64:
194:, has been passed down through generations of Warm Spring Tribe members. There is a concerted effort underway to try to preserve the ancestral language of the Wasco people, through educational programs and language repositories. The United States Governmental policy of assimilation (1790–1920) nearly erased this language. The young tribe members that attended governmental educational facilities were only permitted to speak English, and were forbidden to speak in their native tongue.
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Before becoming the
Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs the three tribes; Wasco, Warm Springs, and Paiute, lived along the Columbia River and Cascade Mountains. They all spoke different languages and had their own customs. The Warm Springs and Wasco tribes traded and conversed frequently, whereas the
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In 1800, immigrants from the east first started to arrive, by 1852 around 12,000 settlers crossed the tribes' territories each year. The Warm springs and Wasco signed a treaty with Joel Palmer in 1855 after dealing with their traditional ways of life being disrupted by the settlers for many
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These bands are split into different places but are the part of the same tribe. The bands of the Warm
Springs tribe consists of Tenino, the Lower Deschutes, also called Wyam, the John-Day or Dock-Spus, and finally the Upper Deschutes or Tygh.
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The loss of tribal elder Gladys
Thompson in 2012 – who was the last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht – has caused the language to become nearly extinct. Language preservation efforts include the
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years. By signing the treaty the Wasco and Warm
Springs tribes relinquished 10 million acres of land to the United States and kept 640,000 acres for their own use.
577:
Babel, Molly; Garrett, Andrew; House, Michael J.; Toosarvandani, Maziar (2013). "Descent and diffusion in language diversification: A study of western Numic dialectology".
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The
Northern Paiutes had dominated South Eastern Oregon, Southern Idaho, Northern and Southern Nevada, and Northern California, with parts of Montana, and Utah.
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The first people from the Paiute tribe to arrive on reservation were the 38 Paiutes that were forced to move onto the Warm
Springs Reservation from the
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100‑level course in the Kiksht Native
Language. The instructor for this course, Ms. Valerie Switzler, was the 2016 recipient of the
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235:. Today there are only about 50 people who speak it fluently and none of them are under fifty years old.
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in 1879. Soon more arrived and they eventually became a permanent part of the Warm
Springs Reservation.
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Wasco, Paiute, and Warm Spring Indian boys in uniform at government boarding school, Oregon
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Paiute's language was so foreign to the other tribes that it prevented frequent contact.
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tribe made of three tribes who put together a confederation. They live on and govern the
310:. Upon receiving a $ 4 million settlement in compensation for the 1957 flooding of
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511:. Endangered Languages Archive. London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies,
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The
Confederated Tribes adopted a constitution in 1938, after the construction of
205:'s Excellence in Community Linguistics Award. The Endangered Languages Archive at
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491:"Oregon tribal director honored with Excellence in Community Linguistics Award"
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363:, the Confederated Tribes' proposed casino in the Columbia River Gorge
533:. Member tribes overview. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
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527:"The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon"
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Two bands (The Dalles a.k.a. the Ki-gal-twal-la, and Dog River) of
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A Final
Promise: The campaign to assimilate the Indians, 1880–1920
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The Northern Paiutes' language is an Uto-Aztecan language called
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Three women photographed on the Warm Springs reservation in 1902.
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134:, divided into four subtribes: Upper and Lower Deschutes (the
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413:. c. 1925. box 58, folder 752, negative 1370.
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In 2001, members of the Confederated Tribes persuaded the
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209:has preserved recordings of conversational Kiksht.
142:), the Dalles Tenino, and the Dock-Spus (John Day);
118:The confederation consists of three tribes of the
381:"Switzler sees language as key to tribal culture"
350:List of Native American Tribal Entities in Oregon
702:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
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654:"Renaming 'squaw' sites proves touchy in Oregon"
298:Establishment of a confederation at Warm Springs
318:, the Tribes used part of the sum to build the
231:The Warm Springs band spoke a language called
579:International Journal of American Linguistics
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428:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
407:G.E.E. Lindquist Native American Photographs
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357:, a resort on the Warm Springs Reservation
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355:Kah-Nee-Ta High Desert Resort and Casino
676:The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
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334:to pass a bill mandating that the word
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463:. Foreign language courses. Bend, OR:
441:"Tribes strive to save native tongues"
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16:Indian tribe in Oregon, United States
340:be changed in numerous place names.
56:Regions with significant populations
25:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
692:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
609:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
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92:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
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652:Sanders, Eli (December 11, 2004).
306:flooded the major fishing site at
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282:Arrival of settlers from the U.S.
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495:Linguistic Society of America
446:The Christian Science Monitor
439:Clark, Aaron (May 23, 2008).
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203:Linguistic Society of America
409:(photograph). New York, NY:
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553:"Report on Northern Paiute"
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332:Oregon Legislative Assembly
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168:language family related to
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627:Oregon Public Broadcasting
405:. Burke Library Archives.
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94:is a federally recognized
424:Hoxie, Frederick (1984).
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207:SOAS University of London
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707:Jefferson County, Oregon
461:"Kiksht Native Language"
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509:"Conversational Kiksht"
314:by the construction of
629:. 2001. Archived from
467:. 2017. Archived from
361:Columbia Gorge casino
497:. December 8, 2015.
471:on January 28, 2021
411:Columbia University
190:language, known as
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678:(official website)
659:The New York Times
623:"The Oregon Story"
292:Yakama Reservation
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633:on March 18, 2008
493:(Press release).
162:speak an offshoot
120:Pacific Northwest
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21:Ethnic group
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537:December 6,
166:Uto-Aztecan
686:Categories
557:Ethnologue
531:critfc.org
368:References
320:Kah-Nee-Ta
170:Shoshonean
130:-speaking
104:U.S. state
637:March 19,
605:"History"
562:March 29,
344:See also
252:Language
233:Sahaptin
227:Language
182:Language
138:and the
128:Sahaptin
268:History
164:of the
102:in the
239:Paiute
192:Kiksht
160:, who
114:Tribes
108:Oregon
82:Oregon
79:
67:
29:Tenino
337:squaw
218:Bands
188:Wasco
177:Wasco
147:Wasco
33:Wasco
639:2008
564:2007
539:2016
477:2022
258:Numu
186:The
156:The
140:Wyam
136:Tygh
126:The
90:The
587:doi
106:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
