322:
their position. The theory posits that each group member enters the discussion aware of a set of items of information or arguments favoring both sides of the issue, but lean toward that side that boasts the greater amount of information. In other words, individuals base their individual choices by weighing remembered pro and con arguments. Some of these items or arguments are shared among the members while some items are unshared, in which all but one member has considered these arguments before. Assuming most or all group members lean in the same direction, during discussion, items of unshared information supporting that direction are expressed, which provides members previously unaware of them more reason to lean in that direction. Group discussion shifts the weight of evidence as each group member expresses their arguments, shedding light onto a number of different positions and ideas. Research has indicated that informational influence is more likely with intellective issues, a group goal of making correct decision, task-oriented group members, and private responses. Furthermore, research suggests that it is not simply the sharing of information that predicts group polarization. Rather, the amount of information and persuasiveness of the arguments mediate the level of polarization experienced.
229:
suggests that a general phenomenon of choice-shifts exists apart from only risk-related decisions. Stoner (1968) found that a decision is impacted by the values behind that circumstances of the decision. The study found that situations that normally favor the more risky alternative increased risky shifts. More so, situations that normally favor the cautious alternative increased cautious shifts. These findings also show the importance of previous group shifts. Choice shifts are mainly explained by largely differing human values and how highly these values are held by an individual. According to
Moscovici et al. (1972) interaction within a group and differences of opinion are necessary for group polarization to take place. While an extremist in the group may sway opinion, the shift can only occur with sufficient and proper interaction within the group. In other words, the extremist will have no impact without interaction. Also, Moscovici et al. found individual preferences to be irrelevant; it is differences of opinion which will cause the shift. This finding demonstrates how one opinion in the group will not sway the group; it is the combination of all the individual opinions that will make an impact.
313:, or normative influence theory, has been widely used to explain group polarization. According to the social comparison interpretation, group polarization occurs as a result of individuals' desire to gain acceptance and be perceived in a favorable way by their group. The theory holds that people first compare their own ideas with those held by the rest of the group; they observe and evaluate what the group values and prefers. In order to gain acceptance, people then take a position that is similar to everyone else's but slightly more extreme. In doing so, individuals support the group's beliefs while still presenting themselves as admirable group "leaders". The presence of a member with an extreme viewpoint or attitude does not further polarize the group. Studies regarding the theory have demonstrated that normative influence is more likely with judgmental issues, a group goal of harmony, person-oriented group members, and public responses.
280:
that would conform to the average risk level of its members. The seemingly counter-intuitive findings of Stoner led to a spurt of research around the risky shift, which was originally thought to be a special case exception to the standard decision-making practice. Many people had concluded that people in a group setting would make decisions based on what they assumed to be the overall risk level of a group; because Stoner's work did not necessarily address this specific theme, and because it does seem to contrast Stoner's initial definition of risky shift, additional controversy arose leading researchers to further examine the topic. By the late 1960s, however, it had become clear that the risky shift was just one type of many attitudes that became more extreme in groups, leading
Moscovici and Zavalloni to term the overall phenomenon "group polarization."
409:
expected. The study's results also showed that groupthink occurs less in computer-mediated discussions than when people are face to face. Moreover, computer-mediated discussions often fail to result in a group consensus, or lead to less satisfaction with the consensus that was reached, compared to groups operating in a natural environment. Furthermore, the experiment took place over a two-week period, leading the researchers to suggest that group polarization may occur only in the short-term. Overall, the results suggest that not only may group polarization not be as prevalent as previous studies suggest, but group theories, in general, may not be simply transferable when seen in a computer-related discussion.
246:"Mr. A, an electrical engineer, who is married and has one child, has been working for a large electronics corporation since graduating from college five years ago. He is assured of a lifetime job with a modest, though adequate, salary and liberal pension benefits upon retirement. On the other hand, it is very unlikely that his salary will increase much before he retires. While attending a convention, Mr. A is offered a job with a small, newly founded company which has a highly uncertain future. The new job would pay more to start and would offer the possibility of a share in the owner- ship if the company survived the competition of the larger firms."
345:, which holds that conformity stems from psychological processes; that is, being a member of a group is defined as the subjective perception of the self as a member of a specific category. Accordingly, proponents of the self-categorization model hold that group polarization occurs because individuals identify with a particular group and conform to a prototypical group position that is more extreme than the group mean. In contrast to social comparison theory and persuasive argumentation theory, the self-categorization model maintains that inter-group categorization processes are the cause of group polarization
405:) discussions. In particular, this study found that group discussions, conducted when discussants are in a distributed (cannot see one another) or anonymous (cannot identify one another) environment, can lead to even higher levels of group polarization compared to traditional meetings. This is attributed to the greater numbers of novel arguments generated (due to persuasive arguments theory) and higher incidence of one-upmanship behaviors (due to social comparison).
452:. A study by Myers in 2005 reported that initial differences among American college students become more accentuated over time. For example, students who do not belong to fraternities and sororities tend to be more liberal politically, and this difference increases over the course of their college careers. Researchers theorize that this is at least partially explained by group polarization, as group members tend to reinforce one another's proclivities and opinions.
63:
deliberating together, mock jury members often decided on punitive damage awards that were either larger or smaller than the amount any individual juror had favored prior to deliberation. The studies indicated that when the jurors favored a relatively low award, discussion would lead to an even more lenient result, while if the jury was inclined to impose a stiff penalty, discussion would make it even harsher. Moreover, in recent years, the
Internet and online
1821:
478:
126:" issues. For most issues, new evidence does not produce a polarization effect. For those issues where polarization is found, mere thinking about the issue, without contemplating new evidence, produces the effect. Social comparison processes have also been invoked as an explanation for the effect, which is increased by settings in which people repeat and validate each other's statements. This apparent tendency is of interest not only to
357:
The results of the study supported their hypothesis in that participants converged on a norm polarized toward risk on risky items and toward caution on cautious items. Another similar study found that in-group prototypes become more polarized as the group becomes more extreme in the social context. This further lends support to the self-categorization explanation of group polarization.
329:'s 1986 meta-analysis of the data gathered by both the persuasive argument and social comparison camps succeeded, in large part, in answering the questions about predominant mechanisms. Isenberg concluded that there was substantial evidence that both effects were operating simultaneously, and that persuasive arguments theory operated when social comparison did not, and vice versa.
464:
119:: the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively, to reinforce their current beliefs or attitudes. When people encounter ambiguous evidence, this bias can potentially result in each of them interpreting it as in support of their existing attitudes, widening rather than narrowing the disagreement between them.
165:, the other strongly opposed. The researchers initially measured the strength with which people held their position. Later, both the pro- and anti-capital punishment people were put into small groups and shown one of two cards, each containing a statement about the results of a research project written on it. For example:
352:, which explains group polarization as conformity to a polarized norm, was found by Hogg, Turner, and Davidson in 1990. In their experiment, participants gave pre-test, post-test, and group consensus recommendations on three choice dilemma item-types (risky, neutral, or cautious). The researchers hypothesized that an
398:, a late term abortion doctor, where the tweets analyzed were conversations among supporters and opponents of abortion rights, post shooting. The study found that like-minded individuals strengthened group identity whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforced a split in affiliation.
408:
However, some research suggests that important differences arise in measuring group polarization in laboratory versus field experiments. A study conducted by Taylor & MacDonald (2002) featured a realistic setting of a computer-mediated discussion, but group polarization did not occur at the level
356:
confronted by a risky outgroup will polarize toward caution, an ingroup confronted by a caution outgroup will polarize toward risk, and an ingroup in the middle of the social frame of reference, confronted by both risky and cautious outgroups, will not polarize but will converge on its pre-test mean.
237:
The study of group polarization can be traced back to an unpublished 1961 Master's thesis by MIT student James Stoner, who observed the so-called "risky shift". The concept of risky shift maintains that a group's decisions are riskier than the average of the individual decisions of members before the
430:
Group polarization is similarly influential in legal contexts. A study that assessed whether
Federal district court judges behaved differently when they sat alone, or in small groups, demonstrated that those judges who sat alone took extreme action 35% of the time, whereas judges who sat in a group
390:
individuals. Similar to the social media platforms, video streaming platforms like YouTube are forming groups unconsciously through intelligent algorithm seeking for extreme contents. Owing to this technology, it is possible for individuals to curate their sources of information and the opinions to
279:
The discovery of the risky shift was considered surprising and counter-intuitive, especially since earlier work in the 1920s and 1930s by
Allport and other researchers suggested that individuals made more extreme decisions than did groups, leading to the expectation that groups would make decisions
275:
Individuals completed the questionnaire and made their decisions independently of others. Later, they would be asked to join a group to reassess their choices. Indicated by shifts in the mean value, initial studies using this method revealed that group decisions tended to be relatively riskier than
241:
In early studies, the risky-shift phenomenon was measured using a scale known as the Choice-Dilemmas
Questionnaire. This measure required participants to consider a hypothetical scenario in which an individual is faced with a dilemma and must make a choice to resolve the issue at hand. Participants
321:
Informational influence, or persuasive arguments theory, has also been used to explain group polarization, and is most recognized by psychologists today. The persuasive arguments interpretation holds that individuals become more convinced of their views when they hear novel arguments in support of
199:
point out that it is reasonable for people to be less critical of research that supports their current position, but it seems less rational for people to significantly increase the strength of their attitudes when they read supporting evidence. When people had read both the research that supported
439:
Group polarization has been reported to occur during wartime and other times of conflict and helps to account partially for violent behavior and conflict. Researchers have suggested, for instance, that ethnic conflict exacerbates group polarization by enhancing identification with the ingroup and
45:
refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and towards greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be
194:
The researchers found that people tended to believe that research that supported their original views had been better conducted and was more convincing than research that didn't. Whichever position they held initially, people tended to hold that position more strongly after reading research that
62:
Group polarization is an important phenomenon in social psychology and is observable in many social contexts. For example, a group of women who hold moderately feminist views tend to demonstrate heightened pro-feminist beliefs following group discussion. Similarly, studies have shown that after
228:
Risky and cautious shifts are both a part of a more generalized idea known as group-induced attitude polarization. Though group polarization deals mainly with risk-involving decisions and/or opinions, discussion-induced shifts have been shown to occur on several non-risk-involving levels. This
204:
strongly than before they received that information. These results should be understood in the context of several problems in the implementation of the study, including the fact the researchers changed the scaling of the outcome of the variable, so measuring attitude change was impossible, and
190:
In the next stage of the research, the participants were given more information about the study described on the card they received, including details of the research, critiques of the research, and the researchers' responses to those critiques. The participants' degree of commitment to their
283:
Subsequently, a decade-long period of examination of the applicability of group polarization to a number of fields in both lab and field settings began. There is a substantial amount of empirical evidence demonstrating the phenomenon of group polarization. Group polarization has been widely
79:
Research has suggested that well-established groups suffer less from polarization, as do groups discussing problems that are well known to them. However, in situations where groups are somewhat newly formed and tasks are new, group polarization can demonstrate a more profound influence on
191:
original positions were re-measured, and the participants were asked about the quality of the research and the effect the research had on their beliefs. Finally, the trial was rerun on all participants using a card that supported the opposite position to that they had initially seen.
169:
Kroner and
Phillips (1977) compared murder rates for the year before and the year after adoption of capital punishment in 14 states. In 11 of the 14 states, murder rates were lower after adoption of the death penalty. This research supports the deterrent effect of the death
178:
Palmer and
Crandall (1977) compared murder rates in 10 pairs of neighboring states with different capital punishment laws. In 8 of the 10 pairs, murder rates were higher in the state with capital punishment. This research opposes the deterrent effect of the death
75:
demonstrate that group polarization can occur even when a group is not physically together. As long as the group of individuals begins with the same fundamental opinion on the topic and a consistent dialogue is kept going, group polarization can occur.
292:
Almost as soon as the phenomenon of group polarization was discovered, a number of theories were offered to help explain and account for it. These explanations were gradually narrowed down and grouped together until two primary mechanisms remained,
250:
Participants were then asked to imagine that they were advising Mr. A. They would then be provided with a series of probabilities that indicate whether the new company that offered him a position is financially stable. It would read as following
427:). Researchers have identified an increase in affective polarization among the United States electorate, and report that hostility and discrimination towards the opposing political party has increased dramatically over time.
3829:
276:
those that were made by individuals. This tendency also occurred when individual judgments were collected after the group discussion and even when the individual post-discussion measures were delayed two to six weeks.
2719:
4787:
431:
of three took extreme action 65% of the time. These results are noteworthy because they indicate that even trained, professional decision-makers are subject to the influences of group polarization.
4810:
3834:
4800:
440:
hostility towards the outgroup. While polarization can occur in any type of conflict, it has its most damaging effects in large-scale inter-group, public policy, and international conflicts.
4190:
382:, has enabled people to seek out and share ideas with others who have similar interests and common values, making group polarization effects increasingly evident, particularly in
4385:
2945:
3011:
225:
refers to the outcome of that attitude change; namely, the difference between the average group members' pre-group discussion attitudes and the outcome of the group decision.
337:
While these two theories are the most widely accepted as explanations for group polarization, alternative theories have been proposed. The most popular of these theories is
284:
considered as a fundamental group decision-making process and was well established, but remained non-obvious and puzzling because its mechanisms were not fully understood.
4758:
3430:
3425:
2773:
4747:
3308:
3242:
2927:
50:
toward a situation may change in the sense that the individuals' initial attitudes have strengthened and intensified after group discussion, a phenomenon known as
1343:
Hogg, M.A.; Turner, J.C.; Davidson, B. (1990). "Polarized norms and social frames of reference: A test of the self-categorization theory of group polarization".
792:
Lord, C. G.; Ross, L.; Lepper, M. R. (1979). "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence".
391:
which they are exposed, thereby reinforcing and strengthening their own views while effectively avoiding information and perspectives with which they disagree.
242:
were then asked to estimate the probability that a certain choice would be of benefit or risk to the individual being discussed. Consider the following example:
3819:
1518:
Sia, C. L; Tan, B; Wei, K. K. (2002). "Group
Polarization and Computer-Mediated Communication: Effects of Communication Cues, Social Presence, and Anonymity".
3197:
3147:
1370:
McGarty, Craig; John C. Turner, Michael A., Barbara David; et al. (March 1992). "Group polarization as conformity to the prototypical group member".
3180:
2933:
2975:
4632:
3437:
3029:
1436:
Bastug, Mehmet F.; Douai, Aziz; Akca, Davut (2020-07-02). "Exploring the "Demand Side" of Online
Radicalization: Evidence from the Canadian Context".
1122:
Moscovici, S.; W. Doise; R. Dulong (1972). "Studies in group decision: II. Differences of positions, differences of opinion, and group polarization".
3286:
2903:
2879:
546:
67:
have also presented opportunities to observe group polarization and compile new research. Psychologists have found that social media outlets such as
900:
Brauer, Mark J.; Judd, Charles Mosley; Gliner, M D (1995). "The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group discussions".
113:, is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. It is one of the effects of
4658:
3395:
3368:
1397:
4456:
3996:
3005:
1235:
Vinokur, A.; Burnstein, E. (1974). "Effects of partially shared persuasive arguments on group induced shifts: A group problem-solving approach".
4805:
3065:
2981:
2867:
4673:
4606:
3697:
3383:
2350:
4617:
4047:
3716:
540:
3844:
2891:
4653:
3247:
3237:
1743:
3374:
3035:
3924:
3712:
1299:"Knowing what to think by knowing who you are: Self-categorization and the nature of norm formation, conformity and group polarization"
2861:
4622:
4377:
3413:
3303:
3041:
2749:
2855:
2659:
1618:
Walker, Thomas G.; Main, Eleanor C. (December 1973). "Choice shifts and extreme behavior: Judicial review in the federal courts".
3687:
205:
measured polarization using a subjective assessment of attitude change and not a direct measure of how much change had occurred.
3455:
664:
Bray, R. M.; A. M. Noble (1978). "Authoritarianism and decisions of mock juries: Evidence of jury bias and group polarization".
4074:
3530:
3111:
2921:
3071:
254:"Please check the lowest probability that you would consider acceptable to make it worthwhile for Mr. A to take the new job."
4870:
4742:
4734:
4360:
3781:
3748:
3443:
3407:
3141:
2761:
2132:
1420:
31:
17:
3344:
187:
effect of the death penalty, and, this time, also asked them about the effect that the research had had on their attitudes.
4678:
4663:
4438:
3876:
3401:
2957:
2085:
1997:
325:
In the 1970s, significant arguments occurred over whether persuasive argumentation alone accounted for group polarization.
2873:
4643:
4018:
3985:
3655:
2969:
2222:
1684:
Kunovich, Robert; Deitelbaum, Catherine (2004). "Ethnic Conflict, Group Polarization, and Gender Attitudes in Croatia".
1548:
Taylor, J.; MacDonald, J. (2002). "The effects of asynchronous computer-mediated group interaction of group processes".
4935:
4753:
4668:
3809:
3753:
3168:
2909:
1480:
3525:
3362:
146:
Since the late 1960s, psychologists have carried out a number of studies on various aspects of attitude polarization.
4763:
4267:
3708:
3571:
3023:
2897:
2343:
776:
1583:
Iyengar, Shanto; Westwood, Sean (2014). "Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization".
4693:
4466:
4137:
3934:
3886:
3505:
3296:
2611:
4484:
4971:
4892:
4594:
4232:
3979:
3951:
3576:
3554:
3461:
2767:
1982:
1736:
402:
4312:
4861:
4589:
3776:
3672:
2711:
2434:
4775:
4688:
4549:
4539:
4448:
2312:
827:
Taber, Charles S.; Lodge, Milton (July 2006). "Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs".
1076:
4915:
4875:
4683:
4150:
4117:
4112:
3991:
3869:
3559:
3135:
2885:
2464:
2336:
1958:
1879:
5079:
5052:
4713:
4708:
4636:
4473:
4062:
4023:
3824:
3677:
3102:
3059:
2672:
2668:
2631:
2368:
2165:
2075:
1941:
1760:
272:
____Place a check here if you think Mr. A should not take the new job no matter what the probabilities.
4569:
3174:
5114:
4925:
4627:
4052:
2729:
2290:
1970:
1924:
1919:
1902:
1729:
1262:
Hinsz, V.B.; Davis, J.H. (1984). "Persuasive Arguments Theory, Group Polarization, and Choice Shifts".
349:
338:
2843:
2664:
4771:
4413:
4160:
4102:
3864:
3159:
3094:
2939:
2785:
2616:
2540:
1869:
1857:
1793:
93:
5109:
4865:
4461:
4145:
4039:
3944:
3881:
3692:
3581:
3549:
3419:
3203:
2987:
2779:
2562:
2545:
2300:
2262:
2080:
310:
294:
5009:
5003:
4703:
4579:
4180:
4175:
4155:
4069:
3738:
3682:
3648:
3537:
3117:
2993:
2641:
2494:
2419:
2275:
1914:
1788:
1783:
865:
Kuhn, Deanna; Lao, Joseph (1996). "Effects of Evidence on Attitudes: Is Polarization the Norm?".
424:
3047:
2951:
5047:
4910:
3770:
3660:
3643:
2999:
2915:
2849:
2755:
2690:
2520:
2305:
2250:
2070:
2030:
1864:
342:
4097:
401:
In a study conducted by Sia et al. (2002), group polarization was found to occur with online (
161:
performed a study in which they selected two groups of people, one group strongly in favor of
5124:
4519:
4365:
4028:
3733:
3728:
3667:
3633:
3449:
3291:
3153:
3123:
2963:
2743:
2737:
2182:
1965:
1391:
448:
On a smaller scale, group polarization can also be seen in the everyday lives of students in
184:
97:
47:
3389:
4961:
4956:
4846:
4584:
4428:
4370:
4337:
4122:
3760:
3723:
3500:
3353:
2515:
2245:
1847:
1778:
695:
569:
413:
89:
8:
5119:
4920:
3961:
3638:
3495:
3490:
3215:
3053:
2791:
2430:
2210:
2160:
2065:
2035:
1948:
935:
Baldassarri, Delia; Bearman, Peter (October 2007). "Dynamics of Political Polarization".
221:
refers to attitude change on the individual level due to the influence of the group, and
1646:
573:
200:
their views and the research that did not, they tended to hold their original attitudes
5015:
4856:
4237:
3743:
2606:
2155:
1975:
1936:
1829:
1666:
1600:
1565:
1500:
1461:
1383:
1315:
1298:
1279:
1217:
960:
952:
882:
878:
844:
809:
715:
612:
501:
162:
27:
Tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the inclinations of its members
4478:
4185:
4559:
4529:
4107:
3965:
3896:
3628:
2525:
2359:
2317:
2285:
2270:
2050:
1852:
1768:
1752:
1697:
1569:
1465:
1453:
1416:
1320:
1283:
1221:
1149:
Stoner, J.A. (1961). "A comparison of individual and group decision involving risk".
1095:
917:
886:
840:
772:
719:
616:
577:
520:
491:
469:
370:
The rising popularity and increased number of online social media platforms, such as
115:
38:
2413:
1604:
964:
5030:
4648:
4509:
4433:
4170:
4165:
3956:
3939:
3919:
3814:
3564:
2599:
2535:
2426:
2240:
2170:
2150:
2095:
2090:
1987:
1889:
1693:
1670:
1658:
1627:
1592:
1557:
1527:
1492:
1445:
1379:
1352:
1310:
1271:
1244:
1209:
1182:
1131:
1099:
1091:
1077:"Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: the influence of widely held values"
991:
944:
909:
874:
848:
836:
813:
801:
745:
707:
673:
646:
604:
449:
123:
1631:
1449:
637:
Isenberg, D.J. (1986). "Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis".
5020:
4951:
4930:
4718:
4698:
4418:
4317:
4132:
3209:
3129:
3017:
2649:
2594:
2120:
2045:
1800:
1773:
805:
677:
496:
423:
Group polarization has been widely discussed in terms of political behavior (see
326:
183:
The researchers again asked people about the strength of their beliefs about the
3281:
1369:
1356:
913:
650:
5074:
5042:
5037:
4423:
4008:
3856:
3542:
3520:
3077:
2489:
2469:
2280:
2040:
2017:
1992:
1874:
1561:
948:
749:
608:
515:
483:
1213:
122:
The effect is observed with issues that activate emotions, such as political "
5103:
4966:
4327:
4092:
3595:
2829:
2479:
2474:
2217:
2205:
2200:
2025:
2007:
1662:
1457:
1275:
1173:
Moscovici, S.; M. Zavalloni (1969). "The group as a polarizer of attitudes".
995:
711:
511:
395:
3971:
1531:
1135:
5084:
4728:
4302:
4277:
4257:
4084:
4013:
4003:
3929:
3904:
3851:
3702:
3232:
2700:
2682:
2621:
2444:
2232:
2002:
768:
394:
One study analyzed over 30,000 tweets on Twitter regarding the shooting of
387:
383:
298:
269:
____The chances are 9 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
266:
____The chances are 7 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
263:
____The chances are 5 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
260:
____The chances are 3 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
257:
____The chances are 1 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.
150:
127:
64:
3590:
1324:
921:
581:
560:
Myers, D.G.; H. Lamm (1975). "The polarizing effect of group discussion".
5067:
4057:
3909:
3313:
2695:
2626:
2550:
2397:
2177:
696:"Dynamic Debates: An analysis of group polarization over time on Twitter"
158:
135:
131:
1104:
956:
5057:
4885:
4880:
4342:
3914:
3515:
3510:
3332:
2677:
2439:
2407:
2107:
2060:
1953:
1931:
1842:
1596:
506:
2328:
1504:
1297:
Abrams, D.; M. Wetherell; S. Cochrane; M.A. Hogg; J.C. Turner (1990).
1296:
1017:
5062:
4902:
4795:
4395:
4247:
2705:
2530:
2459:
2449:
2295:
2125:
1897:
1837:
1248:
1186:
379:
1820:
1721:
979:
217:
are similar in many ways; however, they differ in one distinct way.
4501:
2557:
2454:
2142:
2115:
1810:
1496:
1200:
Van Swol, Lyn M. (2009). "Extreme members and group polarization".
371:
154:
68:
1151:
Unpublished Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
736:
Myers, D.G.; H. Lamm (1976). "The group polarization phenomenon".
477:
3600:
3586:
2834:
2654:
2484:
2192:
1907:
1805:
1007:
1005:
375:
353:
72:
1053:
1041:
1029:
595:
Myers, D.G. (1975). "Discussion-induced attitude polarization".
30:"Polarization (psychology)" redirects here. For other uses, see
4851:
3765:
1002:
731:
729:
5025:
4723:
2402:
1647:"Polarization and Conflict: Theoretical and Empirical Issues"
1415:. International clearninghouse on children, youth and media.
632:
630:
628:
626:
1342:
1070:
1068:
726:
1121:
623:
332:
1413:
Influences of mediated violence: a brief research summary
1065:
765:
A Mind of its Own - How Your Brain Distorts and Deceives
1617:
1172:
1234:
1117:
1115:
657:
459:
32:
Polarization (disambiguation) § Social sciences
3799:
1517:
1142:
46:cautious. The phenomenon also holds that a group's
1683:
980:"Disagreement, Dogmatism, and Belief Polarization"
934:
545:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp.
1481:"Deliberative Trouble? Why groups go to extremes"
1112:
5101:
1644:
1255:
899:
787:
785:
1582:
1547:
1435:
693:
663:
287:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
791:
2818:
2584:
2344:
1737:
782:
700:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society
4786:
1396:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1237:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1193:
1175:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
902:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
794:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
735:
666:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
639:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
559:
1713:Exploring Social Psychology: Fourth Edition
1338:
1336:
1334:
689:
687:
434:
304:
3331:
2510:
2351:
2337:
1744:
1730:
1264:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1261:
860:
858:
826:
762:
316:
1645:Esteban, Joan; Schneider, Gerald (2008).
1410:
1314:
1103:
1084:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3480:
1478:
1331:
1199:
684:
636:
341:. Self-categorization theory stems from
83:
3269:
2358:
864:
855:
538:
333:Self-categorization and social identity
14:
5102:
1148:
1074:
232:
4992:
4835:
4211:
3798:
3617:
3479:
3330:
3268:
2817:
2728:
2583:
2379:
2332:
1751:
1725:
1710:
1585:American Journal of Political Science
1543:
1541:
1124:European Journal of Social Psychology
977:
829:American Journal of Political Science
594:
141:
2086:Social determinants of mental health
1998:Social determinants of mental health
1372:British Journal of Social Psychology
1303:British Journal of Social Psychology
3986:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
2640:
1438:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
1345:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
1163:Forsyth, D.R. (2010) Group Dynamics
418:
24:
4754:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax
1538:
1384:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00952.x
1316:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x
879:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00340.x
694:Yardi, Sarita; Danah Boyd (2010).
25:
5136:
4386:Western-backed Iranian Revolution
4118:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
2133:Frustration–aggression hypothesis
3845:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw
3782:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
3148:South African Airways Flight 295
1819:
1698:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00080.x
1620:The Journal of Social Psychology
841:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
476:
462:
208:
4429:Petrograd Military Organization
3952:International Jewish conspiracy
3800:Race, religion and/or ethnicity
3462:Denial of the 7 October attacks
3287:California drought manipulation
1704:
1677:
1638:
1611:
1576:
1511:
1472:
1429:
1404:
1363:
1290:
1228:
1166:
1157:
971:
928:
893:
820:
443:
365:
360:
4378:Israel-related animal theories
1686:Journal of Marriage and Family
756:
588:
553:
532:
13:
1:
4550:First Catilinarian conspiracy
3582:Ideology in incel communities
2313:Fundamental attribution error
1632:10.1080/00224545.1973.9923044
1450:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1494409
526:
4993:
4916:Freeman on the land movement
4806:Maricopa County ballot audit
4764:"Vast right-wing conspiracy"
4212:
3181:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
2465:Global catastrophe scenarios
2380:
1959:Elaboration likelihood model
1880:Social dominance orientation
1520:Information Systems Research
1096:10.1016/0022-1031(68)90069-3
1075:Stoner, James A. F. (1968).
1060:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1048:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1036:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1024:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
1012:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979
937:American Sociological Review
806:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
678:10.1037/0022-3514.36.12.1424
288:Major theoretical approaches
7:
5080:Science by press conference
5053:Online youth radicalization
4972:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme
4659:CIA assistance to bin Laden
4292:(outside the United States)
3456:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
3402:Mozambican presidential jet
3142:United Air Lines Flight 553
2673:Interdimensional hypothesis
2369:List of conspiracy theories
2166:Negative-state relief model
2076:Diffusion of responsibility
1942:Asch conformity experiments
1761:Interpersonal relationships
1357:10.1207/s15324834basp1101_6
914:10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1014
651:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141
455:
57:
10:
5141:
4354:Middle East / North Africa
3754:oral polio AIDS hypothesis
3618:
2291:Observer-expectancy effect
1925:Door-in-the-face technique
1920:Foot-in-the-door technique
1903:Stanford prison experiment
1562:10.1177/089443930202000304
949:10.1177/000312240707200507
750:10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602
609:10.1177/001872677502800802
411:
350:self-categorization theory
339:self-categorization theory
87:
29:
4999:
4988:
4944:
4901:
4842:
4836:
4831:
4605:
4494:
4447:
4406:
4353:
4288:
4222:
4218:
4207:
4131:
4083:
4037:
3895:
3805:
3794:
3624:
3613:
3486:
3475:
3340:
3326:
3277:
3264:
3225:
3190:
3087:
2828:
2824:
2819:Deaths and disappearances
2813:
2684:Estimate of the Situation
2590:
2585:Astronomy and outer space
2579:
2503:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2366:
2261:
2231:
2191:
2141:
2106:
2016:
1888:
1870:Realistic conflict theory
1858:Implicit association test
1828:
1817:
1794:Triangular theory of love
1759:
1651:Journal of Peace Research
1214:10.1080/15534510802584368
94:Selective exposure theory
4893:Shakespearean authorship
4871:Shadow government claims
4674:Election denial movement
4570:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
3012:Diana, Princess of Wales
2563:Psychological projection
2546:Mass psychogenic illness
2301:Representative heuristic
2081:Social comparison theory
1663:10.1177/0022343307087168
1276:10.1177/0146167284102012
1026:, pp. 2102, 2105–6.
996:10.5840/jphil20081051024
763:Fine, Cordelia (2006a).
712:10.1177/0270467610380011
539:Aronson, Elliot (2010).
435:War and violent behavior
311:social comparison theory
305:Social comparison theory
5010:Conspiracy Encyclopedia
5004:Argument from ignorance
4704:Philadelphia Experiment
4313:Avro Arrow cancellation
4138:Denial of mass killings
3820:COVID-19 and xenophobia
3304:Free energy suppression
2495:Urban legends and myths
2420:power behind the throne
2276:Counterfactual thinking
1789:Physical attractiveness
1532:10.1287/isre.13.1.70.92
1479:Sunstein, Cass (2000).
1136:10.1002/ejsp.2420020404
317:Informational influence
299:informational influence
213:Group polarization and
5048:Historical negationism
4467:Operation Sledgehammer
4233:Cow vigilante violence
3925:during the Black Death
3112:Great KantĹŤ earthquake
2982:GEC-Marconi scientists
2928:Martin Luther King Jr.
2691:Lake Michigan Triangle
2660:Black Knight satellite
2521:Communal reinforcement
2435:Political conspiracies
2306:Availability heuristic
2251:Choice-supportive bias
2071:False-consensus effect
2031:Social identity theory
1865:Minimal group paradigm
1411:Feilitzen, C. (2009).
978:Kelly, Thomas (2008).
738:Psychological Bulletin
425:political polarization
343:social identity theory
248:
181:
172:
4776:Stab-in-the-back myth
4580:Clockwork Orange plot
4098:Bihar human sacrifice
4029:Stab-in-the-back myth
3852:German POWs post-WWII
3734:Germ theory denialism
3729:Electronic harassment
3450:Smolensk air disaster
3414:Oklahoma City bombing
3292:Climate change denial
3088:Accidents / disasters
3024:Nepalese royal family
2511:Attitude polarization
1966:Pluralistic ignorance
1550:Social Science Review
984:Journal of Philosophy
867:Psychological Science
244:
176:
167:
103:Attitude polarization
98:Subjective validation
84:Attitude polarization
52:attitude polarization
18:Attitude polarization
4847:Dead Internet theory
4338:Daktari Ranch affair
4123:Trojan Horse scandal
3501:anti-gender movement
3481:Gender and sexuality
3438:Madrid train bombing
3384:Lufthansa Flight 615
3072:Sushant Singh Rajput
2612:Apollo Moon landings
2516:Cognitive dissonance
2246:Cognitive dissonance
1848:Outgroup homogeneity
1779:Mere-exposure effect
1485:The Yale Law Journal
414:Echo chamber (media)
90:Reinforcement theory
4921:Redemption movement
4689:Georgia Guidestones
3962:Cultural Bolshevism
3601:Soy and masculinity
3271:Energy, environment
3175:EgyptAir Flight 990
2916:Lal Bahadur Shastri
2886:Subhas Chandra Bose
2360:Conspiracy theories
2211:Cultural relativism
2161:Reciprocal altruism
2066:In-group favoritism
2036:Social facilitation
574:1975AmSci..63..297M
233:History and origins
195:supported it. Lord
111:polarization effect
107:belief polarization
5016:Conspiracy fiction
4926:Sovereign citizens
4679:FBI secret society
4664:Clinton body count
4474:Gezi Park protests
4439:Ukraine bioweapons
4238:Greater Bangladesh
3980:Judeo-Masonic plot
3777:Water fluoridation
3744:HIV/AIDS denialism
3491:Alpha / beta males
3390:Widerøe Flight 933
2868:Władysław Sikorski
2607:Ancient astronauts
2183:Prisoner's dilemma
2156:Prosocial behavior
2056:Group polarization
1976:Milgram experiment
1937:Autokinetic effect
1711:Myers, DG (2007).
1597:10.1111/ajps.12152
1050:, pp. 2105–6.
1038:, pp. 2106–7.
562:American Scientist
502:Group-serving bias
219:Group polarization
163:capital punishment
142:Empirical findings
43:group polarization
5115:Social psychology
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4962:Birds Aren't Real
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4649:Black helicopters
4560:Mano Negra affair
4530:Itavia Flight 870
4457:2016 coup attempt
4361:In the Arab world
4293:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4191:Serbs during WWII
4108:Great Replacement
3966:Jewish Bolshevism
3882:War against Islam
3861:Product labeling
3830:French Revolution
3790:
3789:
3629:5G misinformation
3609:
3608:
3471:
3470:
3426:advance knowledge
3408:Pan Am Flight 103
3322:
3321:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3204:Yemenite children
2934:Robert F. Kennedy
2910:Lee Harvey Oswald
2892:Johnny Stompanato
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2762:Aztec, New Mexico
2665:Cryptoterrestrial
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2526:Confirmation bias
2326:
2325:
2318:Self-serving bias
2286:Confirmation bias
2271:Explanatory style
2051:Group development
1853:Stereotype threat
1769:Attachment theory
1753:Social psychology
1422:978-91-89471-81-8
1062:, p. 2101n1.
800:(11): 2098–2109.
672:(12): 1424–1430.
542:Social Psychology
521:Identity politics
492:Confirmation bias
470:Psychology portal
403:computer-mediated
295:social comparison
116:confirmation bias
80:decision-making.
39:social psychology
16:(Redirected from
5132:
5031:pseudoskepticism
4990:
4989:
4899:
4898:
4833:
4832:
4784:
4783:
4669:Cultural Marxism
4510:Global War Party
4291:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4009:Killing of Jesus
3957:Committee of 300
3940:Holocaust denial
3893:
3892:
3877:Tartarian Empire
3847:
3838:
3815:CERN ritual hoax
3810:Bhagwa Love Trap
3796:
3795:
3749:origins theories
3634:Anti-vaccination
3615:
3614:
3565:Transvestigation
3477:
3476:
3328:
3327:
3266:
3265:
3226:Body double hoax
3060:Alejandro Castro
2958:Pope John Paul I
2940:Salvador Allende
2874:Benito Mussolini
2826:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2768:Southern England
2726:
2725:
2669:Extraterrestrial
2638:
2637:
2600:Nibiru cataclysm
2581:
2580:
2536:Locus of control
2490:Secret societies
2388:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2241:Spotlight effect
2171:Empathy-altruism
2151:Bystander effect
2096:Frog pond effect
2091:Self-enhancement
1988:Self-concealment
1890:Social influence
1823:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1692:(5): 1089–1107.
1681:
1675:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:10.1037/h0036010
1232:
1226:
1225:
1202:Social Influence
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:10.1037/h0027568
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1000:
999:
975:
969:
968:
932:
926:
925:
908:(6): 1014–1029.
897:
891:
890:
862:
853:
852:
824:
818:
817:
789:
780:
779:
760:
754:
753:
733:
724:
723:
691:
682:
681:
661:
655:
654:
645:(6): 1141–1151.
634:
621:
620:
592:
586:
585:
557:
551:
550:
536:
486:
481:
480:
472:
467:
466:
465:
450:higher education
419:Politics and law
348:Support for the
105:, also known as
21:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5110:Group processes
5100:
5099:
5098:
5089:
5021:Conspirituality
4995:
4976:
4940:
4931:Strawman theory
4897:
4838:
4815:
4782:
4743:Saddam–al-Qaeda
4719:Project Azorian
4699:Montauk Project
4601:
4585:Elm Guest House
4546:Roman Republic
4490:
4479:Sèvres syndrome
4443:
4402:
4349:
4318:Leuchter report
4290:
4284:
4268:Finger-pinching
4214:
4195:
4136:
4133:Genocide denial
4127:
4079:
4033:
4019:New World Order
3891:
3843:
3832:
3801:
3786:
3656:in chiropractic
3620:
3605:
3572:Finger pinching
3560:litter box hoax
3526:HIV/AIDS stigma
3482:
3467:
3444:London bombings
3336:
3318:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3221:
3186:
3130:Lost Cosmonauts
3083:
3066:Jeffrey Epstein
3042:Osama bin Laden
3018:Alois Estermann
2904:John F. Kennedy
2850:Louis Le Prince
2833:
2820:
2797:
2724:
2650:Alien abduction
2636:
2595:2012 phenomenon
2586:
2567:
2499:
2382:
2371:
2362:
2357:
2327:
2322:
2257:
2227:
2187:
2137:
2121:Deindividuation
2102:
2046:Social cohesion
2012:
1884:
1824:
1815:
1801:Parenting style
1774:Falling in love
1755:
1750:
1720:
1709:
1705:
1682:
1678:
1643:
1639:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1577:
1546:
1539:
1516:
1512:
1477:
1473:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1409:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1364:
1341:
1332:
1295:
1291:
1260:
1256:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1194:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1143:
1120:
1113:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:, p. 2100.
1010:
1003:
990:(10): 611–633.
976:
972:
933:
929:
898:
894:
863:
856:
825:
821:
790:
783:
761:
757:
734:
727:
692:
685:
662:
658:
635:
624:
597:Human Relations
593:
589:
558:
554:
537:
533:
529:
497:Deindividuation
482:
475:
468:
463:
461:
458:
446:
437:
421:
416:
368:
363:
335:
327:Daniel Isenberg
319:
307:
290:
235:
211:
144:
100:
86:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5075:Radicalization
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5043:Fringe science
5040:
5038:Falsifiability
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4936:Tax protesters
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4866:New chronology
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4811:Stop the Steal
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4495:Other European
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Golden billion
4421:
4416:
4414:Alaska payment
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4044:
4042:
4040:Anti-Christian
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3945:Trivialization
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3887:White genocide
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3857:Priory of Sion
3854:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3661:misinformation
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3543:Lavender scare
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3521:gay Nazis myth
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3396:KAL Flight 007
3393:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3363:Reichstag fire
3360:
3351:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:false theories
3289:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3243:Vladimir Putin
3240:
3235:
3233:Paul McCartney
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3169:TWA Flight 800
3166:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3136:JAT Flight 367
3133:
3127:
3121:
3118:Lynmouth Flood
3115:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3036:Benazir Bhutto
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2952:Renny Ottolina
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2898:Marilyn Monroe
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2856:Lord Kitchener
2853:
2847:
2844:Zachary Taylor
2840:
2838:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Hidden message
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:Ă©minence grise
2410:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Framing effect
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Social loafing
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2018:Group dynamics
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Social anxiety
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:Discrimination
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1715:. McGraw Hill.
1703:
1676:
1657:(2): 131–141.
1637:
1626:(2): 215–221.
1610:
1591:(3): 690–707.
1575:
1556:(3): 260–274.
1537:
1510:
1497:10.2307/797587
1471:
1444:(7): 616–637.
1428:
1421:
1403:
1362:
1330:
1289:
1270:(2): 260–268.
1254:
1243:(3): 305–315.
1227:
1208:(3): 185–199.
1192:
1181:(2): 125–135.
1165:
1156:
1141:
1130:(4): 385–399.
1111:
1090:(4): 442–459.
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1001:
970:
943:(5): 784–811.
927:
892:
873:(2): 115–120.
854:
835:(3): 755–769.
819:
781:
755:
744:(4): 602–627.
725:
683:
656:
622:
603:(8): 699–714.
587:
568:(3): 297–303.
552:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
518:
516:herd mentality
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
487:
484:Society portal
473:
457:
454:
445:
442:
436:
433:
420:
417:
367:
364:
362:
359:
334:
331:
318:
315:
306:
303:
289:
286:
234:
231:
210:
207:
143:
140:
130:, but also to
85:
82:
59:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4991:
4987:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Admiralty law
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:NESARA/GESARA
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4788:2020 election
4785:
4777:
4773:
4772:POW/MIA issue
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Trump–Ukraine
4757:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Biden–Ukraine
4642:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:Barack Obama
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4607:United States
4604:
4596:
4595:Voting pencil
4593:
4591:
4590:Harold Wilson
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:Casa Matusita
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:The Holocaust
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Counter-jihad
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4075:Giuseppe Siri
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:Anti-Catholic
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Doctors' plot
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:United States
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Satanic panic
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:United States
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3249:
3248:Melania Trump
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Avril Lavigne
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:Elvis Presley
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:Yasser Arafat
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:Yitzhak Rabin
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2830:Assassination
2827:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:Alien autopsy
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2720:Project Serpo
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Pseudoscience
2478:
2476:
2475:Pseudohistory
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Crisis actors
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Individualism
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Culture shock
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:Enculturation
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Belongingness
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2008:Social stress
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:(1): 71–119.
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:(2): 97–119.
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
786:
778:
777:0-393-06213-9
774:
770:
766:
759:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
730:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:(5): 316–27.
705:
701:
697:
690:
688:
679:
675:
671:
667:
660:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
631:
629:
627:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
548:
544:
543:
535:
531:
522:
519:
517:
513:
512:Herd behavior
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
479:
474:
471:
460:
453:
451:
441:
432:
428:
426:
415:
410:
406:
404:
399:
397:
396:George Tiller
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
358:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
330:
328:
323:
314:
312:
302:
300:
296:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
247:
243:
239:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:choice shifts
209:Choice shifts
206:
203:
198:
192:
188:
186:
180:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
139:
137:
133:
129:
128:psychologists
125:
120:
118:
117:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
55:
53:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5125:Sectarianism
5085:Superstition
5008:
4864: /
4862:Phantom time
4801:"Pence Card"
4774: /
4768:Vietnam War
4733:
4694:Jade Helm 15
4635: /
4483:
4419:Dulles' Plan
4303:Andinia Plan
4278:Finland Plot
4264:South Korea
4258:Tallano gold
4254:Philippines
4085:Islamophobic
4038:Christian /
4014:Kalergi Plan
4004:Judeopolonia
3992:World War II
3984:
3970:
3964: /
3935:George Soros
3930:Epsilon Team
3905:Andinia Plan
3761:Lepers' plot
3715: /
3711: /
3703:turbo cancer
3589: /
3431:WTC collapse
3420:9/11 attacks
3376:
3369:Pearl Harbor
3355:
3346:
3161:
3154:Khamar-Daban
3124:Dyatlov Pass
3104:
3096:Mary Celeste
3095:
2994:Vince Foster
2880:Adolf Hitler
2744:Maury Island
2738:Dundy County
2710:
2701:Men in black
2683:
2671: /
2667: /
2622:Hollow Earth
2551:moral panics
2541:Manipulation
2433: /
2429: /
2412:
2233:Self-concept
2223:Collectivism
2055:
2003:Social proof
1712:
1706:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1553:
1549:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1412:
1406:
1392:cite journal
1375:
1371:
1365:
1348:
1344:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1105:1721.1/48923
1087:
1083:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
987:
983:
973:
940:
936:
930:
905:
901:
895:
870:
866:
832:
828:
822:
797:
793:
769:W. W. Norton
764:
758:
741:
737:
703:
699:
669:
665:
659:
642:
638:
600:
596:
590:
565:
561:
555:
541:
534:
447:
444:College life
438:
429:
422:
407:
400:
393:
388:generation Z
384:generation Y
369:
366:The Internet
361:Applications
347:
336:
324:
320:
308:
291:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
227:
223:choice shift
222:
218:
214:
212:
201:
196:
193:
189:
182:
177:
173:
168:
151:Charles Lord
148:
145:
136:philosophers
132:sociologists
121:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:
78:
65:social media
61:
51:
42:
36:
5068:hate speech
4654:CIA and JFK
4633:"Obamagate"
4618:citizenship
4520:German Plot
4058:Popish Plot
4024:Rothschilds
3910:Blood libel
3897:Antisemitic
3833: [
3713:Philippines
3550:Recruitment
3335:allegations
3314:Red mercury
3198:Joan of Arc
3191:Other cases
3132:(1950s–60s)
3078:John McAfee
3048:Hugo Chávez
3000:Kurt Cobain
2988:Turgut Ă–zal
2984:(1980s–90s)
2964:Airey Neave
2922:Harold Holt
2862:Tom Thomson
2780:Gulf Breeze
2774:Ilkley Moor
2627:Hollow Moon
2398:Antiscience
2391:Core topics
2263:Attribution
2178:Cooperation
1983:Reciprocity
238:group met.
159:Mark Lepper
5120:Motivation
5104:Categories
5058:Paranormal
4967:Li's field
4886:synarchism
4881:Illuminati
4876:Bilderberg
4748:Sandy Hook
4684:FEMA camps
4536:Lithuania
4371:Cairo fire
4343:Golpe Azul
4334:Venezuela
4299:Argentina
4151:Bangladesh
4113:Love jihad
3972:Żydokomuna
3915:Cohen Plan
3825:Freemasons
3688:Ivermectin
3678:Chemtrails
3673:Big Pharma
3649:Thiomersal
3516:gay agenda
3511:drag panic
3496:Anti-LGBTQ
3333:False flag
2976:Zia-ul-Haq
2970:Olof Palme
2792:Morristown
2756:Twin Falls
2712:Die Glocke
2678:Dulce Base
2632:Reptilians
2617:Flat Earth
2504:Psychology
2440:Conspiracy
2408:deep state
2108:Aggression
2061:Groupthink
1954:Persuasion
1932:Conformity
1915:Compliance
1843:Stereotype
1784:Similarity
1351:: 77–100.
527:References
507:Groupthink
412:See also:
185:deterrence
124:hot-button
88:See also:
5063:Prejudice
4957:Bielefeld
4945:Satirical
4903:Pseudolaw
4796:Italygate
4735:incidents
4709:Pizzagate
4628:parentage
4540:Statesmen
4462:Ergenekon
4396:Pallywood
4366:10 agorot
4274:Thailand
4248:Jinnahpur
4244:Pakistan
4171:Holodomor
4161:Cambodian
3668:Aspartame
3577:GamerGate
3538:Homintern
3506:Chemicals
3356:Lusitania
3282:Agenda 21
3216:Jonestown
3206:(1948–54)
3054:Seth Rich
2946:Aldo Moro
2782:(1987–88)
2706:Nazi UFOs
2531:Denialism
2460:Espionage
2450:Deception
2296:Heuristic
2126:Anonymity
1971:Obedience
1898:Authority
1838:Prejudice
1570:220160579
1526:: 70–90.
1466:115806907
1458:1057-610X
1284:145085635
1222:219697757
887:145659040
720:144371141
617:145480929
380:Instagram
149:In 1979,
4994:See also
4857:New Coke
4714:The Plan
4623:religion
4516:Ireland
4506:Georgia
4502:Euromyth
4485:Üst akıl
4434:Rasputin
4289:Americas
4213:Regional
4146:Armenian
3698:vaccines
3693:lab leak
3683:COVID-19
3555:Grooming
2837:theories
2558:Paranoia
2455:Dystopia
2431:Criminal
2381:Overview
2143:Altruism
2116:Violence
1830:Conflict
1811:Adoption
1605:16242632
1378:: 1–19.
965:10156795
957:25472492
456:See also
372:Facebook
179:penalty.
170:penalty.
155:Lee Ross
69:Facebook
58:Overview
48:attitude
4637:Spygate
4566:Sweden
4392:Israel
4309:Canada
4181:Rwandan
4176:Nanjing
4156:Bosnian
4103:Eurabia
4063:Vatican
4053:Jesuits
3848:(1940s)
3766:Medbeds
3591:Gaylors
3587:Larries
3422:(2001)
3377:Liberty
3162:Estonia
3105:Titanic
2835:suicide
2750:Roswell
2655:Area 51
2485:Secrecy
2193:Culture
1949:Passing
1908:Honesty
1806:Divorce
1671:5952676
1325:2372667
922:7608855
849:3770487
814:7465318
582:1147368
570:Bibcode
376:Twitter
354:ingroup
73:Twitter
4750:(2012)
4729:Pastel
4556:Spain
4526:Italy
4449:Turkey
4407:Russia
4229:India
3997:Z.O.G.
3870:Kosher
3773:(2003)
3709:Canada
3639:autism
3619:Health
3464:(2023)
3458:(2014)
3452:(2010)
3446:(2005)
3440:(2004)
3416:(1995)
3410:(1988)
3404:(1986)
3398:(1983)
3392:(1982)
3386:(1972)
3380:(1967)
3371:(1941)
3365:(1933)
3359:(1915)
3350:(1898)
3218:(1978)
3212:(1977)
3200:(1431)
3183:(2014)
3177:(1999)
3171:(1996)
3165:(1994)
3156:(1993)
3150:(1987)
3144:(1972)
3138:(1972)
3126:(1959)
3120:(1952)
3114:(1923)
3108:(1912)
3099:(1872)
3080:(2021)
3074:(2020)
3068:(2019)
3062:(2018)
3056:(2016)
3050:(2013)
3044:(2011)
3038:(2007)
3032:(2004)
3026:(2001)
3020:(1998)
3014:(1997)
3008:(1995)
3002:(1994)
2996:(1993)
2990:(1993)
2978:(1988)
2972:(1986)
2966:(1979)
2960:(1978)
2954:(1978)
2948:(1978)
2942:(1973)
2936:(1968)
2930:(1968)
2924:(1967)
2918:(1966)
2912:(1963)
2906:(1963)
2900:(1962)
2894:(1958)
2888:(1945)
2882:(1945)
2876:(1945)
2870:(1943)
2864:(1917)
2858:(1916)
2852:(1890)
2846:(1850)
2794:(2009)
2788:(1995)
2776:(1987)
2770:(1967)
2764:(1949)
2758:(1947)
2752:(1947)
2746:(1947)
2740:(1884)
2730:Hoaxes
2687:(1948)
2403:Cabals
1669:
1603:
1568:
1505:797587
1503:
1464:
1456:
1419:
1323:
1282:
1220:
963:
955:
920:
885:
847:
812:
775:
718:
615:
580:
197:et al.
96:, and
5026:Dogma
4837:Other
4724:QAnon
4382:Iran
4324:Peru
4186:Sayfo
4070:Bible
3865:Halal
3837:]
3724:Ebola
3347:Maine
3309:HAARP
2696:MJ-12
2427:Civil
1667:S2CID
1622:. 2.
1601:S2CID
1566:S2CID
1501:JSTOR
1462:S2CID
1280:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1080:(PDF)
961:S2CID
953:JSTOR
883:S2CID
845:S2CID
810:S2CID
716:S2CID
613:S2CID
4952:Acre
4223:Asia
3771:SARS
3739:GMOs
3375:USS
3354:RMS
3345:USS
3103:RMS
2642:UFOs
1454:ISSN
1417:ISBN
1398:link
1321:PMID
918:PMID
773:ISBN
578:PMID
514:and
386:and
378:and
309:The
297:and
202:more
157:and
134:and
109:and
71:and
4576:UK
3707:in
3644:MMR
3160:MS
1694:doi
1659:doi
1628:doi
1593:doi
1558:doi
1528:doi
1493:doi
1489:110
1446:doi
1380:doi
1353:doi
1311:doi
1272:doi
1245:doi
1210:doi
1183:doi
1132:doi
1100:hdl
1092:doi
992:doi
988:105
945:doi
910:doi
875:doi
837:doi
802:doi
746:doi
708:doi
674:doi
647:doi
605:doi
547:273
174:or:
37:In
5106::
3835:fr
1690:66
1688:.
1665:.
1655:45
1653:.
1649:.
1624:91
1599:.
1589:59
1587:.
1564:.
1554:20
1552:.
1540:^
1524:13
1522:.
1499:.
1487:.
1483:.
1460:.
1452:.
1442:43
1440:.
1394:}}
1390:{{
1376:31
1374:.
1349:11
1347:.
1333:^
1319:.
1307:29
1305:.
1301:.
1278:.
1268:10
1266:.
1241:29
1239:.
1216:.
1204:.
1179:12
1177:.
1126:.
1114:^
1098:.
1086:.
1082:.
1067:^
1004:^
986:.
982:.
959:.
951:.
941:72
939:.
916:.
906:68
904:.
881:.
869:.
857:^
843:.
833:50
831:.
808:.
798:37
796:.
784:^
771:.
767:.
742:83
740:.
728:^
714:.
704:30
702:.
698:.
686:^
670:36
668:.
643:50
641:.
625:^
611:.
601:28
599:.
576:.
566:63
564:.
374:,
301:.
153:,
138:.
92:,
54:.
41:,
4135:/
2832:/
2352:e
2345:t
2338:v
1745:e
1738:t
1731:v
1700:.
1696::
1673:.
1661::
1634:.
1630::
1607:.
1595::
1572:.
1560::
1534:.
1530::
1507:.
1495::
1468:.
1448::
1425:.
1400:)
1386:.
1382::
1359:.
1355::
1327:.
1313::
1286:.
1274::
1251:.
1247::
1224:.
1212::
1206:4
1189:.
1185::
1153:.
1138:.
1134::
1128:2
1108:.
1102::
1094::
1088:4
998:.
994::
967:.
947::
924:.
912::
889:.
877::
871:7
851:.
839::
816:.
804::
752:.
748::
722:.
710::
680:.
676::
653:.
649::
619:.
607::
584:.
572::
549:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.