Anarchism in Belgium

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entirely developed by Georges Thonar, in a way leader of the movement at the time, speaks of a libertarian federalism based on voluntary collaboration: each group and each individual retains its autonomy, and no one imposes decisions (which makes it possible to overcome the reluctance of those who fear the appearance of a certain authoritarianism). The organization of the federation was based on three types of gathering: local sections, study and propaganda circles, intended to train members through conferences on both social and scientific subjects; concentration groups meeting monthly and finally the free federation, without statute, holding an annual congress. The publication of a newsletter informs about the state of propaganda and new publications, and its production is carried out each time by a different group in order to develop contacts and avoid excessive centralization. Thonar was appointed secretary, but he was quickly disappointed because, apart from the holding of an annual congress, few actions were organized collectively.

4241:. "Noir & Rouge" approached anarchism critically and dismantled Russian mystification. The ICO criticized the unions as a cog in the state apparatus and thus answered a fundamental question about the nature of the USSR. Noir & Rouge had 46 issues, going from simple mimeographed sheets to a printed pamphlet format. It had a relative influence during the events of May 1968, Daniel Cohn-Bendit frequented this group. From this moment, "Socialisme et Liberté" argued the question of the nature of unions, that of anarcho-syndicalism. Within "Socialisme et Liberté" an important political deepening was being developed, without however arriving at an autonomous theorization. 4272:. The association's goal was "to work on the cultural level for the free development of the human person". Concretely, the group's mission was to provide the most precise and complete documentation possible to activists, supporters, students or researchers wishing to learn about the anarchist movement, its press, its literature and its actions. To do this, it set up a library containing a large number of books and publications on this subject. Its action also included the publication of publications, periodical or not, the organization of conferences, debates, meetings and seminars. Finally, the association supported free education centers or community houses. 3936:(IRG) brought together many libertarians. Pacifist and antimilitarist, the IRG was the only association which did not base its rejection of war on foundations of a religious nature. It advocated an integral nonviolent pacifism: "War is a crime against Humanity. For this reason, we are determined not to help any kind of war and to fight for the abolition of all its causes”. The IRG provides concrete support to people who resist militarism and conscription (rebels, conscientious objectors, etc.) and, on a more philosophical level, advocates for "a world without war and a new social order, where all cooperate for the common good”. 2581:, for the new Confederation, it was a question of bringing together all the trades in a single agreement so as to create an anti-political union capable of carrying out the revolutionary general strike. Its goal is the elimination of wage labor. But unlike France, which was industrialized late but where the workers 'groups were nourished by a revolutionary tradition, Belgium, and in particular the Walloon industrial basins, experienced the first industrial revolution on the continent but a workers' movement which is organized late. Local and professional particularism reigned and union membership was very small30. 4336: 4276: 2811: 2505:, with its 300 subscribers, did not balance its books. Contacts were spaced out between the different sections and Secretary General Georges Thonar lost contact with his base. Finally, the sections reproached the group for its centralizing tendency and decided to dissolve it at the last general assembly in August 1907. However, it was decided to maintain a network woven by the fraternal relations formed between the members during the meetings and that the action must to develop in a new direction: 50: 3737: 1903: 7815: 7803: 2931: 2985: 1893: 3917: 1999: 2306: 3194: 4060: 2428: 2223: 3593: 4291:. The committee responsible for this fund within the Alliance took a whole series of steps to ensure that these were integrated as quickly as possible into the Albertine's collections. The committee also suggested that officials of the Royal Library provide them with the help of a libertarian objector to speed up the classification of this collection. 2032:". Like Bakunin, the Belgian delegates refused to achieve their objectives by conquering political power and were in favor of a federalist structure of the International, in which the local groups retained a large degree of autonomy. According to them, the revolution would take place quickly and a new society would be built from below. 3365: 3524:, into his home for two years. In 1928, the International Committee for Anarchist Defense (CIDA) was created to fight against the expulsions and extraditions of foreign anarchists. A support network was set up around CIDA for many militants living in semi-clandestinity and an exfiltration channel towards South America. 4260:

room at the Maison de la Paix, in Ixelles. It was associated with CIRA in Lausanne. With the Alliance, a crossroads was created for meetings. This was the reflexive axis from which various groups claiming to be part of the libertarian movement formed, developed, and disappeared. But the Alliance continued to refer to

3694:. For its authors, the very essence of Marxism has been obscured by the too rigid doctrine of political parties. It was important to give more freedom to the socialists, as to the workers. This resolutely libertarian approach led them to adopt a rather nuanced point of view with regard to the debate on the role of 3649:. However, as soon as the last battles had been fought, attempts to rebuild the movement appear. Even if they did not define themselves specifically as an anarchist, by welcoming libertarians and letting them express themselves, several groups participated in this libertarian renewal. Their purpose was 4326:

The visibility of the newspaper was such that even today, it is not uncommon to see copies of its very popular posters or placards in bars, associations, libraries or even schools. The openness of the newspaper led the libertarian movement to leave its groupuscular tendencies and played a big role in

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In 1958, young people, including Stéphane Huvenne, joined the association and offered to organize more spectacular or even violent actions, which caused tensions between the new and the old generation mainly made up of non-violent activists. The young Spanish anti-fascists decided to leave SIA and to

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intends to seek, beyond any sectarianism, any political or dogmatic ideology, the elements of a genuinely revolutionary culture, defending the merits of the essential demands of the mind and of men!" Forty-six issues were published between September 1945 and December 1952. From that date until 1970,

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The group publishes an eponymous monthly review which should serve as "a link between all those who, beyond the fray of today and tomorrow, are looking for the possible bases of a free evolution of men in societies". It therefore declared itself open to all, as attested by the formula written on the

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Its work was not limited to maintaining a library, the Alliance also published brochures by well-known anarchist authors as well as its own newsletter. The Alliance library attempted to bring together libertarian works. It was formed in the wake of Socialisme et Liberté. It was being developed in a

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was a newspaper written by its readers. A dissident newspaper for different readers. It was a newspaper that wanted to be open to debate. Its goal was not to address convinced activists but to reach out to the periphery of the movement, that is to say the supporters who hesitate to get involved or

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to work on revolutionary anarchist propaganda in a peaceful and non-violent manner. Back in Belgium, he devoted himself entirely to propaganda, continued his publications and gave numerous conferences until his death. He carried out research on various subjects and became an intellectual reference

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to study two questions: the foundation of a libertarian colony and the attitude to adopt in the event of war. At this congress, Thonar clarified that the group was addressing activists who believed in the need to strengthen the organization of propaganda and solidarity, so the group was relatively

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The objectives were, on the one hand, to bring together the anarchists by means of an organization which allowed them to act more methodically, and, on the other hand, to take concrete measures to develop propaganda, whether through conferences, publications or libraries. The organization project,

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propaganda. In 1933, with Léo Campion, they returned their military notebook to the Minister of National Defense to release themselves from all military obligations and thus signal their refusal to participate in the wars to come. They were finally, after a few months in prison, expelled from the

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For him, anarchism was located in "an active propaganda, purely theoretical and without phrases", aiming at "integral education" through study circles, schools, conferences, newspapers and brochures. To ensure "the development of personal dignity, of the spirit of independence and of feelings of

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and was very impressed by the radical wave of the social movement against the government. Four years later, in 1965, he graduated, received the Francisco Ferrer Prize for Secular Morals and made contact with the libertarian movement. He was called to perform his military service in 1967, so he

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In addition to its activities and galas, the association published brochures and leaflets during important events such as in 1960. For example, at the wedding of Baudouin, the young Belgian king, with Fabiola, from the Spanish nobility, the association denounced the living conditions under the

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which was a success of participation but gave few concrete results, in particular because of individualism and the fear of any authoritarianism which paralyzed any beginnings of organization. Dispersed in an multitude of trends, the movement proved incapable of implementing its resolutions, of

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were active during the Free Assemblies organized at ULB. In 1969, "Socialisme et Liberté" took part in the organization of the international meeting of ICO (Information Correspondence Ouvrière) in Brussels. This meeting takes place at the Auberge de la Paix, bringing together around a hundred

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positions or their participation in strikes. These lawsuits had the consequence of depriving the movement of its most important activists. These reasons, to which are added a local and professional particularism and the absence of outstanding personalities, caused the end of the CGT in 1908.

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A Hem Day Fund committee was also created to manage the documents offered by the anarchist. It was made up of Jean Cordier, Jean Van Lierde, Jean Thys and François Destryker. Indeed, before his death, the anarchist had expressed the wish that his collections be entrusted to the

2949:, "Organ of the Groupement Communiste Libertaire", published by the libertarian colony founded by Émile Chapelier, was published in Stockel. Georges Thonar was its administrator and printer. The newspaper ceased to appear in December 1906 after 13 issues appeared. The newspaper 4251:

Alliance 89 was founded on 7 January 1969, its main objective was to inform and collect documentation on the anti-authoritarian movement in Belgium. With this in mind, it created a documentation center as well as a library which was in its premises at the Maison de la Paix in

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and, in return, the creation of a civilian service. Some libertarians wonder about the value of this status, official recognition by the powers in place, and, even more, about the legitimacy of a civil service, which constituted participation in the workings of the state.

2115:, we looked for an absolutely working-class term and we adopted that of companion; that means a companion in struggle, in misery, sometimes also in a chain". These companions do not belong to a party, but to local groups without structures and living an independent life. 2261:

was not neglected, but anarchism knew that "riots" and "revolutions" are not created "artificially"; that "governmental arbitrariness and capitalist exploitation will push the masses that must be educated as a consequence to a gigantic general strike, the prelude to the

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by means of meetings, the creation of education circles, and the publication of newspapers and propaganda books. Its main objective was to structure a movement divided into many tendencies and to create the means necessary for the development of the libertarian press.

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was then the center of the anti-authoritarian International in Belgium. It challenged trade unionism and political action to privilege revolutionary propaganda: the abolition of the state must be the top priority. But the announced revolution was long overdue and the

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Following the merger of Alternative Libertaire and the Coordination des Groupes Anarchistes in 2019, a new anarcho-communist organisation is founded L'Union Communiste Libertaire. The local Brussels group then takes the name of Union Communiste Libertaire Bruxelles.

3679:, founded in November 1944, brought together independent socialists of all stripes and maintained close relations with groups clearly claiming to be part of the libertarian movement and welcomed in its editorial committee, in 1947, an anarchist activist like 2399:, etc. On 22 July 1906, the second Belgian Libertarian Communist Congress was held there, which launched the idea of an anarchist international. The colony published multiple brochures, which helped reactivate Belgian and international anarchism, on 6587: 6144: 3755:. The aim of the group was "to awaken and develop individual and intellectual consciousness to fight against all forms of authoritarianism". The group organized more than a hundred conferences on fields as diverse as sociology, politics, economics, 2980:

reappeared in March 1914 for a new series of twelve issues, until 2 August 1914. Its epigraph was: "We want to establish a social environment which ensures to each individual all the sum of happiness adequate for the progressive development of

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A showcase for anarchism, the colony was open to visitors on Sundays, lectures and plays were given there. The community published many brochures in its collection. On 11 August 1906, it published the first number of the weekly L'Émancipateur.

3169:. An atypical figure, he abandoned brilliant university studies in 1903 to join the corporation of typographers, the center of anarchism. He was condemned to prison in 1906 as a refractor to military service, he enlisted as a volunteer in the 2920:, "Organe de combat Révolutionnaire", came out, edited by Julius Mestag. "Le Flambeau is not a journal of theory, nor a gossip sheet, it is a revolutionary combat organ, the cry of the oppressed, the expression of a feeling of revolt." 2131:

and died 31 October 1922 in Paris. He was a libertarian socialist journalist and historian, a member of the Brussels Federation of the International Workingmen's Association. He has published numerous biographies including that of

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was a monthly newspaper published in Belgium from 1975 to 2005. For the duration of its publication (30 years and 282 issues), its openness to debates and its posters contributed to broadening the audience of libertarian ideas in

3566:. He was the delegate of Ghent at the Belgian anarchist congress held on 25 December 1925 in which twenty six delegates participated and where Hem Day was appointed secretary of the Federation of anarchist groups which published 3446:

Most Belgian anarchists then embarked on newspaper publication. Belgium, during the interwar period, was a land of exile and Belgian militants of this generation welcomed and helped many exiles living in semi-clandestinity:

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since 1960. In November 1965, issue 2 of this review appeared, which tells us about the liquidation of the Institute of Possibilities. There was also a Libertarian Center, in premises rented by the Brussels CNT, near the

4111:, JP Delriviere, Mihaili Djosson and Yves Thelen participated. The latter, in issue 7 February 1969, wrote the "Manifesto of the Libertarian" which specified the line of the monthly under the title "What is anarchism". 3475:

or immigrants seeking work: five anarchist magazines in the Italian language were published in Brussels in the interwar period. Some local activists collaborated on these publications and sometimes edited them, such as

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The organisation is structured in thematic fronts of struggle (trade union, feminist, antifascist, queer, social ecology) which aim to coordinate and implement the political line decided by the collective.

3166: 2574: 4151:. The anarchist movement in the 1960s was therefore limited to a few individuals whose visions for the future were limited to rehashing the past. "Socialisme et Liberté" also made contact with CRIFA: 915: 905: 2180:. Having become a chief physician at the Saint-Gilles hospital in Brussels, he moved away from militant action but remained active as a free-thinker. In 1913, he was president of the association 2463:

closed. The GCL adopted a declaration in which it specified that its aim was to propagate the libertarian communist theories defined by the Declaration of principles adopted at the Congress of

2954: 2380: 5680: 5301: 5285: 5253: 5235: 5185: 5122: 5045: 4955: 4863: 5627: 4605: 4429: 4302: 4279: 3004: 5083: 3054:, born in 1870 and died on 16 March 1933 in Brussels. A minor worker, self-taught, prolific writer and libertarian communist activist, in 1905 he inspired the libertarian community 5631: 4609: 3040: 7755: 6752: 2913:, the Revolutionary Federation declared itself for integral socialism, for a society in which everyone produces according to their strength and consumes according to their needs. 3972:

and died 15 December 2006. A pacifist and anti-militarist activist, he defined himself as both a Christian and libertarian activist. He is considered to be the initiator of the

2066:

In the mid-1870s, Belgian socialism was made up of a set of workers' associations anxious to maintain their independence and to stay away from politics. The local federation of

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was undoubtedly a fatal halt to the development of anarchism all over the world. In Belgium, while until 1914, the libertarian movement was the first censor on the left of the

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and died at the beginning of December 1918 in Gironde. He was a typographer, printer, and a libertarian communist activist. He was a central figure in Belgian anarchism before

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colony, an anarchist Federation was formed based on "the free membership of groups, without statutes, without regulations and without a committee". It published the newspaper

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and organized meetings, study circles, and the publication of propaganda books. At that point, the GCL had around 100 activists divided into around 15 sections. The newspaper

4018:, born 11 December 1914. Italian activist, he immigrated to Belgium and was active in the libertarian and anti-fascist circles of the 1930s. In 1941, he was arrested by the 6443: 6128: 5741: 5562: 5494: 5446: 5162: 5140: 5029: 4991: 4971: 4935: 4641: 7727: 7579: 6427: 2482:. At the beginning of 1906, the first results were quite encouraging: the number of members and sections continued to increase. The GCL managed to ensure the survival of 7732: 6610: 6076: 3575: 3347: 3020: 2890: 2864: 5530: 2391:. It was an open environment, integrated into the Belgian and international anarchist movement, and multiplying activities for those who came to visit it: newspapers, 5991: 4661: 2588:, "organ of workers", then "organ of the General Confederation of Labor" then "organ of revolutionary syndicalist propaganda" appeared in Gilly (Belgium). Founded by 2214:. There were violent clashes between demonstrators and the police, the army was mobilized and the uprising was crushed, causing the deaths of several dozen strikers. 7649: 7609: 7589: 7569: 6112: 2828:, the "Socialist-revolutionary organ of the groups of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode", in Brussels. It contained two epigrams: "Patriotism is the last refuge of a rascal" by 2446:, GCL) was a Belgian anarchist organization founded by about thirty militants on 25 July 1905 and disappeared in August 1907. Its goal was to propagate the ideas of 6758: 6628:, Peter Lang, Collection Études Canadiennes, Canadian Studies, volume 6, 2007, Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2007, 259 pages, 2350: 7760: 7584: 5782: 4744: 1973:, and several Bruxellois newspapers at the turn of the century. Apart from new publications, the movement dissipated through the internecine antimilitarism in the 7780: 7765: 7712: 7664: 7659: 7750: 4381: 4120: 7599: 3836:

The association brought together anarchists of all tendencies and sets itself the objective of providing information intended for a large public. It published

3551: 2965: 7775: 7717: 3585: 2589: 7594: 3562:, he was active in the trade union movement and reported, in February 1909, as having spoken in Flemish under the pseudonym of Adamas during a meeting in 3051: 3043: 2906: 2661: 2624: 2475: 2326: 2278: 4144: 4015: 4537: 3872:

around the founders: Joseph De Smet and especially Jean De Boë. The association organized the defense of asylum seekers who had fled their country and

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was present, as well as other participants of May 68. The group "Socialism and Freedom" was influenced by "Noir & Rouge", which proclaimed itself

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The CNT brought together other comrades. For his part, Hem Day ran the review "Pensée et Action" and kept alive the libertarian tradition within the

3965: 3944: 3307: 5386: 4462: 4029: 4001: 3468: 3321: 3076: 2649: 2620: 2452: 2234: 3794: 3481: 3205: 3197: 2139: 6697: 4879: 4123:, but it differed from the rest of the libertarian milieu in Brussels. At the time, a few comrades disseminated libertarian ideas in isolation. " 3979: 3798: 3582:, UAC) and in August participated in a rally in support of Sacco and Vanzetti. In the early 1950s, Adamas took part in Action Commune Libertaire. 6837: 4420: 4132: 4108: 4039: 3357: 4389:

requested the status of conscientious objector, which was refused to him as his motivations were political. He was one of the founders of the

4364:). The aim is to strengthen the structure of the organisation and to facilitate the insertion of anarchist activists within social movements. 3722:. The journal was certainly not presented as statist, for its authors, the state was neither a form of socialism nor a means of achieving it. 6866: 5596: 5101: 3375: 3368: 2645: 930: 3099:, the objective of which was to organize the anarchist movement in Belgium and which was at the origin of the Libertarian Communist Colony, 2840:. However, its printer and publisher were prosecuted in 1894 for press offenses, which led to the stopping of publication of the newspaper. 7398: 5600: 4887: 4032:, died 8 April 1979. A pacifist anarchist and French freemason, he contributed to various reviews. He was the correspondent and manager of 3142: 2787: 2653: 2616: 2593: 833: 6198: 4064: 3181:

at the start of the 20th century, he was one of the founding fathers of the social security system set up in Belgium, in the wake of the

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to reach Belgium where he was involved in union activities, while continuing his commitment to the libertarian movement until his death.

4919: 4451:, at the same time a playwright, storyteller, poet, social activist and professor of ethics. At 30, she was one of the pioneers of the 3680: 1828: 6477: 4346:

The Union Communiste Libertaire Bruxelles is a local Brussels group that is part of the French-speaking anarcho-communist federation

2013: 3844:

posters and leaflets, recurring themes among libertarians of this generation. The group was quickly undermined by divisions between

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However, the GCL did not alleviate the financial difficulties of the anarchist press, which was one of its primary objectives, and

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designated a series of insurrectional workers' strikes that began on 18 March with a commemoration of the 15th anniversary of the

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From this split was born, at the congress of Saint-Imier on 15 September 1872, an "anti-authoritarian" International known as the

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founded on 25 July 1905 with a view to structuring the movement to carry out joint action and sustained propaganda. Until then,

7431: 6424: 6342: 6060: 4580: 3982:, born in 1925 and died in 1996. Anarchist and pacifist militant of Borinage. He joined the libertarian movement at the end of 3726:

believed that each individual had the right to assert their socialist ideal and was categorically opposed to authoritarianism.

880: 6341:, Mémoire de fin d'études de bibliothécaire-documentaliste, Haute École Paul-Henri Spaak – IESSID, 1050 Bruxelles, 1999–2000, 6287: 6073: 5319:

Les pratiques anticonceptionnelles dans le mariage au XIXe et au XXe siècles : problèmes humains et attitudes religieuses

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Like the international movement, the libertarian movement emerged from the First World War divided, fractured between radical

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congress of around a hundred fairly representative militants who unanimously adopted his text and laid the foundations for a

1283: 962: 81: 5527: 7557: 5988: 5322: 4658: 3861: 3350:, sentenced in 1892 to 25 years of hard labor for "theft of dynamite and conspiracy". He was one of the signatories of the 1746: 1101: 6550: 6109: 7487: 7251: 7080: 1416: 1356: 6225: 5779: 4741: 4645: 3710:, by retaining the notion of the State, perpetuate an oppressive system, while in reaction, the anarchists advocate a " 3610:. He contributed to numerous magazines throughout the interwar period and ended up creating his own to disseminate his 2937:(first period), 11 August 1906, "Organ of the Groupement Communiste Libertaire" published by the libertarian community 2611:

On 28 January 1906 in Brussels, the constitutive congress of the new organization was held, a congress prepared by the

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Centre d'histoire du Travail, Nantes, Alternative libertaire : Un mensuel dissident pour des lecteurs différents

2851:. Originally published every two weeks, from issue 6 ( 22–29 March 1896), it became a weekly. Among the contributors: 2753:(founded on 28 January 1906 in Brussels), the Antwerp diamond workers union (3,000 members), the glass workers union ( 7393: 6859: 6512: 5868:

L’aventure des Cahiers socialistes : revue indépendante de critique sociale : novembre 1944 – novembre 1953

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succeeded him at the head of the newspaper which was both a propaganda tool and a rallying center for the unions of

6718: 5762: 2964:"Communist-anarchist revolutionary organ" came out in Liège. The managing editor responsible for the newspaper was 2384: 420: 6652: 6543: 6532: 6015: 5956: 5884: 5831: 5803: 5657: 4912: 4780: 7694: 7507: 7220: 7095: 6212: 3933: 3921: 3881: 3304:

whose goal "is and will remain the suppression of the wage system and the creation of a society without masters."

1925: 1691: 1406: 3951:. The action that most mobilized the pacifists of the IRG was the struggle for the recognition of the status of 2245:

However Thonar continued his project of organizing anarchism. To clarify the positions, he drew up a manifesto,

7532: 7281: 6272: 2972:. Fifty two issues appeared until March 1913. The newspaper was replaced from this date and until July 1913 by 2415:, etc. It was an assumed experimental environment, not wanting to appear as a model, nor as a fixed structure. 2107:," cried Tévenin, judged before the Assize Court of Isère, "wanted to designate themselves separately from the 1696: 3606:(Hem Day), born 30 May 1902 and died 14 August 1969. He was a bookseller, freemason, anarchist activist since 7845: 7835: 6722: 6680: 4023: 2479: 2322: 1761: 1736: 1219: 1138: 49: 2721:

was the last of the various anarcho-syndicalist union movements formed in Belgium in the years prior to the

2063:". The majority of Belgian members of the First International joined this anti-authoritarian International. 7614: 7160: 7014: 6852: 6180: 5712:

Dictionnaire biographique des militants du mouvement ouvrier belge, Bruxelles, Éditions Vie ouvrière, 1995.

5696: 5546: 5478: 5430: 5411: 5219: 5203: 4625: 4494: 3340:

of the Belgian CGT. He wrote the preface of Émile Chapelier's pamphlet on the libertarian communist colony

3301: 1741: 1606: 1566: 1191: 810: 440: 222: 3360:(1877–1932), libertarian poet and novelist, he collaborated on many titles in the Belgian anarchist press. 5466: 4479: 4438: 4347: 4340: 3719: 3274:

while remaining fundamentally libertarian. Living in France, he was excluded from the editorial staff of

3096: 2681: 2439: 2357: 2044: 1970: 1798: 1756: 1269: 818: 147: 6691: 6591: 1214: 7793: 7424: 7355: 6615: 5383:

Het egonetwerk van Reiner Leven en George Sarton als toegang tot transnational intellectueel engagement

3158: 2040: 1918: 1868: 1731: 1456: 1172: 1061: 987: 6726: 5766: 4561: 4008:. He took refuge in Belgium, initially with Hem Day, and at the end of the war became involved in the 2270:

because "the educational action of the struggle waged to obtain them is useful to the working class."

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L’Internationale des Résistants à la Guerre (IRG), section belge du War Resisters International (WRI)

5857:, in Les Cahiers Socialistes, revue indépendante de critique sociale, Bruxelles, nº 1, novembre 1944. 3325: 3070: 3063: 2506: 2400: 1751: 1646: 1042: 1037: 838: 505: 480: 430: 365: 293: 248: 108: 6381: 6096: 3161:, founder of the Brussels Workers Union with Georges Thonar and Émile Chapelier. In 1905, he edited 7679: 7309: 7286: 7256: 7205: 6576: 6326: 4288: 3897: 3416: 3351: 1661: 1621: 1571: 1436: 1167: 1116: 1032: 957: 946: 823: 601: 345: 6744: 5109: 4700: 4469:

origin, writer and adopted Brussels resident, was a fitter who left the factory to pursue writing.

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In March 2018, the Brussels collective adopted the operating principles of anarchist “specifism” (

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and the fear of authoritarianism had always pushed anarchists to refuse any form of organization.

2164:, born in 1870 and died on 18 June 1914. Doctor and libertarian communist, he participated in the 636: 7472: 7385: 7241: 6959: 6942: 6937: 5415: 5274: 4308: 4238: 3973: 3707: 3460: 3310:, member of the Flémalle Grande group, on 7 January 1913, he participated in the Congress of the 3114: 1783: 1421: 1391: 1336: 1331: 1209: 828: 140: 120: 6773: 6184: 5700: 5550: 5498: 5482: 5434: 5223: 5207: 5066: 4629: 3939:

Two personalities of the libertarian movement took responsibilities at the international level:

2541:, a revolutionary trade union congress brought together delegates from 24 localities, mainly in 681: 7375: 7325: 7304: 7271: 7261: 7019: 6979: 6952: 6830: 6645:

Les activités en Belgique d’un anthropologue anarchiste : Eugène Gaspard Marin (1883–1969)

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Les activités en Belgique d’un anthropologue anarchiste : Eugène Gaspard Marin (1883–1969)

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Les activités en Belgique d’un anthropologue anarchiste : Eugène Gaspard Marin (1883–1969)

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In 1921, a Belgian Anarchist Communist Federation initially brought together three groups in

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and some of its members were prosecuted on several occasions, in particular because of their

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In March 2013, Brussels anarcho-communist activists in contact with the French organisation

3588:, born in Charleroi in 1874 and died in September 1912, miner, anarchist and trade unionist. 3236:

and was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor. In 1922, he escaped from the penal colony of

7689: 7639: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7497: 7477: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7370: 7350: 7330: 7215: 7180: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7090: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7039: 6969: 6932: 6916: 6906: 6901: 6891: 6411: 6043: 3893: 3877: 3517: 3510: 3452: 3424: 2796: 2766: 2060: 2039:. It was around this that the anarchist current was born, which then claimed to be called " 1775: 1711: 1701: 1686: 1676: 1626: 1581: 1561: 1511: 1491: 1486: 1466: 1461: 1446: 1441: 1426: 1411: 1396: 1351: 1341: 1326: 1316: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1162: 862: 621: 591: 581: 263: 69: 64: 4335: 3574:

to which Adamas regularly contributed in 1926–1927. In 1926 he was a member of the French

8: 7684: 7674: 7654: 7644: 7629: 7624: 7604: 7574: 7542: 7527: 7502: 7335: 7276: 7266: 7236: 7210: 7200: 7190: 7185: 7170: 7165: 7155: 7150: 7125: 7115: 7034: 7029: 6989: 6883: 6740: 5934: 5582: 5514: 5305: 5017: 4824: 4808: 4696: 4489: 4410: 4269: 4234: 3889: 3699: 3217: 3213: 3067: 2833: 2703: 2025: 1958: 1848: 1681: 1671: 1656: 1636: 1631: 1611: 1591: 1586: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1516: 1471: 1451: 1371: 1361: 1291: 1177: 1144: 1133: 972: 935: 910: 875: 761: 651: 533: 520: 273: 268: 179: 103: 6656: 5336:

Les socialistes dans l'Europe en guerre : Réseaux, parcours, expériences, 1914–1918

3767:, etc. The talks were attended by around thirty spectators, sometimes around a hundred. 7669: 7564: 7340: 7195: 7145: 7024: 6999: 6994: 6974: 6964: 6947: 6896: 6558: 6019: 5960: 5888: 5835: 5725: 5126: 4230: 3805:) who was the responsible editor and secretary of the group's publications, Guy Badot ( 3545: 3507: 3456: 3448: 3428: 3263: 3182: 3174: 2872: 2778: 2330: 2133: 1666: 1651: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1496: 1431: 1381: 1376: 1156: 1122: 1076: 1002: 992: 895: 736: 661: 33: 5807: 5661: 5338:, sous la direction de Romain Ducoulombier, Fondation Jean Jaurès, L'Harmattan, 2010, 3998:. In 1973, he published four pages on the History of the Belgian libertarian movement. 3136: 606: 7365: 7246: 6984: 6629: 6542:, Mémoire de licence en Histoire contemporaine, sous la direction de José Gotovitch, 6517: 6508: 5257: 5063:

Anarchisme & Syndicalisme. Le Congrès Anarchiste International d’Amsterdam (1907)

4844: 4221: 3908:(FIJL), then in exile on Belgian territory since its ban in France on 9 August 1963. 3905: 3624: 3379: 2627:

joined in particular. The Belgian CGT grew in the following years but its newspaper,

2263: 2072: 1878: 1808: 1601: 1506: 1401: 1150: 870: 691: 561: 495: 355: 238: 208: 157: 6737:À l'origine du communisme belge : l'extrême-gauche révolutionnaire d'avant 1914 4693:

A l'origine du communisme belge : l'extrême-gauche révolutionnaire d'avant 1914

4577: 3864:(SIA) was founded on 18 May 1946 in the form of an association. It brought together 3087:. He owes his notoriety in particular to two texts, reissued on numerous occasions, 2860: 2161: 7807: 6732: 6597: 6204: 4688: 4549: 4442: 4198:

the need for political organization as a hub for regrouping revolutionary elements,

4084: 4009: 3513: 3259: 3106: 2999:, first subtitled "Organe communiste-anarchiste Révolutionnaire", was published by 2774: 2558: 2542: 2404: 2099:("fellow") by which anarchists refer to themselves was first used in Belgium, said 1896: 1788: 1259: 1244: 1128: 1070: 1007: 982: 925: 900: 751: 696: 611: 510: 470: 380: 375: 253: 191: 184: 135: 130: 125: 113: 93: 6802:

Anarchisme in België tijdens het interbellum : Organisatorische onmacht troef

4398: 4323:

who by their ideas are interested in libertarian or anti-authoritarian practices.

4261: 6663: 6565: 6554: 6431: 6116: 6080: 6026: 5995: 5967: 5895: 5842: 5814: 5786: 5745: 5668: 5534: 5399: 4923: 4851: 4791: 4748: 4665: 4584: 4265: 4206: 4188:

the insistence on the working class factor as an element of revolutionary change,

4050:

on 30 May 1999. He was a doctor, freemason, pacifist and individualist anarchist.

3869: 3841: 3736: 3711: 3658: 3533: 3472: 3464: 3408: 3000: 2722: 2632: 2388: 2376: 2368: 2036: 2017: 2002: 1974: 1962: 1906: 1838: 1096: 1047: 920: 771: 671: 666: 646: 616: 571: 566: 556: 450: 330: 169: 162: 98: 6355: 6244: 5102:"A l'origine du communisme belge: L'extrême-gauche révolutionnaire d'avant 1914" 4441:

for having smuggled there a radio transmitter intended for the then underground

4275: 4004:, French, a conscientious objector in 1939, he was considered a deserter by the 726: 546: 7819: 6547: 5635: 4613: 4171: 3845: 3650: 3611: 3283: 3243: 2868: 2392: 2056: 2052: 2029: 1978: 1853: 1843: 1239: 1234: 1224: 977: 626: 541: 475: 405: 360: 340: 335: 6688:

Le mouvement syndicaliste révolutionnaire à Liège pendant l'entre-deux-guerres

6573:

Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à aujourd'hui

6323:

Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à aujourd'hui

6303:

Fédération internationale des centres d'études et de documentation libertaires

5368:

Catalogue général des éditions et collections anarchistes francophones :

4959: 4867: 4043: 3793:

was founded on 2 November 1952, at the call of the libertarian trade unionist

3541: 3324:, a student in Saint-Gilles, he was reported by the police as a member of the 2884: 2765:, a trade-union confederation directly linked to, and under the orders of the 2742: 2342: 7829: 5170: 4979: 4448: 4088: 4080: 3865: 3802: 3715: 3537: 3237: 3154: 3119: 2824: 2819: 2605: 2372: 2361: 2258: 2203: 2104: 1954: 1254: 1199: 1017: 967: 885: 786: 741: 706: 686: 641: 596: 415: 410: 390: 6525:

La peur du rouge et du noir : la genèse du péril anarchiste en Belgique

5289: 5148: 4999: 4943: 4104: 3364: 2150:

in 1923. Professor of medieval history, he was the founder of the newspaper

6648: 6621: 6164: 5684: 5239: 5033: 4908: 4776: 4576:, Mémoires d'ici, Centre de recherche et de documentation du Jura bernois, 4529: 4434: 4264:. The name of the association referred to the name of the group created by 4192: 3995: 3983: 3925: 3662: 3646: 3615: 3186: 3170: 2856: 2829: 2810: 2338: 2333:'s sister). It had five to fifteen people, wanting to be an alternative to 2155: 2100: 1982: 1803: 1793: 1264: 1229: 1081: 791: 716: 656: 631: 576: 385: 320: 6795:

De revolutionair-syndikalistische beweging in Luik tijdens het interbellum

6766:

Introduction du Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier en Belgique

6626:

Contester dans un pays prospère: l'extrême gauche en Belgique et au Canada

6310: 6208: 5189: 5049: 4534:

Contester dans un pays prospère: l'extrême gauche en Belgique et au Canada

2879:. After 10 issues, the newspaper stopped on 19 April 1896. In March 1896, 6786:

Jan Moulaert, « Anarchie, que ton règne arrive ! » :

6463: 6447: 6132: 5566: 5450: 4361: 4210: 4153:

Commission des relations de l’ Internationale des Federations anarchistes

4148: 4137: 4076: 4005: 3752: 3751:

group was founded on 28 March 1945 following a conference by its leader,

3642: 3607: 3603: 3436: 3420: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3267: 3233: 3150: 3128: 3110: 3084: 3059: 2852: 2758: 2706: 2573:

and painters. The congress decided on the principle of the creation of a

2532: 2396: 2346: 2124: 2112: 2108: 1249: 1204: 796: 766: 756: 711: 586: 490: 400: 258: 6671:

Dictionnaire biographique des militants du mouvement ouvrier en Belgique

3109:, born in Brussels on 26 March 1890 and died in Paris on 21 April 1913. 3027:, is a sculptor, anarchist activist and administrator of the newspapers 2876: 2639: 1902: 4414: 4182: 3756: 3251: 3209: 3146: 3124: 3007:, the title disappeared in December 1925 to make way for the newspaper 2570: 2562: 2494:, "Organ of the Groupement Communiste Libertaire" and was published in 2059:

and giving as objective "the destruction of all political power by the

2024:. In this founding conflict of anarchism, they joined the camp of the " 1946: 1833: 1818: 1813: 1106: 781: 485: 455: 350: 243: 7409: 6844: 3011:. Camille Mattart then republished it periodically from 1928 to 1936. 2955:

from each according to their ability; to each according to their needs

2381:

From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs

6676: 6647:, Mémoire de licence en Histoire contemporaine, sous la direction de 6257:

Presse communiste, presse radicale, 1919–2000: passé, présent, avenir

6092: 4907:, Mémoire de Licence en Histoire contemporaine, sous la direction de 4841:

L’Expérience. Une communauté anarchiste à Boitsfort à la Belle-Époque

4775:, Mémoire de Licence en Histoire contemporaine, sous la direction de 4402: 3969: 3852:

fringe. After 1954 and a few rescue attempts, the group disappeared.

3818: 3806: 3764: 3695: 3628: 3440: 3432: 3271: 2782: 2665: 2597: 2566: 2538: 2464: 2412: 2408: 2296: 2274: 2267: 2143: 2048: 2021: 1873: 1823: 1091: 676: 500: 395: 41: 5369: 2991:(third period), 1921–1936, published by Camille Mattart in Flémalle. 2984: 2930: 2687: 2305: 6705: 6481: 5080:

Août 1907 : Le congrès d’Amsterdam veut clarifier l’anarchisme

3837: 3814: 3760: 3654: 3619: 3563: 3496: 3488: 3250:

on 9 July 1872 and died in France on 14 November 1940. Journalist,

3247: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2677: 2147: 2080: 2067: 1950: 1111: 701: 465: 213: 6339:

Création d'une base données pour le mensuel Alternative libertaire

4769:

Chapitre 1 : Eugène Gaspard Marin et l’anarchisme en Belgique

4092: 3830: 3492: 3293: 2746: 2714: 2684:

intervened there in particular in the debate on the organization.

2657: 2601: 2550: 2459: 2238: 2211: 2173: 1965:

after the socialist schism. Belgian anarchists also organized the

1892: 6203:, Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP, 1973/14, n° 600–601, pp. 1–44, 4466: 4406: 4253: 4202: 3940: 3932:

Without being specifically anarchist, the Belgian section of the

3826: 3810: 3691: 3596: 3555: 3503: 3477: 3232:. On 28 February 1912, he was arrested for his activities in the 3039: 2916:

On 1 November 1902 in Brussels, the first issue of the newspaper

2848: 2726: 2710: 2669: 2356:

The libertarian communist colony was the Brussels section of the

1998: 1863: 305: 201: 3066:

in 1908–1909 while defending extreme left positions inspired by

2795:, the last attempt to create a trade union independent from the 2769:. In January 1910, the diamond workers union finally joined the 5836:

Les Cahiers socialistes, Revue indépendante de critique sociale

4318:

was due to the many links that the newspaper forged over time.

4217: 4095:, in the wake of the events of May 68 and the student movement 4072: 3916: 2512: 2257:

solidarity", such was the immediate objective of group action.

2217: 2128: 1012: 551: 6770:

Dictionnaire biographique, mouvement ouvrier, mouvement social

6588:

Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme (Lausanne)

6540:

Le mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

6145:

Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme (Lausanne)

6012:

Le mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

5953:

Le mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

5881:

Le mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

5828:

Le mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

5800:

Le mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

5765:, Académie Royale de Belgique, vol. 5, 1999, p. 199-201, 5654:

Le Mouvement anarchiste en Belgique francophone de 1945 à 1970

3855: 3193: 2960:

On 18 September 1910, the first issue of the second period of

2422: 4944:

Bibliothèque de la colonie communiste libertaire L’Expérience

4574:

La Fédération jurassienne et l’Internationale antiautoritaire

4437:

in Belgium. In 1982, he was imprisoned for several months in

4423:(Babar), born in 1955. Printer, poster artist, publisher and 4047: 4019: 3822: 3559: 3431:

of October 1917 aroused enthusiasm among some who joined the

2673: 2554: 2546: 2367:

The project was the implementation of libertarian communism:

2158:

and co-founder of the International Workingmen's Association.

2111:, they took the name of citizen; we who despise the right of 2076: 776: 6169:

La participation des immigrés italiens à la Résistance belge

4059: 3876:. It was a meeting place for immigrants, including the many 2379:

essentially) and consumption according to the principle of "

6797:, Mémoire de licence, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1995. 6042:, Anarchisme et non-violence nº 20/21, janvier/avril 1970, 5321:

in Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 49, 1971,

4413:, he gradually broke away from anarchist ideas to join the 4237:

and many texts, in the review, alluded to contributions of

4167: 4075:

was marked by the influence of anarchism, in particular by

3521: 3079:

whose real name is Gérard Debehognes, born 3 March 1875 in

2427: 2083:, gradually won out over the anti-political revolutionary. 2016:, the Belgian delegates spoke out against the exclusion of 6793:

Pieter Ballon, « Et le verbe sera haïr » :

6790:, Thèse de doctorat, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1993. 3718:. The solution, according to them, lay in an alternative: 3592: 3314:. In 1937–1938, he contributed to the Monthly Bulletin of 3058:

in Brussels. A central figure in Belgian anarchism before

2781:, general secretary of the diamond general trade union of 2222: 3080: 2309:

An Esperanto course at the libertarian communist colony,

5171:

Pour l’anarchiste Jules Moineau – Ensival, Au bureau de

4357:

founded a local group Alternative Libertaire Bruxelles.

4330: 3135:, he was guillotined in Paris, in front of the doors of 2020:

proposed by the General Council of London, dominated by

6804:, Mémoire de licence, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1993. 6410:, Anarchisme et non-violence nº 28, janvier/mars 1972, 3986:

and was active until 1975. He was the secretary of the

3698:, a conflict which is at the basis of the split of the 1993: 6690:, Revue Belge d’histoire contemporaine, XXVIII, 1998, 5385:

in Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine, nº 38, 2008,

3554:(Adamas), born to Belgian parents on 6 August 1869 in 2883:

also published in the form of a brochure, the plea by

2533:

The Belgian General Confederation of Labor (1906–1908)

7791: 6460:

Index des noms cités > Babar pseud. de Noël, Roger

4455:

in Belgium. At 50, she was one of the pillars of the

3911: 3467:, etc. The movement was influenced by the arrival of 2995:

In July 1921, the first issue of the third period of

2968:. The journal was edited from number 24 by the group 2640:

The Amsterdam International Anarchist Congress (1907)

2249:, which excluded from the outset those nostalgic for 5931: