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Participants knew that one basket contained 60 percent black and 40 percent red balls; the other, 40 percent black and 60 percent red. The experimenters looked at what happened when balls of alternating color were drawn in turn, a sequence that does not favor either basket. After each ball was drawn, participants in one group were asked to state out loud their judgments of the probability that the balls were being drawn from one or the other basket. These participants tended to grow more confident with each successive drawâwhether they initially thought the basket with 60 percent black balls or the one with 60 percent red balls was the more likely source, their estimate of the probability increased. Another group of participants were asked to state probability estimates only at the end of a sequence of drawn balls, rather than after each ball. They did not show the polarization effect, suggesting that it does not necessarily occur when people simply hold opposing positions, but rather when they openly commit to them.
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evidence rather than falsifying evidence. This cognitive error is partly caused by the availability of evidence about the supposed disorder being diagnosed. For example, the client may have mentioned the disorder, or the GP may have recently read a much-discussed paper about the disorder. The basis of this cognitive shortcut or heuristic (termed anchoring) is that the doctor does not consider multiple possibilities based on evidence, but prematurely latches on (or anchors to) a single cause. In emergency medicine, because of time pressure, there is a high density of decision-making, and shortcuts are frequently applied. The potential failure rate of these cognitive decisions needs to be managed by education about the 30 or more cognitive biases that can occur, so as to set in place proper debiasing strategies. Confirmation bias may also cause doctors to perform unnecessary medical procedures due to pressure from adamant patients.
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the most information. Since the information content depends on initial probabilities, a positive test can either be highly informative or uninformative. Klayman and Ha argued that when people think about realistic problems, they are looking for a specific answer with a small initial probability. In this case, positive tests are usually more informative than negative tests. However, in Wason's rule discovery task the answerâthree numbers in ascending orderâis very broad, so positive tests are unlikely to yield informative answers. Klayman and Ha supported their analysis by citing an experiment that used the labels "DAX" and "MED" in place of "fits the rule" and "doesn't fit the rule". This avoided implying that the aim was to find a low-probability rule. Participants had much more success with this version of the experiment.
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for a job in real estate sales. There was a significant difference between what these two groups recalled, with the "librarian" group recalling more examples of introversion and the "sales" groups recalling more extroverted behavior. A selective memory effect has also been shown in experiments that manipulate the desirability of personality types. In one of these, a group of participants were shown evidence that extroverted people are more successful than introverts. Another group were told the opposite. In a subsequent, apparently unrelated study, participants were asked to recall events from their lives in which they had been either introverted or extroverted. Each group of participants provided more memories connecting themselves with the more desirable personality type, and recalled those memories more quickly.
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pointing to details that supported their viewpoint and disregarding anything contrary. Participants described studies supporting their pre-existing view as superior to those that contradicted it, in detailed and specific ways. Writing about a study that seemed to undermine the deterrence effect, a death penalty proponent wrote, "The research didn't cover a long enough period of time," while an opponent's comment on the same study said, "No strong evidence to contradict the researchers has been presented." The results illustrated that people set higher standards of evidence for hypotheses that go against their current expectations. This effect, known as "disconfirmation bias", has been supported by other experiments.
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640:
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correlated strongly with their initial attitudes. In later experiments, participants also reported their opinions becoming more extreme in response to ambiguous information. However, comparisons of their attitudes before and after the new evidence showed no significant change, suggesting that the self-reported changes might not be real. Based on these experiments, Deanna Kuhn and Joseph Lao concluded that polarization is a real phenomenon but far from inevitable, only happening in a small minority of cases, and it was prompted not only by considering mixed evidence, but by merely thinking about the topic.
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846:, that is, false and misleading information that is presented as credible news from a seemingly reliable source. Confirmation bias (selecting or reinterpreting evidence to support one's beliefs) is one of three main hurdles cited as to why critical thinking goes astray in these circumstances. The other two are shortcut heuristics (when overwhelmed or short of time, people rely on simple rules such as group consensus or trusting an expert or role model) and social goals (social motivation or peer pressure can interfere with objective analysis of facts at hand).
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external parties are overly aggressive or critical, people will disengage from thought altogether, and simply assert their personal opinions without justification. Lerner and
Tetlock say that people only push themselves to think critically and logically when they know in advance they will need to explain themselves to others who are well-informed, genuinely interested in the truth, and whose views they do not already know. Because those conditions rarely exist, they argue, most people are using confirmatory thought most of the time.
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431:
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scientifically poor evidence for a conclusion about firefighters in general. However, the participants found them subjectively persuasive. When the case studies were shown to be fictional, participants' belief in a link diminished, but around half of the original effect remained. Follow-up interviews established that the participants had understood the debriefing and taken it seriously. Participants seemed to trust the debriefing, but regarded the discredited information as irrelevant to their personal belief.
214:
a mix of salient positive and negative qualities: a close relationship with the child but a job that would take them away for long periods of time. When asked, "Which parent should have custody of the child?" the majority of participants chose Parent B, looking mainly for positive attributes. However, when asked, "Which parent should be denied custody of the child?" they looked for negative attributes and the majority answered that Parent B should be denied custody, implying that Parent A should have custody.
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677:
1356:. The participants reported that the homosexual men in the set were more likely to report seeing buttocks, anuses or sexually ambiguous figures in the inkblots. In fact the fictional case studies had been constructed so that the homosexual men were no more likely to report this imagery or, in one version of the experiment, were less likely to report it than heterosexual men. In a survey, a group of experienced psychoanalysts reported the same set of illusory associations with homosexuality.
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on a six-point scale, where one indicated "definitely yes" and six indicated "definitely no". Participants firstly evaluated if they would allow a dangerous German car on
American streets and a dangerous American car on German streets. Participants believed that the dangerous German car on American streets should be banned more quickly than the dangerous American car on German streets. There was no difference among intelligence levels at the rate participants would ban a car.
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verdict had changed, the less stable were the participant's memories regarding their initial emotional reactions. When participants recalled their initial emotional reactions two months and a year later, past appraisals closely resembled current appraisals of emotion. People demonstrate sizable myside bias when discussing their opinions on controversial topics. Memory recall and construction of experiences undergo revision in relation to corresponding emotional states.
392:(ESP). Believers and disbelievers were each shown descriptions of ESP experiments. Half of each group were told that the experimental results supported the existence of ESP, while the others were told they did not. In a subsequent test, participants recalled the material accurately, apart from believers who had read the non-supportive evidence. This group remembered significantly less information and some of them incorrectly remembered the results as supporting ESP.
247:
Despite making many attempts over a ten-hour session, none of the participants figured out the rules of the system. They typically attempted to confirm rather than falsify their hypotheses, and were reluctant to consider alternatives. Even after seeing objective evidence that refuted their working hypotheses, they frequently continued doing the same tests. Some of the participants were taught proper hypothesis-testing, but these instructions had almost no effect.
1195:. They measured the attitudes of their participants towards these issues before and after reading arguments on each side of the debate. Two groups of participants showed attitude polarization: those with strong prior opinions and those who were politically knowledgeable. In part of this study, participants chose which information sources to read, from a list prepared by the experimenters. For example, they could read arguments on gun control from the
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participants to write essays. The participants were randomly assigned to write essays either for or against their preferred side of an argument and were given research instructions that took either a balanced or an unrestricted approach. The balanced-research instructions directed participants to create a "balanced" argument, i.e., that included both pros and cons; the unrestricted-research instructions included nothing on how to create the argument.
175:
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and mixed. For example, various contradictory ideas about someone could each be supported by concentrating on one aspect of his or her behavior. Thus any search for evidence in favor of a hypothesis is likely to succeed. One illustration of this is the way the phrasing of a question can significantly change the answer. For example, people who are asked, "Are you happy with your social life?" report greater satisfaction than those asked, "Are you
1113:, there seemed to be a "pitting epidemic" in which windshields were damaged due to an unknown cause. As news of the apparent wave of damage spread, more and more people checked their windshields, discovered that their windshields too had been damaged, thus confirming belief in the supposed epidemic. In fact, the windshields were previously damaged, but the damage went unnoticed until people checked their windshields as the delusion spread.
835:, or "algorithmic editing", which displays to individuals only information they are likely to agree with, while excluding opposing views. Some have argued that confirmation bias is the reason why society can never escape from filter bubbles, because individuals are psychologically hardwired to seek information that agrees with their preexisting values and beliefs. Others have further argued that the mixture of the two is degrading
243:, where individuals seek opposing partisan news in order to counterargue. Individuals with low confidence levels do not seek out contradictory information and prefer information that supports their personal position. People generate and evaluate evidence in arguments that are biased towards their own beliefs and opinions. Heightened confidence levels decrease preference for information that supports individuals' personal beliefs.
952:, investors made more profit when they resisted bias. For example, participants who interpreted a candidate's debate performance in a neutral rather than partisan way were more likely to profit. To combat the effect of confirmation bias, investors can try to adopt a contrary viewpoint "for the sake of argument". In one technique, they imagine that their investments have collapsed and ask themselves why this might happen.
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198:. Rather than searching through all the relevant evidence, they phrase questions to receive an affirmative answer that supports their theory. They look for the consequences that they would expect if their hypothesis was true, rather than what would happen if it was false. For example, someone using yes/no questions to find a number they suspect to be the number 3 might ask, "Is it an
202:?" People prefer this type of question, called a "positive test", even when a negative test such as "Is it an even number?" would yield exactly the same information. However, this does not mean that people seek tests that guarantee a positive answer. In studies where subjects could select either such pseudo-tests or genuinely diagnostic ones, they favored the genuinely diagnostic.
727:, this could explain why desired conclusions are more likely to be believed true. According to experiments that manipulate the desirability of the conclusion, people demand a high standard of evidence for unpalatable ideas and a low standard for preferred ideas. In other words, they ask, "Can I believe this?" for some suggestions and, "Must I believe this?" for others. Although
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118:(the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence). Similarly, a police detective may identify a suspect early in an investigation, but then may only seek confirming rather than disconfirming evidence. A medical practitioner may prematurely focus on a particular disorder early in a diagnostic session, and then seek only confirming evidence. In
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Overestimating the friend's honesty may also be costly, but less so. In this case, it would be rational to seek, evaluate or remember evidence of their honesty in a biased way. When someone gives an initial impression of being introverted or extroverted, questions that match that impression come across as more
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argument. Studies have stated that myside bias is an absence of "active open-mindedness", meaning the active search for why an initial idea may be wrong. Typically, myside bias is operationalized in empirical studies as the quantity of evidence used in support of their side in comparison to the opposite side.
891:, scientists have resisted new discoveries by selectively interpreting or ignoring unfavorable data. Several studies have shown that scientists rate studies that report findings consistent with their prior beliefs more favorably than studies reporting findings inconsistent with their previous beliefs.
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cases: in this example, instances of both pain and bad weather. They pay relatively little attention to the other kinds of observation (of no pain and/or good weather). This parallels the reliance on positive tests in hypothesis testing. It may also reflect selective recall, in that people may have a
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aims to mitigate the effect of individual scientists' biases, even though the peer review process itself may be susceptible to such biases
Confirmation bias may thus be especially harmful to objective evaluations regarding nonconforming results since biased individuals may regard opposing evidence to
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Developmental psychologist Eve
Whitmore has argued that beliefs and biases involved in confirmation bias have their roots in childhood coping through make-believe, which becomes "the basis for more complex forms of self-deception and illusion into adulthood." The friction brought on by questioning as
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In light of this and other critiques, the focus of research moved away from confirmation versus falsification of an hypothesis, to examining whether people test hypotheses in an informative way, or an uninformative but positive way. The search for "true" confirmation bias led psychologists to look at
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as their standard of hypothesis-testing, rather than the falsificationism used by Wason. According to these ideas, each answer to a question yields a different amount of information, which depends on the person's prior beliefs. Thus a scientific test of a hypothesis is one that is expected to produce
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test (a college admissions test used in the United States) to assess their intelligence levels. They then read information regarding safety concerns for vehicles, and the experimenters manipulated the national origin of the car. American participants provided their opinion if the car should be banned
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The preference for positive tests in itself is not a bias, since positive tests can be highly informative. However, in combination with other effects, this strategy can confirm existing beliefs or assumptions, independently of whether they are true. In real-world situations, evidence is often complex
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A less abstract study was the
Stanford biased interpretation experiment, in which participants with strong opinions about the death penalty read about mixed experimental evidence. Twenty-three percent of the participants reported that their views had become more extreme, and this self-reported shift
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is the drive to seek positive feedback. Both are served by confirmation biases. In experiments where people are given feedback that conflicts with their self-image, they are less likely to attend to it or remember it than when given self-verifying feedback. They reduce the impact of such information
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Nickerson argues that reasoning in judicial and political contexts is sometimes subconsciously biased, favoring conclusions that judges, juries or governments have already committed to. Since the evidence in a jury trial can be complex, and jurors often reach decisions about the verdict early on, it
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However, assuming that the research question is relevant, the experimental design adequate and the data are clearly and comprehensively described, the empirical data obtained should be important to the scientific community and should not be viewed prejudicially, regardless of whether they conform to
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seeks to justify a specific point of view. Lerner and
Tetlock say that when people expect to justify their position to others whose views they already know, they will tend to adopt a similar position to those people, and then use confirmatory thought to bolster their own credibility. However, if the
492:
Untruth naturally afflicts historical information. There are various reasons that make this unavoidable. One of them is partisanship for opinions and schools. ... if the soul is infected with partisanship for a particular opinion or sect, it accepts without a moment's hesitation the information that
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In one study, participants read a profile of a woman which described a mix of introverted and extroverted behaviors. They later had to recall examples of her introversion and extroversion. One group was told this was to assess the woman for a job as a librarian, while a second group were told it was
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Biased interpretation is not restricted to emotionally significant topics. In another experiment, participants were told a story about a theft. They had to rate the evidential importance of statements arguing either for or against a particular character being responsible. When they hypothesized that
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or a politically neutral public figure. They were also given further statements that made the apparent contradiction seem reasonable. From these three pieces of information, they had to decide whether each individual's statements were inconsistent. There were strong differences in these evaluations,
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personality dimension on the basis of an interview. They chose the interview questions from a given list. When the interviewee was introduced as an introvert, the participants chose questions that presumed introversion, such as, "What do you find unpleasant about noisy parties?" When the interviewee
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Even a small change in a question's wording can affect how people search through available information, and hence the conclusions they reach. This was shown using a fictional child custody case. Participants read that Parent A was moderately suitable to be the guardian in multiple ways. Parent B had
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A common finding is that at least some of the initial belief remains even after a full debriefing. In one experiment, participants had to distinguish between real and fake suicide notes. The feedback was random: some were told they had done well while others were told they had performed badly. Even
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A study has found individual differences in myside bias. This study investigates individual differences that are acquired through learning in a cultural context and are mutable. The researcher found important individual difference in argumentation. Studies have suggested that individual differences
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Another experiment gave participants a complex rule-discovery task that involved moving objects simulated by a computer. Objects on the computer screen followed specific laws, which the participants had to figure out. So, participants could "fire" objects across the screen to test their hypotheses.
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gave the interviewees little or no opportunity to falsify the hypothesis about them. A later version of the experiment gave the participants less presumptive questions to choose from, such as, "Do you shy away from social interactions?" Participants preferred to ask these more diagnostic questions,
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Experiments have shown that information is weighted more strongly when it appears early in a series, even when the order is unimportant. For example, people form a more positive impression of someone described as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, envious" than when they are
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affects hiring decisions and can potentially prohibit a diverse and inclusive workplace. There are a variety of unconscious biases that affects recruitment decisions but confirmation bias is one of the major ones, especially during the interview stage. The interviewer will often select a candidate
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and Akiva
Liberman's refinement of this theory assumes that people compare the two different kinds of error: accepting a false hypothesis or rejecting a true hypothesis. For instance, someone who underestimates a friend's honesty might treat him or her suspiciously and so undermine the friendship.
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The actual rule was simply "any ascending sequence", but participants had great difficulty in finding it, often announcing rules that were far more specific, such as "the middle number is the average of the first and last". The participants seemed to test only positive examplesâtriples that obeyed
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Myside bias was once believed to be correlated with intelligence; however, studies have shown that myside bias can be more influenced by ability to rationally think as opposed to level of intelligence. Myside bias can cause an inability to effectively and logically evaluate the opposite side of an
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Myside bias has been shown to influence the accuracy of memory recall. In an experiment, widows and widowers rated the intensity of their experienced grief six months and five years after the deaths of their spouses. Participants noted a higher experience of grief at six months rather than at five
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had been acquitted of murder charges. They described their emotional reactions and confidence regarding the verdict one week, two months, and one year after the trial. Results indicated that participants' assessments for
Simpson's guilt changed over time. The more that participants' opinion of the
160:
Some psychologists restrict the term "confirmation bias" to selective collection of evidence that supports what one already believes while ignoring or rejecting evidence that supports a different conclusion. Others apply the term more broadly to the tendency to preserve one's existing beliefs when
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When people with opposing views interpret new information in a biased way, their views can move even further apart. This is called "attitude polarization". The effect was demonstrated by an experiment that involved drawing a series of red and black balls from one of two concealed "bingo baskets".
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This effect is a kind of biased interpretation, in that objectively neutral or unfavorable evidence is interpreted to support existing beliefs. It is also related to biases in hypothesis-testing behavior. In judging whether two events, such as illness and bad weather, are correlated, people rely
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Another experiment involved a slide show of a single object, seen as just a blur at first and in slightly better focus with each succeeding slide. After each slide, participants had to state their best guess of what the object was. Participants whose early guesses were wrong persisted with those
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One demonstration of irrational primacy used colored chips supposedly drawn from two urns. Participants were told the color distributions of the urns, and had to estimate the probability of a chip being drawn from one of them. In fact, the colors appeared in a prearranged order. The first thirty
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and Jason
Reifler in 2010. However, subsequent research has since failed to replicate findings supporting the backfire effect. One study conducted out of the Ohio State University and George Washington University studied 10,100 participants with 52 different issues expected to trigger a backfire
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found that, on the whole, their predictions were not much better than chance. Tetlock divided experts into "foxes" who maintained multiple hypotheses, and "hedgehogs" who were more dogmatic. In general, the hedgehogs were much less accurate. Tetlock blamed their failure on confirmation bias, and
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Confirmation bias can be a factor in creating or extending conflicts, from emotionally charged debates to wars: by interpreting the evidence in their favor, each opposing party can become overconfident that it is in the stronger position. On the other hand, confirmation bias can result in people
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In combating the spread of fake news, social media sites have considered turning toward "digital nudging". This can currently be done in two different forms of nudging. This includes nudging of information and nudging of presentation. Nudging of information entails social media sites providing a
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hypothesis by examining cases where they expect a property or event to occur. This heuristic avoids the difficult or impossible task of working out how diagnostic each possible question will be. However, it is not universally reliable, so people can overlook challenges to their existing beliefs.
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The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion ... draws all things else to support and agree with it. And though there be a greater number and weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet these it either neglects or despises, or else by some distinction sets aside or
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People may remember evidence selectively to reinforce their expectations, even if they gather and interpret evidence in a neutral manner. This effect is called "selective recall", "confirmatory memory", or "access-biased memory". Psychological theories differ in their predictions about selective
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with and without the death penalty, and a comparison of murder rates in a state before and after the introduction of the death penalty. After reading a quick description of each study, the participants were asked whether their opinions had changed. Then, they read a more detailed account of each
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test. This fictional data was arranged to show either a negative or positive association: some participants were told that a risk-taking firefighter did better, while others were told they did less well than a risk-averse colleague. Even if these two case studies were true, they would have been
960:
Cognitive biases are important variables in clinical decision-making by medical general practitioners (GPs) and medical specialists. Two important ones are confirmation bias and the overlapping availability bias. A GP may make a diagnosis early on during an examination, and then seek confirming
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In Peter Wason's initial experiment published in 1960 (which does not mention the term "confirmation bias"), he repeatedly challenged participants to identify a rule applying to triples of numbers. They were told that (2,4,6) fits the rule. They generated triples, and the experimenter told them
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I know that most menânot only those considered clever, but even those who are very clever, and capable of understanding most difficult scientific, mathematical, or philosophic problemsâcan very seldom discern even the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as to oblige them to admit the
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of myside bias; however, that those participants, who believe that a good argument is one that is based on facts, are more likely to exhibit myside bias than other participants. This evidence is consistent with the claims proposed in Baron's articleâthat people's opinions about what makes good
408:
A study by
Christopher Wolfe and Anne Britt also investigated how participants' views of "what makes a good argument?" can be a source of myside bias that influences the way a person formulates their own arguments. The study investigated individual differences of argumentation schema and asked
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predicts that information matching prior expectations will be more easily stored and recalled than information that does not match. Some alternative approaches say that surprising information stands out and so is memorable. Predictions from both these theories have been confirmed in different
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The participants, whether supporters or opponents, reported shifting their attitudes slightly in the direction of the first study they read. Once they read the more detailed descriptions of the two studies, they almost all returned to their original belief regardless of the evidence provided,
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that is, how readily a particular idea comes to mind. It is also possible that people can only focus on one thought at a time, so find it difficult to test alternative hypotheses in parallel. Another heuristic is the positive test strategy identified by Klayman and Ha, in which people test a
558:
The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before
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Beliefs can survive potent logical or empirical challenges. They can survive and even be bolstered by evidence that most uncommitted observers would agree logically demands some weakening of such beliefs. They can even survive the total destruction of their original evidential bases.
235:. Selective exposure occurs when individuals search for information that is consistent, rather than inconsistent, with their personal beliefs. An experiment examined the extent to which individuals could refute arguments that contradicted their personal beliefs. People with high
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effect. While the findings did conclude that individuals are reluctant to embrace facts that contradict their already held ideology, no cases of backfire were detected. The backfire effect has since been noted to be a rare phenomenon rather than a common occurrence (compare the
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Klayman and Ha's 1987 paper argues that the Wason experiments do not actually demonstrate a bias towards confirmation, but instead a tendency to make tests consistent with the working hypothesis. They called this the "positive test strategy". This strategy is an example of a
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in the 1960s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs. Later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives. Explanations for the observed biases include
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Charles Taber and Milton Lodge argued that the Stanford team's result had been hard to replicate because the arguments used in later experiments were too abstract or confusing to evoke an emotional response. The Taber and Lodge study used the emotionally charged topics of
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readings is that listeners apply a confirmation bias which fits the psychic's statements to their own lives. By making a large number of ambiguous statements in each sitting, the psychic gives the client more opportunities to find a match. This is one of the techniques of
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disclaimer or label questioning or warning users of the validity of the source while nudging of presentation includes exposing users to new information which they may not have sought out but could introduce them to viewpoints that may combat their own confirmation biases.
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Illusory correlation is the tendency to see non-existent correlations in a set of data. This tendency was first demonstrated in a series of experiments in the late 1960s. In one experiment, participants read a set of psychiatric case studies, including responses to the
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their hypothesized rule. For example, if they thought the rule was, "Each number is two greater than its predecessor," they would offer a triple that fitted (confirmed) this rule, such as (11,13,15) rather than a triple that violated (falsified) it, such as (11,12,19).
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centers of their brains were aroused. This did not happen with the statements by the other figures. The experimenters inferred that the different responses to the statements were not due to passive reasoning errors. Instead, the participants were actively reducing the
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Pearson, George David Hooke, and Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick. âIs the Confirmation Bias Bubble Larger Online? Pre-Election Confirmation Bias in Selective Exposure to Online versus Print Political Information.â Mass Communication & Society 22, no. 4 (2019): 466â86.
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Another study recorded the symptoms experienced by arthritic patients, along with weather conditions over a 15-month period. Nearly all the patients reported that their pains were correlated with weather conditions, although the real correlation was zero.
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or values. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for
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in which the earlier items in a series leave a stronger memory trace. Biased interpretation offers an explanation for this effect: seeing the initial evidence, people form a working hypothesis that affects how they interpret the rest of the information.
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Confirmation biases provide one plausible explanation for the persistence of beliefs when the initial evidence for them is removed or when they have been sharply contradicted. This belief perseverance effect has been first demonstrated experimentally by
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Meppelink, Corine S., Edith G. Smit, Marieke L. Fransen, and Nicola Diviani. ââI Was Right about Vaccinationâ: Confirmation Bias and Health Literacy in Online Health Information Seeking.â Journal of Health Communication 24, no. 2 (2019): 129â40.
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Similar studies have demonstrated how people engage in a biased search for information, but also that this phenomenon may be limited by a preference for genuine diagnostic tests. In an initial experiment, participants rated another person on the
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be weak in principle and give little serious thought to revising their beliefs. Scientific innovators often meet with resistance from the scientific community, and research presenting controversial results frequently receives harsh peer review.
968:. If a patient recovered, medical authorities counted the treatment as successful, rather than looking for alternative explanations such as that the disease had run its natural course. Biased assimilation is a factor in the modern appeal of
1203:. Even when instructed to be even-handed, participants were more likely to read arguments that supported their existing attitudes than arguments that did not. This biased search for information correlated well with the polarization effect.
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to ask, "Do you feel awkward in social situations?" rather than, "Do you like noisy parties?" The connection between confirmation bias and social skills was corroborated by a study of how college students get to know other people. Highly
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Westen, Drew; Blagov, Pavel S.; Harenski, Keith; Kilts, Clint; Hamann, Stephan (2006), "Neural bases of motivated reasoning: An fMRI study of emotional constraints on partisan political judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential election",
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draws favored one urn and the next thirty favored the other. The series as a whole was neutral, so rationally, the two urns were equally likely. However, after sixty draws, participants favored the urn suggested by the initial thirty.
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and the limited human capacity to process information. Another proposal is that people show confirmation bias because they are pragmatically assessing the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, scientific way.
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such as deductive reasoning ability, ability to overcome belief bias, epistemological understanding, and thinking disposition are significant predictors of the reasoning and generating arguments, counterarguments, and rebuttals.
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current theoretical predictions. In practice, researchers may misunderstand, misinterpret, or not read at all studies that contradict their preconceptions, or wrongly cite them anyway as if they actually supported their claims.
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with their current level of grief. Individuals appear to utilize their current emotional states to analyze how they must have felt when experiencing past events. Emotional memories are reconstructed by current emotional states.
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1145:
and many ways to combine or manipulate them. Hence it is almost inevitable that people who look at these numbers selectively will find superficially impressive correspondences, for example with the dimensions of the Earth.
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is the tendency for misinformation to continue to influence memory and reasoning about an event, despite the misinformation having been retracted or corrected. This occurs even when the individual believes the correction.
4324:
Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research on parapsychology ... Arguably, there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they find ways to
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is a desirable feature of attitudes, an excessive drive for consistency is another potential source of bias because it may prevent people from neutrally evaluating new, surprising information. Social psychologist
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after being fully debriefed, participants were still influenced by the feedback. They still thought they were better or worse than average at that kind of task, depending on what they had initially been told.
905:
An experimenter's confirmation bias can potentially affect which data are reported. Data that conflict with the experimenter's expectations may be more readily discarded as unreliable, producing the so-called
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a cult whose members were convinced that the world would end on 21 December 1954. After the prediction failed, most believers still clung to their faith. Their book describing this research is aptly named
839:âclaiming that this "algorithmic editing" removes diverse viewpoints and informationâand that unless filter bubble algorithms are removed, voters will be unable to make fully informed political decisions.
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5621:
Miller, A.G.; McHoskey, J.W.; Bane, C.M.; Dowd, T.G. (1993), "The attitude polarization phenomenon: Role of response measure, attitude extremity, and behavioral consequences of reported attitude change",
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Hergovich, Andreas; Schott, Reinhard; Burger, Christoph (2010), "Biased evaluation of abstracts depending on topic and conclusion: Further evidence of a confirmation bias within scientific psychology",
582:
Wason interpreted his results as showing a preference for confirmation over falsification, hence he coined the term "confirmation bias". Wason also used confirmation bias to explain the results of his
1065:
In police investigations, a detective may identify a suspect early in an investigation, but then sometimes largely seek supporting or confirming evidence, ignoring or downplaying falsifying evidence.
412:
Overall, the results revealed that the balanced-research instructions significantly increased the incidence of opposing information in arguments. These data also reveal that personal belief is not a
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in testing hypotheses, but try to avoid the most costly errors. For example, employers might ask one-sided questions in job interviews because they are focused on weeding out unsuitable candidates.
277:
conducted an experiment involving participants who felt strongly about capital punishment, with half in favor and half against it. Each participant read descriptions of two studies: a comparison of
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study's procedure and had to rate whether the research was well-conducted and convincing. In fact, the studies were fictional. Half the participants were told that one kind of study supported the
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Albarracin, D.; Mitchell, A.L. (2004), "The role of defensive confidence in preference for proattitudinal information: How believing that one is strong can sometimes be a defensive weakness",
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Hart, William; Albarracin, D.; Eagly, A. H.; Brechan, I.; Lindberg, M. J.; Merrill, L. (2009), "Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information",
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years. Yet, when the participants were asked after five years how they had felt six months after the death of their significant other, the intensity of grief participants recalled was highly
4493:
Emerson, G.B.; Warme, W.J.; Wolf, F.M.; Heckman, J.D.; Brand, R.A.; Leopold, S.S. (2010), "Testing for the presence of positive-outcome bias in peer review: A randomized controlled trial",
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1022:
is reasonable to expect an attitude polarization effect. The prediction that jurors will become more extreme in their views as they see more evidence has been borne out in experiments with
3017:
Weinstock, Michael; Neuman, Yair; Tabak, Iris (2004), "Missing the point or missing the norms? Epistemological norms as predictors of students' ability to identify fallacious arguments",
228:
showing only a weak bias towards positive tests. This pattern, of a main preference for diagnostic tests and a weaker preference for positive tests, has been replicated in other studies.
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114:
in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. For example, confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on
544:
falsity of conclusions they have formed, perhaps with much difficultyâconclusions of which they are proud, which they have taught to others, and on which they have built their lives.
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2566:
Hastie, Reid; Park, Bernadette (2005), "The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line", in Hamilton, David L. (ed.),
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and involved participants who reported having strong feelings about the candidates. They were shown apparently contradictory pairs of statements, either from Republican candidate
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experiment. Participants repeatedly performed badly on various forms of this test, in most cases ignoring information that could potentially refute (falsify) the specified rule.
8342:
2615:
Stangor, Charles; McMillan, David (1992), "Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures",
814:
an adolescent with developing critical thinking can lead to the rationalization of false beliefs, and the habit of such rationalization can become unconscious over the years.
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Fischer, P.; Fischer, Julia K.; Aydin, NilĂŒfer; Frey, Dieter (2010), "Physically attractive social information sources lead to increased selective exposure to information",
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searching for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory. Confirmation bias is a result of automatic, unintentional strategies rather than deliberate deception.
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is agreeable to it. Prejudice and partisanship obscure the critical faculty and preclude critical investigation. The result is that falsehoods are accepted and transmitted.
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464:; "... for it is a habit of mankind to entrust to careless hope what they long for, and to use sovereign reason to thrust aside what they do not fancy". Italian poet
231:
Personality traits influence and interact with biased search processes. Individuals vary in their abilities to defend their attitudes from external attacks in relation to
5937:
Ross, Lee; Lepper, Mark R.; Hubbard, Michael (1975), "Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm",
5273:
White, Michael J.; Brockett, Daniel R.; Overstreet, Belinda G. (1993), "Confirmatory bias in evaluating personality test information: Am I really that kind of person?",
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Lord, Charles G.; Ross, Lee; Lepper, Mark R. (1979), "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence",
8756:
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Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Tversky, Amos, eds. (1982), "Shortcomings in the attribution process: On the origins and maintenance of erroneous social assessments",
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compared the transcript of a reading to the client's report of what the psychic had said, and found that the client showed a strong selective recall of the "hits".
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1141:: the practice of finding meaning in the proportions of the Egyptian pyramids. There are many different length measurements that can be made of, for example, the
6487:
Lewicka, Maria (1998), "Confirmation bias: Cognitive error or adaptive strategy of action control?", in Kofta, MirosĆaw; Weary, Gifford; Sedek, Grzegorz (eds.),
5989:
Anderson, Craig A.; Lepper, Mark R.; Ross, Lee (1980), "Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information",
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478:
cautions Dante upon meeting in Paradise, "opinionâhastyâoften can incline to the wrong side, and then affection for one's own opinion binds, confines the mind".
6308:
Friedrich, James (1993), "Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: a reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena",
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619:
If the true rule (T) encompasses the current hypothesis (H), then positive tests (examining an H to see if it is T) will not show that the hypothesis is false.
270:
Confirmation biases are not limited to the collection of evidence. Even if two individuals have the same information, the way they interpret it can be biased.
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The CIE refers to the tendency for information that is initially presented as true, but later revealed to be false, to continue to affect memory and reasoning
898:
Further, confirmation biases can sustain scientific theories or research programs in the face of inadequate or even contradictory evidence. The discipline of
8528:
1214:
is a name for the finding that given evidence against their beliefs, people can reject the evidence and believe even more strongly. The phrase was coined by
507:(1561â1626) noted that biased assessment of evidence drove "all superstitions, whether in astrology, dreams, omens, divine judgments or the like". He wrote:
8478:
5150:
Swann, William B.; Pelham, Brett W.; Krull, Douglas S. (1989), "Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification",
1512:, a professor and researcher at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, coined the term "myside bias" referring to a preference for "my" side of an issue.
5806:
2991:
Weinstock, Michael (2009), "Relative expertise in an everyday reasoning task: Epistemic understanding, problem representation, and reasoning competence",
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Mynatt, Clifford R.; Doherty, Michael E.; Tweney, Ryan D. (1978), "Consequences of confirmation and disconfirmation in a simulated research environment",
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Mason, Lucia; Scirica, Fabio (October 2006), "Prediction of students' argumentation skills about controversial topics by epistemological understanding",
1283:, however, was coined in a series of experiments using what is called the "debriefing paradigm": participants read fake evidence for a hypothesis, their
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by interpreting it as unreliable. Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.
8306:
4441:(July 2006), "The political brain: A recent brain-imaging study shows that our political predilections are a product of unconscious confirmation bias",
57:
Biased search for information, biased interpretation of this information, and biased memory recall, have been invoked to explain four specific effects:
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Shadish, William R. (2007), "Critical thinking in quasi-experimentation", in Sternberg, Robert J.; Roediger III, Henry L.; Halpern, Diane F. (eds.),
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Trope, Y.; Liberman, A. (1996), "Social hypothesis testing: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms", in Higgins, E. Tory; Kruglanski, Arie W. (eds.),
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is measured, then the fakery is exposed in detail. Their attitudes are then measured once more to see if their belief returns to its previous level.
110:
due to confirmation bias have been found in a wide range of political, organizational, financial and scientific contexts. These biases contribute to
736:
combines the cognitive and motivational theories, arguing that motivation creates the bias, but cognitive factors determine the size of the effect.
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8726:
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Ditto, Peter H.; Lopez, David F. (1992), "Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions",
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Pang, Dominic; Bleetman, Anthony; Bleetman, David; Wynne, Max (2 June 2017), "The foreign body that never was: the effects of confirmation bias",
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Experiments have found repeatedly that people tend to test hypotheses in a one-sided way, by searching for evidence consistent with their current
138:, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed.
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8336:
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4145:
Mitroff, I. I. (1974), "Norms and counter-norms in a select group of the Apollo moon scientists: A case study of the ambivalence of scientists",
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Safer, M.A.; Bonanno, G.A.; Field, N. (2001), "It was never that bad: Biased recall of grief and long-term adjustment to the death of a spouse",
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10136:
8396:
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Risen, Jane; Gilovich, Thomas (2007), "Informal logical fallacies", in Sternberg, Robert J.; Roediger III, Henry L.; Halpern, Diane F. (eds.),
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observed that "An adopted hypothesis gives us lynx-eyes for everything that confirms it and makes us blind to everything that contradicts it."
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10996:
10004:
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8714:
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4300:(2007), "Critical thinking in psychology: It really is critical", in Sternberg, Robert J.; Roediger III, Henry L.; Halpern, Diane F. (eds.),
1967:
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Cognitive explanations for confirmation bias are based on limitations in people's ability to handle complex tasks, and the shortcuts, called
440:
Before psychological research on confirmation bias, the phenomenon had been observed throughout history. Beginning with the Greek historian
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5121:
O'Brien, B. (2009), "Prime suspect: An examination of factors that aggravate and counteract confirmation bias in criminal investigations",
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Raymond Nickerson, a psychologist, blames confirmation bias for the ineffective medical procedures that were used for centuries before the
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was described as extroverted, almost all the questions presumed extroversion, such as, "What would you do to liven up a dull party?" These
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Levine, L.; Prohaska, V.; Burgess, S.L.; Rice, J.A.; Laulhere, T.M. (2001), "Remembering past emotions: The role of current appraisals",
1840:
Devine, Patricia G.; Hirt, Edward R.; Gehrke, Elizabeth M. (1990), "Diagnostic and confirmation strategies in trait hypothesis testing",
126:, or "algorithmic editing", which display to individuals only information they are likely to agree with, while excluding opposing views.
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1993:
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JĂŒni, P.; Altman, D.G.; Egger, M. (2001), "Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials",
239:
levels more readily seek out contradictory information to their personal position to form an argument. This can take the form of an
8186:
7990:
4621:
Hilton, Denis J. (2001), "The psychology of financial decision-making: Applications to trading, dealing, and investment analysis",
325:(MRI) scanner which monitored their brain activity. As participants evaluated contradictory statements by their favored candidate,
294:
1130:, with which a psychic can deliver a subjectively impressive reading without any prior information about the client. Investigator
748:
assume that people do not just test hypotheses in a disinterested way, but assess the costs of different errors. Using ideas from
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Confirmation bias can lead investors to be overconfident, ignoring evidence that their strategies will lose money. In studies of
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Changes in emotional states can also influence memory recall. Participants rated how they felt when they had first learned that
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Kendrick, Douglas T.; Cohen, Adam B.; Neuberg, Steven L.; Cialdini, Robert B. (2020), "The science of anti-science thinking",
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Mahoney, Michael J. (1977), "Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system",
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neutrally considers multiple points of view and tries to anticipate all possible objections to a particular position, while
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Media Echo Chambers: Selective Exposure and Confirmation Bias in Media Use, and its Consequences for Political Polarization
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Bartlett, Steven James, "The psychology of abuse in publishing: Peer review and editorial bias," Chap. 7, pp. 147â177, in
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Darley, John M.; Gross, Paget H. (2000), "A hypothesis-confirming bias in labelling effects", in Stangor, Charles (ed.),
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Biases in belief interpretation are persistent, regardless of intelligence level. Participants in an experiment took the
45:) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior
5666:
778:, asked more matching questions when interviewing a high-status staff member than when getting to know fellow students.
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9999:
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688:, most biased evidence processing occurs through a combination of "cold" (cognitive) and "hot" (motivated) mechanisms.
257:
Smart people believe weird things because they are skilled at defending beliefs they arrived at for non-smart reasons.
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8693:
3967:
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Russell, Dan; Jones, Warren H. (1980), "When superstition fails: Reactions to disconfirmation of paranormal beliefs",
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Social psychologists have identified two tendencies in the way people seek or interpret information about themselves.
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in the early 1960s and has become a popular approach. According to Beck, biased information processing is a factor in
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17:
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Quote: Both adversarial and inquisitorial systems seem subject to the dangers of tunnel vision or confirmation bias.
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Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: a transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment
4726:
Croskerry, Pat (2002), "Achieving quality in clinical decision making: Cognitive strategies and detection of bias",
2542:
Gadenne, V.; Oswald, M. (1986), "Entstehung und VerÀnderung von BestÀtigungstendenzen beim Testen von Hypothesen ",
994:. His approach teaches people to treat evidence impartially, rather than selectively reinforcing negative outlooks.
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When prophecy fails: A social and psychological study of a modern group that predicted the destruction of the world
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guesses, even when the picture was sufficiently in focus that the object was readily recognizable to other people.
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character's guilt, they rated statements supporting that hypothesis as more important than conflicting statements.
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Mahoney, Michael J.; DeMonbreun, B.G. (1977), "Psychology of the scientist: An analysis of problem-solving bias",
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Wood, Thomas; Porter, Ethan (2019), "The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes' steadfast factual adherence",
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Swann, William B.; Read, Stephen J. (1981), "Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions",
3882:
American Psychological Association (2018), "Why we're susceptible to fake news â and how to defend against it",
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Trope, Yaacov; Bassok, Miriam (1982), "Confirmatory and diagnosing strategies in social information gathering",
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715:. It is known that people prefer positive thoughts over negative ones in a number of ways: this is called the "
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Normality does not equal mental health: The need to look elsewhere for standards of good psychological health
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Taber, Charles S.; Lodge, Milton (July 2006), "Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs",
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with participants much more likely to interpret statements from the candidate they opposed as contradictory.
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66:(when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence)
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Koehler, Jonathan J. (1993), "The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality",
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Swann, William B.; Read, Stephen J. (1981), "Acquiring self-knowledge: The search for feedback that fits",
1763:
5720:
Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J. (2010). 'When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions".
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Behavioral finance and wealth management: how to build optimal portfolios that account for investor biases
1991:
Kunda, Ziva; Fong, G.T.; Sanitoso, R.; Reber, E. (1993), "Directional questions direct self-conceptions",
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specifically on their inability to make use of new information that contradicted their existing theories.
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Shrauger, J. Sidney; Lund, Adrian K. (1975), "Self-evaluation and reactions to evaluations from others",
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Sanitioso, Rasyid; Kunda, Ziva; Fong, G.T. (1990), "Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories",
2644:
Snyder, M.; Cantor, N. (1979), "Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge",
915:
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Shafir, E. (1993), "Choosing versus rejecting: why some options are both better and worse than others",
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Kuhn, Deanna; Lao, Joseph (March 1996), "Effects of evidence on attitudes: Is polarization the norm?",
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sense that two events are correlated because it is easier to recall times when they happened together.
1307:
1038:
ignoring or misinterpreting the signs of an imminent or incipient conflict. For example, psychologists
322:
314:
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6156:
Redelmeir, D.A.; Tversky, Amos (1996), "On the belief that arthritis pain is related to the weather",
6035:"Misinformation and public opinion of science and health: Approaches, findings, and future directions"
3596:; Regan, Dennis T. (October 2002), "Motivated reasoning and performance on the Wason Selection Task",
2250:
Stanovich, K.E.; West, R.F.; Toplak, M.E. (2013), "Myside bias, rational thinking, and intelligence",
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Story, Amber L. (1998), "Self-esteem and memory for favorable and unfavorable personality feedback",
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the current hypothesis (H), then either a negative test or a positive test can potentially falsify H.
232:
157:, in which a person's expectations influence their own behavior, bringing about the expected result.
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As a striking illustration of confirmation bias in the real world, Nickerson mentions numerological
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When your deepest convictions are challenged by contradictory evidence, your beliefs get stronger.
4838:
Atwood, Kimball (2004), "Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth",
3444:
Tweney, Ryan D.; Doherty, Michael E. (1980), "Strategies of rule discovery in an inference task",
2076:
Snyder, Mark; Swann, William B. Jr. (1978), "Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction",
1916:
765:. This suggests that when talking to someone who seems to be an introvert, it is a sign of better
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that confirms their own beliefs, even though other candidates are equally or better qualified.
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effect and the other undermined it, while for other participants the conclusions were swapped.
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Dancing with absurdity: Your most cherished beliefs (and all your others) are probably wrong
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The secret language of money: How to make smarter financial decisions and live a richer life
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Ross, Lee; Anderson, Craig A. (1974), "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases",
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910:. To combat this tendency, scientific training teaches ways to prevent bias. For example,
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Cognitive illusions: A handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory
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Cognitive illusions: A handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory
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4226:
697:, that they use. For example, people may judge the reliability of evidence by using the
11131:
11126:
10991:
10734:
10712:
10707:
10625:
10620:
10576:
10346:
10187:
9568:
9074:
7937:
7413:
7398:
7158:
7148:
7131:
6793:
6766:
Wason, Peter C. (1960), "On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task",
6614:
6583:
6391:
6077:
6034:
5867:
5639:
5592:
5588:
5368:
5256:
4854:
4646:
4386:
4269:"The trouble with scientists: How one psychologist is tackling human biases in science"
4245:
4210:
4162:
4128:
4089:
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4028:
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3613:
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2188:
2149:
1959:
1590:
1242:
1192:
1031:
973:
888:
867:
643:
When the working hypothesis (H) includes the true rule (T) then positive tests are the
604:
475:
9809:
9516:
5476:
Pseudoscience and extraordinary claims of the paranormal: A critical thinker's toolkit
4464:
3032:
10911:
10871:
10648:
10630:
10518:
9890:
9860:
9438:
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9227:
8959:
7690:
7526:
7463:
7448:
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7000:
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6867:
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6693:
6677:
6667:
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6540:
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6466:
6423:
6413:
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6395:
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6325:
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6264:
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6193:
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6082:
6064:
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5883:
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5781:
5596:
5521:
5511:
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5479:
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5292:
5260:
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5214:
5210:
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5167:
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5044:
5018:
5008:
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4923:
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4315:
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4032:
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3829:
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3695:
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3391:
3381:
3349:
3339:
3304:
3296:
2845:
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2712:
2704:
2657:
2581:
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2517:
2457:
2453:
2371:
2308:
2212:
2206:
2192:
2154:
2054:
2010:
1951:
1891:
1857:
1686:
1676:
1595:
1489:
1440:
1426:
1075:
1058:
1047:
1039:
991:
983:
919:
7744:
6797:
5643:
5428:
The European witch-craze of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and other essays
4549:(1990), "The philosophical basis of peer review and the suppression of innovation",
2937:
2800:
2755:
2271:
1963:
317:
allowed researchers to examine how the human brain deals with dissonant information.
10933:
10829:
10819:
10591:
10508:
10361:
9979:
9840:
9764:
9501:
9496:
9287:
9270:
9250:
9145:
8895:
7930:
7866:
7757:
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7393:
7318:
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7025:
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7005:
6777:
6618:
6606:
6587:
6575:
6536:
6532:
6443:
6409:
6383:
6317:
6183:
6173:
6072:
6054:
6008:
5946:
5851:
5773:
5631:
5584:
5364:
5328:
5284:
5240:
5206:
5159:
5130:
4981:
4849:
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4735:
4630:
4560:
4508:
4504:
4460:
4421:
4409:
4381:
4373:
4297:
4240:
4230:
4211:"Affirmative citation bias in scientific myth debunking: A three-in-one case study"
4154:
4132:
4120:
4084:
4066:
4020:
4015:
Weinmann, Markus; Schneider, Christoph; vom Brocke, Jan (2015), "Digital nudging",
3748:
3641:
3605:
3557:
3455:
3316:
3288:
3028:
3000:
2974:
2925:
2885:
2825:
2780:
2743:
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2624:
2529:
2509:
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2449:
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2296:
2259:
2180:
2144:
2136:
2087:
2044:
2002:
1943:
1883:
1849:
1672:
1585:
1577:
1085:
907:
708:
99:
6942:â interactive number triples exercise by Rod McFarland for Simon Fraser University
5855:
5035:
Roach, Kent (2010), "Wrongful convictions: Adversarial and inquisitorial themes",
2170:
599:: a reasoning shortcut that is imperfect but easy to compute. Klayman and Ha used
10851:
10678:
10351:
10282:
10261:
10049:
10029:
9749:
9648:
9463:
8540:
8460:
8348:
7980:
7925:
7561:
7551:
7328:
7308:
7223:
7126:
7101:
7096:
7069:
7047:
6959:
5005:
Critical thinking across the curriculum: A brief edition of thought and knowledge
4699:
4438:
4235:
3593:
3219:
3208:
3185:
3174:
3004:
2513:
2367:
2184:
2091:
1295:
1284:
787:
771:
465:
263:
224:
183:
107:
8612:
6909:
6899:
6321:
5332:
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4634:
11121:
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10786:
10774:
10690:
10663:
10608:
10554:
10405:
10373:
10368:
9754:
9339:
9187:
8873:
8851:
8408:
7820:
7800:
7603:
7598:
7588:
7511:
7428:
7388:
7338:
7283:
7273:
7258:
7253:
7218:
7173:
7138:
7042:
6991:
6513:
5950:
5635:
5288:
5163:
4985:
4546:
3645:
2863:
2700:
2628:
1947:
1853:
1521:"Assimilation bias" is another term used for biased interpretation of evidence.
1454:
1262:
1200:
1002:
have also been shown to involve confirmation bias for threatening information.
899:
791:
685:
298:
89:(when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations).
6781:
6610:
6387:
4053:
Thornhill, Calum; Meeus, Quentin; Peperkamp, Jeroen; Berendt, Bettina (2019),
3752:
3459:
3292:
2929:
2889:
2784:
2300:
1887:
676:
11095:
10981:
10928:
10856:
10702:
10513:
10297:
9658:
9423:
8926:
8160:
7810:
7805:
7541:
7521:
7484:
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7443:
7423:
7403:
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7278:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7106:
7010:
6873:
6835:
6789:
6366:
6329:
6275:
6268:
6068:
6020:
5958:
5785:
5656:
5493:
5340:
5296:
5252:
5244:
5218:
5171:
4959:
4895:
4686:
4642:
4564:
4472:
4080:
4071:
3760:
3653:
3467:
3300:
2837:
2708:
2461:
2375:
2263:
2140:
2014:
1955:
1895:
1861:
1299:
1215:
1099:
987:
832:
766:
531:
504:
499:
470:
434:
372:
123:
9302:
6891:
6759:
6733:
6707:
6681:
6652:
6506:
6480:
6427:
6405:
Don't believe everything you think: The 6 basic mistakes we make in thinking
6301:
6059:
5525:
5108:
5022:
4927:
4608:
4377:
4319:
3709:
3609:
3579:
3395:
3353:
2829:
2585:
1690:
11075:
11063:
10764:
10544:
10415:
10059:
9633:
9608:
9588:
9415:
9344:
9334:
9260:
9235:
9182:
9033:
8563:
8031:
8013:
7952:
7775:
7501:
7263:
7248:
6869:
The political brain: The role of emotion in deciding the fate of the nation
6544:
6447:
6344:
6178:
6086:
5897:
5863:
4863:
4811:
4782:
4747:
4739:
4516:
4480:
4395:
4254:
4098:
3122:
2792:
2747:
2521:
2158:
2006:
1599:
1188:
1138:
1127:
1050:
showed confirmation bias when playing down the first signs of the Japanese
999:
828:
775:
757:
119:
10430:
8921:
6337:
6197:
5966:
5376:
5179:
4572:
3308:
2716:
2058:
639:
179:
10839:
10769:
10603:
10481:
10398:
9388:
9240:
8644:
8026:
7957:
7881:
7728:
7418:
7188:
7178:
7168:
7064:
6659:
5777:
4807:
4024:
2733:
1155:
1131:
1103:
926:
728:
563:
536:
479:
381:
135:
3826:
The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion
1017:
allow researchers to examine confirmation biases in a realistic setting.
842:
The rise of social media has contributed greatly to the rapid spread of
590:
Hypothesis testing (positive test strategy) explanation (Klayman and Ha)
11053:
11043:
10801:
10586:
10571:
10564:
10465:
10388:
10216:
10211:
9673:
9245:
8846:
8841:
8663:
8008:
7770:
7738:
7536:
7531:
7506:
6579:
6454:
6283:
4166:
4124:
3369:
The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture
3141:
Schopenhauer, Arthur (2011) , Carus, David; Aquila, Richard E. (eds.),
3044:
2049:
1080:
1023:
1014:
733:
484:
441:
302:
278:
236:
199:
195:
74:(when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false)
7659:
6922:
4910:
Cognitive therapy for depression & anxiety: a practitioner's guide
4425:
1010:
430:
10739:
10673:
10640:
10393:
10233:
10126:
9726:
9578:
8036:
7861:
7790:
7780:
7624:
7111:
6597:(1998), "Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises",
6462:
6012:
5134:
5037:
North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation
3148:
1917:"Confirmation, disconfirmation and information in hypothesis testing"
1581:
1469:
1449:
1043:
943:
843:
836:
335:
321:
In this experiment, the participants made their judgments while in a
6939:
4158:
3848:
Fiske, Susan T.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Lindzey, Gardner, eds. (2010),
11068:
10695:
10613:
9832:
7888:
7785:
7583:
7468:
4972:
Myers, D.G.; Lamm, H. (1976), "The group polarization phenomenon",
762:
724:
720:
3881:
11028:
10834:
10668:
8931:
8917:
8165:
7985:
7815:
6489:
Personal control in action: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms
4414:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
1122:
995:
873:
334:
induced by reading about their favored candidate's irrational or
326:
174:
81:(a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series)
51:
6845:
What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought
3211:. Translated from Russian by Constance Garnett, New York, 1894.
3016:
10182:
9096:
5544:
5093:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 125â128,
2249:
752:, James Friedrich suggests that people do not primarily aim at
712:
46:
5540:"Here is how bias can affect recruitment in your organization"
4052:
3938:"Forget fake news on Facebook â the real filter bubble is you"
625:
615:
309:
10356:
10054:
7733:
4940:
Harvey, Allison G.; Watkins, Edward; Mansell, Warren (2004),
1298:
ratings of two firefighters, along with their responses to a
774:
students, who are more sensitive to their environment and to
753:
388:
One study showed how selective memory can maintain belief in
3995:
3338:(2nd ed.), London: Pinter and Martin, pp. 95â103,
1154:
Unconscious cognitive bias (including confirmation bias) in
1098:
Confirmation bias can play a key role in the propagation of
1034:
criminal justice systems are affected by confirmation bias.
656:
a wider range of effects in how people process information.
6982:
5091:
Expert political judgment: How good is it? How can we know?
4014:
3177:. Translated from Russian by Aylmer Maude, New York, 1904.
2770:
1707:
668:
explanations of confirmation bias, plus a recent addition.
293:
Another study of biased interpretation occurred during the
134:
Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist
6946:
Brief summary of the 1979 Stanford assimilation bias study
6518:"Biases in the interpretation and use of research results"
1567:
6951:
5735:"Facts matter after all: rejecting the "backfire effect""
4760:
2544:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie
2486:
342:
4202:
3968:"Did Facebook's big study kill my filter bubble thesis?"
2126:
364:
experimental contexts, with no theory winning outright.
6280:
A Mind of its Own: how your brain distorts and deceives
5272:
4492:
4412:; Zhang, G.; Cronin, B. (2013), "Bias in peer review",
3798:
Emerging perspectives on judgment and decision research
3366:
Barkow, Jerome H.; Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John (1995),
2911:"The locus of the myside bias in written argumentation"
250:
6931:â class handout and instructor's notes by K.H. Grobman
6253:(3rd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press,
5984:
5982:
5980:
5799:"Fact-checking doesn't 'backfire,' new study suggests"
5620:
4407:
3248:
1990:
1340:
659:
564:
Hypothesis-testing (falsification) explanation (Wason)
6372:
5877:
1745:
1226:
876:
is the search for confirming or supportive evidence (
794:
distinguish two different kinds of thinking process.
178:
Confirmation bias has been described as an internal "
6436:
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
4939:
1416:
417:
thinking can influence how arguments are generated.
9130:
5977:
3847:
3796:Shanteau, James (2003), Sandra L. Schneider (ed.),
3730:Dardenne, Benoit; Leyens, Jacques-Philippe (1995),
3591:
3365:
2964:
2866:(1995), "Myside bias in thinking about abortion.",
2286:
1549:
1314:
54:charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs.
6742:Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition
5988:
5190:
5188:
4944:, Oxford University Press, pp. 172â173, 176,
4816:Trick or treatment?: Alternative medicine on trial
4706:, Melbourne: Scribe Publications, pp. 64â66,
3279:Wason, Peter C. (1968), "Reasoning about a rule",
2686:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
1162:
853:
781:
5936:
5880:Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
5443:"The constant: A history of getting things wrong"
5400:(Thesis). Department of Law, Uppsala University.
4907:
4110:
3188:released 23 March 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
1741:
1739:
11093:
6718:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 110â130,
6155:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5149:
4908:Blackburn, Ivy-Marie; Davidson, Kate M. (1995),
4878:Cognitive therapy: 100 key points and techniques
3447:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
3222:released 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
2811:
2809:
1839:
671:
169:
145:. They differ from what is sometimes called the
6158:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6039:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5302:
5185:
5145:
5143:
4363:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4177:
4175:
3795:
3692:Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles
2908:
2639:
2637:
2614:
2416:
831:, confirmation bias is amplified by the use of
707:Motivational explanations involve an effect of
353:
122:, confirmation bias is amplified by the use of
6664:The psychology of judgment and decision making
6624:
5440:
4522:
4055:"A digital nudge to counter confirmation bias"
3729:
3714:
3665:
3488:
3407:
3266:
3010:
2984:
2602:
2553:
2343:
1736:
1730:
1265:, Riecken, and Schachter. These psychologists
680:Happy events are more likely to be remembered.
10446:
8149:
7915:
7675:
6967:
6910:https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1599956
6900:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1583701
6713:
5820:
5680:
5478:, London: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 149â151,
4754:
3689:
3443:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3064:canto XIII: 118â120. Trans. Allen Mandelbaum.
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2806:
2541:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2282:
2280:
2122:
2120:
1713:
1702:
1669:Stereotypes and prejudice: essential readings
1530:Wason also used the term "verification bias".
1005:
10117:
6769:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
6625:Oswald, Margit E.; Grosjean, Stefan (2004),
6215:
6213:
6211:
6139:
6137:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
5991:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5939:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5833:
5624:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5570:
5568:
5566:
5425:
5352:
5311:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5152:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5140:
5007:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 194,
4875:
4208:
4186:
4172:
3633:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3281:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
3140:
2815:
2689:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2643:
2634:
2346:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2289:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2079:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1876:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1842:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1320:given the same words in reverse order. This
1149:
10944:Political polarization in the United States
10460:
5469:
5467:
5120:
4912:(2 ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, p. 19,
4662:
4552:Journal of the American Medical Association
4304:, Cambridge University Press, p. 292,
3725:
3723:
3119:The English philosophers from Bacon to Mill
3092:
3090:
3073:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2570:, New York: Psychology Press, p. 394,
2394:
2392:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2252:Current Directions in Psychological Science
2107:
2105:
2075:
1873:
1811:
1809:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1666:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1057:A two-decade study of political pundits by
575:whether each triple conformed to the rule.
10453:
10439:
8662:
7682:
7668:
7630:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
6974:
6960:
6032:
5763:
5233:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
4806:
4719:
4344:, Cambridge University Press, p. 49,
4335:
4333:
3908:"Ted talk: Beware online "filter bubbles""
3740:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
3629:
3598:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
3333:
3322:
2958:
2895:
2856:
2818:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2565:
2475:
2429:
2277:
2129:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2117:
1167:
972:, whose proponents are swayed by positive
10997:FacebookâCambridge Analytica data scandal
6935:Confirmation bias at You Are Not So Smart
6841:
6593:
6307:
6225:
6208:
6187:
6177:
6134:
6096:
6076:
6058:
6002:
5909:
5686:
5563:
5322:
5308:
5198:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
5194:
5058:
4990:
4971:
4853:
4725:
4663:Krueger, David; Mann, John David (2009),
4385:
4296:
4244:
4234:
4088:
4070:
3828:, London: Penguin Books, pp. 87â88,
3677:
3511:
3128:
2990:
2879:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2646:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
2503:
2443:
2357:
2236:
2148:
2048:
2030:
2028:
1994:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
1937:
1914:
1901:
1642:
1589:
395:
129:
8811:
6687:
6459:Social cognition: Making sense of people
6343:
6124:
6122:
6120:
5918:
5464:
4996:
4794:
4698:
4545:
3720:
3413:
3254:
3107:
3105:
3087:
2766:
2764:
2662:
2591:
2389:
2326:
2211:, Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg,
2204:
2102:
2096:
1806:
1787:
1764:"How to ignore the yes-man in your head"
1719:
1605:
1009:
675:
638:
624:
614:
429:
425:
308:
182:", echoing back a person's beliefs like
173:
8600:
7689:
6923:Skeptic's Dictionary: confirmation bias
6811:
6633:, Hove, UK: Psychology Press, pp.
6565:
6512:
6486:
6433:
6033:Cacciatore, Michael A. (9 April 2021),
5574:
5537:
5088:
5002:
4876:Neenan, Michael; Dryden, Windy (2004),
4584:
4437:
4339:
4330:
4209:Letrud, KĂ„re; Hernes, SigbjĂžrn (2019),
4197:
4181:
4144:
3965:
3905:
3500:
3431:
3242:
2909:Wolfe, Christopher; Anne Britt (2008),
2404:
1915:Klayman, Joshua; Ha, Young-Won (1987),
1079:is the drive to reinforce the existing
14:
11094:
6865:
5538:Agarwal, Dr Pragva (19 October 2018),
4837:
4620:
3918:from the original on 22 September 2017
3547:
3260:
2722:
2034:
2025:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1042:and Thomas Kida have each argued that
955:
11039:Psychological effects of Internet use
10434:
10323:
10166:
9542:
9129:
8948:
8810:
8661:
8599:
8148:
8059:
7914:
7710:
7663:
6955:
6765:
6744:, New York: Oxford University Press,
6658:
6453:
6248:
6231:
6219:
6202:
6143:
6117:
6111:
5971:
5924:
5757:
5608:
5505:
5473:
5453:from the original on 20 February 2020
5407:from the original on 20 February 2020
5388:
5230:
5064:
5034:
3978:from the original on 11 November 2017
3948:from the original on 11 November 2017
3901:
3899:
3823:
3778:from the original on 9 September 2020
3732:"Confirmation bias as a social skill"
3535:
3523:
3419:
3278:
3231:
3116:
3102:
3096:
2862:
2761:
2674:
2432:American Journal of Political Science
2398:
2111:
1815:
1800:
1776:from the original on 14 February 2015
1761:
1654:
1555:
1197:National Rifle Association of America
1116:
817:
6739:
6401:
6274:
6128:
5809:from the original on 24 October 2018
5745:from the original on 23 October 2018
5669:from the original on 6 February 2017
5441:Chrisler, Mark (24 September 2019),
5076:
4818:, London: Bantam, pp. 287â288,
4763:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
4266:
3935:
2850:
2410:
2320:
2063:
2019:
1827:
1696:
1294:In another study, participants read
1121:One factor in the appeal of alleged
1106:are frequently cited as an example.
1068:
922:) aims to minimize sources of bias.
519:The World as Will and Representation
503:, English philosopher and scientist
458:), who wrote of misguided reason in
251:Biased interpretation of information
11014:Digital media use and mental health
9317:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
7971:
5510:, London: Boxtree, pp. 58â62,
5398:Confirmation bias in criminal cases
4536:. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011.
3875:
3020:Contemporary Educational Psychology
2993:Learning and Individual Differences
2173:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
1973:from the original on 1 October 2011
1750:
1746:Hergovich, Schott & Burger 2010
1561:
1341:Illusory association between events
1111:Seattle windshield pitting epidemic
660:Information processing explanations
141:Confirmation biases are effects in
24:
10085:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax
6805:
6554:from the original on 9 August 2017
5699:from the original on 25 April 2012
5589:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00340.x
5369:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00574.x
5123:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
3896:
3191:
3156:
3144:The World as Will and Presentation
2979:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.09.007
1227:Persistence of discredited beliefs
880:) as well as falsifying evidence (
27:Bias confirming existing attitudes
25:
11163:
11019:Effects of violence in mass media
10723:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
9717:Western-backed Iranian Revolution
9449:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
6940:Confirmation bias learning object
6916:
5687:Silverman, Craig (17 June 2011),
5552:from the original on 31 July 2019
5508:James Randi: Psychic investigator
4465:10.1038/scientificamerican0706-36
3851:The handbook of social psychology
2947:from the original on 4 March 2016
2491:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
2225:from the original on 6 April 2023
1762:Zweig, Jason (19 November 2009),
1093:
10992:2021 Facebook company files leak
10718:Mobile phones and driving safety
9176:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw
9113:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
8479:South African Airways Flight 295
6929:Teaching about confirmation bias
6149:
6026:
5930:
5903:
5791:
5727:
5714:
5649:
5614:
5602:
5531:
5499:
5434:
5419:
5382:
5346:
5276:Journal of Counseling Psychology
5266:
5224:
5114:
5082:
5070:
5028:
4965:
4933:
4901:
4880:, Psychology Press, p. ix,
4869:
4831:
4800:
4788:
4692:
4656:
4614:
4578:
4539:
4486:
4431:
4401:
3199:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2454:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
1433:
1419:
1315:Preference for early information
551:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
10964:2020 U.S. presidential election
10959:2016 U.S. presidential election
9760:Petrograd Military Organization
9283:International Jewish conspiracy
9131:Race, religion and/or ethnicity
8793:Denial of the 7 October attacks
8618:California drought manipulation
6716:Critical thinking in psychology
4357:
4342:Critical Thinking in Psychology
4302:Critical thinking in psychology
4290:
4260:
4138:
4104:
4046:
4008:
4004:(4, Fall, Special Issue): 84â89
3989:
3959:
3936:Self, Will (28 November 2016),
3929:
3841:
3817:
3789:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3623:
3585:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3494:
3482:
3437:
3425:
3401:
3359:
3272:
3236:
3225:
3134:
3117:Burtt, E. A., ed. (1939),
3067:
3054:
3038:
2680:
2668:
2608:
2559:
2535:
2314:
2198:
2164:
2069:
1984:
1867:
1833:
1821:
1524:
1163:Associated effects and outcomes
854:Science and scientific research
822:
808:
782:Exploratory versus confirmatory
739:
664:There are currently three main
554:, Tolstoy had earlier written:
482:noticed the same effect in his
295:2004 U.S. presidential election
9709:Israel-related animal theories
6948:â Keith Rollag, Babson College
6692:, Hove, UK: Psychology Press,
6568:Cognitive Therapy and Research
6537:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.259
6491:, Springer, pp. 233â255,
5914:, New York: Harper Torchbooks.
5882:, Cambridge University Press,
4509:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.406
4113:Cognitive Therapy and Research
2568:Social cognition: key readings
1660:
1648:
1515:
1503:
966:arrival of scientific medicine
902:is often cited as an example.
210:happy with your social life?"
148:behavioral confirmation effect
13:
1:
11102:Barriers to critical thinking
10535:Betteridge's law of headlines
9881:First Catilinarian conspiracy
8913:Ideology in incel communities
6629:, in Pohl, RĂŒdiger F. (ed.),
5856:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4623:Journal of Behavioral Finance
4496:Archives of Internal Medicine
4267:Ball, Phillip (14 May 2015),
3854:(5th ed.), Hoboken, NJ:
3552:, in Pohl, RĂŒdiger F. (ed.),
3033:10.1016/S0361-476X(03)00024-9
1537:
672:Cognitive versus motivational
452:
445:
241:oppositional news consumption
170:Biased search for information
11049:Social aspects of television
10949:Social media use in politics
10599:Missing white woman syndrome
10324:
10247:Freeman on the land movement
10137:Maricopa County ballot audit
10095:"Vast right-wing conspiracy"
9543:
8512:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
7796:Global catastrophe scenarios
7711:
6690:Hypothesis-testing behaviour
6599:Review of General Psychology
5211:10.1016/0022-1031(81)90043-3
4585:Pompian, Michael M. (2006),
4236:10.1371/journal.pone.0222213
4147:American Sociological Review
3694:, New York: Guilford Press,
3548:Matlin, Margaret W. (2004),
3005:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.03.003
2658:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90042-8
2514:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947
2368:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
2185:10.1080/01973533.2010.519208
2092:10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1202
1542:
1255:âLee Ross and Craig Anderson
1201:Brady Anti-Handgun Coalition
1109:For another example, in the
916:randomized controlled trials
872:A distinguishing feature of
516:In the second volume of his
468:(1265â1321) noted it in the
420:
354:Biased recall of information
7:
10560:Least objectionable program
10411:Science by press conference
10384:Online youth radicalization
10303:Ted CruzâZodiac Killer meme
9990:CIA assistance to bin Laden
9623:(outside the United States)
8787:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
8733:Mozambican presidential jet
8473:United Air Lines Flight 553
8004:Interdimensional hypothesis
7700:List of conspiracy theories
7496:DĂ©formation professionnelle
6525:Annual Review of Psychology
6322:10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.298
5474:Smith, Jonathan C. (2009),
5426:Trevor-Roper, H.R. (1969).
5333:10.1037/0022-3514.41.6.1119
5089:Tetlock, Philip E. (2005),
4775:10.12968/hmed.2017.78.6.350
4728:Academic Emergency Medicine
4635:10.1207/S15327760JPFM0201_4
4366:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
3966:Pariser, Eli (7 May 2015),
3906:Pariser, Eli (2 May 2011),
3334:Sutherland, Stuart (2007),
2205:Dahlgren, Peter M. (2020),
1412:
522:(1844), German philosopher
10:
11168:
10895:Algorithmic radicalization
9685:Middle East / North Africa
9085:oral polio AIDS hypothesis
8949:
7490:Basking in reflected glory
6981:
6241:
5951:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.880
5693:Columbia Journalism Review
5636:10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.561
5289:10.1037/0022-0167.40.1.120
5164:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.782
5003:Halpern, Diane F. (1987),
4986:10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602
3912:TED: Ideas Worth Spreading
3802:Cambridge University Press
3715:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
3666:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
3646:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568
3489:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
3408:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
3267:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
3080:Princeton University Press
2701:10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.229
2629:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.42
2603:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
2554:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
1948:10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.211
1854:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.952
1731:Oswald & Grosjean 2004
1480:Observer-expectancy effect
1344:
1308:continued influence effect
1236:
1230:
1171:
1006:Politics, law and policing
937:
933:
857:
612:
567:
323:magnetic resonance imaging
11009:Cultural impact of TikTok
10974:
10880:
10795:
10639:
10527:
10472:
10330:
10319:
10275:
10232:
10173:
10167:
10162:
9936:
9825:
9778:
9737:
9684:
9619:
9553:
9549:
9538:
9462:
9414:
9368:
9226:
9136:
9125:
8955:
8944:
8817:
8806:
8671:
8657:
8608:
8595:
8556:
8521:
8418:
8159:
8155:
8150:Deaths and disappearances
8144:
8015:Estimate of the Situation
7921:
7916:Astronomy and outer space
7910:
7834:
7721:
7717:
7706:
7697:
7638:
7620:Cognitive bias mitigation
7612:
7477:
7352:
6989:
6842:Stanovich, Keith (2009),
6782:10.1080/17470216008416717
6611:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
6388:10.1007/s12144-010-9087-5
6351:, London: Fourth Estate,
4841:Medscape General Medicine
3753:10.1177/01461672952111011
3460:10.1080/00335558008248237
3293:10.1080/14640746808400161
3213:Project Gutenberg edition
3179:Project Gutenberg edition
3147:, vol. 2, New York:
2930:10.1080/13546780701527674
2890:10.1080/13546789508256909
2785:10.1080/09658210143000065
2301:10.1080/00335557843000007
1888:10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.22
1714:Risen & Gilovich 2007
1703:Risen & Gilovich 2007
1460:Cognitive bias mitigation
1404:heavily on the number of
1322:irrational primacy effect
1150:Recruitment and selection
744:Explanations in terms of
220:introversionâextroversion
95:psychological experiments
79:irrational primacy effect
11081:Violence and video games
11059:Social impact of YouTube
10939:Knowledge gap hypothesis
10862:Social-desirability bias
10760:Informationâaction ratio
10224:Shakespearean authorship
10202:Shadow government claims
10005:Election denial movement
9901:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
8343:Diana, Princess of Wales
7894:Psychological projection
7877:Mass psychogenic illness
7204:Illusion of transparency
6740:Vyse, Stuart A. (1997),
6688:Poletiek, Fenna (2001),
6402:Kida, Thomas E. (2006),
6249:Baron, Jonathan (2000),
5910:Festinger, Leon (1956),
5662:The Skeptic's Dictionary
5430:. London: HarperCollins.
5245:10.1177/0146167298241004
4669:McGraw Hill Professional
4565:10.1001/jama.263.10.1438
4072:10.3389/fdata.2019.00011
3824:Haidt, Jonathan (2013),
2967:Learning and Instruction
2918:Thinking & Reasoning
2868:Thinking & Reasoning
2264:10.1177/0963721413480174
2141:10.1177/0146167204271180
1496:
1475:List of cognitive biases
1326:primacy effect in memory
940:Escalation of commitment
864:Escalation of commitment
164:
154:self-fulfilling prophecy
11034:Mass shooting contagion
10487:Evolutionary psychology
10341:Conspiracy Encyclopedia
10335:Argument from ignorance
10035:Philadelphia Experiment
9644:Avro Arrow cancellation
9469:Denial of mass killings
9151:COVID-19 and xenophobia
8635:Free energy suppression
7826:Urban legends and myths
7751:power behind the throne
6848:(Lay), New Haven (CT):
6060:10.1073/pnas.1912437117
4378:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42
3680:, pp. 299, 316â317
3610:10.1177/014616702236869
3410:, pp. 81â82, 86â87
3374:Oxford University Press
3111:Bacon, Francis (1620).
2830:10.1177/014616728061012
1168:Polarization of opinion
950:political stock markets
750:evolutionary psychology
390:extrasensory perception
301:, Democratic candidate
11152:Psychological concepts
11024:Fascination with death
10887:Political polarization
10815:Availability heuristic
10780:Television consumption
10379:Historical negationism
9798:Operation Sledgehammer
9564:Cow vigilante violence
9256:during the Black Death
8443:Great KantĆ earthquake
8313:GEC-Marconi scientists
8259:Martin Luther King Jr.
8022:Lake Michigan Triangle
7991:Black Knight satellite
7852:Communal reinforcement
7766:Political conspiracies
6812:Leavitt, Fred (2015),
6448:10.1006/obhd.1993.1044
6179:10.1073/pnas.93.7.2895
5356:Journal of Personality
4974:Psychological Bulletin
4740:10.1197/aemj.9.11.1184
3218:17 August 2021 at the
3207:17 August 2021 at the
3173:17 August 2021 at the
2748:10.1080/02699930125955
2617:Psychological Bulletin
2007:10.1006/jesp.1993.1004
1570:Psychological Bulletin
1354:Rorschach inkblot test
1324:is independent of the
1252:
1052:attack on Pearl Harbor
1018:
925:The social process of
700:availability heuristic
681:
666:information processing
648:
634:
620:
561:
546:
514:
495:
437:
396:Individual differences
318:
259:
191:
143:information processing
130:Definition and context
11117:Design of experiments
10987:Criticism of Facebook
10867:Social influence bias
10755:Information pollution
10745:Information explosion
10728:Texting while driving
10684:Low information voter
10582:Pink-slime journalism
10107:Stab-in-the-back myth
9911:Clockwork Orange plot
9429:Bihar human sacrifice
9360:Stab-in-the-back myth
9183:German POWs post-WWII
9065:Germ theory denialism
9060:Electronic harassment
8781:Smolensk air disaster
8745:Oklahoma City bombing
8623:Climate change denial
8419:Accidents / disasters
8355:Nepalese royal family
7842:Attitude polarization
7572:ArabâIsraeli conflict
7299:Social influence bias
7244:Out-group homogeneity
6866:Westen, Drew (2007),
6850:Yale University Press
6818:Peter Lang Publishers
6595:Nickerson, Raymond S.
6251:Thinking and deciding
5739:Oxford Education Blog
5689:"The backfire effect"
5577:Psychological Science
5506:Randi, James (1991),
4530:Steven James Bartlett
4059:Frontiers in Big Data
3550:"Pollyanna Principle"
3197:Tolstoy, Leo (1894).
3184:7 August 2021 at the
3162:Tolstoy, Leo (1896).
2736:Cognition and Emotion
1247:
1174:Attitude polarization
1143:Great Pyramid of Giza
1013:
746:cost-benefit analysis
679:
642:
629:If the true rule (T)
628:
618:
556:
541:
509:
490:
461:The Peloponnesian War
433:
426:Informal observations
312:
255:
177:
63:attitude polarization
11142:Misuse of statistics
11004:Criticism of Netflix
10810:Availability cascade
10750:Information overload
10659:Attention management
10654:Attention inequality
10550:Human-interest story
10492:Behavioral modernity
10477:Cognitive psychology
10178:Dead Internet theory
9669:Daktari Ranch affair
9454:Trojan Horse scandal
8832:anti-gender movement
8812:Gender and sexuality
8769:Madrid train bombing
8715:Lufthansa Flight 615
8403:Sushant Singh Rajput
7943:Apollo Moon landings
7847:Cognitive dissonance
7214:Mere-exposure effect
7144:Extrinsic incentives
7090:Selective perception
6310:Psychological Review
5778:10.2139/ssrn.2819073
4671:, pp. 112â113,
4593:, pp. 187â190,
4298:Sternberg, Robert J.
4025:10.2139/ssrn.2708250
3479:(Experiment IV)
3074:Ibn Khaldun (1958),
2037:Memory and Cognition
1925:Psychological Review
1485:Selective perception
1347:Illusory correlation
1239:Cognitive dissonance
970:alternative medicine
918:(coupled with their
802:confirmatory thought
601:Bayesian probability
570:Wason selection task
548:In his essay (1894)
529:In his essay (1897)
332:cognitive dissonance
151:, commonly known as
86:illusory correlation
11137:Inductive fallacies
10917:Post-truth politics
10847:Mean world syndrome
10252:Redemption movement
10020:Georgia Guidestones
9293:Cultural Bolshevism
8932:Soy and masculinity
8602:Energy, environment
8506:EgyptAir Flight 990
8247:Lal Bahadur Shastri
8217:Subhas Chandra Bose
7691:Conspiracy theories
7439:Social desirability
7334:von Restorff effect
7209:Mean world syndrome
7184:Hostile attribution
6925:â Robert T. Carroll
6627:"Confirmation bias"
6170:1996PNAS...93.2895R
6051:2021PNAS..11812437C
6045:(15): e1912437117,
5848:1974Sci...185.1124T
5842:(4157): 1124â1131,
5805:, 2 November 2016,
5447:constantpodcast.com
5389:Lidén, Moa (2018).
5067:, pp. 191, 195
4591:John Wiley and Sons
4457:2006SciAm.295a..36S
4444:Scientific American
4227:2019PLoSO..1422213L
3998:Scientific American
3099:, pp. 195â196.
1769:Wall Street Journal
1365:
1281:belief perseverance
1273:When Prophecy Fails
1233:Belief perseverance
978:scientific evidence
956:Medicine and health
912:experimental design
882:deductive reasoning
878:inductive reasoning
874:scientific thinking
797:Exploratory thought
717:Pollyanna principle
535:, Russian novelist
524:Arthur Schopenhauer
275:Stanford University
116:inductive reasoning
71:belief perseverance
10735:Influence-for-hire
10713:Media multitasking
10708:Human multitasking
10626:Tabloid television
10577:Media manipulation
10347:Conspiracy fiction
10257:Sovereign citizens
10010:FBI secret society
9995:Clinton body count
9805:Gezi Park protests
9770:Ukraine bioweapons
9569:Greater Bangladesh
9311:Judeo-Masonic plot
9108:Water fluoridation
9075:HIV/AIDS denialism
8822:Alpha / beta males
8721:WiderĂže Flight 933
8199:WĆadysĆaw Sikorski
7938:Ancient astronauts
7354:Statistical biases
7132:Curse of knowledge
6580:10.1007/BF01173636
6514:MacCoun, Robert J.
6376:Current Psychology
6234:, pp. 162â164
6222:, pp. 127â130
6146:, pp. 164â166
6114:, pp. 197â200
5766:Political Behavior
5722:Political Behavior
4993:, pp. 193â194
4704:How doctor's think
4547:Horrobin, David F.
4125:10.1007/BF01186796
3885:Skeptical Inquirer
3060:Alighieri, Dante.
2677:, pp. 225â232
2401:, pp. 201â202
2050:10.3758/bf03197186
1803:, pp. 112â115
1645:, pp. 175â220
1363:
1243:Monty Hall problem
1193:affirmative action
1117:Paranormal beliefs
1019:
980:hyper-critically.
974:anecdotal evidence
908:file drawer effect
889:history of science
887:Many times in the
868:Replication crisis
860:Planck's principle
818:Real-world effects
682:
649:
635:
621:
605:information theory
476:St. Thomas Aquinas
456: 395 BC
449: 460 BC
438:
319:
233:selective exposure
192:
11112:Cognitive inertia
11089:
11088:
10912:Fake news website
10872:Spiral of silence
10825:Confirmation bias
10649:Attention economy
10631:Yellow journalism
10519:Social psychology
10428:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10315:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10293:Birds Aren't Real
10158:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10150:
10149:
9980:Black helicopters
9891:Mano Negra affair
9861:Itavia Flight 870
9788:2016 coup attempt
9692:In the Arab world
9624:
9534:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9522:Serbs during WWII
9439:Great Replacement
9297:Jewish Bolshevism
9213:War against Islam
9192:Product labeling
9161:French Revolution
9121:
9120:
8960:5G misinformation
8940:
8939:
8802:
8801:
8757:advance knowledge
8739:Pan Am Flight 103
8653:
8652:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8535:Yemenite children
8265:Robert F. Kennedy
8241:Lee Harvey Oswald
8223:Johnny Stompanato
8140:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8093:Aztec, New Mexico
7996:Cryptoterrestrial
7906:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7857:Confirmation bias
7657:
7656:
7294:Social comparison
7075:Choice-supportive
6883:978-1-58648-425-5
6859:978-0-300-12385-2
6751:978-0-19-513634-0
6725:978-0-521-60834-3
6699:978-1-84169-159-6
6673:978-0-07-050477-6
6644:978-1-84169-351-4
6498:978-0-306-45720-3
6472:978-0-262-61143-5
6419:978-1-59102-408-8
6358:978-0-00-724019-7
6293:978-1-84046-678-2
6282:, Cambridge, UK:
6260:978-0-521-65030-4
5945:(5): 880âis 892,
5889:978-0-521-28414-1
5741:. 12 March 2018.
5657:"Backfire effect"
5517:978-1-85283-144-8
5485:978-1-4051-8122-8
5100:978-0-691-12302-8
5014:978-0-8058-2731-6
4951:978-0-19-852888-3
4919:978-0-632-03986-9
4887:978-1-58391-858-6
4825:978-0-593-06129-9
4734:(11): 1184â1204,
4713:978-1-921215-69-8
4678:978-0-07-162339-1
4600:978-0-471-74517-4
4559:(10): 1438â1441,
4503:(21): 1934â1339,
4426:10.1002/asi.22784
4351:978-0-521-60834-3
4311:978-0-521-60834-3
4279:on 7 October 2019
4019:, Rochester, NY,
3869:978-0-470-13749-9
3835:978-0-14-103916-9
3811:978-0-521-52718-7
3747:(11): 1229â1239,
3701:978-1-57230-100-9
3604:(10): 1379â1387,
3571:978-1-84169-351-4
3387:978-0-19-510107-2
3345:978-1-905177-07-3
3078:, Princeton, NJ:
2577:978-0-86377-591-8
2498:(11): 1947â1958,
2352:(11): 2098â2109,
2218:978-91-88212-95-5
2135:(12): 1565â1584,
2114:, pp. 117â18
2086:(11): 1202â1212,
1830:, pp. 162â65
1818:, pp. 162â64
1682:978-0-86377-589-5
1490:Semmelweis reflex
1441:Psychology portal
1427:Philosophy portal
1406:positive-positive
1401:
1400:
1076:Self-verification
1069:Social psychology
1059:Philip E. Tetlock
1048:Husband E. Kimmel
1040:Stuart Sutherland
986:was developed by
984:Cognitive therapy
920:systematic review
653:
652:
647:way to falsify H.
43:congeniality bias
35:confirmatory bias
31:Confirmation bias
18:Confirmation Bias
16:(Redirected from
11159:
11107:Cognitive biases
10934:Knowledge divide
10830:Crowd psychology
10820:Bandwagon effect
10592:Public relations
10509:Media psychology
10455:
10448:
10441:
10432:
10431:
10362:pseudoskepticism
10321:
10320:
10230:
10229:
10164:
10163:
10115:
10114:
10000:Cultural Marxism
9841:Global War Party
9622:
9551:
9550:
9540:
9539:
9340:Killing of Jesus
9288:Committee of 300
9271:Holocaust denial
9224:
9223:
9208:Tartarian Empire
9178:
9169:
9146:CERN ritual hoax
9141:Bhagwa Love Trap
9127:
9126:
9080:origins theories
8965:Anti-vaccination
8946:
8945:
8896:Transvestigation
8808:
8807:
8659:
8658:
8597:
8596:
8557:Body double hoax
8391:Alejandro Castro
8289:Pope John Paul I
8271:Salvador Allende
8205:Benito Mussolini
8157:
8156:
8146:
8145:
8099:Southern England
8057:
8056:
8000:Extraterrestrial
7969:
7968:
7931:Nibiru cataclysm
7912:
7911:
7867:Locus of control
7821:Secret societies
7719:
7718:
7708:
7707:
7684:
7677:
7670:
7661:
7660:
7454:Systematic error
7409:Omitted-variable
7324:Trait ascription
7164:Frog pond effect
6992:Cognitive biases
6976:
6969:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6894:
6862:
6838:
6800:
6762:
6736:
6710:
6684:
6655:
6621:
6590:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6553:
6522:
6509:
6483:
6450:
6430:
6410:Prometheus Books
6398:
6369:
6340:
6304:
6271:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6206:
6200:
6191:
6181:
6164:(7): 2895â2896,
6153:
6147:
6141:
6132:
6131:, pp. 66â70
6126:
6115:
6109:
6094:
6093:
6080:
6062:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6013:10.1037/h0077720
6006:
5997:(6): 1037â1049,
5986:
5975:
5969:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5874:
5831:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5731:
5725:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5706:
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5684:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5572:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5326:
5317:(6): 1119â1328,
5306:
5300:
5299:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:10.1037/a0017881
5118:
5112:
5111:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4857:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4700:Groopman, Jerome
4696:
4690:
4689:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4543:
4537:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4439:Shermer, Michael
4435:
4429:
4428:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4389:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4275:, archived from
4264:
4258:
4257:
4248:
4238:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4184:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4092:
4074:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3717:, pp. 91â93
3712:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3668:, pp. 91â93
3663:
3657:
3656:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3594:Gilovich, Thomas
3589:
3583:
3582:
3558:Psychology Press
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3491:, pp. 86â89
3486:
3480:
3478:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3276:
3270:
3269:, pp. 79â96
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3195:
3189:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2915:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2731:
2720:
2719:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2612:
2606:
2605:, pp. 88â89
2600:
2589:
2588:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2507:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2447:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2361:
2341:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2073:
2067:
2066:, pp. 63â65
2061:
2052:
2032:
2023:
2022:, pp. 63â65
2017:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1941:
1921:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1759:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1733:, pp. 82â83
1728:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:Psychology Press
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1582:10.1037/a0015701
1565:
1559:
1553:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1366:
1362:
1256:
1221:boomerang effect
1212:
1211:
1086:self-enhancement
611:
610:
457:
454:
450:
447:
266:
225:loaded questions
100:wishful thinking
21:
11167:
11166:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11157:
11156:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11085:
10970:
10885:
10876:
10852:Negativity bias
10800:
10791:
10679:Cognitive miser
10635:
10528:Media practices
10523:
10468:
10459:
10429:
10420:
10352:Conspirituality
10326:
10307:
10271:
10262:Strawman theory
10228:
10169:
10146:
10113:
10074:Saddamâal-Qaeda
10050:Project Azorian
10030:Montauk Project
9932:
9916:Elm Guest House
9877:Roman Republic
9821:
9810:SĂšvres syndrome
9774:
9733:
9680:
9649:Leuchter report
9621:
9615:
9599:Finger-pinching
9545:
9526:
9467:
9464:Genocide denial
9458:
9410:
9364:
9350:New World Order
9222:
9174:
9163:
9132:
9117:
8987:in chiropractic
8951:
8936:
8903:Finger pinching
8891:litter box hoax
8857:HIV/AIDS stigma
8813:
8798:
8775:London bombings
8667:
8649:
8604:
8603:
8583:
8552:
8517:
8461:Lost Cosmonauts
8414:
8397:Jeffrey Epstein
8373:Osama bin Laden
8349:Alois Estermann
8235:John F. Kennedy
8181:Louis Le Prince
8164:
8151:
8128:
8055:
7981:Alien abduction
7967:
7926:2012 phenomenon
7917:
7898:
7830:
7713:
7702:
7693:
7688:
7658:
7653:
7634:
7608:
7473:
7348:
7329:Turkey illusion
7097:Compassion fade
6994:
6985:
6980:
6919:
6884:
6860:
6828:
6808:
6806:Further reading
6803:
6752:
6726:
6700:
6674:
6666:, McGraw-Hill,
6645:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6520:
6499:
6473:
6420:
6408:, Amherst, NY:
6359:
6294:
6261:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6209:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6127:
6118:
6110:
6097:
6031:
6027:
5987:
5978:
5935:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5908:
5904:
5890:
5876:
5832:
5821:
5812:
5810:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5762:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5719:
5715:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5619:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5573:
5564:
5555:
5553:
5536:
5532:
5518:
5504:
5500:
5486:
5472:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5439:
5435:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5351:
5347:
5324:10.1.1.537.2324
5307:
5303:
5271:
5267:
5229:
5225:
5193:
5186:
5148:
5141:
5119:
5115:
5101:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5033:
5029:
5015:
5001:
4997:
4970:
4966:
4952:
4938:
4934:
4920:
4906:
4902:
4888:
4874:
4870:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4759:
4755:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4697:
4693:
4679:
4661:
4657:
4619:
4615:
4601:
4583:
4579:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4523:
4491:
4487:
4436:
4432:
4406:
4402:
4372:(7303): 42â46,
4362:
4358:
4352:
4338:
4331:
4312:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4221:(9): e0222213,
4207:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4159:10.2307/2094423
4143:
4139:
4109:
4105:
4051:
4047:
4013:
4009:
3994:
3990:
3981:
3979:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3904:
3897:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3804:, p. 445,
3794:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3702:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3628:
3624:
3592:Dawson, Erica;
3590:
3586:
3572:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3388:
3364:
3360:
3346:
3332:
3323:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3220:Wayback Machine
3209:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3186:Wayback Machine
3175:Wayback Machine
3161:
3157:
3139:
3135:
3115:. reprinted in
3110:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3015:
3011:
2989:
2985:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2913:
2907:
2896:
2881:10.1.1.112.1603
2864:Baron, Jonathan
2861:
2857:
2814:
2807:
2769:
2762:
2732:
2723:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2642:
2635:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2578:
2564:
2560:
2540:
2536:
2505:10.1.1.578.8097
2485:
2476:
2445:10.1.1.472.7064
2428:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2390:
2359:10.1.1.372.1743
2342:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2285:
2278:
2248:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2169:
2165:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2074:
2070:
2033:
2026:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1939:10.1.1.174.5232
1919:
1913:
1902:
1872:
1868:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1683:
1675:, p. 212,
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1606:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1349:
1343:
1317:
1296:job performance
1285:attitude change
1267:spent time with
1258:
1254:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1210:backfire effect
1209:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1156:job recruitment
1152:
1119:
1096:
1071:
1008:
958:
946:
936:
870:
856:
825:
820:
811:
788:Jennifer Lerner
784:
772:self-monitoring
742:
674:
662:
592:
572:
566:
466:Dante Alighieri
455:
448:
428:
423:
398:
356:
268:
264:Michael Shermer
261:
253:
184:Charles Dickens
172:
167:
132:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11165:
11155:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11072:
11071:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10994:
10984:
10978:
10976:
10975:Related topics
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10925:
10924:
10919:
10909:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10891:
10889:
10882:Digital divide
10878:
10877:
10875:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10837:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10806:
10804:
10797:Cognitive bias
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10787:Sticky content
10784:
10783:
10782:
10777:
10775:Binge-watching
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10705:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10691:Digital zombie
10688:
10687:
10686:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10664:Attention span
10661:
10656:
10651:
10645:
10643:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10617:
10616:
10609:Sensationalism
10606:
10601:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10574:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10555:Junk food news
10552:
10542:
10537:
10531:
10529:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10505:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10484:
10479:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10458:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10435:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10406:Radicalization
10403:
10402:
10401:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10374:Fringe science
10371:
10369:Falsifiability
10366:
10365:
10364:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10337:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10317:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10309:
10308:
10306:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10279:
10277:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10267:Tax protesters
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10238:
10236:
10227:
10226:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10199:
10197:New chronology
10190:
10185:
10180:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10152:
10151:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10144:
10142:Stop the Steal
10139:
10134:
10129:
10123:
10121:
10112:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10076:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10062:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9942:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9835:
9829:
9827:
9826:Other European
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9784:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9755:Golden billion
9752:
9747:
9745:Alaska payment
9741:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9711:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9699:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9646:
9638:
9637:
9636:
9627:
9625:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9611:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9573:
9572:
9571:
9566:
9557:
9555:
9547:
9546:
9536:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9473:
9471:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9420:
9418:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9397:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9375:
9373:
9371:Anti-Christian
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9290:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9276:Trivialization
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9232:
9230:
9221:
9220:
9218:White genocide
9215:
9210:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9190:
9188:Priory of Sion
9185:
9180:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8992:misinformation
8989:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8942:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8874:Lavender scare
8866:
8865:
8864:
8854:
8852:gay Nazis myth
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8804:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8730:
8727:KAL Flight 007
8724:
8718:
8712:
8703:
8697:
8694:Reichstag fire
8691:
8682:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8655:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8628:false theories
8620:
8615:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8574:Vladimir Putin
8571:
8566:
8564:Paul McCartney
8560:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8500:TWA Flight 800
8497:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8467:JAT Flight 367
8464:
8458:
8452:
8449:Lynmouth Flood
8446:
8440:
8431:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8394:
8388:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8367:Benazir Bhutto
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8283:Renny Ottolina
8280:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8229:Marilyn Monroe
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8187:Lord Kitchener
8184:
8178:
8175:Zachary Taylor
8171:
8169:
8153:
8152:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8120:
8114:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8090:
8084:
8078:
8072:
8065:
8063:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8011:
8006:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7975:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7801:Hidden message
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7745:Ă©minence grise
7741:
7731:
7725:
7723:
7715:
7714:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7687:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7664:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7613:Bias reduction
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7589:Political bias
7586:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7517:Infrastructure
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7434:Self-selection
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7269:Pro-innovation
7266:
7261:
7256:
7254:Overton window
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7122:DunningâKruger
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7036:Correspondence
7033:
7031:Actorâobserver
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6979:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6918:
6917:External links
6915:
6914:
6913:
6904:
6903:
6895:
6882:
6863:
6858:
6839:
6826:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6776:(3): 129â140,
6763:
6750:
6737:
6724:
6711:
6698:
6685:
6672:
6656:
6643:
6622:
6605:(2): 175â220,
6591:
6574:(2): 161â175,
6563:
6510:
6497:
6484:
6471:
6451:
6431:
6418:
6399:
6382:(3): 188â209,
6370:
6357:
6341:
6316:(2): 298â319,
6305:
6292:
6276:Fine, Cordelia
6272:
6259:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6224:
6207:
6148:
6133:
6116:
6095:
6025:
6004:10.1.1.130.933
5976:
5929:
5917:
5902:
5888:
5819:
5790:
5756:
5726:
5713:
5679:
5648:
5630:(4): 561â574,
5613:
5601:
5583:(2): 115â120,
5562:
5530:
5516:
5498:
5484:
5463:
5433:
5418:
5381:
5345:
5301:
5283:(1): 120â126,
5265:
5223:
5205:(4): 351â372,
5184:
5158:(5): 782â791,
5139:
5129:(4): 315â334,
5113:
5099:
5081:
5069:
5057:
5027:
5013:
4995:
4991:Nickerson 1998
4980:(4): 602â527,
4964:
4950:
4932:
4918:
4900:
4886:
4868:
4830:
4824:
4799:
4787:
4769:(6): 350â351,
4753:
4718:
4712:
4691:
4677:
4655:
4613:
4599:
4577:
4538:
4521:
4485:
4430:
4410:Sugimoto, C.R.
4400:
4356:
4350:
4329:
4310:
4289:
4259:
4201:
4185:
4171:
4153:(4): 579â395,
4137:
4119:(3): 229â238,
4103:
4045:
4007:
3988:
3958:
3928:
3895:
3874:
3868:
3840:
3834:
3816:
3810:
3800:, Cambridge :
3788:
3719:
3700:
3682:
3678:Friedrich 1993
3670:
3658:
3640:(4): 568â584,
3622:
3584:
3570:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3512:Friedrich 1993
3504:
3493:
3481:
3454:(1): 109â123,
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3386:
3358:
3344:
3321:
3287:(3): 273â278,
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3224:
3190:
3155:
3133:
3131:, p. 176.
3129:Nickerson 1998
3101:
3086:
3076:The Muqadimmah
3066:
3053:
3037:
3009:
2999:(4): 423â434,
2983:
2973:(5): 492â509,
2957:
2894:
2874:(3): 221â235,
2855:
2805:
2779:(3): 195â203,
2760:
2742:(4): 393â417,
2721:
2695:(2): 229â241,
2679:
2667:
2652:(4): 330â342,
2633:
2607:
2590:
2576:
2558:
2534:
2474:
2438:(3): 755â769,
2415:
2403:
2388:
2325:
2313:
2295:(3): 395â406,
2276:
2258:(4): 259â264,
2235:
2217:
2197:
2179:(4): 340â347,
2163:
2116:
2101:
2068:
2043:(4): 546â556,
2024:
1983:
1932:(2): 211â228,
1900:
1866:
1848:(6): 952â963,
1832:
1820:
1805:
1786:
1749:
1735:
1718:
1716:, p. 113.
1706:
1695:
1681:
1659:
1647:
1643:Nickerson 1998
1604:
1576:(4): 555â588,
1560:
1558:, p. 195.
1547:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Cherry picking
1452:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1414:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1345:Main article:
1342:
1339:
1316:
1313:
1246:
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1148:
1118:
1115:
1100:mass delusions
1095:
1094:Mass delusions
1092:
1070:
1067:
1007:
1004:
957:
954:
935:
932:
900:parapsychology
855:
852:
833:filter bubbles
824:
821:
819:
816:
810:
807:
792:Philip Tetlock
786:Psychologists
783:
780:
741:
738:
723:or sources of
719:". Applied to
686:Robert MacCoun
673:
670:
661:
658:
651:
650:
636:
622:
591:
588:
584:selection task
568:Main article:
565:
562:
427:
424:
422:
419:
397:
394:
355:
352:
299:George W. Bush
254:
252:
249:
171:
168:
166:
163:
131:
128:
124:filter bubbles
112:overconfidence
91:
90:
82:
75:
67:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11164:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11147:Memory biases
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10982:Computer rage
10980:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10954:United States
10952:
10951:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10929:Filter bubble
10927:
10923:
10922:United States
10920:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10883:
10879:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10857:Peer pressure
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10832:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10803:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10703:Doomscrolling
10701:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10638:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10514:Media studies
10512:
10510:
10507:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10467:
10466:human factors
10463:
10456:
10451:
10449:
10444:
10442:
10437:
10436:
10433:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10400:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10329:
10322:
10318:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10274:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10242:Admiralty law
10240:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10183:NESARA/GESARA
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10172:
10165:
10161:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10119:2020 election
10116:
10108:
10104:
10103:POW/MIA issue
10101:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10090:TrumpâUkraine
10088:
10086:
10083:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10068:
10067:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10057:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9975:BidenâUkraine
9973:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9945:Barack Obama
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9938:United States
9935:
9927:
9926:Voting pencil
9924:
9922:
9921:Harold Wilson
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9817:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9777:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9736:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9683:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9659:Casa Matusita
9657:
9656:
9654:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9618:
9610:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9590:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9541:
9537:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9497:The Holocaust
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9465:
9461:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9424:Counter-jihad
9422:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9407:
9406:Giuseppe Siri
9404:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9379:Anti-Catholic
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9367:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Doctors' plot
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9167:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9128:
9124:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9048:United States
9045:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8954:
8947:
8943:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8927:Satanic panic
8925:
8923:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8862:United States
8860:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8809:
8805:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8673:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8656:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8598:
8594:
8580:
8579:Melania Trump
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8569:Avril Lavigne
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8541:Elvis Presley
8539:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8361:Yasser Arafat
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8337:Yitzhak Rabin
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8162:
8161:Assassination
8158:
8154:
8147:
8143:
8124:
8121:
8118:
8117:Alien autopsy
8115:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8051:Project Serpo
8049:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7913:
7909:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7811:Pseudoscience
7809:
7807:
7806:Pseudohistory
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7776:Crisis actors
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7680:
7678:
7673:
7671:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:United States
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7542:False balance
7540:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7414:Participation
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7382:Psychological
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Fading affect
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6875:
6874:PublicAffairs
6871:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6827:9781453914908
6823:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6809:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6345:Goldacre, Ben
6342:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6205:, p. 127
6204:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6138:
6130:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6092:
6089:, p. 4:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5921:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5724:, 32, 303â320
5723:
5717:
5710:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5611:, p. 201
5610:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5422:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5363:(1): 94â108,
5362:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5191:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5079:, p. 155
5078:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:Ernst, Edzard
4809:
4803:
4797:, p. 233
4796:
4795:Goldacre 2008
4791:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3538:, p. 206
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3514:, p. 298
3513:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3434:, p. 239
3433:
3428:
3422:, p. 233
3421:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3376:US, pp.
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3336:Irrationality
3330:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3257:, p. 73.
3256:
3255:Poletiek 2001
3251:
3245:, p. 238
3244:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3151:, p. 246
3150:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3113:Novum Organum
3108:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2853:, p. 121
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2665:, p. 231
2664:
2663:Goldacre 2008
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2413:, p. 122
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2323:, p. 157
2322:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2099:, p. 131
2098:
2097:Poletiek 2001
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1657:, p. 233
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1510:David Perkins
1506:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1391:No arthritis
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1300:risk aversion
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:Brendan Nyhan
1213:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1160:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:inquisitorial
1025:
1016:
1012:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Aaron T. Beck
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
953:
951:
945:
941:
931:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
903:
901:
896:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
861:
851:
847:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
815:
806:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
779:
777:
773:
768:
767:social skills
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
701:
696:
695:
689:
687:
684:According to
678:
669:
667:
657:
646:
641:
637:
632:
627:
623:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
587:
585:
580:
576:
571:
560:
555:
553:
552:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:
527:
525:
521:
520:
513:
508:
506:
505:Francis Bacon
502:
501:
500:Novum Organum
494:
489:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
472:
471:Divine Comedy
467:
463:
462:
443:
436:
435:Francis Bacon
432:
418:
415:
410:
406:
402:
393:
391:
386:
383:
377:
374:
373:O. J. Simpson
369:
365:
362:
361:Schema theory
351:
347:
344:
339:
337:
333:
328:
324:
316:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
285:
280:
276:
271:
267:
265:
258:
248:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
226:
221:
215:
211:
209:
203:
201:
197:
189:
186:'s character
185:
181:
176:
162:
158:
156:
155:
150:
149:
144:
139:
137:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
96:
88:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
58:
55:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
11076:Technophobia
11064:Technophilia
10907:Echo chamber
10824:
10765:Rage farming
10545:Infotainment
10416:Superstition
10339:
10195: /
10193:Phantom time
10132:"Pence Card"
10105: /
10099:Vietnam War
10064:
10025:Jade Helm 15
9966: /
9814:
9750:Dulles' Plan
9634:Andinia Plan
9609:Finland Plot
9595:South Korea
9589:Tallano gold
9585:Philippines
9416:Islamophobic
9369:Christian /
9345:Kalergi Plan
9335:Judeopolonia
9323:World War II
9315:
9301:
9295: /
9266:George Soros
9261:Epsilon Team
9236:Andinia Plan
9092:Lepers' plot
9046: /
9042: /
9034:turbo cancer
8920: /
8762:WTC collapse
8751:9/11 attacks
8707:
8700:Pearl Harbor
8686:
8677:
8492:
8485:Khamar-Daban
8455:Dyatlov Pass
8435:
8427:Mary Celeste
8426:
8325:Vince Foster
8211:Adolf Hitler
8075:Maury Island
8069:Dundy County
8041:
8032:Men in black
8014:
8002: /
7998: /
7953:Hollow Earth
7882:moral panics
7872:Manipulation
7856:
7764: /
7760: /
7743:
7527:In education
7494:
7478:Other biases
7464:Verification
7449:Survivorship
7399:Non-response
7372:Healthy user
7314:Substitution
7289:Self-serving
7085:Confirmation
7084:
7053:Availability
7001:Acquiescence
6868:
6844:
6813:
6773:
6767:
6741:
6715:
6689:
6663:
6660:Plous, Scott
6630:
6602:
6598:
6571:
6567:
6556:, retrieved
6528:
6524:
6488:
6458:
6439:
6435:
6404:
6379:
6375:
6348:
6313:
6309:
6279:
6250:
6227:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6090:
6042:
6038:
6028:
5994:
5990:
5974:, p. 99
5942:
5938:
5932:
5927:, p. 99
5920:
5911:
5905:
5879:
5839:
5835:
5811:, retrieved
5802:
5793:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5747:. Retrieved
5738:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5701:, retrieved
5692:
5682:
5671:, retrieved
5660:
5651:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5604:
5580:
5576:
5554:, retrieved
5543:
5533:
5507:
5501:
5475:
5455:, retrieved
5446:
5436:
5427:
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5397:
5384:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5239:(1): 51â64,
5236:
5232:
5226:
5202:
5196:
5155:
5151:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5090:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5052:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5004:
4998:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4941:
4935:
4909:
4903:
4877:
4871:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4815:
4808:Singh, Simon
4802:
4790:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4703:
4694:
4664:
4658:
4629:(1): 37â39,
4626:
4622:
4616:
4586:
4580:
4556:
4550:
4541:
4533:
4524:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4448:
4442:
4433:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4341:
4323:
4301:
4292:
4281:, retrieved
4277:the original
4272:
4262:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4198:Mahoney 1977
4182:Koehler 1993
4150:
4146:
4140:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4016:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3980:, retrieved
3971:
3961:
3950:, retrieved
3942:NewStatesman
3941:
3931:
3920:, retrieved
3911:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3850:
3843:
3825:
3819:
3797:
3791:
3782:25 September
3780:, retrieved
3744:
3738:
3691:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3556:, Hove, UK:
3553:
3543:
3531:
3526:, p. 94
3519:
3507:
3501:MacCoun 1998
3496:
3484:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3432:Lewicka 1998
3427:
3415:
3403:
3368:
3361:
3335:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3243:Lewicka 1998
3238:
3227:
3198:
3193:
3164:What Is Art?
3163:
3158:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3125:, p. 36
3123:Random House
3121:, New York:
3118:
3112:
3082:, p. 71
3075:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3040:
3027:(1): 77â94,
3024:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2949:, retrieved
2921:
2917:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2824:(1): 83â88,
2821:
2817:
2776:
2772:
2739:
2735:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2670:
2649:
2645:
2623:(1): 42â61,
2620:
2616:
2610:
2567:
2561:
2556:, p. 89
2547:
2543:
2537:
2495:
2489:
2435:
2431:
2406:
2349:
2345:
2316:
2292:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2227:, retrieved
2207:
2200:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2132:
2128:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2040:
2036:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1975:, retrieved
1929:
1923:
1882:(1): 22â34,
1879:
1875:
1869:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1823:
1778:, retrieved
1767:
1709:
1698:
1668:
1662:
1650:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1551:
1526:
1517:
1505:
1465:Conservatism
1405:
1402:
1358:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1207:
1205:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1153:
1139:pyramidology
1136:
1128:cold reading
1120:
1108:
1104:Witch trials
1097:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1036:
1020:
1000:hypochondria
982:
963:
959:
947:
924:
904:
897:
893:
886:
871:
848:
841:
829:social media
826:
823:Social media
812:
809:Make-believe
801:
795:
785:
776:social norms
758:Yaacov Trope
743:
740:Cost-benefit
706:
698:
692:
690:
683:
663:
654:
644:
630:
593:
581:
577:
573:
557:
549:
547:
542:
532:What Is Art?
530:
528:
517:
515:
510:
498:
496:
491:
483:
469:
459:
439:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
387:
378:
370:
366:
357:
348:
340:
336:hypocritical
320:
292:
288:
272:
269:
260:
256:
245:
240:
230:
216:
212:
207:
204:
193:
159:
152:
146:
140:
133:
120:social media
105:
93:A series of
92:
84:
78:
69:
61:
56:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
10840:Moral panic
10770:Screen time
10604:News values
10540:Gatekeeping
10482:Externality
10399:hate speech
9985:CIA and JFK
9964:"Obamagate"
9949:citizenship
9851:German Plot
9389:Popish Plot
9355:Rothschilds
9241:Blood libel
9228:Antisemitic
9164: [
9044:Philippines
8881:Recruitment
8666:allegations
8645:Red mercury
8529:Joan of Arc
8522:Other cases
8463:(1950sâ60s)
8409:John McAfee
8379:Hugo ChĂĄvez
8331:Kurt Cobain
8319:Turgut Ăzal
8315:(1980sâ90s)
8295:Airey Neave
8253:Harold Holt
8193:Tom Thomson
8111:Gulf Breeze
8105:Ilkley Moor
7958:Hollow Moon
7729:Antiscience
7722:Core topics
7594:Publication
7547:Vietnam War
7394:Length time
7377:Information
7319:Time-saving
7179:Horn effect
7169:Halo effect
7117:Distinction
7026:Attribution
7021:Attentional
6531:: 259â287,
6455:Kunda, Ziva
6349:Bad science
5772:: 135â163,
5457:19 February
5449:(Podcast),
5411:20 February
5043:: 387â446,
4408:Lee, C.J.;
3560:, pp.
2951:11 November
1189:gun control
1132:James Randi
1032:adversarial
1024:mock trials
1015:Mock trials
927:peer review
729:consistency
537:Leo Tolstoy
480:Ibn Khaldun
474:, in which
315:MRI scanner
279:U.S. states
136:Peter Wason
52:emotionally
39:myside bias
11096:Categories
11054:Social bot
11044:Sealioning
10802:Conformity
10587:Propaganda
10572:Media bias
10565:Soft media
10389:Paranormal
10298:Li's field
10217:synarchism
10212:Illuminati
10207:Bilderberg
10079:Sandy Hook
10015:FEMA camps
9867:Lithuania
9702:Cairo fire
9674:Golpe Azul
9665:Venezuela
9630:Argentina
9482:Bangladesh
9444:Love jihad
9303:ƻydokomuna
9246:Cohen Plan
9156:Freemasons
9019:Ivermectin
9009:Chemtrails
9004:Big Pharma
8980:Thiomersal
8847:gay agenda
8842:drag panic
8827:Anti-LGBTQ
8664:False flag
8307:Zia-ul-Haq
8301:Olof Palme
8123:Morristown
8087:Twin Falls
8043:Die Glocke
8009:Dulce Base
7963:Reptilians
7948:Flat Earth
7835:Psychology
7771:Conspiracy
7739:deep state
7557:South Asia
7532:Liking gap
7344:In animals
7309:Status quo
7224:Negativity
7127:Egocentric
7102:Congruence
7080:Commitment
7070:Blind spot
7058:Mean world
7048:Automation
6558:10 October
6284:Icon Books
6232:Plous 1993
6220:Kunda 1999
6203:Kunda 1999
6144:Plous 1993
6112:Baron 2000
5972:Kunda 1999
5925:Kunda 1999
5813:23 October
5749:23 October
5609:Baron 2000
5065:Baron 2000
3982:24 October
3952:24 October
3858:, p.
3536:Baron 2000
3524:Kunda 1999
3420:Plous 1993
3232:Wason 1960
3097:Baron 2000
3045:Thucydides
2675:Kunda 1999
2399:Baron 2000
2229:16 October
2112:Kunda 1999
1816:Baron 2000
1801:Kunda 1999
1655:Plous 1993
1556:Baron 2000
1538:References
1380:Arthritis
1237:See also:
1081:self-image
992:depression
976:but treat
938:See also:
858:See also:
734:Ziva Kunda
694:heuristics
485:Muqaddimah
442:Thucydides
382:correlated
338:behavior.
303:John Kerry
273:A team at
237:confidence
200:odd number
196:hypothesis
188:Uriah Heep
11132:Ignorance
11127:Fallacies
10740:Infodemic
10674:Clickbait
10641:Attention
10497:Cognition
10394:Prejudice
10288:Bielefeld
10276:Satirical
10234:Pseudolaw
10127:Italygate
10066:incidents
10040:Pizzagate
9959:parentage
9871:Statesmen
9793:Ergenekon
9727:Pallywood
9697:10 agorot
9605:Thailand
9579:Jinnahpur
9575:Pakistan
9502:Holodomor
9492:Cambodian
8999:Aspartame
8908:GamerGate
8869:Homintern
8837:Chemicals
8687:Lusitania
8613:Agenda 21
8547:Jonestown
8537:(1948â54)
8385:Seth Rich
8277:Aldo Moro
8113:(1987â88)
8037:Nazi UFOs
7862:Denialism
7791:Espionage
7781:Deception
7625:Debiasing
7604:White hat
7599:Reporting
7512:Inductive
7429:Selection
7389:Lead time
7362:Estimator
7339:Zero-risk
7304:Spotlight
7284:Restraint
7274:Proximity
7259:Precision
7219:Narrative
7174:Hindsight
7159:Frequency
7139:Emotional
7112:Declinism
7043:Authority
7016:Anchoring
7006:Ambiguity
6836:908685982
6790:1747-0226
6463:MIT Press
6442:: 28â55,
6396:145497196
6367:259713114
6330:0033-295X
6269:316403966
6129:Fine 2006
6069:0027-8424
6021:0022-3514
5999:CiteSeerX
5959:0022-3514
5872:143452957
5786:1556-5068
5597:145659040
5494:319499491
5391:"3.2.4.1"
5341:0022-3514
5319:CiteSeerX
5297:0022-0167
5261:144945319
5253:1552-7433
5219:0022-1031
5172:0022-3514
5077:Kida 2006
4960:602015097
4896:474568621
4848:(1): 33,
4687:277205993
4651:153379653
4643:1542-7579
4473:0036-8733
4451:(1): 36,
4283:6 October
4081:2624-909X
4033:219380211
3922:1 October
3769:146709087
3761:1552-7433
3654:0022-3514
3618:143957893
3476:143148831
3468:1747-0226
3301:1747-0226
3149:Routledge
2876:CiteSeerX
2851:Vyse 1997
2846:145060971
2838:1552-7433
2709:0022-3514
2550:: 360â374
2500:CiteSeerX
2462:0092-5853
2440:CiteSeerX
2411:Vyse 1997
2376:0022-3514
2354:CiteSeerX
2321:Kida 2006
2309:145419628
2193:143133082
2064:Fine 2006
2020:Fine 2006
2015:0022-1031
2001:: 62â63,
1977:14 August
1956:0033-295X
1934:CiteSeerX
1896:1939-1315
1862:1939-1315
1828:Kida 2006
1543:Citations
1470:Denialism
1450:Apophenia
1279:The term
1263:Festinger
1044:U.S. Navy
944:Sunk cost
844:fake news
837:democracy
721:arguments
597:heuristic
421:Discovery
327:emotional
284:deterrent
108:decisions
11069:Neophile
10696:Phubbing
10614:Hot take
10502:Mismatch
10325:See also
10188:New Coke
10045:The Plan
9954:religion
9847:Ireland
9837:Georgia
9833:Euromyth
9816:Ăst akıl
9765:Rasputin
9620:Americas
9544:Regional
9477:Armenian
9029:vaccines
9024:lab leak
9014:COVID-19
8886:Grooming
8168:theories
7889:Paranoia
7786:Dystopia
7762:Criminal
7712:Overview
7522:Inherent
7485:Academic
7459:Systemic
7444:Spectrum
7424:Sampling
7404:Observer
7367:Forecast
7279:Response
7239:Optimism
7234:Omission
7229:Normalcy
7199:In-group
7194:Implicit
7107:Cultural
7011:Affinity
6892:86117725
6798:19237642
6760:35025826
6734:69423179
6708:44683470
6682:26931106
6662:(1993),
6653:55124398
6549:archived
6545:15012470
6516:(1998),
6507:39002877
6481:40618974
6457:(1999),
6428:63297791
6347:(2008),
6302:60668289
6278:(2006),
6087:33837143
5864:17835457
5807:archived
5743:Archived
5697:archived
5673:26 April
5667:archived
5644:14102789
5550:archived
5526:26359284
5451:archived
5402:Archived
5109:56825108
5023:37180929
4928:32699443
4864:15208545
4814:(2008),
4783:28614014
4748:12414468
4702:(2007),
4609:61864118
4517:21098355
4481:16830675
4420:: 2â17,
4396:11440947
4325:believe.
4320:69423179
4273:Nautilus
4255:31498834
4215:PLOS ONE
4099:33693334
3976:archived
3946:archived
3916:archived
3892:(6): 8â9
3773:archived
3710:34731629
3580:55124398
3396:33832963
3354:72151566
3216:Archived
3205:Archived
3182:Archived
3171:Archived
3062:Paradiso
2942:archived
2938:40527220
2924:: 1â27,
2801:24729233
2793:11469313
2756:22743423
2586:55078722
2522:17069484
2272:14505370
2223:archived
2159:15536240
1968:archived
1964:10853196
1774:archived
1691:42823720
1600:19586162
1413:See also
1375:No rain
1364:Example
1199:and the
1046:Admiral
763:empathic
725:evidence
631:overlaps
451: â
359:recall.
11029:Griefer
10835:Mobbing
10669:Chumbox
10621:Spiking
9968:Spygate
9897:Sweden
9723:Israel
9640:Canada
9512:Rwandan
9507:Nanjing
9487:Bosnian
9434:Eurabia
9394:Vatican
9384:Jesuits
9179:(1940s)
9097:Medbeds
8922:Gaylors
8918:Larries
8753:(2001)
8708:Liberty
8493:Estonia
8436:Titanic
8166:suicide
8081:Roswell
7986:Area 51
7816:Secrecy
7644:General
7642:Lists:
7577:Ukraine
7502:Funding
7264:Present
7249:Outcome
7154:Framing
6619:8508954
6588:7350256
6338:8483985
6242:Sources
6198:8610138
6166:Bibcode
6078:8053916
6047:Bibcode
5967:1185517
5898:7578020
5844:Bibcode
5836:Science
5803:Poynter
5556:31 July
5377:1142062
5180:2810025
5049:1619124
4855:1140750
4573:2304222
4453:Bibcode
4387:1120670
4246:6733478
4223:Bibcode
4167:2094423
4133:9703186
4090:7931917
4041:2708250
3562:255â272
3378:181â184
3317:1212273
3309:5683766
3166:ch. 14
3049:4.108.4
2717:2213492
2530:8625992
2470:3770487
2384:7465318
2150:4803283
2059:8350746
1780:13 June
1591:4797953
1123:psychic
1026:. Both
996:Phobias
934:Finance
539:wrote:
512:rejects
497:In the
180:yes man
106:Flawed
47:beliefs
10081:(2012)
10060:Pastel
9887:Spain
9857:Italy
9780:Turkey
9738:Russia
9560:India
9328:Z.O.G.
9201:Kosher
9104:(2003)
9040:Canada
8970:autism
8950:Health
8795:(2023)
8789:(2014)
8783:(2010)
8777:(2005)
8771:(2004)
8747:(1995)
8741:(1988)
8735:(1986)
8729:(1983)
8723:(1982)
8717:(1972)
8711:(1967)
8702:(1941)
8696:(1933)
8690:(1915)
8681:(1898)
8549:(1978)
8543:(1977)
8531:(1431)
8514:(2014)
8508:(1999)
8502:(1996)
8496:(1994)
8487:(1993)
8481:(1987)
8475:(1972)
8469:(1972)
8457:(1959)
8451:(1952)
8445:(1923)
8439:(1912)
8430:(1872)
8411:(2021)
8405:(2020)
8399:(2019)
8393:(2018)
8387:(2016)
8381:(2013)
8375:(2011)
8369:(2007)
8363:(2004)
8357:(2001)
8351:(1998)
8345:(1997)
8339:(1995)
8333:(1994)
8327:(1993)
8321:(1993)
8309:(1988)
8303:(1986)
8297:(1979)
8291:(1978)
8285:(1978)
8279:(1978)
8273:(1973)
8267:(1968)
8261:(1968)
8255:(1967)
8249:(1966)
8243:(1963)
8237:(1963)
8231:(1962)
8225:(1958)
8219:(1945)
8213:(1945)
8207:(1945)
8201:(1943)
8195:(1917)
8189:(1916)
8183:(1890)
8177:(1850)
8125:(2009)
8119:(1995)
8107:(1987)
8101:(1967)
8095:(1949)
8089:(1947)
8083:(1947)
8077:(1947)
8071:(1884)
8061:Hoaxes
8018:(1948)
7734:Cabals
7649:Memory
7562:Sweden
7552:Norway
7419:Recall
7189:Impact
7065:Belief
6983:Biases
6890:
6880:
6856:
6834:
6824:
6796:
6788:
6758:
6748:
6732:
6722:
6706:
6696:
6680:
6670:
6651:
6641:
6617:
6586:
6543:
6505:
6495:
6479:
6469:
6426:
6416:
6394:
6365:
6355:
6336:
6328:
6300:
6290:
6267:
6257:
6196:
6186:
6085:
6075:
6067:
6019:
6001:
5965:
5957:
5896:
5886:
5870:
5862:
5784:
5642:
5595:
5545:Forbes
5524:
5514:
5492:
5482:
5375:
5339:
5321:
5295:
5259:
5251:
5217:
5178:
5170:
5107:
5097:
5047:
5021:
5011:
4958:
4948:
4926:
4916:
4894:
4884:
4862:
4852:
4822:
4781:
4746:
4710:
4685:
4675:
4649:
4641:
4607:
4597:
4571:
4515:
4479:
4471:
4394:
4384:
4348:
4318:
4308:
4253:
4243:
4165:
4131:
4097:
4087:
4079:
4065:: 11,
4039:
4031:
3866:
3832:
3808:
3767:
3759:
3708:
3698:
3652:
3616:
3578:
3568:
3474:
3466:
3394:
3384:
3352:
3342:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3168:p. 143
3047:
2936:
2878:
2844:
2836:
2799:
2791:
2773:Memory
2754:
2715:
2707:
2584:
2574:
2528:
2520:
2502:
2468:
2460:
2442:
2382:
2374:
2356:
2307:
2270:
2215:
2191:
2157:
2147:
2057:
2013:
1962:
1954:
1936:
1894:
1860:
1689:
1679:
1598:
1588:
866:, and
713:belief
709:desire
414:source
33:(also
11122:Error
10900:Youth
10462:Media
10357:Dogma
10168:Other
10055:QAnon
9713:Iran
9655:Peru
9517:Sayfo
9401:Bible
9196:Halal
9168:]
9055:Ebola
8678:Maine
8640:HAARP
8027:MJ-12
7758:Civil
7537:Media
7507:FUTON
6794:S2CID
6635:79â96
6615:S2CID
6584:S2CID
6552:(PDF)
6521:(PDF)
6392:S2CID
6189:39730
5868:S2CID
5703:1 May
5640:S2CID
5593:S2CID
5405:(PDF)
5394:(PDF)
5257:S2CID
4647:S2CID
4163:JSTOR
4129:S2CID
4029:S2CID
3972:Wired
3856:Wiley
3776:(PDF)
3765:S2CID
3735:(PDF)
3614:S2CID
3472:S2CID
3313:S2CID
3202:p. 49
2945:(PDF)
2934:S2CID
2914:(PDF)
2842:S2CID
2797:S2CID
2752:S2CID
2526:S2CID
2466:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2305:S2CID
2268:S2CID
2189:S2CID
1971:(PDF)
1960:S2CID
1920:(PDF)
1497:Notes
754:truth
165:Types
41:, or
10464:and
10283:Acre
9554:Asia
9102:SARS
9070:GMOs
8706:USS
8685:RMS
8676:USS
8434:RMS
7973:UFOs
6888:OCLC
6878:ISBN
6854:ISBN
6832:OCLC
6822:ISBN
6786:ISSN
6756:OCLC
6746:ISBN
6730:OCLC
6720:ISBN
6704:OCLC
6694:ISBN
6678:OCLC
6668:ISBN
6649:OCLC
6639:ISBN
6560:2010
6541:PMID
6503:OCLC
6493:ISBN
6477:OCLC
6467:ISBN
6424:OCLC
6414:ISBN
6363:OCLC
6353:ISBN
6334:PMID
6326:ISSN
6298:OCLC
6288:ISBN
6265:OCLC
6255:ISBN
6201:via
6194:PMID
6083:PMID
6065:ISSN
6017:ISSN
5970:via
5963:PMID
5955:ISSN
5894:OCLC
5884:ISBN
5860:PMID
5815:2018
5782:ISSN
5751:2018
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