Conflict of interest

1212:. Public officials are expected to put service to the public and their constituents ahead of their personal interests. Conflict of interest rules are intended to prevent officials from making decisions in circumstances that could reasonably be perceived as violating this duty of office. Rules in the executive branch tend to be stricter and easier to enforce than in the legislative branch. This is visible through one study which highlights how Members of Congress who have specific stock investments may vote on regulatory and interventionist legislation. Two problems make legislative ethics of conflicts difficult and distinctive. First, as James Madison wrote, legislators should share a "communion of interests" with their constituents. Legislators cannot adequately represent the interests of constituents without also representing some of their own. As Senator Robert S. Kerr once said, "I represent the farmers of Oklahoma, although I have large farm interests. I represent the oil business in Oklahoma...and I am in the oil business...They don't want to send a man here who has no community of interest with them, because he wouldn't be worth a nickel to them." The problem is to distinguish special interests from the general interests of all constituents. Second, the "political interests" of legislatures include campaign contributions which they need to get elected, and which are generally not illegal and not the same as a bribe. But under many circumstances, they can have the same effect. The problem here is how to keep the secondary interest in raising campaign funds from overwhelming what should be their primary interest—fulfilling the duties of office. 523:

client like a hot potato" to cure a conflict. This label has stuck, and the doctrine is now aptly called the "hot potato" doctrine. However, as one commentator has pointed out, the reasoning underlying this line of cases has been sparse, and few courts have attempted to justify this result through an analysis of the ethics rules. The unstated rationale behind the Hot Potato doctrine is that a withdrawal attempted without good cause under Model Rule 1.16(b) is an ineffective withdrawal, which does not successfully terminate the existing attorney-client relationship. When viewed in this light, a withdrawal accomplished with good cause should be an effective withdrawal that does permit a lawyer to take on a representation that would otherwise be conflicting, as long as there is no substantial relationship with the prior matter. The standard used to assess conflicts involving such former clients will be discussed in the next section.

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of the fiduciary relationship…" A key feature of the duty of loyalty is that an attorney may not act directly adverse to a current client or represent a litigation adversary of the client in an unrelated matter. The damage done is to the client's confidence that the lawyer is serving their interests faithfully. An example of a lawyer acting directly adverse to a client is when the lawyer sues the client. At the other end of the spectrum is when a lawyer represents business competitors of the client who are not adverse to it in a lawsuit or negotiation. Representing business competitors of a client in unrelated matters does not constitute direct adversity nor give rise to a loyalty conflict. As one state bar ethics committee has noted:

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will not have numerous indirect adverse effects on others. Obtaining a benefit for a client will often mean disadvantaging another person or entity, and indirect consequences may follow to all who may be dependents or owners of the attorney's opponents. The attorney's duty of loyalty, however, extends only to adverse consequences on existing clients which are 'direct.'…Of the numerous and varied consequences which a representation of one client may have on other clients, well-established legal authority interpreting the duty of loyalty limits the scope of ethical inquiry to whether the other affected clients are parties to the case or transaction in which the attorney is acting. --California State Bar Ethics Opinion 1989-113.

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stock fraud. It is a conflict of interest because the stockbrokers are concealing and manipulating information to make it misleading for the buyers. The broker may claim to have the "inside" information about impending news and will urge buyers to buy the stock quickly. Investors will buy the stock, which creates a high demand and raises the prices. This rise in prices can entice more people to believe the hype and then buy shares as well. The stockbrokers will then sell their shares and stop promoting, the price will drop, and other investors are left holding stock that is worth nothing compared to what they paid for it. In this way, brokers use their knowledge and position to gain personally at the expense of others.

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that have led "to higher prices and a shrinking of the marketplace of ideas", increasing the power and profits of the large media corporations at public expense. One result of this is that "the people cease to have a means of clarifying social priorities and organizing social reform". A free market has a mechanism for controlling abuses of power by media corporations: If their censorship becomes too egregious, they lose audience, which in turn reduces their advertising rates. However, the effectiveness of this mechanism has been substantially reduced over the past quarter century by "the changes in the concentration and integration of the media." Would the

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a formal opinion ruling that parent corporations and their subsidiaries are to be considered distinct entities for conflicts purposes. The California committee considered a situation where an attorney undertook a representation directly adverse to the wholly owned subsidiary of a client, when the lawyer did not represent the subsidiary. Relying on the entity as client framework in Model Rule 1.13, the California committee opined that there was no conflict as long as the parent and subsidiary did not have a "sufficient unity of interests." The committee announced the following standard for evaluating the separateness of parent and subsidiary:

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disclosures. Under this test, the attorney's possession of the former client's confidential information is presumed if "confidential information material to the current dispute would normally have been imparted to the attorney by virtue of the nature of the former representation." The substantial relationship test reconstructs whether confidential information was likely to be imparted by the former client to the lawyer by analyzing "the similarities between the two factual situations, the legal questions posed, and the nature and extent of the attorney's involvement with the cases."

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unrelated to any matter the lawyer is handling for the client. However, merely advocating opposite sides of the same legal issue does not give rise to direct adversity. Even if a lawyer's advocacy in an unrelated matter may make unfavorable law for another client, such effects are only indirect and not subject to the conflicts rules. There is no conflict in advocating positions that may turn out to be unfavorable to another client so long as the lawyer is not directly litigating or negotiating against that client.

1466:(winner of an Academy Award) drew to the consulting relationships of several influential economists. This documentary focused on conflicts that may arise when economists publish results or provide public recommendations on topics that affect industries or companies with which they have financial links. Critics of the profession argue, for example, that it is no coincidence that financial economists, many of whom were engaged as consultants by Wall Street firms, were opposed to regulating the financial sector. 479:

could be foreclosed due to the joint representation, the potential danger that the client's confidential information might be disclosed, and the potential consequences if the lawyer had to withdraw at a later stage in the proceedings. Merely telling the client that there are conflicts, without further explanation, is not adequate disclosure. The lawyer must fully disclose the potential impairment to the lawyer's loyalty and explain how another unconflicted attorney might better serve the client's interests.

794:, in which a spouse, child, or other close relative is employed (or applies for employment) by an individual, or where goods or services are purchased from a relative or from a firm controlled by a relative. To avoid nepotism in hiring, many employment applications ask if the applicant is related to a current employee of the company. This allows recusal if the employed relative has a role in the hiring process. If this is the case, the relative could then recuse from any hiring decisions. 895: 1699: 1626:, reflecting this conflict of interest between the business objectives of the commercial media and the public's need to know what government is doing in their name. This change has been tied to substantial changes in law and culture in the United States. To cite only one example, researchers have tied this decline in investigative journalism to an increased coverage of the "police blotter". This has further been tied to the fact that the United States has the 5509: 4846: 4836: 1383: 5499: 954: 854: 1858:. For example, if the governing board of a government agency is considering hiring a consulting firm for some task, and one firm being considered has, as a partner, a close relative of one of the board's members, then that board member should not vote on which firm is to be selected. In fact, to minimize any conflict, the board member should not participate in any way in the decision, including discussions. 5519: 415:

opinion has been followed by ethics committees in such jurisdictions as New York, Illinois and the District of Columbia, and served as the basis of ABA Formal Ethics Opinion 95-390. The law in most jurisdictions is that parent corporations and their subsidiaries are treated as distinct entities, except in limited circumstances noted by the California ethics committee where they have a unity of interests.

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claimant to settle for less than what they may otherwise be entitled which could be a larger settlement. There is always a very good chance for a conflict of interest existing when one adjuster tries to represent both sides of a financial transaction such as an insurance claim. This problem is exacerbated when the claimant is told or believes, the insurance company's

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separate lawyers within the firm, unless (in some jurisdictions) the lawyer is segregated from the rest of the firm for the duration of the conflict. Law firms often employ software in conjunction with their case management and accounting systems in order to meet their duties to monitor their conflict of interest exposure and to assist in obtaining waivers.

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fundamental to the attorney-client relationship and has developed from the biblical maxim that no person can serve more than one master. Just as fundamental is the lawyer's duty to maintain client confidences, which protects clients' legitimate expectations that they can make full disclosure of all facts to their attorneys without fear of exposure.

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how campaign contributions affect legislative behavior. For example, the price of sugar in the United States has been roughly double the international price for over half a century. In the 1980s, this added $ 3 billion to the annual budget of U.S. consumers, according to Stern, who provided the following summary of one part of how this happens:

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fees. Consumers who shop carefully for financial services typically find better options than the primary offerings of the major banks. However, few consumers think to do that. This explains part of this increase in financial industry profits. (Note, however, that Stiglitz has been accused of a conflict of interests and violation of

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industry during that period or $ 270 billion. This represents a return of over $ 50 for each $ 1 invested in political campaigns and lobbying for that industry. (This $ 270 billion represents almost $ 1,000 for every man, woman and child in the United States.) There is hardly any place outside politics with such a high

1311:". Former legislators and regulators are accused of (a) using inside information for their new employers or (b) compromising laws and regulations in hopes of securing lucrative employment in the private sector. This possibility creates a conflict of interest for all public officials whose future may depend on the 423:

default standard. The court quoted with approval the opinion of the City of New York Committee on Professional and Judicial Ethics, which stated, "corporate family conflicts may be averted by ... an engagement letter ... that delineates which affiliates, if any, of a corporate client the law firm represents..."

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by keeping any ethical breaches hidden, instead of exposing and correcting them. An exception occurs when the ethical breach is already known by the public. In that case, it could be in the group's interest to end the ethical problem of which the public has knowledge, but keep the remaining breaches hidden.

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showed that routine disclosure of conflicts of interest by American medical school educators to pre-clinical medical students were associated with an increased desire among students for limitations in some industry relationships. However, there were no changes in the perceptions of students about the

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is dominated in many ways by political campaign contributions. Candidates are often not considered "credible" unless they have a campaign budget far beyond what could reasonably be raised from citizens of ordinary means. The impact of this money can be found in many places, most notably in studies of

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of any group may also be a conflict of interest. If an entity, such as a corporation or government bureaucracy, is asked to eliminate unethical behavior within its own group, it may be in its interest in the short run to eliminate the appearance of unethical behavior, rather than the behavior itself,

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partner was found guilty of failing to disclose a conflict of interest, disbarred, and sentenced to 15 months of imprisonment. In the United States, a law firm usually cannot represent a client if the client's interests conflict with those of another client, even if the two clients are represented by

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If a client will not consent to a conflict and allow a lawyer to take on another representation, the lawyer cannot then withdraw from the existing representation, thus turning the existing client into a former client and ending the duty of loyalty. As the courts have stated, the lawyer cannot "drop a

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when corporate clients with multiple operating divisions hire tens if not hundreds of law firms, the idea that, for example, a corporation in Miami retaining the Florida office of a national law firm to negotiate a lease should preclude that firm's New York office from taking an adverse position in a

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A concurrent conflict will also exist when "there is a significant risk that the representation of one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client, a former client or a third person or by a personal interest of the lawyer." Comment 8 to Model Rule 1.7

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One of the most frequently arising questions in corporate practice is whether parent corporations and their subsidiaries are to be treated as the same or different entities for conflicts purposes. The first authority to rule on this question was the California State Bar Ethics Committee, which issued

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programming language returned a significance probability of 2e-13, i.e., there are 200 chances in a million billion of getting a table as extreme as this with the given marginals by chance alone. In other words, it is not credible to claim that the funding source has no impact on the outcome of this

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Beyond this, virtually all commercial media companies own substantial quantities of copyrighted material. This gives them an inherent conflict of interest in any public policy issue affecting copyrights. McChesney noted that the commercial media have lobbied successfully for changes in copyright law

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Election years are a major boon to commercial broadcasters, because virtually all political advertising is purchased with minimal advance planning, paying therefore the highest rates. The commercial media have a conflict of interest in anything that could make it easier for candidates to get elected

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by stockbrokers. This is when a stockbroker who owns a security artificially inflates the price by upgrading it or spreading rumors, and then sells the security and adds short position. They will then downgrade the security or spread negative rumors to push the price back down. This is an example of

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has been the corrosive effect of money in politics, giving legislators and the President of the U.S. a conflict of interest, because if they protect the public, they will offend the finance industry, which contributed $ 1.7 billion to political campaigns and spent $ 3.4 billion ($ 5.1 billion total)

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Lessig noted that this does not mean that the funding source influenced the results. However, it does raise questions about the validity of the industry-funded studies specifically, because the researchers conducting those studies have a conflict of interest; they are subject at minimum to a natural

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When an officer or director of a corporation owns a patent or copyright which either was developed before they were involved with the corporation (which means it cannot be subject to a contractual right of assignment or work for hire) or that it was developed for a type of product not related to the

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Informed consent requires that each affected client be fully advised about the material ways that the representation could adversely affect that client. In joint representations, the information provided should include the interests of the lawyer and other affected client, the courses of action that

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An attorney owes the client undivided loyalty. The courts have described this principle as "integral to the nature of an attorney's duty." Without undivided loyalty, irreparable damage may be done "to the existing client's sense of trust and security – features essential to the effective functioning

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A conflict of interest is a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a patient's welfare or the validity of research) tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain). Conflict-of-interest rules regulate the disclosure and

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A financial institution with a conflict of interest may also be charged with market manipulation. Stockbrokers that act as market makers have a duty to establish bona fide. A conflict of interest serves against that regulation. Stockbrokers have to prove that their trading interests and transacting

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When a member of the commissioners of a state highway commission owns a piece of property where the state will have to condemn it. The conflict of interest comes in because the commission will want to acquire the property at the lowest possible price (subject to it being at least fair market value)

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the court ruled that an itinerant lawyer's conflicts are not imputed to their new law firm if that firm timely sets up an effective ethics screen preventing the lawyers from imparting any confidential information to the lawyers in the new firm. An effective ethics screen rebuts the presumption that

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The conflicts of an individual lawyer are imputed to all attorneys who "are associated with that lawyer in rendering legal services to others through a law partnership, professional corporation, sole proprietorship, or similar association." This imputation of conflicts can lead to difficulties when

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An attorney's representation of one client will often have indirect effects on other existing clients. For example, simultaneously representing business competitors on unrelated matters may indirectly impair the interests of each. It will be rare indeed when an attorney's representation of a client

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conflicts of interest, when a lawyer proposes to act adversely to the interests of a former client. A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter is precluded from representing another person in the same or a substantially related matter that is materially adverse to the former client.

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was created in part because, "Bankers acted greedily because they had incentives and opportunities to do so". They did this in part by innovating to make consumer financial products like retail banking services and home mortgages as complicated as possible to make it easy for them to charge higher

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A person working as the equipment purchaser for a company may get a bonus proportionate to the amount the company is under budget by year-end. However, this becomes an incentive for the employee to purchase inexpensive, substandard equipment. Therefore, this is counter to the interests of those in

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to represent their interest in adjusting claims. It is in the best interest of the insurance companies that the very smallest settlement is reached with its claimants. Based on the adjuster's experience and knowledge of the insurance policy it is very easy for the adjuster to convince an unknowing

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in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest. The article

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There often is confusion over these two situations. Someone accused of a conflict of interest may deny that a conflict exists because he/she did not act improperly. In fact, a conflict of interest can exist even if there are no improper acts as a result of it. (One way to understand this is to use

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In determining whether there is a sufficient unity of interests to require an attorney to disregard separate corporate entities for conflict purposes, the attorney should evaluate the separateness of the entities involved, whether corporate formalities are observed, the extent to which each entity

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are supposed to recuse themselves from cases when personal conflicts of interest may arise. For example, if a judge has participated in a case previously in some other judicial role he/she is not allowed to try that case. Recusal is also expected when one of the lawyers in a case might be a close

1780:, and/or corporate positions held, typically annually. To protect privacy (to some extent), financial figures are often disclosed in ranges such as "$ 100,000 to $ 500,000" and "over $ 2,000,000". Certain professionals are required either by rules related to their professional organization, or by 1614:

has determined which companies won and which either went out of business or were purchased by others during this period of media consolidation. (Advertisers don't like to feed the mouth that bites them, and often don't. Similarly, commercial media organizations are not eager to bite the hand that

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Lessig insists that this does not mean that any legislator has sold their vote. One of several possible explanations Lessig gives for this phenomenon is that the money helped elect candidates more supportive of the issues pushed by the big money spent on lobbying and political campaigns. He notes

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have an inherent conflict of interest with the sellers they represent, because the usual commission structures of brokers motivate them to sell quickly rather than to sell at a higher price. However, a broker representing a buyer has a distinct disincentive to negotiate a lower price on behalf of

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It is not unusual in the current legal environment of large multinational and global law firms for the firms to seek advance or prospective waivers of future conflicts from their clients. A law firm is particularly likely to seek a prospective waiver when a large corporation seeks the specialized

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can perhaps mitigate conflicts of interest scenarios by giving an independent trustee control of a beneficiary's assets. The independent trustee must have the power to sell or transfer interests without knowledge of the beneficiary. Thus, the beneficiary becomes "blind" to the impact of official

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To be conservative, suppose we attribute only the increase from 23.5% of 1986 through 1999 to the recent 32.6% average to governmental actions subject to conflicts of interest created by the $ 1.7 billion in campaign contributions. That is 9% of the $ 3 trillion in profits claimed by the finance

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an attorney was disciplined for representing a borrower bringing suit against her lender for charging a usurious interest rate while simultaneously representing the mortgage broker who arranged the loan as a third party defendant in the same lawsuit. Although neither client had brought an action

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the court ruled that parent corporations and their subsidiaries should be treated as the same entity for conflicts purposes when both companies rely "on the same in-house legal department to handle their legal affairs." However, the court ruled that the lawyer and client can contract around this

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As one commentator has noted, "For a state ethics opinion, California Opinion 1989-113 has been unusually influential, both with courts there, with ethics committees elsewhere, and through the latter set of ethics committee opinions, with… recent decisions in other jurisdictions." The California

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An "interest" is a commitment, obligation, duty or goal associated with a particular social role or practice. By definition, a "conflict of interest" occurs if, within a particular decision-making context, an individual is subject to two coexisting interests that are in direct conflict with each

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A judge deciding a bench trial or arbitrator in binding arbitration must not decide a case where a relative, acquaintance, or business partner is a party. Because they may give overly favorable terms to that party, or where they might impose excessively harsh terms (such as a judge having their

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Without the substantial relationship test, a client attempting to prove that its former lawyer possesses its confidential information might have to disclose publicly the very confidential information it is trying to protect. The substantial relationship test was designed to protect against such

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The basic formulation of the conflicts of interest rule is that a conflict exists "if there is a substantial risk that the lawyer's representation of the client would be materially and adversely affected by the lawyer's own interests or by the lawyers' duties to another current client, a former

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includes personal benefit and is not limited to only financial gain but also such motives as the desire for professional advancement, or the wish to do favours for family and friends. These secondary interests are not treated as wrong in and of themselves, but become objectionable when they are

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Depending upon the law or rules related to a particular organization, the existence of a conflict of interest may not, in and of itself, be evidence of wrongdoing. In fact, for many professionals, it is virtually impossible to avoid having conflicts of interest from time to time. A conflict of

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official, for example—may experience situations where those two roles conflict. The conflict can be mitigated—see below—but it still exists. In and of itself, having two roles is not illegal, but the differing roles will certainly provide an incentive for improper acts in some circumstances.)

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A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related matter in which that person's interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client unless the former client gives informed consent,

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From 1934 through 1985, the finance industry averaged 13.8% of U.S. domestic corporate profit. Between 1986 and 1999, it averaged 23.5%. From 2000 through 2010, it averaged 32.6%. Some of this increase is doubtless due to increased efficiency from banking consolidation and innovations in new

619:, an "ethical wall". In some circumstances, a conflict of interest can never be waived by a client. In perhaps the most common example encountered by the general public, the same firm should not represent both parties in a divorce or child custody matter. Found conflict can lead to denial or 395:

Direct adversity may arise in litigation when an attorney sues a client or defends an adversary in an action their client has brought. It may also arise in the context of business negotiations, when a lawyer negotiates on behalf of an adversary against a current client, even if the matter is

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Conflicts of interest have been described as the most pervasive issue facing modern lawyers. Legal conflicts rules are at their core corollaries to a lawyer's two basic fiduciary duties: (1) the duty of loyalty and (2) the duty to preserve client confidences. The lawyer's duty of loyalty is

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An organizational conflict of interest (OCI) may exist in the same way as described above, for instance where a corporation provides two types of service to the government and these services conflict (e.g.: manufacturing parts and then participating in a selection committee comparing parts

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Conflicts of interest rules involving former clients are primarily designed to enforce the attorney's duty to preserve a client's confidential information. Model Rule 1.9(a) sets forth this doctrine in a rule that has come to be known as the substantial relationship test. The rule states:

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By asking J-M to waive current conflicts as well as future ones, Sheppard Mullin did put J-M on notice that a current conflict might exist. But by failing to disclose to J-M the fact that a current conflict actually existed, the law firm failed to disclose to its client all the 'relevant

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context, it is important that the contending interests be clearly identified and the process for separating them is rigorously established. Typically, this will involve the conflicted individual either giving up one of the conflicting roles or else recusing themselves from the particular

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Stern notes that sugar interests contributed $ 2.6 million to political campaigns, representing well over $ 1,000 return for each $ 1 contributed to political campaigns. This, however, does not include the cost of lobbying. Lessig cites six different studies that consider the cost of

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interest can, however, become a legal matter, for example, when an individual tries (and/or succeeds in) influencing the outcome of a decision, for personal benefit. A director or executive of a corporation will be subject to legal liability if a conflict of interest breaches his/her

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states, by way of example, that an attorney representing multiple persons forming a joint venture may be materially limited in recommending the courses of action that any jointly represented client may take because of the lawyer's duty to the other participants in the joint venture.

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without the secrecy behind which that agreement was negotiated—and would the government attempts to sustain that secrecy have been as successful if the commercial media had not been a primary beneficiary and had not had a conflict of interest in suppressing discussion thereof?

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Gifts from friends who also do business with the person receiving the gifts or from individuals or corporations who do business with the organization in which the gift recipient is employed. Such gifts may include non-tangible things of value such as transportation and

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against the other, the court found a material limitation conflict: "Advocating for Client A would potentially harm Client B, who was potentially liable for contribution. Kalla's ability to fully advocate for both was materially limited by Kalla's dual representation."

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As an example, a politician who owns shares in a company that may be affected by government policy may put those shares in a blind trust with themselves or their family as the beneficiary. It is disputed whether this really removes the conflict of interest, however.

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We strongly urge the American Economic Association (AEA) to adopt a code of ethics that requires disclosure of potential conflicts of interest that can arise between economists’ roles as economic experts and as paid consultants, principals or agents for private

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More generally, conflicts of interest can be defined as any situation in which an individual or corporation (either private or governmental) is in a position to exploit a professional or official capacity in some way for their personal or corporate benefit.

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is fair and impartial enough to satisfy both their and the insurance company's interests. These types of conflicts could easily be avoided by the use of a third-party platform, independent of the insurers, which is agreed to, and named in the policy.

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These studies produced estimates of the anticipated return on each $ 1 invested in lobbying and political campaigns that ranged from $ 6 to $ 220. Lessig notes that clients who pay tens of millions of dollars to lobbyists typically receive billions.

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Finance includes banks, securities and insurance. In 1932–1933, the total U.S. domestic corporate profit was negative. However, the financial sector made a profit in those years, which made its percentage negative, below 0 and off the scale in this

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feeds them.) Advertisers have been known to fund media organizations with editorial policies they find offensive if that media outlet provides access to a sufficiently attractive audience segment they cannot efficiently reach otherwise.

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transparency policies for failing to disclose his status as a paid consultant to the government of Argentina at the same time he was writing articles in defense of Argentina's planned default of over $ 1billion in bond debt during the

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client, or a third person." The duty of loyalty requires an attorney not to act directly adverse to an existing client, even on an unrelated matter where the lawyer has no client confidences. Such a loyalty conflict has been labeled a

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on medical research has been a major cause for concern. In 2009 a study found that "a significant number of academic institutions" do not have clear guidelines for relationships between Institutional Review Boards and industry. The

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may provide standards for recusal in a given proceeding or matter. Providing that the judge or presiding officer must be free from disabling conflicts of interest makes the fairness of the proceedings less likely to be questioned.

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If the news media provide too much information on how Congress spends its time, a major advertiser could be offended and could reduce their advertising expenditures with the offending media company. This is one of the ways the

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These two basic formulations – that a lawyer may not act directly adverse to a current client or adverse to a former client on a substantially related matter – form the cornerstone of modern legal conflicts of interest rules.

770:, the World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients. 4071: 721:

manufacturers). Corporations may develop simple or complex systems to mitigate the risk or perceived risk of a conflict of interest. These risks can be evaluated by a government agency (for example, in a U.S. Government

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totally unrelated commercial dispute against another division of the same corporation strikes some as placing unreasonable limitations on the opportunities of both clients and lawyers. -ABA Formal Opinion 93-372 (1993).

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A widely used definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest."

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or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another. Typically, this relates to situations in which the personal interest of an individual or organization might adversely affect a duty owed to

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Beyond this, governmental officials, whether elected or not, often leave public service to work for companies affected by legislation they helped enact or companies they used to regulate. This practice is called the

1595:, responded by quietly sharing Nielsen's data with her leading critics. The criticism disappeared, and Fox paid Nielsen's fees. Murdoch had a conflict of interest between the reality of his market and his finances. 1302:

When such large sums become virtually essential to a politician's future, it generates a substantive conflict of interest contributing to a fairly well-documented distortion of the nation's priorities and policies.

785:, in which an official who controls an organization causes it to enter into a transaction with the official, or with another organization that benefits the official only. The official is on both sides of the "deal." 4145:

Kim, Azalea; Lawrence Mumm; Deborah Korenstein (5 December 2012). "Routine Conflict of Interest Disclosure by Preclinical Lecturers and Medical Students' Attitudes Toward the Pharmaceutical and Device Industries".

676:, who is in a position of trust, has a competing professional or personal interest. Such competing interests can make it difficult to fulfil his lor her duties impartially. A conflict of interest exists even if no 1853:

themselves from (i.e., abstain from) decisions where such a conflict exists. The imperative for recusal varies depending upon the circumstance and profession, either as common sense ethics, codified ethics, or by

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of commercial media organizations (i.e., any that accept advertising) is selling behavior change in their audience to advertisers. However, few in their audience are aware of the conflict of interest between the

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or non-pecuniary. The existence of such conflicts is an objective fact, not a state of mind, and does not in itself indicate any lapse or moral error. However, especially where a decision is being taken in a

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that if any money perverts democracy, it is the large contributions beyond the budgets of citizens of ordinary means; small contributions from common citizens have long been considered to support democracy.

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human inclination to please the people who paid for their work. Lessig provided a similar summary of 326 studies of the potential harm from cell phone usage with results that were similar but not as stark.

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other. Such a matter is of importance because under such circumstances the decision-making process can be disrupted or compromised in a manner that affects the integrity or the reliability of the outcomes.

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Conflicts of interest among elected officials is part of the story behind the increase in the percent of US corporate domestic profits captured by the finance industry depicted in the accompanying figure.

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has distinct and independent managements and board of directors, and whether, for legal purposes, one entity could be considered the alter ego of the other. -California State Bar Ethics Opinion 1989-113.

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personal friend, or when the outcome of the case might affect the judge directly, such as whether a car maker is obliged to recall a model that a judge drives. This is required by law under Continental

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Prospective waivers are most likely to be upheld by the courts when they are given by sophisticated corporate clients represented by independent counsel in the negotiation of the waiver. However, in

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Sometimes, people who may be perceived to have a conflict of interest resign from a position or sell a shareholding in a venture, to eliminate the conflict of interest going forward. For example,

82:

Typically, a conflict of interest arises when an individual finds themselves occupying two social roles simultaneously which generate opposing benefits or loyalties. The interests involved can be

1508:

is a major example of pump and dump. Executives participated in an elaborate scheme, falsely reporting profits, thus inflating its stock prices, and covered up the real numbers with questionable

701:

scope of their employment. As author or inventor, they are going to want a large license fee or royalty, while as an officer of the corporation they are expected to offer as little as possible.

1764:

Blind trusts may in fact obscure conflicts of interest, and for this reason it is illegal to fund political parties in the UK via a blind trust if the identity of the real donor is concealed.

514:

case does not invalidate prospective waivers in California. It only holds that waivers of current and actual conflicts must specifically disclose those conflicts, an unremarkable conclusion.

501:, the California Supreme court held that a prospective waiver that did not make specific disclosure of an actual current conflict was not effective to waive that conflict. As the court said, 124:

believed to have greater weight than the primary interests. Conflict of interest rules in the public sphere mainly focus on financial relationships since they are relatively more objective,

4753: 1204:

Conflict of interest in legislation; the interests of the poor and the interests of the rich. A personification of corrupt legislation weighs a bag of money and denies an appeal of poverty.

471:

the representation does not involve the assertion of a claim by one client against another client represented by the lawyer in the same litigation or other proceeding before a tribunal; and

725:) to determine whether the risks create a substantial advantage to the organization in question over its competition, or will decrease the overall competitiveness of the bidding process. 3268: 119:

refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as the protection of clients, the health of patients, the integrity of research, and the duties of public officers.

3490: 2772: 615:) from representing any other party with interests adverse to those of a current client. The few exceptions to this rule require informed written consent from all affected clients, 1536:, will explicitly report this fact as part of the story, in order to alert the audience that their reporting has the potential for bias due to the possible conflict of interest. 4082: 4011: 3883: 1528:

have a conflict of interest in discussing anything that may impact their ability to communicate with their audience. Most news outlets, when reporting a story which involves a

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Economists (unlike other professions such as sociologists) do not formally subscribe to a professional ethical code. Close to 300 economists have signed a letter urging the

103:

occurs. A conflict of interest exists if the circumstances are reasonably believed (on the basis of past experience and objective evidence) to create a risk that a decision

767: 296: 2924: 1417:, and for failing to disclose his paid consultancy to the government of Greece at the same time he was downplaying the risk of Greece defaulting on their debt during the 556:

attorneys from one law firm leave and join another firm. The issue then arises whether the conflicts of the itinerant lawyer's former firm are imputed to their new firm.

4042: 836:

between valid interests—rather than the classical definition of conflict, which would include by definition including a victim and unfair aggression. Nevertheless, this

1602:

that has occurred since the 1980s has reduced the alternatives available to the audience, thereby making it easier for the ever-larger companies in this increasingly

2954: 564:

the itinerant lawyers shared confidential information with the lawyers in the new firm. The components of an effective ethics screen, as described by the court in

3588: 1745:, where Lord Evans was also a non-executive director. This resignation was stated to have taken place in order to avoid the appearance of conflict of interest. 2800: 801:

Pump and dump, in which a stockbroker who owns a security artificially inflates the price by "upgrading" it or spreading rumors, sells the security and adds

343: 1787:

However, there is limited evidence regarding the effect of conflict of interest disclosure despite its widespread acceptance. A 2012 study published in the

1794:

value of disclosure, the influence of industry relationships on educational content, or the instruction by faculty with relevant conflicts of interest.

1278:

collected by a nongovernmental agency: It is a cost imposed on consumers by governmental decisions, but never considered in any of the standard data on

688:

activity, and the profession. A conflict of interest could impair an individual's ability to perform his or her duties and responsibilities objectively.

4849: 1481:. Backers argue such disclosures will help restore faith in the profession by increasing transparency which will help in assessing economists' advice. 3669: 3618: 595:, refers to the act of abstaining from participation in an official action such as a court case/legal proceeding due to a conflict of interest of the 766:

noted that major healthcare organizations such as the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the

5359: 3906: 2976: 734: 5409: 4882: 4559: 1477:

has adopted new rules in 2012: economists will have to disclose financial ties and other potential conflicts of interest in papers published in

4969: 4531: 1984:"Komesaroff PA, Kerridge I, Lipworth W. "Conflicts of interest: new thinking, new processes". Internal Medicine Journal. 49 (5); 2019: 574-577" 1598:

Commercial media organizations can lose money if they provide content that offends either their audience or their advertisers. The substantial

905: 3044: 1395:

financial products that benefit consumers. However, if most consumers had refused to accept financial products they did not understand, e.g.,

3277: 2587: 5529: 3488:

Joseph Stiglitz's Curious 'Outside Activities': The self-styled champion of the poor is not eager to disclose his ties with foreign leaders

1892: 1797:

One line of research suggests that disclosure can have "perverse effects" or, at least, is not the panacea regulators often take it to be.

3487: 2769: 1789: 1583:

methodology adopted by Nielsen in 2004 to more accurately measure viewing habits. The results corrected a previous overestimate of Fox's

4124: 5260: 2029: 488:

knowledge of the firm in a small matter, without a high likelihood of repeat business. As the ABA stated in its Ethics Opinion 93-372:

3879: 3015: 680:

or improper act results. A conflict of interest can create an appearance of impropriety that can undermine confidence in the internal

4961: 4564: 4019: 2826: 1887: 465:

the lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be able to provide competent and diligent representation to each affected client;

336: 809:

Other improper acts that are sometimes classified as conflicts of interest may have a better classification. For example, accepting

4490: 3347: 1784:, to disclose any actual or potential conflicts of interest. In some instances, the failure to provide full disclosure is a crime. 1414: 2843: 1639: 5243: 3444: 1772:

Commonly, politicians and high-ranking government officials are required to disclose financial information—assets such as stock,

1730: 5523: 5083: 4965: 4935: 4767: 2928: 1962: 45: 4050: 5223: 5028: 4452: 4391: 4360: 4333: 4306: 4280: 4253: 3995: 3965: 3937: 3851: 3821: 3784: 3564: 3528: 1347: 1169: 867: 31: 3455: 3436: 329: 17: 3857: 4875: 4704: 2950: 2064: 1635: 1342:

for proper paragraphing. Excessively long, run-on paragraph needs to be split into multiple paragraphs of moderate length

1164:

for proper paragraphing. Excessively long, run-on paragraph needs to be split into multiple paragraphs of moderate length

143: 5256: 5207: 4729: 4524: 3579: 1627: 624: 4973: 2908: 2155: 2118: 1470: 1365: 1187: 1015: 997: 935: 881: 623:

of legal fees, or in some cases (such as the failure to make mandatory disclosure), criminal proceedings. In 1998, a

216: 3641: 979: 4988: 3719: 1599: 1572: 1564: 5219: 5215: 5197: 5126: 4943: 761: 2673:

The "Hot Potato" Doctrine and the Model Rules of Professional Conduct: the Limits of a Lawyer's Duty of Loyalty,

2660:

The "Hot Potato" Doctrine and the Model Rules of Professional Conduct: the Limits of a Lawyer's Duty of Loyalty,

2647:

The "Hot Potato" Doctrine and the Model Rules of Professional Conduct: the Limits of a Lawyer's Duty of Loyalty,

2634:

The "Hot Potato" Doctrine and the Model Rules of Professional Conduct: the Limits of a Lawyer's Duty of Loyalty,

5570: 5565: 5512: 5469: 5464: 4957: 4868: 4352: 3311: 964: 745: 662: 231: 38: 5555: 5550: 5459: 5073: 4839: 4813: 4517: 3584: 1474: 1446: 1215: 5404: 4891: 4682: 3660: 3607: 1874: 1710: 1588: 1418: 753: 5434: 5327: 5290: 5264: 5167: 4383: 3440: 3389: 1339: 1161: 506:

circumstances' within its knowledge relating to its representation of J-M. 6 Cal. 5th 59 (2018) at p. 84.

160: 3914: 2984: 1512:; 29 executives sold overvalued stock for more than a billion dollars before the company went bankrupt. 1125:, and he often said things to the effect that "He who purchases on price alone deserves to get rooked." 37:

For Knowledge's guidelines regarding editing on topics with which one has an external relationship, see

5374: 5318: 5252: 5152: 5131: 3632:"Dismal ethics, An intensifying debate about the case for a professional code of ethics for economists" 1606:

industry to hide news and entertainment potentially offensive to advertisers without losing audience.

813:

can be classified as corruption, use of government or corporate property or assets for personal use is

436: 3190: 5399: 5248: 5112: 4724: 4630: 4579: 4502: 4245: 2439:

Ass'n of the Bar of the City of New York Comm. on Prof. & Judicial Ethics, Formal Opinion 2007-3.

1952: 1850: 1829: 1312: 1308: 917: 873: 588: 280: 4415: 2078: 1122: 5429: 5337: 5300: 5269: 5182: 5136: 4939: 4895: 4806: 4699: 4599: 4325: 3448: 3217: 3122:"Conflicts of interest: Part 1: Reconnecting the dots--reinterpreting industry-physician relations" 3036: 1866: 1623: 1576: 1086: 581:

procedures preventing a disqualified attorney from sharing in the profits from the representation;

5484: 5474: 5424: 5068: 5063: 4746: 4645: 4272: 3613: 2579: 1200: 975: 740: 174: 5478: 5449: 5211: 5018: 4799: 4410: 3213: 2580:"California justices to law firms: If you have a conflict, tell your client. Or risk your fees" 2073: 1957: 1592: 1559:

in advertising. Advertising rates are set as a function of the size and spending habits of the

1462: 107:

be unduly influenced by other, secondary interests, and not on whether a particular individual

2866:"Rule 1.7: Conflict of Interest: Current Clients | The Center for Professional Responsibility" 1587:. Murdoch reacted by getting leading politicians to denounce the Nielsen Ratings as "racist". 971: 913: 715: 365:

conflict of interest. The duty of confidentiality is protected in rules prohibiting so-called

5560: 5439: 5238: 5157: 5048: 5013: 4121: 4015: 3715: 1947: 1734: 1662: 1449:(the discipline's foremost professional body), to adopt such a code. The signatories include 1396: 4081:. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 30. Archived from 5444: 4953: 4461: 2509:

A Concise Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers §122, comment c(i). (Am. Law Inst.2007).

1556: 1552: 1434: 1425: 1404: 1400: 705:

estranged child, parent, or ex-spouse as a criminal defendant being sentenced before them.)

4860: 4107:

Institute of Medicine (2009). "Conflict of Interest in Research, Education and Practice".

3007: 2821: 1137:

their client, because they will simultaneously be negotiating their own commission lower.

8: 5414: 5364: 5323: 5058: 4931: 4689: 3985: 3953: 3837: 3805: 3353:. e SoCLASS III: Regulation, Law, and Social Science, University of Southern California. 2136:

et al, Legal Ethics, Professional Responsibility, and the Legal Profession §4-7.1 (2018).

1678: 1409: 749: 578:

established rules and procedures preventing access to confidential information and files;

317: 99:. Therefore, a conflict of interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any 4494: 4465: 2499:

A Concise Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers §122, comment b. (Am. Law Inst.2007).

1828:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

461:

A concurrent conflict of interest may be resolved if four conditions are met. They are:

5502: 5274: 5202: 5107: 5053: 4589: 4372: 4295: 4238: 3703: 3553: 2547:

A Concise Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers §122, comment d (Am. Law Inst.2007).

2059: 2021: 1932: 1922: 1424:

However, it is argued that a major portion of this increase and a driving force behind

1133: 138: 4072:"Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns: A Handbook on Political Finance" 3447:. For more information, see the US Finance Industry data set in the Ecdat package for 3348:"The Private Interests of Public Officials: Financial Regulation in the U.S. Congress" 1567:. Media action expressing this conflict of interest is illustrated in the reaction of 1399:

loans, the finance industry would not have been as profitable as it has been, and the

5498: 5454: 5192: 5122: 5092: 5038: 4917: 4792: 4709: 4477: 4428: 4387: 4356: 4329: 4302: 4276: 4249: 4198: 4181:

Cain, D. M.; Destksy, A. (2008). "Everyone's a little bit biased (even physicians)".

4163: 3991: 3961: 3933: 3847: 3817: 3810: 3780: 3711: 3560: 3524: 3143: 3102: 3094: 2904: 2151: 2114: 2091: 2013: 1548:

and the altruistic desire to serve the public and "give the audience what it wants".

1460:

This call for a code of ethics was supported by the public attention the documentary

1118: 273: 256: 96: 3707: 2025: 697:

while as the property owner, they will want the highest possible price they can get.

5003: 4820: 4714: 4662: 4469: 4450:(November 2006). "Environmental journals feel pressure to adopt disclosure rules". 4420: 4379: 4321: 4233: 4190: 4155: 3764: 3695: 3301: 3133: 3084: 2623:, 670 F. Supp. 1363 (N.D. Ohio 1987), aff'd, 869 F.2d 578 (Fed. Cir. 1989) at 1365. 2083: 2003: 1995: 1826:, and no solution for situations where COI can't be verified, as is the case on WP. 1622:

Accompanying this trend in media consolidation has been a substantial reduction in

1478: 1291: 1274:

This $ 3 billion translates into $ 41 per household per year. This is in essence a

1209: 805:, then "downgrades" the security or spreads negative rumors to push the price down. 673: 193: 2305:; Board of Prof. Ethics & Conduct v. Winkel, 599 N.W. 2d 456, 457 (Iowa 1999). 1516:

interests do not interfere with serving the interests of investors at brokerages.

128:, and quantifiable, and usually involve the political, legal, and medical fields. 5172: 5102: 5008: 4978: 4927: 4922: 4906: 4640: 4574: 4447: 4290: 4218: 4128: 3981: 3773: 3645: 3592: 3544: 3494: 3459: 3452: 2852: 2830: 2809: 2776: 1917: 1580: 1454: 1104: 1099: 818: 802: 642: 608: 72: 63: 4424: 3334:

Getting the Government America Deserves: How Ethics Reform Can Make a Difference

2607:

Picker Int'l, Inc. v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 670 F. Supp. 1363 (N.D. Ohio 1987),

2087: 5043: 4898: 4719: 4677: 3841: 3548: 1902: 1568: 1540: 1529: 1450: 685: 2388:

ABA Comm. on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Formal Op. 95-390 (1995).

1912: 83: 5544: 5389: 4604: 4194: 3636: 3516: 3098: 1738: 1611: 1545: 1505: 1497: 650: 649:

the term "conflict of roles". A person with two roles—an individual who owns

224: 189: 4754:

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)

4159: 2180:

A Concise Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers §121 (Am. Law Inst.2007).

1469:

In response to criticism that the profession not only failed to predict the

788:

Outside employment, in which the interests of one job conflict with another.

5369: 4983: 4694: 4667: 4594: 4569: 4554: 4481: 4202: 4167: 3768: 3147: 3106: 2170:

A Concise Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers §60 (Am. Law Inst.2007).

2133: 2049:

Lo and Field (2009). The definition originally appeared in Thompson (1993).

2017: 1942: 1937: 1927: 1870: 1652: 1584: 1490: 782: 620: 209: 95:

The presence of a conflict of interest is independent of the occurrence of

59: 4432: 4401:

Thompson, Dennis (1993). "Understanding financial conflicts of interest".

3138: 3121: 2095: 759:

In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the

418:

The Second Circuit has adopted a variation of the California standard. In

4993: 4948: 3812:

The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the 21st Century

3631: 3089: 3072: 1753: 1674: 1666: 1034: 833: 829: 201: 3699: 3684: 1698: 748:

describes the interaction between physician's conflict of interest with

441:

In re Petition for Disciplinary Action Against Christopher Thomas Kalla.

5333: 5117: 4785: 4650: 4509: 3474:

Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Shrinking of the World Economy

3294:"Do Real Estate Brokers Add Value When Listing Services Are Unbundled?" 1897: 1533: 1525: 1509: 837: 661:

As an example, in the sphere of business and control, according to the

654: 575:

prohibitions against and sanctions for discussing confidential matters;

312: 100: 4473: 3958:

The Political Economy of the Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas

3843:

The Political Economy of the Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas

3037:"Policies regarding IRB members' industry relationships often lacking" 2008: 1999: 1657:

Many professions are governed by standards of impartiality, including

5419: 5343: 5233: 5228: 5147: 5142: 5023: 4625: 4348: 3521:

The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity

3293: 1603: 677: 499:

Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, LLP v. J-M Manufacturing Co.

88: 4297:

Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It

2375:

2 J. Inst. for the Study of Legal Ethics 296, 331 (1999) (hereafter

2293:

Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.7 comment 6 (Am. Bar Ass'n 1983).

1983: 1382: 1208:

Regulating conflict of interest in government is one of the aims of

982:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5394: 5384: 4760: 4672: 4656: 4584: 3930:

Constructing Crime: Perspectives on Making News and Social Problems

3497:." National Review Online, May 16, 2014; URL accessed 14 March 2016 3306: 2062:(19 August 1993). "Understanding financial conflicts of interest". 1670: 1560: 1287: 791: 778:

The following are the most common forms of conflicts of interests:

728: 612: 611:, the duty of loyalty owed to a client prohibits an attorney (or a 125: 4144: 1228:

Percent voting in 1985 against gradually reducing sugar subsidies

474:

each affected client gives informed consent, confirmed in writing.

4318:

Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice

4223:

Conflict of interest, (implicit) coalitions and Nash policy games

3387:

Kerr, Robert S. "Senator Kerr Talks about Conflict of Interest",

1855: 1781: 1290:

with campaign contributions on a variety of issues considered in

817:, and unauthorized distribution of confidential information is a 681: 248: 67: 3291: 2221: 2219: 1810: 5162: 5033: 4374:

Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption

4268: 3184: 1907: 1403:

might have been avoided or postponed. Stiglitz argued that the

600: 572:

physical, geographic, and departmental separation of attorneys;

542:

confirmed in writing. -MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT r. 1.9(a).

3775:

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

3685:"Economics of Conflicts of Interest in Financial Institutions" 451: 5310: 4609: 2216: 1861: 1121:

listed "purchasing on price alone" as number 4 of his famous

904:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

814: 810: 596: 4493:. W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics. Archived from 1982:

Komesaroff, Paul A.; Kerridge, Ian; Lipworth, Wendy (2019).

599:

or administrative officer. Applicable statutes or canons of

4998: 4890: 4635: 4345:

Biomedical research: collaboration and conflict of interest

3895:

Variety: August 16–22, 2004, Vol 395 Issue 13, p 14-16, 2p.

3256:(1st ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 286–316. 2977:"Organizational Conflict of Interest ("OCI") – What is it?" 2689:

Successive representation: A conflicts trap for the unwary,

1777: 1773: 1742: 3555:

This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly

2951:"Policies & Procedures of the Internal Audit Activity" 2683: 2681: 2212:

Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.9 (Am. Bar Ass'n 1983).

2199:

Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.7 (Am. Bar Ass'n 1983).

1981: 1673:. Obligations of academic disclosure of may be covered in 1457:, who headed Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers. 821:. For these improper acts, there is no inherent conflict. 482: 5295: 1658: 1318: 1279: 1275: 1028: 768:

President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology

722: 3608:"Stung by 'Inside Job,' economists pen a code of ethics" 2779:(providing the standards for judicial disqualification). 2537:

District of Columbia Bar Association Ethics Opinion 309.

1496:

There are many types of conflicts of interest such as a

1111: 1033:

Baker summarized 176 studies of the potential impact of

399: 27:

Situation when a party is involved in multiple interests

2981:

Office of Sponsored Programs | University of Pittsburgh

2678: 4342: 3905:

Bianco, Anthony; Grover, Ronald (September 20, 2004).

4106: 2917: 1638:

have advanced to the point of generating substantial

1387:

Finance as a percent of US Domestic Corporate Profits

378: 4043:"Preventing Conflicts of Interest with Blind Trusts" 2207: 2205: 1646: 584:

continuing education in professional responsibility.

531: 3928:Potter, Gary W.; Kappeler, Victor E., eds. (1998). 3880:"Fox gives Nielsen, politicos a lesson in hardball" 2943: 526: 373: 4371: 4315: 4294: 4237: 3809: 3772: 3659: 3606: 3552: 3292:B. Douglas Bernheim; Jonathan Meer (13 Jan 2012). 3276: 3061:First edition. New York: Harmony Book, 1984: 85-98 2058: 1849:Those with a conflict of interest are expected to 1440: 4262: 3269:"Why a Real Estate Agent May Skip the Extra Mile" 3251: 2202: 1117:the company who must actually use the equipment. 631: 5542: 3800: 3798: 3796: 2927:. Institute of Internal Auditors. Archived from 2812:, V. 146, Pt. 8, June 13, 2000 to June 21, 2000. 2146:Hazard and Dondi, Geoffrey C and Angelo (2004). 2145: 735:Conflict of interest in the health care industry 729:Conflict of interest in the health care industry 426: 5410:Environmental, social, and corporate governance 4560:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry 3216:computed using the fisher.test function in the 2787: 2785: 2314:Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.7 comment 7. 1733:resigned as a non-executive director of the UK 840:of conflict of interest is not generally seen. 456: 420:GSI Commerce Solutions, Inc. v. BabyCenter LLC, 3927: 3543: 3073:"Revisiting the Commercial–Academic Interface" 3059:The Medical Industrial Complex / Stanley Wohl. 2636:32 Georgetown j. legal ethics 327, 329 (2019). 2525:, 648 F. Supp. 1040, 1045-46 (N.D. Ill. 1986). 1225:Contributions from the sugar lobby, 1983–1986 4876: 4850:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (category) 4525: 4221:and Di Bartolomeo, G. and Piacquadio, P.G. , 3793: 3763: 3229: 3227: 2675:32 Georgetown j. legal ethics 334-335 (2019). 2533: 2531: 2353:California State Bar Ethics Opinion 1989-113. 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2336:California State Bar Ethics Opinion 1989-108. 2331: 2329: 2323:California State Bar Ethics Opinion 1989-108. 1489:A conflict of interest is a manifestation of 1093: 902:The examples and perspective in this section 337: 3904: 3830: 3396: 3266: 2901:Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility 2782: 2458:Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.7 (a)(2), 2448:Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.7 (a)(2). 2113:. West Publishing Company. pp. §7.1.1. 1893:Conflicts of interest in academic publishing 1757:actions on private interests held in trust. 1473:but may actually have helped create it, the 692:A few examples of conflict of interest are: 468:the representation is not prohibited by law; 4730:Sponsorship of continuing medical education 4343:Porter, Roger J.; Thomas E. Malone (1992). 4183:Journal of the American Medical Association 4180: 4148:Journal of the American Medical Association 4133:Journal of the American Medical Association 3336:, Oxford University Press 978-0-19-537871-9 3252:Chinyio, Ezekiel; Olomolaiye, Paul (2010). 1790:Journal of the American Medical Association 882:Learn how and when to remove these messages 452:Consent to concurrent conflicts of interest 4883: 4869: 4532: 4518: 3224: 3168:. Boundless. July 21, 2015. Archived from 2713:H. F. Ahmanson & Co. v. Salomon Bros., 2701:H. F. Ahmanson & Co. v. Salomon Bros., 2621:Picker Int'l, Inc. v. Varian Assocs., Inc. 2528: 2340: 2326: 1748: 920:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 550: 517: 344: 330: 4414: 4047:National Conference of State Legislatures 3952: 3804: 3757: 3657: 3346:Peterson, Jordan C.; Grose, Christian R. 3345: 3305: 3137: 3119: 3088: 2662:32 Georgetown j. legal ethics 330 (2019). 2523:Ransburg Corp. v. Champion Spark Plug Co. 2490:Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.7 (b). 2469:811 N.W.2d 576 (Minn. 2012) (per curiam). 2077: 2007: 1888:Conflict-of-interest editing on Knowledge 1366:Learn how and when to remove this message 1188:Learn how and when to remove this message 1016:Learn how and when to remove this message 998:Learn how and when to remove this message 936:Learn how and when to remove this message 152: 4539: 4400: 4369: 4240:The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One 4040: 3836: 3471: 3411: 3298:The National Bureau of Economic Research 2649:32 Georgetown j. legal ethics 330 (2019) 2574: 2572: 2518: 2516: 2479:811 N.W.2d 576 (Minn. 2012) (per curiam) 1381: 1199: 756:, and patient's ethical considerations. 439:found a material limitation conflict in 5244:Pollutant release and transfer register 4446: 4265:Conflict of interest in the professions 4012:"Resignation of non-executive director" 3960:. Monthly Review Pr. pp. 335–337. 3445:federal government of the United States 2898: 2244: 2242: 2108: 1628:highest incarceration rate in the world 1140: 483:Prospective consent to future conflicts 14: 5543: 4768:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy 4453:Environmental Science & Technology 4316:Lo, Bernard; Marilyn J. Field (2009). 4289: 3980: 3682: 3676: 3604: 3070: 3005: 2362:Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct r. 1.13. 1963:Vested interest (communication theory) 1319:Finance industry and elected officials 1029:Environmental hazards and human health 828:rather than "conflict", emphasizing a 58:) is a situation in which a person or 46:Vested interest (communication theory) 5029:Principles for Responsible Investment 4864: 4513: 4263:Davis, Michael; Andrew Stark (2001). 4232: 3515: 3407:. Regnery Gatgeway. pp. 168–176. 3405:Still the Best Congress Money Can Buy 3402: 3314:from the original on 3 September 2016 3182: 2957:from the original on January 20, 2012 2894: 2892: 2890: 2569: 2513: 2263:, 528 F.2d 1384, 1387 (2d Cir. 1976). 1128: 1112:Purchasing agents and sales personnel 400:Identity of the client - corporations 92:decision-making process in question. 32:Conflict of Interest (disambiguation) 5518: 4488: 3692:National Bureau of Economic Research 3437:National Income and Product Accounts 2239: 1804: 1693: 1415:1998–2002 Argentine great depression 1322: 1144: 947: 888: 847: 716:Accountability § Organizational 111:influenced by a secondary interest. 4705:Pharmaceutical sales representative 4041:Birdsong, Nicholas (January 2019). 3254:Construction Stakeholder Management 2418:618 F.3d 204 (2d Cir. 2010) at 211. 2065:The New England Journal of Medicine 1636:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 625:Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy 144:The New England Journal of Medicine 24: 5208:Environmental full-cost accounting 4565:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge 4212: 3605:Lahart, Justin (12 October 2011). 3189:. North Point Press. p. 142. 2887: 2691:California State Bar (March 2017). 1822:about the fact that recusal is an 1081: 379:Direct adversity to current client 75:for the benefit of a third party. 25: 5582: 4491:"Ethics and Conflict of Interest" 4440: 3907:"How Nielsen Stood Up to Murdoch" 3658:Casselman, Ben (9 January 2012). 3360:from the original on 27 July 2021 3071:Drazen, Jeffrey M. (2015-05-07). 2953:. City College of San Francisco. 2703:229 Cal.App.3d 1445, 1454 (1991). 2148:Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study 1647:Law, administration, and academia 863:This section has multiple issues. 709: 561:Kirk v. First American Title Co., 532:The substantial relationship test 5517: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5082: 4989:Extended producer responsibility 4845: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4174: 4138: 4115: 4100: 4064: 4034: 4004: 3974: 3946: 3921: 3898: 3871: 3752:Rabin v. John Doe Market Makers. 3745: 3736: 3672:from the original on 2017-07-12. 3661:"Economists set rules on ethics" 3621:from the original on 2018-02-13. 3047:from the original on 2011-05-15. 2845:Attorney Liability in Bankruptcy 2611:, 869 F.2d 578 (Fed. Cir. 1989). 1809: 1697: 1327: 1149: 952: 893: 852: 527:Successive conflicts of interest 374:Concurrent conflicts of interest 5198:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 4840:Conflict of interest (category) 4403:New England Journal of Medicine 4018:. 13 March 2015. Archived from 3886:from the original on 2017-07-08 3860:from the original on 2012-01-29 3725:from the original on 2018-06-01 3651: 3625: 3598: 3573: 3537: 3509: 3500: 3480: 3465: 3429: 3420: 3381: 3372: 3339: 3326: 3285: 3260: 3245: 3236: 3207: 3193:from the original on 2012-04-25 3176: 3154: 3126:New England Journal of Medicine 3113: 3077:New England Journal of Medicine 3064: 3051: 3029: 3018:from the original on 2018-08-10 2999: 2969: 2876:from the original on 2017-04-27 2858: 2836: 2815: 2794: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2614: 2601: 2590:from the original on 2023-05-09 2560: 2551: 2540: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2472: 2463: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2391: 2382: 2365: 2356: 2317: 2308: 2296: 2287: 2284:, 67 Cal. App. 3d 8, 10 (1977). 2275: 2266: 2261:Cinema 5, Ltd v. Cinerama, Inc. 2254: 2228: 2193: 2032:from the original on 2021-03-23 1555:in various ways to measure the 1484: 1441:Finance industry and economists 1429:on lobbying from 1998 to 2008. 1065:Independent (e.g., government) 871:or discuss these issues on the 762:New England Journal of Medicine 5470:Socially responsible marketing 5465:Socially responsible investing 4503:"What is Conflict of Interest" 4353:Johns Hopkins University Press 3559:. Princeton University Press. 2983:. June 7, 2016. Archived from 2760:183 Cal.App.4th 810-11 (2010). 2751:183 Cal.App.4th 807-08 (2010). 2235:Sisk, et al, §4-7.1 at 357-58. 2225:Sisk, et al, §4-7.1 at 357-58. 2184: 2173: 2164: 2139: 2127: 2102: 2052: 2043: 1975: 663:Institute of Internal Auditors 632:Outside of the practice of law 232:Withdrawal from representation 133:avoidance of these conditions. 39:Knowledge:Conflict of interest 13: 1: 5460:Socially responsible business 3585:American Economic Association 3202:cited from Lessig 2011, p. 25 2925:"1120-Individual Objectivity" 2251:, 9 Cal. 4th 275, 282 (1994). 2150:. Stanford University Press. 1969: 1767: 1684: 1519: 1475:American Economic Association 1471:financial crisis of 2007–2008 1447:American Economic Association 1216:Politics in the United States 427:Material limitation conflicts 5405:Environmental pricing reform 4936:environmental responsibility 4814:Who Killed the Electric Car? 3742:17 C.F.R. § 240.15c3–1(c)(8) 3472:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2010). 3390:U.S. News & World Report 3267:Daniel Gross (20 Feb 2005). 2409:618 F.3d 204 (2d Cir. 2010). 1875:International Criminal Court 1419:Greek government-debt crisis 1037:on human health as follows: 754:continuing medical education 457:Consent to current conflicts 7: 5435:Market governance mechanism 5291:Global Reporting Initiative 5261:standards and certification 5168:Social return on investment 4425:10.1056/NEJM199308193290812 4384:Brookings Institution Press 3990:. Penguin. pp. 162ff. 3441:Bureau of Economic Analysis 3417:Lessig 2011, pp. 43–52, 117 3393:, September 3, 1962, p. 86. 3006:Mhay, Suki; Coburn, Calum. 2742:183 Cal.App.4th 784 (2010). 2733:183 Cal.App.4th 776 (2010). 2715:229 Cal.App.3d 1455 (1991). 2428:618 F.3d 204 (2d Cir. 2010) 2377:Corporate Family Conflicts) 2373:Corporate Family Conflicts, 2088:10.1056/NEJM199308193290812 1880: 1741:-related controversy about 1098:Insurance companies retain 978:the claims made and adding 916:, discuss the issue on the 843: 672:is a situation in which an 161:Professional responsibility 10: 5587: 5375:Community interest company 5319:Community-based monitoring 5153:Genuine progress indicator 3754:, 254 F.Supp.3d 754 (2015) 2398:Corporate Family Conflicts 1800: 1689: 1650: 1094:Insurance claims adjusters 746:medical-industrial complex 732: 713: 437:Supreme Court of Minnesota 43: 36: 29: 5493: 5400:Environmental degradation 5352: 5309: 5283: 5249:Sustainability accounting 5181: 5113:Ethical positioning index 5091: 5080: 4905: 4830: 4777: 4738: 4618: 4580:Judicial disqualification 4547: 4370:Thompson, Dennis (1995). 4246:University of Texas Press 3486:Johnson, Eliana (2014). " 3403:Stern, Philip M. (1992). 3332:Painter, Richard (2009), 3221:many independent studies. 2903:. Cengage Learning EMEA. 2109:Wolfram, Charles (1986). 1988:Internal Medicine Journal 1953:Revolving door (politics) 589:Judicial disqualification 5430:Health impact assessment 5301:Sustainability reporting 5270:Toxics Release Inventory 5064:Transparency (behavioral 5039:Social impact assessment 4928:Corporate accountability 4700:Pharmaceutical marketing 4326:National Academies Press 4195:10.1001/jama.299.24.2893 4109:National Academies Press 3846:. Monthly Review Press. 3816:. Monthly Review Press. 3449:R (programming language) 3426:Lessig 2011, pp. 120–121 3300:. Working Paper Series. 3120:Rosenbaum, Lisa (2015). 2833:(Seventh Circuit, 1999). 1624:investigative journalism 1453:, a Nobel laureate, and 824:COI is sometimes termed 773: 597:presiding court official 305:Penalties for misconduct 265:Duties to the profession 62:is involved in multiple 5485:Supply chain management 5425:Global justice movement 5224:profit-and-loss account 4747:Nemo iudex in causa sua 4273:Oxford University Press 4160:10.1001/jama.2012.25315 3666:The Wall Street Journal 3614:The Wall Street Journal 3476:. Norton. pp. 5–6. 3439:(NIPA) compiled by the 3435:From Table 6.16 of the 3162:"Conflicts of Interest" 2272:Wolfram §7.3.2. at 350. 2249:Flatt v. Superior Court 1591:, president and CEO of 1551:Many major advertisers 826:competition of interest 741:pharmaceutical industry 551:Imputation of conflicts 518:The hot potato doctrine 5450:SDG Publishers Compact 5212:Environmental conflict 5019:Organizational justice 4631:Arm's length principle 3683:Mehran, Hamid (2006). 3242:Lessig 2011, pp. 26–28 2899:Griseri, Paul (2010). 2791:Lessig 2011, pp. 29-32 1958:Tragedy of the commons 1820:is missing information 1731:Lord Evans of Weardale 1593:Nielsen Media Research 1437:in such a short time. 1391: 1205: 690: 591:, also referred to as 544: 508: 495: 412: 392: 153:In the practice of law 150: 5571:Scientific misconduct 5566:Philosophy of science 5440:Product certification 5239:Life-cycle assessment 5158:Performance indicator 5049:Social responsibility 5014:Organizational ethics 4944:social responsibility 4016:National Crime Agency 3139:10.1056/NEJMms1502493 3008:"RFI RFQ RFP Meaning" 2931:on September 27, 2011 2770:28 U.S.C. Section 455 2724:Restatement §123 (1). 2566:6 Cal. 5th 84 (2018). 2557:6 Cal. 5th 59 (2018). 1948:Reservation of rights 1873:, organic law of the 1735:National Crime Agency 1663:public administration 1397:negative amortization 1385: 1203: 750:for-profit healthcare 739:The influence of the 667: 539: 503: 490: 407: 387: 130: 5556:Political corruption 5551:Conflict of interest 5445:Public participation 5380:Conflict of interest 4970:inequality in the UK 4962:in the United States 4954:Environmental racism 4541:Conflict of interest 3954:McChesney, Robert W. 3917:on October 30, 2004. 3806:McChesney, Robert W. 3183:Baker, Nena (2008). 3172:on October 12, 2015. 3090:10.1056/NEJMe1503623 2802:Congressional Record 2687:Richard C. Solomon, 1557:return on investment 1435:return on investment 1426:Late-2000s recession 1405:Late-2000s recession 1401:Late-2000s recession 1141:Government officials 914:improve this section 670:conflict of interest 217:Effective assistance 183:conflict of interest 167:Duties to the client 52:conflict of interest 30:For other uses, see 18:Conflict-of-interest 5415:Ethical consumerism 5365:Benefit corporation 5257:metrics and indices 5059:Sullivan principles 4974:injustice in Europe 4690:Medical ghostwriter 4489:McDonald, Michael. 4466:2006EnST...40.6873T 4022:on 5 September 2015 3838:McCheney, Robert W. 3700:10.2139/ssrn.943447 3545:Reinhart, Carmen M. 3214:Fisher's exact test 3012:Negotiation Experts 2987:on February 6, 2020 2870:www.americanbar.org 2671:William T. Barker, 2658:William T. Barker, 2645:William T. Barker, 2632:William T. Barker, 2111:Modern Legal Ethics 1869:systems and by the 1679:professional ethics 1600:media consolidation 1563:as measured by the 1410:Columbia University 1134:Real estate brokers 318:Judicial misconduct 240:Duties to the court 5503:Environment portal 5275:Triple bottom line 5203:Emission inventory 5108:Double bottom line 5054:Stakeholder theory 4590:Regulatory capture 4127:2013-03-05 at the 3932:. Waveland Press. 3644:2012-01-26 at the 3640:, 6 January 2011. 3591:2011-01-25 at the 3587:, 3 January 2011. 3549:Rogoff, Kenneth S. 3506:Lessig 2011, p. 83 3493:2016-03-15 at the 3458:2014-10-23 at the 3273:The New York Times 3166:Boundless Business 2851:2023-04-27 at the 2829:2018-09-28 at the 2808:2023-04-27 at the 2775:2021-03-07 at the 2060:Dennis F. Thompson 1933:Perverse incentive 1923:Jury nullification 1709:. You can help by 1392: 1346:You can assist by 1206: 1168:You can assist by 1129:Real estate agents 963:possibly contains 139:Dennis F. Thompson 121:Secondary interest 5538: 5537: 5455:Social enterprise 5360:Bangladesh Accord 5220:management system 5216:impact assessment 5193:Carbon accounting 5123:Impact assessment 5074:UN Global Compact 4966:in Western Europe 4918:Aarhus Convention 4858: 4857: 4710:Pharmacovigilance 4474:10.1021/es062808a 4460:(22): 6873–6875. 4393:978-0-8157-8423-4 4362:978-0-8018-4400-3 4335:978-0-309-13188-9 4308:978-0-446-57643-7 4282:978-0-19-512863-5 4255:978-0-292-72139-5 4234:Black, William K. 4227:Economics Letters 4189:(24): 2893–2895. 4154:(21): 2187–2189. 3997:978-1-59420-006-9 3967:978-1-58367-161-0 3939:978-0-88133-984-0 3853:978-1-58367-161-0 3823:978-1-58367-105-4 3786:978-0-394-54926-2 3765:Herman, Edward S. 3583:", letter to the 3566:978-0-691-15264-6 3530:978-0-679-60502-7 3517:Sachs, Jeffrey D. 3132:(19): 1860–1864. 3083:(19): 1853–1854. 2371:Charles Wolfram, 2190:Wolfram, § 7.3.2. 2000:10.1111/imj.14233 1847: 1846: 1727: 1726: 1619:with less money. 1479:academic journals 1376: 1375: 1368: 1272: 1271: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1119:W. 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4940:responsibility 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4899:accountability 4888: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4725:Revolving door 4722: 4720:Political bias 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4678:Medical ethics 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4497:on 2007-11-03. 4486: 4442: 4441:External links 4439: 4438: 4437: 4398: 4392: 4367: 4361: 4340: 4334: 4313: 4307: 4287: 4281: 4260: 4254: 4244:. Austin, TX: 4230: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4173: 4137: 4114: 4099: 4063: 4033: 4003: 3996: 3973: 3966: 3945: 3938: 3920: 3897: 3882:. 2004-05-12. 3877:Lowry, Brian. 3870: 3852: 3829: 3822: 3792: 3785: 3756: 3744: 3735: 3675: 3650: 3624: 3597: 3572: 3565: 3536: 3529: 3508: 3499: 3479: 3464: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3395: 3380: 3371: 3338: 3325: 3307:10.3386/w13796 3284: 3259: 3244: 3235: 3223: 3206: 3186:The Body Toxic 3175: 3153: 3112: 3063: 3050: 3028: 2998: 2968: 2942: 2916: 2909: 2886: 2857: 2835: 2814: 2793: 2781: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2677: 2664: 2651: 2638: 2625: 2613: 2600: 2586:. 2018-08-31. 2568: 2559: 2550: 2539: 2527: 2512: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2471: 2462: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2390: 2381: 2364: 2355: 2339: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2295: 2286: 2274: 2265: 2253: 2238: 2227: 2215: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2172: 2163: 2156: 2138: 2126: 2119: 2101: 2072:(8): 573–576. 2051: 2042: 1994:(5): 574–577. 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1903:Duty to defend 1900: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1845: 1844: 1838:September 2015 1817: 1815: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1769: 1766: 1750: 1747: 1725: 1724: 1718:September 2015 1704: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1651:Main article: 1648: 1645: 1575:(the owner of 1571:, Chairman of 1569:Rupert Murdoch 1553:test their ads 1541:business model 1530:parent company 1521: 1518: 1486: 1483: 1451:George Akerlof 1442: 1439: 1374: 1373: 1335: 1333: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313:revolving door 1309:revolving door 1270: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249:$ 1,000–2,500 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241:$ 2,500–5,000 1238: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1196: 1195: 1157: 1155: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1113: 1110: 1095: 1092: 1083: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1006: 1005: 960: 958: 951: 944: 943: 908:of the subject 906:worldwide view 901: 899: 892: 887: 861: 860: 858: 851: 845: 842: 807: 806: 803:short position 799: 795: 789: 786: 775: 772: 733:Main article: 730: 727: 711: 710:Organizational 708: 707: 706: 702: 698: 686:internal audit 653:and is also a 633: 630: 586: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 552: 549: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 519: 516: 504: 491: 484: 481: 476: 475: 472: 469: 466: 458: 455: 453: 450: 428: 425: 408: 401: 398: 386: 380: 377: 375: 372: 352: 351: 349: 348: 341: 334: 326: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 307: 306: 302: 301: 300: 299: 291: 290: 289:Sources of law 286: 285: 284: 283: 277: 276: 267: 266: 262: 261: 260: 259: 255:Disclosure of 252: 251: 247:Disclosure of 242: 241: 237: 236: 235: 234: 228: 227: 220: 219: 213: 212: 205: 204: 197: 196: 186: 185: 178: 177: 169: 168: 164: 163: 154: 151: 135: 73:make decisions 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5583: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5530:Organizations 5528: 5526: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 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4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4409:(8): 573–76. 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4084: 4080: 4079:Peace is Loud 4073: 4067: 4053:on 2019-04-16 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3911:Business Week 3908: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3769:Chomsky, Noam 3766: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3739: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3637:The Economist 3633: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3375: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2910:9781408007433 2906: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823:US v. Gellene 2818: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2320: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2157:9780804748827 2153: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2120:9780314926395 2116: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1841: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1818:This section 1816: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1749:"Blind trust" 1746: 1744: 1740: 1739:tax-avoidance 1736: 1732: 1721: 1712: 1708: 1705:This section 1703: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1612:market system 1607: 1605: 1604:oligopolistic 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589:Susan Whiting 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1546:profit motive 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506:Enron scandal 1502: 1499: 1498:pump and dump 1494: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1336:This section 1334: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1282:collections. 1281: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1233:> $ 5,000 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1181: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1158:This section 1156: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1020: 1017: 1002: 999: 991: 981: 977: 973: 967: 966: 961:This section 959: 950: 949: 940: 937: 929: 919: 915: 909: 907: 900: 891: 890: 885: 883: 876: 875: 870: 869: 864: 859: 850: 849: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 804: 800: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 780: 779: 771: 769: 764: 763: 757: 755: 751: 747: 742: 736: 726: 724: 717: 703: 699: 695: 694: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 659: 656: 652: 646: 644: 638: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 598: 594: 590: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 569: 567: 562: 557: 548: 538: 524: 515: 513: 502: 500: 489: 480: 473: 470: 467: 464: 463: 462: 449: 446: 442: 438: 433: 424: 421: 416: 406: 397: 391: 385: 371: 368: 364: 358: 347: 342: 340: 335: 333: 328: 327: 325: 324: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 304: 303: 298: 295: 294: 293: 292: 288: 287: 282: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 269: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 244: 243: 239: 238: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225:fee splitting 222: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190:Due diligence 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 166: 165: 162: 159: 158: 146: 145: 140: 134: 129: 127: 122: 118: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 90: 85: 80: 76: 74: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 47: 40: 33: 19: 5561:Legal ethics 5522: 5395:Eco-labeling 5379: 5370:Child labour 5265:supply chain 5263: / 5259: / 5255: / 5251: / 5222: / 5218: / 5214: / 5210: / 4984:Ethical code 4972: / 4968: / 4964: / 4960: / 4956: / 4942: / 4938: / 4934: / 4930: / 4819: 4812: 4807:Side Effects 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4695:Moral hazard 4668:Legal ethics 4655: 4595:Self-dealing 4570:Funding bias 4555:Chinese wall 4540: 4505:. ComplyLog. 4495:the original 4457: 4451: 4406: 4402: 4373: 4344: 4317: 4296: 4264: 4239: 4226: 4222: 4219:Acocella, N. 4186: 4182: 4176: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4083:the original 4078: 4066: 4055:. Retrieved 4051:the original 4046: 4036: 4024:. Retrieved 4020:the original 4006: 3987:Free Culture 3986: 3976: 3957: 3948: 3929: 3923: 3915:the original 3910: 3900: 3888:. Retrieved 3873: 3862:. Retrieved 3842: 3832: 3811: 3779:. Pantheon. 3774: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3727:. Retrieved 3691: 3678: 3665: 3653: 3635: 3627: 3612: 3600: 3575: 3554: 3539: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3482: 3473: 3467: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3388: 3383: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3341: 3333: 3328: 3316:. Retrieved 3297: 3287: 3278:the original 3272: 3262: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3209: 3201: 3195:. Retrieved 3185: 3178: 3170:the original 3165: 3156: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3058: 3053: 3040: 3031: 3020:. Retrieved 3011: 3001: 2991:November 26, 2989:. 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