichi
8105:Shōwa
8089:Meiji
8064:Kazoku
8012:System
7828:Debate
7800:Taipei
7793:Borneo
7371:Tarawa
6558:Europe
6519:Africa
6308:Poland
6294:Norway
6273:Malaya
6252:Latvia
6194:Greece
6180:France
6076:Sweden
6041:Bhutan
5762:Poland
5748:Norway
5720:Mexico
5687:Greece
5673:France
5611:Canada
5592:Brazil
5562:Allies
5508:Serbia
5497:Poland
5270:Poland
5256:Baltic
5049:Europe
4751:Topics
4703:Allied
4579:
4538:
4519:
4482:
4463:
4405:
4386:
4262:
4234:
4170:
4144:
3873:May 9,
3842:May 9,
3747:
3667:
3636:
3511:May 9,
3459:
3423:
3397:
3389:
3343:
3280:
3270:
3262:
3187:
3063:Un.org
2988:
2958:
2924:
2801:
2520:(1944)
2404:(1944)
1881:Judge
1871:Judges
1792:Legacy
1779:, and
1747:, and
1433:Nissan
1301:, and
1255:jurist
1252:Indian
1217:murder
1085:, the
1081:, the
1077:, the
1075:France
943:Baron
593:Count
542:cities
534:public
521:(and)
495:Korean
482:, the
336:, the
330:Allies
320:, the
316:, the
258:, the
254:, the
250:, the
242:, the
236:France
228:Canada
210:, the
208:Allies
179:, and
24:(film)
8986:Burma
8699:Entry
8393:Peers
8257:Senbu
8242:Tokkō
7604:Leyte
7434:Narva
7420:Anzio
7378:Makin
7336:Burma
7220:Torch
7189:Rzhev
7143:Kiska
6229:Korea
6215:Japan
6208:Italy
6090:Tibet
6069:Spain
5940:Italy
5701:Italy
5694:India
5618:China
5493:Japan
5093:Italy
5005:China
4957:Women
4103:Books
3395:JSTOR
3059:(PDF)
2843:(PDF)
2700:Notes
1095:China
1071:China
546:towns
240:India
232:China
149:IMTFE
8311:Navy
8306:Army
7670:1945
7398:1944
7239:1943
7160:Blue
7150:Attu
7057:1942
6816:1941
6668:1940
6606:1939
6535:Asia
6382:POWs
6222:Jews
5933:Iraq
5859:Axis
5809:Tuva
5625:Cuba
4710:Axis
4577:ISBN
4536:ISBN
4517:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4461:ISBN
4403:ISBN
4384:ISBN
4351:Film
4330:help
4300:2006
4260:ISBN
4232:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4142:ISBN
4092:2020
4067:2020
3902:2015
3875:2012
3844:2012
3805:2012
3779:2008
3745:ISBN
3718:2009
3697:2009
3665:ISBN
3634:ISSN
3513:2012
3457:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3387:ISSN
3341:ISBN
3320:2013
3278:PMID
3260:ISSN
3185:ISBN
3070:2020
2986:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2876:2012
2850:2018
2826:2018
2799:ISBN
2730:2017
1892:Sir
1799:kami
1654:any
1652:cite
1476:any
1474:cite
1313:and
1282:The
1181:and
1177:and
834:and
819:Togo
562:rape
548:and
536:and
525:...
505:and
497:and
395:any
393:cite
143:The
8301:War
4285:Web
4207:465
3741:255
3661:222
3626:doi
3379:doi
3268:PMC
3252:doi
1665:by
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1372:."
1348:to
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1117:to
903:in
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641:33
633:32
625:31
617:29
609:27
501:as
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