Congressional Research Service

374:. After the hearings on a bill, the subcommittee or committee meets to debate and vote on amendments to it. If requested, CRS staff may attend these meetings to serve as a nonpartisan source of expert information available to all Members. If the subcommittee and then the full committee conclude that new legislation is needed, they report a bill to the House or Senate for all its Members to consider. The committee also submits a written report that explains the background for its decision, analyzes the purposes and effects of each major provision of the bill, and includes other information, such as predictions about the cost of implementing it, that help other Members decide whether they should support the bill. CRS specialists may assist the committee's staff in preparing some sections of this report, although cost estimates are developed by the Congressional Budget Office. 647:(NCSL) issued a proposal under which CRS would have received access to the files of State research materials abstracted by the NCSL, and would have had the opportunity to order copies of desired items for use in answering congressional inquiries. In return, CRS would have provided the NCSL with periodic listings of CRS Reports (called "multiliths" at that time) and with only one copy of those CRS Reports which the NCSL requested. Under this proposal, the NCSL also would have gained access to certain files from the Library of Congress's SCORPIO system, including CRS Issue Briefs. A congressional committee expressed the view that it was appropriate for Members of Congress, rather than CRS, to determine whether and to what extent various CRS products should be publicly disseminated. As a result, no action was taken to implement the proposed CRS-NCSL exchange. 776:

Both approaches should protect CRS equally. I also urge my colleagues not to believe other arguments that CRS will suffer from a huge rise in workload from this amendment. It will require only two computer technicians to set up this web site, and keep it updated. CRS already has a process for deciding which information goes up on their web site for Members of Congress. This bill only asks that they duplicate this process for a public version of that web page. Also, we release paper copies of these products to our constituents every day without causing a great strain to CRS staff. Finally, I have the results of an analysis of state legislative research organizations that do work similar to CRS and post these products on the Internet. None of these organizations have complained of a huge increased workload from releasing their products to the Internet.

397:. Since 1935 the Legislative Analysis and Information Section (formerly "Bill Digest") of CRS has had statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and maintenance of historical legislative information. Detailed revised summaries are written to reflect changes made in the course of the legislative process. This CRS office also prepares titles, bill relationships, subject terms, and Congressional Record citations for debates, full texts of measures, and Member introductory remarks. The bill summaries are released to the public via 368:. When a subcommittee selects a bill (or several bills on the same subject) for serious attention, it usually begins by conducting public hearings on one or more days at which executive branch officials, other Members of Congress, representatives of private organizations, and even individual citizens present their views on the bill's merits. CRS analysts can assist in this process by providing background information and reports, presenting a preliminary briefing to Members or staff, identifying potential witnesses, and suggesting questions that Members may consider asking the witnesses. 577:: CRS often prepares reports for Congress, analyses, or studies on specific policy issues of legislative interest. These reports clearly define issues in legislative contexts. Analysts define and explain technical terms and concepts, frame the issues in understandable and timely contexts, and provide appropriate, accurate, and valid quantitative data. The content of the report is summarized on its first page. These reports may be updated as events occur, or archived when they no longer reflect the current legislative agenda but can provide background and historical context. 332:

scientific evidence on a technically complex matter, for example, or it may be a collection of newspaper and journal articles discussing an issue from different perspectives, or a comparative analysis of several explanations that have been offered to account for a generally recognized problem. CRS also identifies national and international experts with whom Members and staff may consult about whatever issues concern them and sponsors programs at which Members meet with experts to discuss issues of broad interest to Congress.

29: 613:: Since 1935, the Legislative Analysis and Information Section (formerly the "Bill Digest" section) of CRS has had the statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and the maintenance of historical legislative information. Detailed revised summaries are written to reflect changes made in the course of the legislative process. This CRS office also prepares titles, bill relationships, subject terms, and 607:: Prepared for use by congressional delegations traveling abroad, these books are collections of material that support the specific purposes of a congressional trip. Briefing books can include a variety of materials, such as maps, selected products, and brief tailored written work, all of which contain background and current issues regarding U.S. relations with specific countries on the trip as well as questions Members may ask when meeting with government or other officials. 1968: 1075:

appropriations language read; "Legislative Reference: To enable the Librarian of Congress to employ competent persons to gather, classify, and make available, in translations, indexes, digests, compilations, and bulletins, and otherwise, data for or bearing upon legislation, and to render such data serviceable to Congress and committees and Members thereof, $ 25,000."

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committees in other aspects of their study and oversight responsibilities. In addition, it offers numerous courses, including legal research seminars and institutes on the legislative process, the budget processes, and the work of district and state staff. At the beginning of each Congress, CRS also provides an orientation seminar for new Members.

583:: Similar to the reports, memoranda are prepared when the interest of a relatively small number of congressional readers is anticipated or when an issue is sufficiently transient that CRS deems it inappropriate to include it in its list of products. Memoranda can be recast as a report if it becomes important to a larger congressional audience. 360:

analysts can work with Members in deciding whether to propose amendments and then in making certain that their amendments are designed and phrased to achieve the desired results. CRS also can help Members prepare for the debate by providing data and other information that they can use to support the positions they have decided to take.

595:: Confidential memoranda are prepared to meet a specific congressional request and are often designed for a congressional reader with a high level of expertise in a given topic. These memoranda are prepared for the use of the requester and are not distributed by CRS to a larger audience unless the requester gives permission. 1074:

The 1914 legislative, executive, and judicial appropriations act – ch. 141, July 16, 1914. (or possibly 38 STAT 962, 1005). A Google search for these terms reveals "July 16, 1914, ch. 141, Sec. 5(a), (b), (e), 38 Stat. 508; restated Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, Sec. 16(a), 60 Stat. 810, 811." The

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John McCain cited this letter on the Senate floor when he was proposing an amendment to the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act 1999 that would direct the Director of the Congressional Research Service to post 'CRS Reports to Congress' and 'CRS Issue Briefs' on the Internet. In this speech, he also

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was launched in 1980, it continued for a little more than a decade before congressional appropriators, once again, invoked fiscal closure with the last issue published v. 13 #9 (Sept. 1992). The Review, which was published ten times a year and available to the public by subscription, offered original

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only to members of Congress and their staff; non-confidential reports have since been accessible on its website. In 2019, CRS announced it was adding "the back catalog of older CRS reports" and also introducing new publicly available reports, such as its "two-page executive level briefing documents".

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released a policy statement regarding the publication of CRS written products: that said "the long-standing policy of confidentiality in the work of CRS for individual congressional clients should be maintained" and gave cost as part of its reason. A subsequent statement referred to "the legislative

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as they translate the Member's policy decisions into formal legislative language. Members and committees also can request CRS to help them assess and compare legislative proposals, including competing bills introduced by Members and proposals presented by executive branch officials, private citizens

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If a Member decides to introduce a bill, CRS analysts can assist the legislator in clarifying the purposes of the bill, identifying issues it may address, defining alternative ways for dealing with them, evaluating the possible advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, developing information

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ideas about the importance of the acquisition of knowledge for an informed and independent legislature. The move also reflected the expanding role of the librarian and the professionalization of the profession. The new department was charged with responding to congressional requests for information.

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The most commonly requested CRS product is the general congressional distribution reports, known as "CRS Reports". The purpose of a report is to clearly define the issue in the legislative context. The types of CRS reports include Issue Briefs (IB), Research Memos (RM), and Reports, which appear in

762:

Concerning applicability of the Speech or Debate Clause, U.S. Const. art. I, 6, cl. 1, to certain CRS products which your bill would, if enacted, make available on the Internet, I believe that the concerns expressed in the CRS memorandum are either overstated, or the extent they are not, provide no

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1990: Facing a challenge, the Senate Majority Leader reiterated the importance of "protecting the work done by CRS in preparing communications to the Members and committees of Congress": and elaborated by noting "A committee or Member of the Senate, of course, may determine to make available to the

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During committee and floor consideration, CRS can assist Representatives and Senators in several different ways, in addition to providing background information to assist Members in understanding the issues a bill addresses. CRS attorneys can help clarify legal effects the bill may have. CRS policy

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CRS makes no legislative or other policy recommendations to Congress; its responsibility is to ensure that Members of the House and Senate have available the best possible information and analysis on which to base the policy decisions the American people have elected them to make. In all its work,

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I would like to point out that the Rules Committee has approved a decentralized system, where Senators can release CRS products on their private web pages. I see no difference between the release of CRS material on one hundred independent web pages and THOMAS, a Congressionally mandated web page.

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Congress had historically reserved to itself control over the dissemination of CRS products to the public on the principle that CRS, as an extension of congressional staff, works exclusively for the Congress: "dissemination is limited to Members of Congress." From 1952 until 2018, a provision was

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At the preliminary stage, members may ask CRS to provide background information and analysis on issues and events so they can better understand the existing situation and then assess whether there is a problem requiring a legislative remedy. This assistance may be a summary and explanation of the

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CRS services are not limited to those that relate directly to enacting new laws. For example, CRS attempts to assess emerging issues and developing problems so that it will be prepared to assist the Congress if and when it becomes necessary. Although it rarely conducts field research, CRS assists

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CRS may incorporate preexisting material in its written responses to congressional requests. Although such material is often from public domain sources, in certain instances the material, appropriately credited, may be from copyrighted sources. To the extent that the material is copyrighted, CRS

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requests due to Congressional privilege and therefore not readily accessible nor was their authenticity easily verifiable. Prior to September 2018, CRS products were only made directly available to members of Congress, Congressional committees, and CRS's sister agencies (CBO and GAO) through the

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CRS is divided into six interdisciplinary research divisions, each of which is further divided into subject specialist sections. The six divisions are: American Law; Domestic Social Policy; Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade; Government and Finance; Knowledge Services; and Resources, Science and

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Such proposals might "cause the judiciary and administrative agencies to reassess their perception of CRS as playing a substantial role in the legislative process, and thereby might endanger a claim of immunity even in an instance in which CRS was fulfilling its legislative mission (e.g., by

386:. CRS analysts can contribute to this last stage of the legislative process by helping identify the issues to be resolved, by clarifying and comparing the positions of the two houses on each issue, and by identifying different ways in which the legislative disagreements could be resolved. 281:

CRS offers Congress research and analysis on all current and emerging issues of national policy. CRS offers timely and confidential assistance to all Members and committees that request it, limited only by CRS's resources and the requirements for balance, nonpartisanship and accuracy.

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The limitation began in the House as a flat prohibition on publications by the Library of Congress using funds appropriated to the Legislative Reference Service (now CRS). In 1954, a provision was added providing for exception only with the approval of our oversight committees.

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CRS argues that it might be subject to claims of copyright infringement if CRS products were available on the Internet. CRS sometimes incorporates copyrighted work into its reports and products. (Elsewhere, the CRS notes that these inclusions are always "appropriately

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public a report or memorandum which the Congressional Research Service has provided to the committee or Senator... Nevertheless, ... it is important to protect the confidentiality of CRS's preparatory work in order to encourage the freest possible exploration by CRS..."

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The six research divisions are supported in their work by five "infrastructure" offices: Finance and Administration, Information Management and Technology, Counselor to the Director, Congressional Information and Publishing, and Workforce Management and Development.

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CRS believes that broader dissemination of CRS products would likely inspire more litigants who wish to obtain, for purposes of discovery, the files of CRS analysts. This might, CRS argues, cause the public release of correspondence between Members of Congress and

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CRS written work products fall into three major categories:(1) Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues, (2) Responses to Individual Members and Committees, and (3) Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations.

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and arguments to support the bill, and anticipating possible criticisms of the bill and responses to them. Although CRS does not draft bills, resolutions, and amendments, its analysts may join staff consulting with the professional draftsman within each chamber's

265:

Inquiries increased from 400,000 questions per year in 1980 to 598,000 in 2000. CRS reorganized in 1999 partly to handle the load, relocating staff, adopting more efficient workstations, and attempting to enable more communication across disciplinary specialists.

676:"Reports are produced by the Congressional Research Service staff for the education of members of Congress", Kyle Anderson, a spokesman for the House Administration Committee, which has jurisdiction over the issue in the House, wrote in an e-mail message to 683:

This was countered by a clarification saying that the goal was the public release of only reports the research service produces, not the memorandums it also writes for members of Congress. (Former) Senator Joseph I. Lieberman said in an e-mail message to

204:, both of Wisconsin, promoted the inclusion in the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriations act of a provision directing the establishment of a special reference unit within the Library of Congress. Building upon a concept developed by the 449:. Older CRS reports versions may be accessed from community supported sources. Since as of September 18, 2018, the official US government website "makes non-confidential reports available on its website" alternative access sites are less needed. 3692: 589:: CRS staff provide custom services for Members and committees and their staff, tailored to address specific questions, and usually in a memorandum format. Written documents include Confidential Memoranda, Email Responses, and Briefing Books. 2224: 2234: 188:(which assists Congress in reviewing and monitoring the activities of government by conducting independent audits, investigations, and evaluations of federal programs). Collectively, the three agencies employ more than 4,000 people. 380:. CRS staff can clarify the legislative procedures of the House and Senate, assisting Members and staff in understanding the effects of these procedures and how Members can use the procedures to promote their own legislative goals. 250:

reflected the service's changing mission: This legislation directed CRS to devote more of its efforts and increased resources to doing research and analysis that assists Congress in direct support of the legislative process.

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Responses to Congressional requests take the form of reports, memoranda, customized briefings, seminars, videotaped presentations, information obtained from automated databases, and consultations in person and by telephone.

2219: 155:

CRS has roughly 600 employees reflecting a wide variety of expertise and disciplines, including lawyers, economists, historians, political scientists, reference librarians, and scientists. In the 2023 fiscal year, it was

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Other than a passing generic reference to "reports" in its statutory charter, CRS has no mandate for these products. They are created in the context of the overall mission of CRS to provide research support to Congress.

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as part of a broader effort to professionalize the government by providing independent research and information to public officials. Its work was initially made available to the public, but between 1952 and 2018

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The confidentiality status of Congressional Research Service reports, until September 18, 2018, was a matter of contention due to the lack of public access to research that was paid for by taxpayer money.

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CRS does not conduct research on sitting Members or living former Members of Congress, unless granted specific permission by that Member or if that Member is nominated by the President for another office.

224:, it assisted Congress primarily by providing facts and publications and by transmitting research and analysis done largely by other government agencies, private organizations, and individual scholars. 3697: 262:

was published ten times a year and was available to the public by subscription. It offered analytical articles, summaries of CRS research products, and other assistance to the congressional community.

3795: 3279: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2804: 2214: 1972: 1084:

The intent behind the creation of the agency can be derived from U.S. Senate, Committee on the Library, Legislative Drafting Bureau and Reference Division, 62d Cong., 3d sess., 1913, S. Rept.1271

4370: 3429: 2621: 688:. "These reports inform members of Congress and their staffs on a wide range of issues. The American people, who pay for these reports, should be able to learn from this same expert analysis." 1463: 710:

CRS also believes that slander or libel actions might occur more frequently if CRS products were put on the Internet, because more people would read CRS products and know of their existence.

2837: 2192: 2093: 2209: 1684: 4104: 2643: 2098: 2844: 2814: 1316: 184:(which provides Congress with budget-related information, reports on fiscal, budgetary, and programmatic issues, and analyses of budget policy options, costs, and effects) and the 2108: 1616: 3316: 2809: 828: 4549: 2718: 1210: 4288: 3852: 2854: 2506: 662:

1998, 1999, 2001, 2003: Attempts were made by members of congress to pass legislation requiring the CRS to make its products available on a public website. All failed to pass.

4083: 3837: 3032: 2161: 1259: 1243: 4853: 3847: 2638: 2513: 4765: 2434: 2229: 1049: 933: 5247: 3351: 1583: 601:: Email responses to request for information can range from providing a statistic or a name to a short briefing to an interactive discussion on a variety of issues. 5314: 5111: 3842: 3805: 3424: 3116: 3820: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2197: 673:

Representatives Shays and Mark Green (R-WI) have placed many CRS products on their own websites in an attempt to make some CRS products available to the public.

5160: 4164: 3790: 2752: 2672: 2609: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2103: 1948:"Started in 2016 with support from anonymous members of Congress EveryCRSReport.com has received every new report and republished them for free public access." 1034: 5012: 4397: 3419: 3146: 2501: 4542: 4006: 3473: 3361: 3346: 3089: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2660: 431:

Over 700 new CRS reports are produced each year; 566 new products were prepared in Fiscal Year 2011. Nearly 7,800 were in existence as of the end of 2011.

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included in CRS annual appropriations acts requiring approval by one of its two congressional oversight committees for acts of "publication" by the CRS.

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Letter from Chairman John Warner and Ranking Member Wendell H. Ford, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, to Senate Colleagues, June 10, 1998.

751: 2473: 4519: 4505: 3446: 2969: 2429: 804:

CRS reports are considered in-depth, accurate, objective, and timely, and topped the list of the "10 Most-Wanted Government Documents" survey by the

340:. The same 2008 report also clarifies the various ways in which the service further supports the work of legislators once a bill has been introduced: 217:, to "employ competent persons to prepare such indexes, digests, and compilations of laws as may be required for Congress and other official use..." 1455: 5562: 5547: 5537: 5527: 4533: 4463: 4125: 3321: 2483: 2461: 2003: 696:

In a December 1997 memorandum, the CRS summarized the "Legal Issues Presented by Proposals for the General Release of CRS Products to the Public":

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The types of CRS reports include Issue Briefs (IB), Research Memos (RM), and Reports, which appear in both Short (RS) and Long (RL) formats.

3774: 3027: 2849: 2422: 1837: 1283: 415:), a continually updated legal treatise that explains the U.S. Constitution as it has been interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court. 4726: 1754: 785:

Document types include CRS Reports, appropriations Reports (usually released as a Long Report), and Congressional distribution memoranda.

4904: 4846: 4811: 4153: 3769: 3485: 3366: 3084: 3037: 2631: 2033: 507: 477:, which were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues. They were promoted by 235:, which were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues. They were promoted by 5079: 4703: 3935: 3633: 3274: 2713: 1812: 1612: 1519: 1430: 1327: 457: 1947: 5557: 5453: 5178: 4569: 4390: 3074: 3000: 2553: 2441: 2166: 1218: 644: 390:

CRS also performs several functions that support Congressional and public understanding of the legislative process and other issues.

1139: 437:

A categorical listing of CRS reports was published by Air War College of the United States Air Force, last updated on May 13, 2011.

5446: 4818: 4424: 4415: 4339: 4283: 3623: 3589: 3371: 2926: 2921: 2736: 2171: 1167: 822: 481:, the Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, such as American national defense. About 100 239:, the Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, such as American national defense. About 100 880: 549:

However, the copyright permission obtained is usually understood to be for the purpose of legislative use by members of Congress.

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launched in 1980 and continued until the early 1990s; then congressional appropriators, once again, invoked "fiscal closure." The

5517: 5342: 5167: 5056: 5035: 3480: 3356: 3249: 3126: 2916: 1787: 1715:"Congressional Research Service, 4 December 1997. ("CRS Memorandum"). Quoted in part by the Congressional Accountability Project" 493:

analytical articles, summaries highlighting CRS research products, and other kinds of assistance to the congressional community.

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CRS analysts are governed by requirements for confidentiality, timeliness, accuracy, objectivity, balance, and nonpartisanship.

5240: 4918: 4526: 4074: 3978: 3881: 3284: 3209: 2583: 2129: 2023: 247: 221: 164: 5462: 5196: 4968: 3754: 3739: 3666: 3407: 3299: 3269: 3059: 2146: 2134: 1151: 270: 141: 4758: 4645: 4449: 4383: 4365: 4313: 4055: 3744: 1996: 1255: 1239: 941: 902: 739: 1867: 1591: 1356: 5065: 5049: 4772: 4431: 4318: 3945: 3749: 3661: 3613: 3436: 3331: 3007: 2417: 805: 445:

As of September 18, 2018, most CRS reports are available to the public through the official US Congress website

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The reports may take many forms, including policy analysis, economic studies, statistical reviews, and legal analyses.

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CRS "supports the Members, committees, and leaders of the House and Senate at all stages of the legislative process":

5362: 5268: 5203: 4097: 3951: 3707: 3194: 2703: 2653: 2156: 1006: 347: 2456: 1584:"Library of Congress is spending $ 1.5M on a public Congressional Research Service reports website. Is it worth it?" 5254: 5189: 4251: 4226: 3965: 3764: 3584: 3397: 2141: 185: 1196: 5542: 5485: 5291: 4975: 4890: 4874: 4832: 4689: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4246: 3983: 3972: 3925: 3638: 2518: 2053: 1989: 1956:: harvests include OpenCRS (free access to many CRS reports), UNT, FAS, Thurgood Marshall Law Library and others. 1688: 1560: 5328: 5321: 4210: 4191: 4174: 3888: 3759: 3687: 1900: 666:

Some members of congress used committee websites to disseminate individual reports, beginning in 1998. Senator

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However, in a passage analyzing its own liability under United States copyright law, the CRS has written that:

511: 4661: 1400: 152:

due to its broad mandate of providing research and analysis on all matters relevant to national policymaking.

5219: 5146: 4897: 4682: 4256: 4111: 4040: 3554: 3254: 3012: 2938: 2693: 2648: 670:(D-SD) was the first to act, putting almost 300 CRS products on his website. They were subsequently removed. 5532: 5307: 5300: 4839: 4781: 4293: 4278: 4236: 4231: 4118: 4061: 3810: 3671: 3601: 3222: 3022: 3017: 2468: 2047: 2043: 2039: 1317:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2011, p. 2" 2451: 473:

The Library of Congress, the home of CRS, had experimented during the 1940s with unrestricted publication

326:. A 2008 CRS report details how the service can assist legislators in evaluating the need for legislation: 231:

The Library of Congress, the home of CRS, had experimented during the 1940s with unrestricted publication

5284: 5042: 4406: 4196: 4021: 3905: 3618: 2943: 2665: 2528: 269:

CRS reports were not generally available to the public until September 18, 2018, when a provision of the

181: 680:. "Just as other memos produced by staffers for members of Congress aren't made public, these are not." 571:

itself is broken into two subcategories: Reports for Congress and Congressional Distribution Memoranda.

5026: 4804: 4241: 4026: 2953: 2614: 197: 1845: 5494: 5335: 4954: 4751: 4710: 4303: 4016: 3920: 1256:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2010" 1240:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2010" 817: 556:

content in CRS reports can avoid infringing copyright by paying attention to the internal citations.

1714: 854: 5118: 4696: 4622: 4159: 3596: 2446: 1613:

Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2011

428:, are the encyclopedic research reports written to clearly define issues in a legislative context. 1050:"More Types of Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports Added to Official Congress.gov Portal" 5469: 5429: 5413: 5383: 5125: 5095: 4146: 4090: 3900: 3510: 3341: 3199: 3189: 2979: 2906: 2523: 530: 5437: 5088: 4744: 4132: 4050: 3893: 2012: 1750: 1291: 453: 205: 129: 4652: 4996: 3998: 3214: 3141: 3054: 3049: 2558: 1527: 541: 5399: 4675: 4202: 3958: 3815: 3606: 3516: 3453: 3387: 3336: 2911: 2575: 2028: 1422: 4375: 569:

Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues

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and organizations. CRS can assess the intent, scope, and limits, of the various proposals.

8: 5369: 5104: 4597: 4308: 3915: 3866: 3628: 3579: 3264: 3131: 832: 208:

in 1890, and the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library in 1901, they were motivated by

157: 133: 1557:"Congressional Policy Concerning the Distribution of CRS Written Products to the Public" 1128:

P.L. 91-510, title III, sec. 321(a), October 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1181; 2 U.S.C. 166.

754:, the former General Counsel to the House of Representatives, wrote a letter to Senator 5376: 4298: 3988: 3326: 3244: 3184: 3064: 2068: 1742: 502: 478: 236: 220:

Renamed the Legislative Reference Service and given a permanent authorization with the

137: 125: 1780: 5353: 5261: 4860: 4439: 4068: 4032: 4011: 3468: 3204: 3151: 3111: 3096: 2783: 1147: 742:, wrote a memorandum that disputed each of the arguments in the 1997 CRS memorandum. 180:

CRS is one of three major legislative agencies that support Congress, along with the

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Speech and debate immunity: Reducing "substantial role in the legislative process".

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were generated before congressional appropriators ended their production in 1951.

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were generated before congressional appropriators ended their production in 1951.

5406: 5226: 4719: 4638: 4456: 4045: 2995: 2903: 1620: 910: 225: 209: 168: 28: 767:(See also his letter addressing a 2001 reintroduction of the same legislation.) 4613: 4590: 4576: 4139: 3311: 3234: 3161: 1871: 1352: 617:

citations for debates, full text of measures, and Member introductory remarks.

214: 201: 145: 1626: 5511: 4825: 4360: 3463: 3289: 3069: 2876: 1107:

Government Information Quarterly Volume 26, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 437–440

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ch. 753, title II, sec. 203, August 2, 1946, 60 Stat. 812, 836

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basis for arguing that protection of CRS works will be weakened by your bill.

553: 409:

The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation

122: 1685:"Congressional Research Service Products: Taxpayers Should Have Easy Access" 273:

which directed that CRS reports be available to the public was implemented.

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Government Information Quarterly Volume 26, Issue 3, July 2009, pp. 437–440

999: 407:. The American Law Division of the Congressional Research Service prepares 1211:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service for Fiscal Year 2007" 4982: 4583: 4512: 3307: 3259: 3166: 3121: 1981: 1953: 1000:"The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process" 755: 667: 1634: 1192: 4938: 149: 4668: 1556: 424:

Reports by the Congressional Research Service, usually referred to as

3530: 3136: 885: 704:

preparing a confidential memorandum for a Member on a pending bill.)"

1870:. Loyola University Chicago Law Library. August 2005. Archived from 4795: 4105:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

3523: 2974: 1933: 1868:"How do I locate copies of Congressional Research Service Reports?" 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1392: 1353:"How do I locate copies of Congressional Research Service Reports?" 537: 446: 1941: 3044: 1751:"Placing Congressional Research Service Products on the Internet" 655:

process and ... the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution."

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As of January 2019, we have ceased updating this collection ...

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Former deputy librarian of Congress named interim CRS director

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considers its information-gathering function protected by the

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Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

1954:

Internet Archive collection of sites that publish CRS reports

1168:"CRS Reports Now Publicly Available from Library of Congress" 4405: 3156: 1490: 1287: 5248:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

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Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

419: 5315:

Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972

5112:

Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

1144:

Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Lib-Pub

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Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act

1355:. Loyola University Chicago Law Library. August 2005. 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 959: 213:

The legislation authorized the Librarian of Congress,

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1748: 1520:"Group Seeks Public Access to Congressional Research" 1379:

selected Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports

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as applied in the context of the legislative process.

4007:

List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex

1635:"Memo RE: "Access to CRS Reports" To: All CRS STaff" 1478: 1456:"A Confidential Arm of Congress Gets More Secretive" 5133:

Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972

4789:

Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants

1774: 1772: 1311: 1309: 1115: 1113: 956: 173: 4358: 3553: 1944:is a free republishing project by "Demand Progress 855:"H.R.2617 – Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023" 1581: 1559:. Congressional Research Service. March 9, 1999. 1103: 1101: 1099: 738:On January 5, 1998, Gary Ruskin, Director of the 620: 160:a budget of roughly $ 133.6 million by Congress. 5509: 4126:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 3693:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations 1838:"Congressional Chronicle – C-SPAN Video Library" 1769: 1306: 1110: 611:Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations 5278:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5140:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 1137: 4962:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1665:136 Cong. Ree. S7112 (daily ed. May 24, 1990). 1517: 1096: 637: 587:Responses to Individual Members and Committees 5020:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4391: 1997: 1677: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 745: 506:has written that the reports contain neither 452:Previously they were confidential. While not 733: 401:, the Library of Congress's online database. 5234:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act 4847:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 4812:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 4154:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 1632: 167:, CRS was founded during the height of the 148:basis. CRS is sometimes known as Congress' 5080:Securities Investor Protection Corporation 4398: 4384: 2011: 2004: 1990: 1582:Chappellet-Lanier, Tajha (July 12, 2018). 1504: 1047: 931: 536:or believes that the use falls under the " 5050:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act 1749:Gary Ruskin, Director (January 5, 1998). 897: 895: 645:National Conference of State Legislatures 4819:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 4369:) is being considered for deletion. See 4340:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 1753:. Congressional Accountability Project. 1423:"Congressional Research Service Reports" 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1035:"Congressional Research Service Reports" 1029: 1027: 997: 932:Williamson, Elizabeth (March 22, 2007). 849: 847: 823:California Office of Legislative Counsel 440: 5563:1914 establishments in Washington, D.C. 5548:Reports of the United States government 5538:Organizations based in Washington, D.C. 5528:Government agencies established in 1914 5343:Water Resources Development Act of 1974 5168:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 5057:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 5036:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 3107:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 2067: 1466:from the original on September 20, 2018 1203: 1146:. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). CRC Press. 794:both Short (RS) and Long (RL) formats. 780: 310: 271:Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 5553:Think tanks based in the United States 5523:Agencies of the United States Congress 5510: 5241:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 4919:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 2584:Caucuses of the United States Congress 1936:Congressional Research Service reports 1415: 934:"You'd Know if You Were Congressional" 892: 691: 420:Congressional Research Service reports 248:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 222:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 165:Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau 136:, it works primarily and directly for 5197:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 4969:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 4854:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 4379: 3552: 2875: 2066: 1985: 1894:"10 Most Wanted Government Documents" 1793:from the original on January 21, 2022 1779:Brand, Stanley M (January 27, 1998). 1778: 1359:from the original on October 18, 2015 1265: 1041: 1024: 844: 490:Congressional Research Service Review 256:Congressional Research Service Review 4759:Minority Business Development Agency 740:Congressional Accountability Project 729:Responses to the 1997 CRS memorandum 581:Congressional Distribution Memoranda 5301:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 5066:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act 4773:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 4704:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement 2215:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 1691:. February 10, 2003. Archived from 1433:from the original on March 30, 2019 1199:from the original on July 29, 2017. 825:of the California State Legislature 806:Center for Democracy and Technology 496: 16:U.S. Congress-affiliated think tank 13: 5154:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act 5073:Securities Investor Protection Act 5006:Occupational Safety and Health Act 4990:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 4912:District of Columbia Home Rule Act 1975:from websites or documents of the 1818:. 105th Congress. January 28, 1998 1757:from the original on July 27, 2009 1721:from the original on March 3, 2016 1563:from the original on July 18, 2009 1056:from the original on April 8, 2019 1012:from the original on July 18, 2009 1005:. Congressional Research Service. 14: 5574: 5269:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 5204:National Environmental Policy Act 4373:to help reach a consensus. › 4098:Progress of Civilization Pediment 3952:Congressional Pictorial Directory 2805:By length of service historically 1921: 1647:from the original on May 11, 2009 1403:from the original on June 1, 2022 1284:"Guide to CRS Reports on the Web" 1262:2012-08-27 at Wikiwix. p. 34 348:Office of the Legislative Counsel 5558:United States government secrecy 5255:New Source Performance Standards 5190:Council on Environmental Quality 3966:Official Congressional Directory 3585:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 1971: This article incorporates 1966: 1382:, Air War College, May 13, 2011. 1140:"Congressional Research Service" 186:Government Accountability Office 89:Mary B. Mazanec, Former Director 27: 5292:Coastal Zone Management Program 5213:Environmental Protection Agency 4976:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 4891:Federal Contested Elections Act 4875:Drug Enforcement Administration 4833:End Stage Renal Disease Program 3775:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 2622:Arab and Middle Eastern members 2519:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 2054:Lists of United States Congress 1886: 1860: 1830: 1805: 1733: 1707: 1689:Project on Government Oversight 1668: 1659: 1606: 1575: 1448: 1385: 1371: 1345: 1249: 1233: 1185: 1172:Kathrine R. Everett Law Library 1160: 1131: 1122: 1087: 708:Libel, slander, and defamation. 526:obtains permission for the use; 464: 372:Subcommittee or committee votes 297: 86:Robert Newlen, Interim Director 5518:Congressional Research Service 5329:Endangered Species Act of 1973 5322:Endangered Species Act of 1969 4926:Congressional Research Service 4506:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford 3877:Congressional Research Service 3624:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 2627:Asian Pacific American members 1977:Congressional Research Service 1928:Congressional Research Service 1518:Stephanie Stom (May 4, 2009). 1078: 1068: 925: 873: 788: 652:Joint Committee on the Library 621:Confidentiality of CRS Reports 115:Congressional Research Service 92:T.J. Halstead, Deputy Director 22:Congressional Research Service 1: 5147:Federal Energy Administration 4898:Federal Election Campaign Act 4683:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 4112:Surrender of General Burgoyne 3469:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 2632:Asian Pacific American Caucus 2225:Lost re-election in a primary 838: 714:Confidentiality of CRS files. 559: 144:and staff on a confidential, 5308:Marine Mammal Protection Act 5220:Clean Air Amendments of 1970 4840:Supplemental Security Income 4782:Education Amendments of 1972 4119:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 4062:The Apotheosis of Washington 3796:Chief Administrative Officer 3634:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 1246:2012-08-27 at Wikiwix. p. 33 1048:Gary Price (March 8, 2019). 7: 5285:Coastal Zone Management Act 5043:Consumer Product Safety Act 4826:National Cancer Act of 1971 4464:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit 4407:Presidency of Richard Nixon 4366:Presidency of Richard Nixon 4284:Health and Fitness Facility 4076:Declaration of Independence 2845:Killed or wounded in office 2666:Congressional Jewish Caucus 2639:Hispanic and Latino members 811: 638:Unlocking CRS report access 182:Congressional Budget Office 75:$ 133.6 million (2023) 10: 5579: 5447:Senate Watergate Committee 5027:Permissible exposure limit 4805:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 4550:Presidential Proclamations 3698:Interparliamentary Affairs 3619:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 3255:Riddick's Senate Procedure 2682:Gender and sexual identity 746:Letter of Stanley M. Brand 458:Freedom of Information Act 276: 191: 5479: 5352: 5336:Oil Pollution Act of 1973 5177: 4955:Fair Credit Reporting Act 4937: 4752:Revised Philadelphia Plan 4736: 4711:Threshold Test Ban Treaty 4559: 4414: 4327: 4304:Old Supreme Court Chamber 4269: 4219: 4184: 4173: 4017:Congressional Prayer Room 3997: 3934: 3865: 3783: 3732: 3725: 3680: 3654: 3647: 3570: 3566: 3548: 3498: 3464:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 3415: 3406: 3380: 3298: 3177: 2988: 2962: 2886: 2882: 2871: 2810:Current members by wealth 2797: 2745: 2729: 2681: 2592: 2574: 2567: 2541: 2494: 2410: 2403: 2243: 2235:Elected but did not serve 2185: 2122: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2062: 2019: 1899:. Cdt.org. Archived from 1487:See 2 U.S.C. § 166(d)(4). 998:Brudnick, Ida A. (2008). 818:Federal Research Division 734:Memorandum of Gary Ruskin 461:internal CRS Web system. 99: 79: 71: 58: 40: 35: 26: 5486:← Johnson administration 5119:Agricultural Act of 1970 4662:1973 Chilean coup d'état 4371:templates for discussion 3597:Architect of the Capitol 3459:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 2600:African-American members 2024:House of Representatives 1934:Perform a search within 1138:Miriam A. Drake (2003). 903:"Office of the Director" 483:Public Affairs Bulletins 475:Public Affairs Bulletins 456:, they were exempt from 411:(popularly known as the 241:Public Affairs Bulletins 233:Public Affairs Bulletins 5384:Saturday Night Massacre 5126:Farm Credit Act of 1971 5096:Alternative minimum tax 4147:Washington at Princeton 4091:Apotheosis of Democracy 3511:Congressional Quarterly 3200:Executive communication 3190:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 3147:Suspension of the rules 2673:Native American members 2099:By shortness of service 1781:"Letter to John McCain" 1397:crsreports.congress.gov 1195:. Library of Congress. 721:Copyright infringement. 531:speech or debate clause 447:crsreports.congress.gov 378:Parliamentary procedure 246:The renaming under the 132:. Operating within the 62:101 Independence Ave SE 46:; 110 years ago 5543:Public policy research 5438:United States v. Nixon 5089:Tax Reform Act of 1969 4766:Native American policy 4745:Family Assistance Plan 4314:Webster Page Residence 4289:House Recording Studio 4133:Revolutionary War Door 3894:Register of Copyrights 3475:Biographical Directory 2944:"Necessary and Proper" 2484:Policy Committee Chair 2462:Policy Committee Chair 2013:United States Congress 1973:public domain material 778: 765: 593:Confidential Memoranda 552:Thus, persons seeking 547: 508:classified information 413:Constitution Annotated 405:Constitution Annotated 362: 353: 334: 206:New York State Library 198:Robert La Follette Sr. 130:United States Congress 5495:Ford administration → 4997:Smithsonian Agreement 4520:Judicial appointments 3639:Technology Assessment 3060:Dear Colleague letter 3055:Continuing resolution 3050:Concurrent resolution 2529:Republican Conference 2469:Republican Conference 2430:President pro tempore 2162:Born outside the U.S. 1962:– A website about CRS 773: 760: 750:On January 27, 1998, 519: 441:Access to CRS reports 384:Conference committees 357: 343: 329: 324:Ideas for legislation 5400:White House Plumbers 4203:Mountains and Clouds 3959:Congressional Record 3816:Floor Services Chief 3703:Law Revision Counsel 3454:Continental Congress 2949:Power of enforcement 2912:Contempt of Congress 2815:From multiple states 2768:Mormon (LDS) members 2576:Congressional caucus 2220:Served a single term 2152:Expelled or censured 2094:By length of service 1739:CRS Memorandum at 6. 1324:com.s3.amazonaws.com 1037:. February 27, 2019. 781:Written work-product 615:Congressional Record 575:Reports for Congress 355:The report goes on: 311:Overview of services 5533:Library of Congress 5454:impeachment process 5370:Operation Sandwedge 5105:Revenue Act of 1971 4905:1970 VRA Amendments 4653:Shanghai Communiqué 4646:1972 visit to China 4598:Paris Peace Accords 4570:International trips 4450:Second inauguration 4227:Building Commission 3708:Legislative Counsel 3629:Library of Congress 3590:Comptroller General 3580:Congressional staff 3265:Senatorial courtesy 2654:Hispanic Conference 2069:Members and leaders 1874:on October 18, 2015 1294:on October 23, 2017 1193:"Areas of Research" 944:on November 8, 2012 938:The Washington Post 907:Library of Congress 861:. December 29, 2022 833:Florida Legislature 692:1997 CRS memorandum 200:and Representative 138:members of Congress 134:Library of Congress 23: 5377:Operation Gemstone 4676:1972 Moscow Summit 4432:First inauguration 4299:Old Senate Chamber 4165:VP Bust Collection 3989:United States Code 3921:Jefferson Building 3614:Cap. Guide Service 3481:Divided government 3398:Seal of the Senate 3362:Select and special 3327:Discharge petition 3280:Tie-breaking votes 3245:Recess appointment 3185:Advice and consent 3065:Discharge petition 3008:Appropriation bill 2917:Declaration of war 2109:Non-voting members 1942:EveryCRSReport.com 1930:– official website 1842:c-spanarchives.org 1619:2012-11-26 at the 1524:The New York Times 1429:. March 31, 2019. 1333:on August 26, 2012 686:The New York Times 678:The New York Times 540:" doctrine of the 503:The New York Times 479:Archibald MacLeish 237:Archibald MacLeish 163:Modeled after the 126:research institute 44:July 16, 1914 21: 5505: 5504: 5430:White House tapes 5421:list of opponents 5262:Noise Control Act 4861:Shafer Commission 4727:Space exploration 4697:Washington Summit 4591:Cambodian bombing 4499:1974 SOTU Address 4492:1973 SOTU Address 4485:1972 SOTU Address 4478:1971 SOTU Address 4471:1970 SOTU Address 4440:Bring Us Together 4356: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4265: 4264: 4069:Statue of Freedom 4033:Statue of Freedom 4012:Brumidi Corridors 3984:Statutes at Large 3938:Publishing Office 3861: 3860: 3721: 3720: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3494: 3493: 3442:election disputes 3430:speaker elections 3393:Mace of the House 3240:Presiding Officer 3205:Executive session 3152:Unanimous consent 3112:Multiple referral 3097:Lame-duck session 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2793: 2792: 2593:Ethnic and racial 2537: 2536: 2524:Democratic Caucus 2447:Democratic Caucus 2399: 2398: 1906:on March 17, 2011 1695:on August 5, 2009 1633:David Mulhollan. 1221:on April 28, 2018 1153:978-0-8247-2079-7 1119:See 65 Stat. 398. 228:headed the unit. 196:In 1914, Senator 111: 110: 80:Agency executives 5570: 5498: 5489: 5472: 5465: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5432: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5091: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4948:Bank Secrecy Act 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4729: 4722: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4625: 4616: 4609: 4606:Peace with Honor 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4552: 4545: 4543:Executive Orders 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4427: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4182: 4181: 3999:Capitol Building 3973:U.S. Gov. Manual 3926:Madison Building 3889:Copyright Office 3853:Sergeant at Arms 3811:Floor Operations 3730: 3729: 3652: 3651: 3568: 3567: 3550: 3549: 3413: 3412: 3230:Morning business 3117:House procedures 3080:Joint resolution 2884: 2883: 2873: 2872: 2753:Buddhist members 2572: 2571: 2408: 2407: 2230:Switched parties 2177:Switched parties 2114:Unseated members 2104:Youngest members 2084: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2064: 2063: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1970: 1969: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1848:on July 24, 2012 1844:. Archived from 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1817: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1646: 1639: 1630: 1624: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1594:on July 12, 2018 1590:. 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Brand 497:Copyright status 338:Analyzing a bill 107: 65:Washington, D.C. 54: 52: 47: 31: 24: 20: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5445: 5435: 5428: 5419: 5412: 5407:Watergate Seven 5405: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5227:Clean Water Act 5225: 5218: 5211: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5094: 5087: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4939:Economic policy 4933: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4882:Cannabis policy 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4737:Domestic policy 4732: 4725: 4720:Operation CHAOS 4718: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4651: 4644: 4639:Tar Baby option 4637: 4628: 4623:Cold War period 4621: 4612: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4457:Silent majority 4455: 4448: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4410: 4404: 4374: 4357: 4344: 4323: 4271: 4261: 4215: 4176: 4169: 4046:Hall of Columns 3993: 3937: 3930: 3868: 3857: 3838:Parliamentarian 3779: 3770:Parliamentarian 3717: 3676: 3643: 3572: 3562: 3555:Capitol Complex 3536: 3490: 3486:Party divisions 3402: 3376: 3294: 3178:Senate-specific 3173: 3028:Closed sessions 2996:Act of Congress 2984: 2958: 2954:Taxing/spending 2878: 2859: 2850:Party switchers 2819:Died in office 2789: 2741: 2725: 2694:Equality Caucus 2677: 2649:Hispanic Caucus 2588: 2563: 2533: 2490: 2395: 2239: 2181: 2118: 2071: 2058: 2015: 2010: 1967: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1621:Wayback Machine 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1516: 1505: 1500: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1460:Washington Post 1454: 1453: 1449: 1436: 1434: 1427:Digital_Library 1421: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1282: 1281: 1266: 1254: 1250: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1154: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1046: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1002: 996: 957: 947: 945: 930: 926: 916: 914: 913:on May 26, 2017 901: 900: 893: 878: 874: 864: 862: 853: 852: 845: 841: 814: 791: 783: 748: 736: 731: 694: 640: 623: 599:Email Responses 562: 499: 467: 443: 422: 313: 300: 279: 226:Verner W. Clapp 210:Progressive era 194: 169:Progressive Era 105:loc.gov/crsinfo 103: 95: 63: 50: 48: 45: 36:Agency overview 17: 12: 11: 5: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5490: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5443: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5281: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5069: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4762: 4755: 4748: 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4048: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3946:Public Printer 3942: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3916:Adams Building 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3437:Senate history 3434: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3312:ranking member 3304: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3275:Standing Rules 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3250:Reconciliation 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235:Nuclear option 3232: 3227: 3224:Senate Journal 3220: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3162:Line-item veto 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3127:Reconciliation 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3025: 3020: 3018:Budget process 3015: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2939:Naturalization 2936: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2778:Quaker members 2775: 2773:Muslim members 2770: 2765: 2763:Jewish members 2760: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2661:Jewish members 2658: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2559:Gerrymandering 2556: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2072: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1986: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1939: 1931: 1923: 1922:External links 1920: 1918: 1917: 1885: 1859: 1829: 1804: 1768: 1741: 1732: 1706: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1625: 1605: 1574: 1541: 1503: 1489: 1477: 1447: 1414: 1384: 1370: 1344: 1305: 1264: 1248: 1232: 1202: 1184: 1159: 1152: 1130: 1121: 1109: 1095: 1086: 1077: 1067: 1040: 1023: 955: 924: 891: 872: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 826: 820: 813: 810: 790: 787: 782: 779: 747: 744: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 718: 711: 705: 693: 690: 664: 663: 660: 656: 648: 639: 636: 622: 619: 605:Briefing Books 561: 558: 546: 545: 534: 527: 498: 495: 466: 463: 442: 439: 421: 418: 417: 416: 402: 395:Bill Summaries 388: 387: 381: 375: 369: 342: 341: 328: 327: 312: 309: 299: 296: 278: 275: 215:Herbert Putnam 202:John M. Nelson 193: 190: 174:was restricted 109: 108: 101: 97: 96: 94: 93: 90: 87: 83: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 60: 56: 55: 42: 38: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5575: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5179:Environmental 5176: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4690:SALT I Treaty 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4534:controversies 4531: 4528: 4527:Supreme Court 4524: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:Statuary Hall 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Poet Laureate 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848:Reading Clerk 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3688:Congr. Ethics 3686: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420:House history 3418: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3372:Subcommittees 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357:List (Senate) 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3290:Treaty Clause 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3085:Joint session 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3070:Enrolled bill 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758:Hindu members 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2719:current House 2717: 2715: 2714:Issues Caucus 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2554:Apportionment 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: → 2045: 2042: ← 2041: 2037: 2035: 2034:Joint session 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1814: 1808: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1736: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1470:September 19, 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1444: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:"CRS Reports" 1388: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1090: 1081: 1071: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1008: 1001: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 943: 939: 935: 928: 912: 908: 904: 898: 896: 889:, 9 June 2023 888: 887: 882: 879:Justin Papp. 876: 860: 856: 850: 848: 843: 834: 830: 827: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 809: 807: 802: 799: 795: 786: 777: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 743: 741: 722: 719: 715: 712: 709: 706: 702: 699: 698: 697: 689: 687: 681: 679: 674: 671: 669: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646: 642: 641: 635: 631: 627: 618: 616: 612: 608: 606: 602: 600: 596: 594: 590: 588: 584: 582: 578: 576: 572: 570: 566: 557: 555: 554:public domain 550: 543: 542:Copyright Act 539: 535: 532: 528: 525: 524: 523: 518: 515: 514:information. 513: 509: 505: 504: 494: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 471: 462: 459: 455: 450: 448: 438: 435: 432: 429: 427: 414: 410: 406: 403: 400: 396: 393: 392: 391: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 363: 361: 356: 352: 349: 339: 336: 335: 333: 325: 322: 321: 320: 317: 308: 304: 295: 291: 287: 283: 274: 272: 267: 263: 261: 257: 252: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 218: 216: 211: 207: 203: 199: 189: 187: 183: 178: 175: 170: 166: 161: 159: 153: 151: 147: 143: 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