691:, if a sexual partner was asleep, unconscious or a jury decides that a complainant was unable to consent, sexual contact is considered rape. In New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory, consent is not possible when the complainant was asleep or unconscious. In Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory, there is no consent where the complainant is so affected by alcohol or other drugs as "to be incapable of freely agreeing" to the sexual activity. In the Australian Capital Territory, the effect of alcohol or other drugs is less qualified; there is no consent if it is caused by "the effect of intoxicating liquor, a drug or anaesthetic". In NSW, there may be no consent where a complainant was "substantially intoxicated by alcohol or any drug". This formulation adopts the view expressed in the 2010 Family Violence – A National Legal Response report of the Criminal Justice Sexual Offences Taskforce and Australian Law Reform Commission that the degree of intoxication and whether it was such that a person was "unable to consent" are matters for the jury.
870:
the spread of catastrophic illness must be avoided or prevented. On the other hand, the public interest also requires that the principle of personal autonomy in the context of adult non-violent sexual relationships should be maintained. If an individual who knows that he is suffering from HIV conceals this stark fact from his sexual partner, the principle of her personal autonomy is not enhanced if he is exculpated when he recklessly transmits HIV to her through consensual sexual intercourse. On any view, the concealment of this fact from her almost inevitably means that she is deceived. Her consent is not properly informed, and she cannot give an informed consent to something of which she is ignorant. Equally, her personal autonomy is not normally protected by allowing a defendant who knows that he is suffering from HIV which he deliberately conceals, to assert an honest belief in his partner's informed consent to the risk of the transmission of HIV.
980:(1954) 3 AER 59). So if a person is brought into a hospital unconscious, surgery to preserve life will not be unlawful. But, if the health authorities have actual notice that the patient does not consent, even necessary treatment will be unlawful unless either it becomes urgently necessary to take action to avoid death, or consent is given either by a spouse or relative, or by a court. There have been cases, for example, where it was not to be an assault for prison hospitals for force-feed a prisoner on hunger strike, but such cases are not of general application. When in doubt, consent should be sought from the courts. In any event, treatment will only be lawful if it is of therapeutic rather than cosmetic value. Similarly, tattooing, ear piercing and other cosmetic procedures will be lawful if there is actual consent.
780:(May, 2000). The three complainant women agreed to the appellant showing them how to examine their own breasts. That involved the appellant, himself, feeling the breasts of two of the women and using a stethoscope beneath the bra of the third woman. Each of the three women said that they had only consented because they thought the appellant had either medical qualifications or relevant training. He had neither. There was no evidence of any sexual motive. He was convicted on the basis that the complainants had only consented to acts medical in nature and not to indecent behavior, that is, there was consent to the nature of the act but not its quality.
904:(1882) 8 QBD 534, members of the public who attended an illegal prize fight in a public place were convicted of aiding and abetting an assault. They were cheering on the boxers whose conduct was likely to and did produce a breach of the peace, so any mutual consent given by the fighters was vitiated by the public nature of the entertainment irrespective of the degree of injury caused or intended. Hence, the principal offense was committed and, since it would not have taken place had there been no crowd to bet and support the fighters, the secondary parties were also liable.
818:
kind of disease". It did, however, accept that society should have criminal sanctions for use against "evil acts", and that this might include people who transmitted diseases causing serious illness to others with intent to do them such harm, adding that "this aims to strike a sensible balance between allowing very serious intentional acts to be punished while not rendering individuals liable for prosecution of unintentional or reckless acts or for the transmission of minor disease" (see paras 3.13-318)
481:. These are situations in which a victim may have given apparent consent to parting with ownership or possession of money and/or goods, or to generally suffering a loss, but this consent is treated as vitiated by the dishonesty of the person making the untrue representations. Thus, while the criminal law is not generally a means of escaping civil obligations, the criminal courts may be able to offer some assistance to the gullible by returning their property or making compensation orders.
285:
236:
848:
adults were suddenly to be liable to prosecution for taking known risks with their health, this would represent a significant interference with personal autonomy. Further, the law cannot expect people suddenly to become honest with each other and to counsel the use of condoms, and there may be negative consequences if HIV was to be disclosable, because those who ought to take medical advice and undergo tests, might be discouraged from doing so.
624:(unreported, 18 June 1999), as part of their consensual sexual activity, the woman allowed her partner to cover her head with a plastic bag, tying it tightly at the neck. On a different occasion, she agreed that he could pour fuel from a lighter onto her breasts and set fire to the fuel. On the first occasion, she was at risk of death, and lost consciousness. On the second, she suffered burns, which became infected. The court applied
715:
such cases does not exist at all because the act consented to is not the act done. Until recently, the case has never been challenged, but its current status was complicated by the then general assumptions that "infliction" required some act of violence, and that non-physical injuries could not be inflicted and so were outside the scope of the
Offences Against the Person Act.
866:. The same court held that a person accused of recklessly transmitting an STI could only raise the defense of consent, including an honest belief in consent, in cases where that consent was a "willing" or "conscious" consent. In other words, the court distinguished between "willingly running the risk of transmission" and "willingly consenting to the risk of transmission."
858:, the defense argued that by consenting to unprotected sexual intercourse with the defendant, the women were implicitly consenting to all the risks associated with sexual intercourse which included infection with HIV. In cross-examination two of the three women had explicitly acknowledged that, in general, unprotected sexual intercourse carried a risk of infection.
804:
website when he is really in his 50s; he later has sex with someone he meets online; Derek is unhappy in his marriage and is considering whether to leave his wife; he does not mention his misgivings before they have sex. In each case, their sexual partners would not have consented had they known the truth and a reasonable person might be expected to realize this.
884:
Baker also argues that the Harm
Principle provides an important constraint, as it prevents the consenter from being criminalized because it is only harm to others that can be criminalized under the Harm Principle—not harm to self. Therefore, it is only those who rely on consent to inflict grave harm
631:
The general rule, therefore, is that violence involving the deliberate and intentional infliction of bodily harm is and remains unlawful notwithstanding that its purpose is the sexual gratification of one or both participants. Notwithstanding their sexual overtones, these cases are considered to be
511:
No person can license another to commit a crime, if (the jury) were satisfied that the blows struck ... were likely or intended to do bodily harm ... they ought to convict ... only if they were not so satisfied (was it) necessary to consider the further question whether the prosecution had negatived
817:
rejecting the Law
Commission's recommendation that there should be offenses for the intentional or reckless transmission of disease. The Government " particularly concerned that the law should not seem to discriminate against those who are HIV positive, have AIDS or viral Hepatitis or who carry any
775:
2 Cr App R 200, the patient believed that she was receiving dental treatment which otherwise would have given rise to an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, from a dentist who had in fact been struck off the register. The Court held that the identity of the defendant was not a feature which, in
869:
This suggests that consent will only operate as a defense – in all but the most exceptional of cases – where there has already been prior disclosure of known HIV positive status. Judge LJ. summaries the situation at para 42: In the public interest, so far as possible,
803:
Andrew is secretly having an affair but denies this to his wife; they later have sex; Barney exaggerates his financial success and pretends to like the same music and films as his date in order to impress her; they later have sex; Charlie dyes his hair and pretends to be in his mid-30s on a dating
926:
for consent does not make an injury) and the victim consents to run the risk (not the certainty) of injury arising within the rules of the game being played. This does not give sport a license to enact rules permitting acts that are clearly, excessively and maliciously violent. Even professional
873:
Silence in these circumstances is incongruous with honesty, or with a genuine belief that there is an informed consent. Accordingly, in such circumstances the issue either of informed consent, or honest belief in it will only rarely arise: in reality, in most cases, the contention would be wholly
847:
Yet this is not without its difficulties. If it is proposed to criminalize the consensual taking of risks of infection by having unprotected sexual intercourse, enforcement is impractical. The community prefers that sexual relationships are a private matter between the individuals involved and if
788:
established. The 'nature' of the act here is therefore taking the complainant away by fraud. The complainant did not consent to that event. All that she consented to was a ride in the car, which in itself is irrelevant to the offense and a different thing from that with which Mr Cort is charged".
714:
Mr
Justice Stephens had said (at p. 44) "...the only sorts of fraud which so far destroy the effect of a woman's consent as to convert a connection consented to in fact into a rape are frauds as to the nature of the act itself, or as to the identity of the person who does the act. Consent in
787:
3 WLR 1300, a case of kidnapping, the complainants had consented to taking a ride in a car, but not to being kidnapped. They wanted transport, not kidnapping. Kidnapping may be established by carrying away by fraud. "It is difficult to see how one could ever consent to that once fraud was indeed
464:
children under 16 years generally, and under 18 years if having sexual relations with persons in a position of trust or with family members over 18 years; and persons with a mental disorder that impedes choice who are induced, threatened, or deceived, or who have sexual relations with care
889:
is more borderline, as the harm in that case was reversible and is not too different from having unnecessary plastic surgery that is no longer benefiting the patient—that is numerous surgical procedures which are clearly having a disfiguring rather than beneficial cosmetic effect.
1537:
The Law
Commission: Consultation Paper No. 134 Criminal Law – Consent and Offences against the Person; A Response on the Issues for Sports and Games' by the Central Council of Physical Recreation, submitted by Peter Lawson, General Secretary, (1995) 3 Sport and the Law Journal
703:(1888) 22 QBD 23, at a time when the defendant knew that he was suffering from a venereal disease, he had sexual intercourse and communicated the disease to his wife. Had she been aware, she would not have submitted to the intercourse. The defendant was convicted of inflicting
557:(2007), a case in which a participant died as a result of being gagged. The court held that, even if the victim had consented to a being restrained and gagged, his consent was invalid because there was no way for him to communicate its withdrawal once the gag was in his mouth.
843:
was still being applied after the criminalization of rape within marriage. The more modern authorities involving the transmission of psychological conditions and in other sexual matters, reject the notion that consent can be a defense to anything more than a trivial injury.
767:
QB 250, a prostitute stated the fact that she would not have consented to sexual intercourse if she had known that her client was not intending to pay, but there was no fraud-induced consent as to the nature of the activity, nor was the identity of the client relevant.
861:
However the Appeal Court judges ruled that before the complainants' consent could provide the appellant with a defense, it had to be an informed and willing consent to the specific risk, here the risk of contracting HIV, rather than the general one of contracting
880:
argues even if the consent in
Konzani was genuine, that it like Brown was rightly decided, as Baker is of the view that a person cannot consent to irreparable harm of a grave kind without also degrading his or her humanity in the Kantian sense.
939:(1989) CLR 513 dealing with injuries inflicted on the rugby field in "off the ball" incidents). Thus, the consent in licensed boxing events is to intentional harm within the rules and a blow struck between rounds would be an assault.
851:
Consequently, the Appeal Court decided that had the women known of his infection, their consent to unprotected sexual intercourse would have been a valid defense. In this regard, they overturned the ruling of the original judge. In
680:
a. Consent cannot be inferred by reason of any words or conduct of a victim where force, threat of force, coercion or taking advantage of a coercive environment undermined the victim's ability to give voluntary and genuine
1038:
in the UK, except as a foreseeable incident of a lawful activity in which the person injured was participating, e.g. surgery. The convictions are seen as controversial due to issues of whether a government or one's
582:
of the change in social attitudes to sexual matters, but "the extent of the violence inflicted… went far beyond the risk of minor injury to which, if she did consent, her consent would have been a defence". In
648:, the state's highest court, which determined that a person may withdraw sexual consent after having given it, and that the continuation of sexual activity after the withdrawal of consent constitutes rape.
620:(1997) 24 EHRR 39 on the basis that although the prosecution might have constituted an interference with the private lives of those involved, it was justified for the protection of public health. In
366:
A defense against criminal liability may arise when a defendant can argue that, because of consent, there was no crime (e.g., arguing that permission was given to use an automobile, so it was not
754:
that non-physical injuries can be injuries within the scope of the
Offences Against the Person Act and without the need to prove a physical application of violence, Lord Steyn describing
799:. It concluded that the issues which might arise if this was a legal basis to negate consent, could be far wider than might be first appreciated. Examples given by the author included:
711:. On appeal the conviction was quashed. Mr Justice Willis said "...that consent obtained by fraud is no consent at all is not true as a general proposition either in fact or in law".
1043:
is justified to control one's own body in private situations where the only harm may be temporary, and to volunteering adults who gave informed consent to the types of acts involved.
495:
The problem has always been to decide at what level the victim's consent becomes ineffective. Historically in the UK, the defense was denied when the injuries caused amounted to a
955:
and active physical interaction as a form of "fun", those who become a part of that culture must accept the local standards of contact and the injuries that might result. Thus, in
542:(1996), which involved a case where a husband branded his wife's buttocks, upheld that consent can be a valid defense. The act was considered comparable to tattooing, whilst
1917:
963:
and the fact that he had participated in practical jokes played on his companions was accepted as evidence that he had consented to become a victim when it was "his turn".
578:
and twist it, causing internal and external injuries to her vagina and bruising on her pubis, the woman's consent (if any) would have been irrelevant. The court took
835:, holding that it was not necessary to prove that the transmission had involved an assault for the "inflicting" of the disease. The judgment rejects the rule in
1318:
2400:
1260:
2340:
1927:
758:
as a "troublesome authority", and, in the specific context of the meaning of "inflict" in section 20, said expressly that
Clarence "no longer assists".
1235:
1344:
2350:
1731:
1569:
295:
796:
1523:
Clarke, "Law and Order on the Courts: The
Application of Criminal Liability for Intentional Fouls During Sporting Events", (2000) Vol. 32
927:
sport should have an element of fun while the players are, in the more extreme cases, given criminal as well as civil law protection (see
266:
2038:
795:
examined the basis for fraud as grounds for negating consent, in the context of the decision not to charge officers involved in the
2474:
1820:
683:
b. Consent cannot be inferred by reason of any words or conduct of a victim where the victim is incapable of giving genuine consent
1296:
2082:
1894:
1013:
727:
654:
or similar disabilities may result in a person being unable to give legal consent to sexual relations even with their spouse.
2050:
1972:
1864:
1513:
1500:
1409:
1386:
2335:
1957:
1922:
932:
708:
1169:
1125:
For a more general discussion, see Dennis J. Baker, "The Moral Limits of
Consent as a Defense in the Criminal Law," 12(1)
1952:
1541:
1216:
1562:
1135:
997:(2002) 1 Cr. App. R. 59, but teachers are prohibited from administering corporal punishment: s548 Education Act 1996:
640:
20:
1432:
912:
In properly regulated sport, there is a legal right to cause incidental injury. This is a criminal law version of the
2191:
1777:
1741:
1685:
1466:
972:
Doctors and all health professionals have a general right to assume a patient's consent for necessary treatment (per
591:
rejected the defense on public policy grounds (see below). This is an application of the general rule that, once an
329:
2310:
1723:
1322:
2028:
1271:
259:
2375:
2176:
1676:
613:
500:
112:
2107:
2033:
1555:
973:
460:
of many offenses, so that only the act itself and the age or other constraints need to be proved, including:
2112:
1712:
1267:
832:
669:
2279:
2071:
1860:
1825:
1767:
1680:
822:
307:
2507:
2497:
2241:
1907:
1842:
1831:
1352:
252:
1202:
885:
on their fellow humans that are criminalized under Baker's proposals. However, Baker points out that
645:
72:
1490:
26:
This article is about consent in criminal law in general. For consent in sexual violence cases, see
2196:
2066:
1990:
1657:
1652:
1299:. Criminal Justice Sexual Offences Taskforce and Australian Law Reform Commission. 11 November 2010
1053:
311:
117:
2161:
2055:
1852:
1782:
1701:
1156:
918:
876:
743:
825:, "The Government remains wholly committed to this approach." This has since been considered in
303:
2360:
2102:
913:
839:
as tainted by the then presumption of a wife's marital consent to sexual intercourse, although
651:
451:
does not co-operate and give evidence to rebut the husband's defense that the wife consented).
102:
628:
and ruled that the woman's consent to these events did not provide a defense for her partner.
2502:
2325:
2246:
2201:
2045:
1856:
1805:
1772:
1198:
1073:
663:
490:
127:
27:
528:), as well as tattooing and piercing. But in the context of sadomasochism, Lord Mustill in
2345:
2315:
1889:
1884:
1868:
1578:
704:
77:
1516:); Dennis J. Baker, "The Moral Limits of Consent as a Defense in the Criminal Law," 12(1)
826:
8:
2370:
2128:
2087:
1980:
1736:
1672:
1667:
1387:
http://www.stjosephs.s-tyneside.sch.uk/resources/Law/lawExtraReading/A2/Unit5/Consent.doc
1063:
853:
553:
The issue of consent in the course of sado-masochistic sexual activity was considered in
428:
375:
431:. The second ceremony will do no more than expose the prospective spouse to a charge of
2452:
2117:
2000:
1947:
1815:
1662:
1617:
1607:
1592:
1035:
723:
668:
According to Rule 70 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (published in 2002) of the
535:
525:
400:
160:
82:
2390:
2320:
2023:
1879:
1798:
1509:
1495:
Anderson, Jack. "Mens Sana in Corpore Sano? Violence in Sport and the Criminal Law."
1475:
1405:
1088:
1005:
470:
454:
In English law, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 removes the element of consent from the
122:
38:
821:
In 2000, the government repeated that view in a consultation relating to the law on
2512:
2365:
2256:
2206:
2077:
2013:
1874:
1479:
1457:
1143:
1078:
1027:
985:
419:
deems the issue to be of sufficient significance. Thus, for example, an individual
132:
87:
67:
57:
1170:"Law Teacher.net – Free Case Law Database, Essay Marking and Custom Essay Writing"
2061:
1942:
1932:
1640:
1602:
1399:
1139:
1106:
960:
747:
673:
579:
566:
355:
2447:
2395:
2330:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2156:
2138:
2097:
1985:
1899:
1793:
1751:
1597:
1173:
1083:
1068:
1058:
1017:
952:
731:
606:
602:
588:
574:
that even if she had actually consented to injury by allowing the defendant to
517:
439:
relationship nor for relationships that expose one of the parties to excessive
420:
416:
412:
404:
391:
216:
62:
19:"Consenting adult" and "Consenting adults" redirect here. For other uses, see
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2355:
1810:
1612:
1484:
1461:
1040:
1009:
547:
1130:
2442:
2428:
2251:
343:
211:
196:
186:
181:
156:
1706:
1093:
763:
396:
2466:
2433:
2410:
2221:
2151:
1937:
1634:
1547:
989:
have a limited right to administer reasonable parental punishment: see
456:
424:
240:
201:
170:
137:
46:
1904:
Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
1544:– a website outlining laws of consent around sexual assault in Canada.
1506:
The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority
1132:
The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority
2438:
2385:
2216:
2211:
2181:
1236:"Iowa Man Found Not Guilty of Sexually Abusing Wife With Alzheimer's"
1099:
1022:
900:
688:
530:
474:
386:
are allowed to consent or are to be bound by apparent consent given.
206:
235:
2418:
2380:
2284:
2186:
1646:
1031:
597:
444:
440:
191:
2305:
2300:
2274:
2166:
2122:
1962:
1912:
1746:
948:
575:
516:
However, consent is valid in a range of circumstances, including
383:
672:(which rules on military conflicts between states), in cases of
2018:
1297:"Family Violence – A National Legal Response (ALRC Report 114)"
633:
521:
507:(1934) AER 207 in which Swift J. stated the general rule that:
436:
432:
351:
107:
966:
813:
In 1998, the Home Office issued a consultation paper entitled
776:
that case, precluded the giving of consent by the patient. In
294:
deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a
2171:
2146:
923:
478:
408:
403:
under a specified age even though the particular instance of
379:
367:
92:
1008:, three men who consensually agreed to engage in consensual
874:
artificial. Baker (2009) in "Moral Limits of Consent" 12(1)
815:
Violence: Reforming the Offences Against the Person Act 1861
2423:
2092:
2008:
448:
371:
1289:
999:
Williams v Secretary of State for Education and Employment
601:
has been established, no defense can be admitted, but the
1377:(3rd ed, Sydney: The Federation Press, 2006), Chapter 11.
1026:, colloquially known as "the Spanner case") ruled that
361:
427:
state cannot give consent and create a valid second
2341:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1928:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1217:"Md. Court Rules Women Can Withdraw Sexual Consent"
959:1 WLR 1006, the victim was a serving member of the
893:
907:
564:(1992) 156 JPR 505 was another application of the
2336:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1923:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
808:
726:689, which held that psychiatric injury could be
2489:
694:
407:might be a "victimless" offense. In the case of
443:(e.g. most states have a rule that an abusive
1563:
1532:Sports Violence, Consent and the Criminal Law
292:The examples and perspective in this article
260:
797:UK undercover policing relationships scandal
435:. Similarly, no consent can be given for an
411:, there are similar limits imposed on their
1425:
1233:
967:Legal right to cause, or consent to, injury
1570:
1556:
382:to lay down limits on the extent to which
267:
253:
1483:
1397:
354:and prevent the defendant from incurring
330:Learn how and when to remove this message
1890:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
1577:
1456:
1380:
469:Most states have laws which criminalize
1462:"Pornography, humiliation, and consent"
1227:
746:177. These cases overrule the implicit
2490:
2083:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
1895:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
1014:assault occasioning actual bodily harm
484:
2051:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
1551:
1391:
1214:
657:
1958:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
1542:www.savcalgary.ca/get-the-facts.html
1404:. Sweet & Maxwell. p. 121.
709:Offences against the Person Act 1861
534:(1993) has set the level just below
278:
612:This decision was confirmed in the
362:Defenses against criminal liability
13:
1450:
1321:. 19 December 2003. Archived from
1030:was not a valid legal defense for
641:Maouloud Baby v. State of Maryland
21:Consenting adults (disambiguation)
14:
2524:
1467:Sexualization, Media, and Society
1261:"Rules of Procedure and Evidence"
761:This left the issue of fraud. In
2351:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2311:Perverting the course of justice
1732:Encouraging or assisting a crime
1351:. 9 October 2013. Archived from
1215:Wyatt, Kristen (16 April 2008).
894:Preventing breaches of the peace
632:violent crimes and it is not an
605:may be admitted to mitigate the
283:
234:
2475:History of English criminal law
2366:Obstruction of a police officer
2029:Fear or provocation of violence
1367:
1345:"Sex, Lies and Undercover Cops"
1337:
908:Consent as an effective defense
2376:Refusing to assist a constable
2192:Taking without owner's consent
1311:
1253:
1208:
1188:
1162:
1149:
1119:
809:Sexual transmission of disease
707:contrary to section 20 of the
447:can be prosecuted even if the
1:
2396:Fabrication of false evidence
2108:Misconduct in a public office
2034:Harassment, alarm or distress
1608:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
1373:S Bottomley & S Bronitt,
1234:Pam Belluck (22 April 2015).
1113:
695:Consent obtained by deception
372:taken without owner's consent
2113:Misfeasance in public office
1713:Ignorantia juris non excusat
1534:, (1994) 45 N. I. L. Q. 267.
1435:. Publications.parliament.uk
1268:International Criminal Court
942:
730:, has been confirmed by the
670:International Criminal Court
576:put his hand into her vagina
7:
2280:Cheating the public revenue
2072:Effecting a public mischief
1918:Assault with intent to rape
1433:"Uncorrected Evidence m407"
1047:
983:Parents and others who are
636:that one partner consents.
501:Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown
306:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2529:
2356:Escape from lawful custody
2242:Fraud by abuse of position
1908:Assault with intent to rob
1832:Category:Criminal defences
1401:Criminal law in a nutshell
1142:(Ashgate, 2011); see also
661:
488:
68:Mental disorder (Insanity)
25:
18:
2472:For obsolete aspects see
2461:
2409:
2293:
2265:
2207:Misappropriation of funds
2139:Offences against property
2137:
1999:
1971:
1841:
1821:Diminished responsibility
1760:
1722:
1694:
1626:
1585:
1525:Arizona State Law Journal
1319:"Consent Tabassum (2000)"
1129:(2009); Dennis J. Baker,
646:Maryland Court of Appeals
399:cannot consent to having
73:Diminished responsibility
2294:Offences against justice
2067:Outraging public decency
1991:Sexual Offences Act 2003
1792:inc. participation in a
1702:Lesser included offences
1658:Intention in English law
1653:Intention (criminal law)
1497:Irish Student Law Review
1485:10.1177/2374623816662876
1054:Rough sex murder defense
951:supports the playing of
546:applied specifically to
1518:New Criminal Law Review
1460:(July–September 2016).
1199:[2007] VSCA 300
1138:13 October 2011 at the
1127:New Criminal Law Review
919:volenti non fit injuria
877:New Criminal Law Review
791:A paper on the website
644:was a 2007 case in the
618:Laskey v United Kingdom
16:Concept in criminal law
2411:Other common law areas
2361:Obstruction of justice
2103:Accessory (legal term)
1865:Corporate manslaughter
1270:. 2013. Archived from
806:
685:
514:
467:
2326:Misprision of treason
2247:Conspiracy to defraud
2202:Handling stolen goods
2046:Public Order Act 1986
2001:Public order offences
1530:McCutcheon, J. Paul.
1205:(Vic, Australia).
1074:Sexual consent in law
957:R v Aitken and Others
831:which deals with the
801:
678:
664:Sexual consent in law
509:
503:(8th ed.) 1824). In
491:Sexual consent in law
462:
389:As an application of
28:Sexual consent in law
2346:Harboring a fugitive
2316:Witness intimidation
2266:Forgery, personation
1885:Concealment of birth
1579:English criminal law
1012:, were convicted of
705:grievous bodily harm
595:with an appropriate
560:For sado-masochism,
312:create a new article
304:improve this article
2401:Rescuing a prisoner
2371:Wasting police time
2129:Dereliction of duty
2088:Breach of the peace
1806:Prevention of crime
1668:Criminal negligence
1508:, (Ashgate: (2011)
1325:on 19 December 2003
1221:The Washington Post
1064:Consensual homicide
993:(1998) CLR 892 and
833:transmission of HIV
652:Alzheimer's disease
485:Consensual activity
358:for what was done.
2467:English law portal
2453:Criminal procedure
2118:Abuse of authority
1948:False imprisonment
1799:Medical procedures
1627:Elements of crimes
1398:Giles, M. (1993).
1349:The Student Lawyer
1240:The New York Times
1176:on 31 January 2008
1036:actual bodily harm
1001:(2005) 2 All ER 1.
793:The Student Lawyer
778:R v Navid Tabassum
728:actual bodily harm
718:Now the ruling in
658:Ability to consent
536:actual bodily harm
526:mixed martial arts
471:misrepresentations
401:sexual intercourse
350:may be used as an
2508:Sexuality and age
2498:Criminal defenses
2485:
2484:
2391:Contempt of court
2321:Witness tampering
2039:intent aggravates
2024:Unlawful assembly
1880:Child destruction
1724:Inchoate offences
1586:Classes of crimes
1514:978-1-4094-2765-0
1504:Dennis J. Baker,
1458:Whisnant, Rebecca
1411:978-0-421-47440-6
1355:on 6 January 2017
1277:on 5 October 2020
1089:Operation Spanner
1006:Operation Spanner
978:Bravery v Bravery
340:
339:
332:
314:, as appropriate.
277:
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39:Criminal defenses
2520:
2257:Webcam blackmail
2078:disorderly house
2014:Violent disorder
1875:Unlawful killing
1843:Offences against
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1123:
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1016:. The resulting
986:in loco parentis
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504:
496:
494:
468:
463:
455:
453:
390:
388:
365:
347:
344:criminal law
341:
326:
317:
293:
157:Criminal law
150:
128:Self-defense
97:
78:Intoxication
45:Part of the
32:
1869:Infanticide
1707:Concurrence
1417:21 February
1094:Medical law
929:R v Johnson
764:R v Linekar
740:R v Ireland
736:R v Burstow
505:R v Donovan
123:Provocation
2492:Categories
2222:Cybercrime
2152:Dishonesty
2076:Keeping a
1953:Harassment
1938:Kidnapping
1845:the person
1737:Conspiracy
1635:Actus reus
1618:Common law
1598:Either way
1593:Indictable
1180:27 January
1159:, page 103
1114:References
974:Denning LJ
947:Where the
916:principle
887:R v. Brown
828:R. v Dica,
662:See also:
622:R v Emmett
593:actus reus
540:R v Wilson
489:See also:
475:deceptions
457:actus reus
437:incestuous
425:common law
415:where the
171:common law
138:Entrapment
88:Automatism
47:common law
2386:Espionage
2217:Extortion
2212:Blackmail
2197:Deception
2182:Squatting
1778:Necessity
1742:Accessory
1695:Doctrines
1686:Omissions
1677:Vicarious
1673:Corporate
1641:Causation
1613:Statutory
1195:R v Stein
1100:R v Brown
1023:R v Brown
943:Horseplay
937:R v Lloyd
931:(1986) 8
914:civil law
901:R v Coney
864:something
689:Australia
585:R v Brown
562:R v Boyea
555:R v Stein
531:R v Brown
520:(such as
421:domiciled
378:requires
356:liability
308:talk page
161:procedure
118:Necessity
2448:Evidence
2429:Property
2419:Contract
2381:Sedition
2285:Uttering
2187:Trespass
2162:Burglary
2060:Causing
2056:Nuisance
1853:Homicide
1816:Insanity
1761:Defences
1647:Mens rea
1439:23 April
1245:23 April
1136:Archived
1048:See also
1032:wounding
935:343 and
841:Clarence
837:Clarence
785:R v Cort
756:Clarence
752:Clarence
744:Cr App R
681:consent;
607:sentence
603:evidence
598:mens rea
512:consent.
465:workers.
441:violence
429:marriage
413:capacity
384:citizens
374:). But
302:You may
217:Evidence
197:Property
187:Contract
182:Criminal
151:See also
63:Immunity
2513:Consent
2443:estates
2306:Perjury
2301:Bribery
2275:Forgery
2167:Robbery
2125:of oath
2123:Perjury
1963:Treason
1933:Battery
1913:Robbery
1788:Consent
1747:Attempt
1603:Summary
1527:, 1149.
1028:consent
949:culture
572:Donovan
445:husband
348:consent
226:Portals
212:Estates
103:Mistake
98:Consent
83:Infancy
2439:Trusts
2019:Affray
1857:Murder
1773:Duress
1520:(2009)
1512:
1408:
1157:All ER
1020:case (
991:A v UK
634:excuse
587:, the
522:boxing
477:, and
433:bigamy
409:adults
397:minors
380:courts
352:excuse
207:Trusts
169:Other
108:Duress
49:series
2477:table
2434:Wills
2172:Theft
2147:Arson
1474:(3).
1303:9 May
1281:2 May
1275:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1197:
924:Latin
626:Brown
544:Brown
499:(per
479:fraud
423:in a
417:state
368:theft
310:, or
202:wills
173:areas
93:Alibi
2441:and
2424:Tort
2093:Rout
2009:Riot
1981:Rape
1510:ISBN
1491:Pdf.
1476:SAGE
1441:2011
1419:2011
1406:ISBN
1361:2016
1331:2016
1305:2020
1283:2020
1247:2015
1182:2008
1041:self
1034:and
614:ECHR
497:maim
449:wife
192:Tort
159:and
1480:doi
976:in
898:In
783:In
771:In
750:of
734:in
724:WLR
699:In
687:In
616:in
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