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1573:, not biodiversity, reigns supreme. It is estimated that 36% of the Earth's surface, encompassing 38.9% of the worlds vertebrates, lacks the endemic species to qualify as biodiversity hotspot. Moreover, measures show that maximizing protections for biodiversity does not capture ecosystem services any better than targeting randomly chosen regions. Population level biodiversity (mostly in coldspots) are disappearing at a rate that is ten times that at the species level. The level of importance in addressing biomass versus endemism as a concern for conservation biology is highlighted in literature measuring the level of threat to global ecosystem carbon stocks that do not necessarily reside in areas of endemism. A hotspot priority approach would not invest so heavily in places such as
434:, most people in the world, including Darwin, believed in special creation and that all species were unchanged. George-Louis Leclerc was one of the first naturalist that questioned this belief. He proposed in his 44 volume natural history book that species evolve due to environmental influences. Erasmus Darwin was also a naturalist who also suggested that species evolved. Erasmus Darwin noted that some species have vestigial structures which are anatomical structures that have no apparent function in the species currently but would have been useful for the species' ancestors. The thinking of these early 18th century naturalists helped to change the mindset and thinking of the early 19th century naturalists.
2160:(IUCN), meaning they too are threatened with extinction. Even though extinction is natural, the decline in species is happening at such an incredible rate that evolution can simply not match, therefore, leading to the greatest continual mass extinction on Earth. Humans have dominated the planet and our high consumption of resources, along with the pollution generated is affecting the environments in which other species live. There are a wide variety of species that humans are working to protect such as the Hawaiian Crow and the Whooping Crane of Texas. People can also take action on preserving species by advocating and voting for global and national policies that improve climate, under the concepts of
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258:, and scientific reason. Organizations and citizens are responding to the biodiversity crisis through conservation action plans that direct research, monitoring, and education programs that engage concerns at local through global scales. There is increasing recognition that conservation is not just about what is achieved but how it is done. A "conservation acrostic" has been created to emphasize that point where C = co-produced, O = open, N = nimble, S = solutions-oriented, E = empowering, R = relational, V = values-based, A = actionable, T = transdisciplinary, I = inclusive, O = optimistic, and N = nurturing.
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1393:), and many other methods. When determining which metrics to monitor for a conservation project, it is important to understand how an ecosystem functions and what role different species and abiotic factors have within the system. It is important to have a precise reason for why ecological monitoring is implemented; within the context of conservation, this reasoning is often to track changes before, during, or after conservation measures are put in place to help a species or habitat recover from degradation and/or maintain integrity.
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3020:, in which the program described "The purpose of this conference is to accelerate and facilitate the development of a rigorous new discipline called conservation biology — a multidisciplinary field drawing its insights and methodology mostly from population ecology, community ecology, sociobiology, population genetics, and reproductive biology." This inclusion of topics at the meeting related to animal breeding reflected participation and support of the zoo and captive breeding communities.
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246:, and the negative effect these are having on our capabilities to sustain the well-being of human society. Conservation biologists work in the field and office, in government, universities, non-profit organizations and industry. The topics of their research are diverse, because this is an interdisciplinary network with professional alliances in the biological as well as social sciences. Those dedicated to the cause and profession advocate for a global response to
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235:, and ecosystem diversity. The concern stems from estimates suggesting that up to 50% of all species on the planet will disappear within the next 50 years, which will increase poverty and starvation, and will reset the course of evolution on this planet. Researchers acknowledge that projections are difficult, given the unknown potential impacts of many variables, including species introduction to new biogeographical settings and a non-analog climate.
1906:. Left unchecked, the urchins destroyed the shallow water kelp communities that supported the Steller's sea cow's diet and hastened their demise. The sea otter was thought to be a keystone species because the coexistence of many ecological associates in the kelp beds relied upon otters for their survival. However this was later questioned by Turvey and Risley, who showed that hunting alone would have driven the Steller's sea cow extinct.
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conservation problems across the broad range of taxa (i.e. including microbes, plants, and animals). Physiology is considered in the broadest possible terms to include functional and mechanistic responses at all scales, and conservation includes the development and refinement of strategies to rebuild populations, restore ecosystems, inform conservation policy, generate decision-support tools, and manage natural resources.
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1535:, such as migration, and a holistic examination of biodiversity at levels beyond the species, including genetic, population and ecosystem diversity. Extensive, systematic, and rapid rates of biodiversity loss threatens the sustained well-being of humanity by limiting supply of ecosystem services that are otherwise regenerated by the complex and evolving holistic network of genetic and ecosystem diversity. While the
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environments. They also have very permeable skin that allows them to breath and intake water, which means they also take any air or water-soluble pollutants in as well. Birds often cover a wide range in habitat types annually, and also generally revisit the same nesting site each year. This makes it easier for researchers to track ecological effects at both an individual and a population level for the species.
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1378:, habitats, and ecosystems means that any current or future conservation work will have to make assumptions to determine if the work is having any effect on the population or ecosystem health. Ecological monitoring can provide early warning signals of deleterious effects (from human activities or natural changes in an environment) on an ecosystem and its species. In order for signs of negative trends in
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species can be saved, and they have to decide which their efforts should be used to protect. This concept is known as the
Conservation Triage. The extinction threat is estimated to range from 15 to 37 percent of all species by 2050, or 50 percent of all species over the next 50 years. The current extinction rate is 100–100,000 times more rapid today than the last several billion years.
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Obura, D. O.; Ochavillo, D.; Polidoro, B. A.; Precht, W. F.; Quibilan, M. C.; Reboton, C.; Richards, Z. T.; Rogers, A. D.; Sanciangco, J.; Sheppard, A.; Sheppard, C.; Smith, J.; Stuart, S.; Turak, E.; Veron, J. E. N.; Wallace, C.; Weil, E.; Wood, E. (2008). "One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face
Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts".
345:: "What is left now is, so to say, the skeleton of a body wasted by disease; the rich, soft soil has been carried off and only the bare framework of the district left." In the bible, through Moses, God commanded to let the land rest from cultivation every seventh year. Before the 18th century, however, much of European culture considered it a
859:, its early development was driven by academic research into urban wildlife. Initially perceived as radical, the movement's view of conservation being inextricably linked with other human activity has now become mainstream in conservation thought. Considerable research effort is now directed at urban conservation biology. The
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species on earth, making them of increasingly prevalent conservation interest. Threats include the decline or fragmentation of host populations, or the extinction of host species. Parasites are intricately woven into ecosystems and food webs, thereby occupying valuable roles in ecosystem structure and function.
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Carpenter, K. E.; Abrar, M.; Aeby, G.; Aronson, R. B.; Banks, S.; Bruckner, A.; Chiriboga, A.; Cortes, J.; Delbeek, J. C.; DeVantier, L.; Edgar, G. J.; Edwards, A. J.; Fenner, D.; Guzman, H. M.; Hoeksema, B. W.; Hodgson, G.; Johan, O.; Licuanan, W. Y.; Livingstone, S. R.; Lovell, E. R.; Moore, J. A.;
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of that region. This planetary wealth is being lost at an incredible rate as the demands of human society is exceeding the bio-regenerative capacity of the Earth. While biodiversity and ecosystems are resilient, the danger of losing them is that humans cannot recreate many ecosystem functions through
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method. Preservationists advocate for giving areas of nature and species a protected existence that halts interference from the humans. In this regard, conservationists differ from preservationists in the social dimension, as conservation biology engages society and seeks equitable solutions for both
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Systematic conservation planning is an effective way to seek and identify efficient and effective types of reserve design to capture or sustain the highest priority biodiversity values and to work with communities in support of local ecosystems. Margules and
Pressey identify six interlinked stages in
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form a central supporting hub unique to their ecosystem. The loss of such a species results in a collapse in ecosystem function, as well as the loss of coexisting species. Keystone species are usually predators due to their ability to control the population of prey in their ecosystem. The importance
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was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico-topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large-scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in
British India through the
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where the vast majority of biodiversity is represented. Conservation of fungi and conservation of insects, in particular, are both of pivotal importance for conservation biology. As mycorrhizal symbionts, and as decomposers and recyclers, fungi are essential for sustainability of forests. The value
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and death of corals. Decline and extinction risk in coral reef biodiversity has risen dramatically in the past ten years. The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food
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Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline. By 2000, 27% of the world's coral reef ecosystems had effectively collapsed. The largest period of decline occurred in a dramatic "bleaching" event in 1998, where approximately 16% of all the coral
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Biodiversity hotspots and coldspots are a way of recognizing that the spatial concentration of genes, species, and ecosystems is not uniformly distributed on the Earth's surface. For example, "... 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to
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of species is employed extensively in conservation management, some scientists highlight that it is the common species that are the primary source of exploitation and habitat alteration by humanity. Moreover, common species are often undervalued despite their role as the primary source of ecosystem
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A pie chart image showing the relative biomass representation in a rain forest through a summary of children's perceptions from drawings and artwork (left), through a scientific estimate of actual biomass (middle), and by a measure of biodiversity (right). The biomass of social insects (middle) far
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approach. The concept is based on a new philosophy or leadership theory steering away from historical notions of power, authority, and dominance. Adaptive conservation leadership is reflective and more equitable as it applies to any member of society who can mobilize others toward meaningful change
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Those in favor of the hotspot approach point out that species are irreplaceable components of the global ecosystem, they are concentrated in places that are most threatened, and should therefore receive maximal strategic protections. This is a hotspot approach because the priority is set to target
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Thomas, Chris D.; Cameron, Alison; Green, Rhys E.; Bakkenes, Michel; Beaumont, Linda J.; Collingham, Yvonne C.; Erasmus, Barend F. N.; de
Siqueira, Marinez Ferreira; Grainger, Alan; Hannah, Lee; Hughes, Lesley; Huntley, Brian; van Jaarsveld, Albert S.; Midgley, Guy F.; Miles, Lera; Ortega-Huerta,
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A large proportion of parasite species are threatened by extinction. A few of them are being eradicated as pests of humans or domestic animals; however, most of them are harmless. Parasites also make up a significant amount of global biodiversity, given that they make up a large proportion of all
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There is plenty of debate on how conservation resources can be used most efficiently; even within ecological monitoring, there is debate on which metrics that money, time and personnel should be dedicated to for the best chance of making a positive impact. One specific general discussion topic is
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The conservation of habitats like forest, water or soil in its natural state is crucial for any species depending in it to thrive. Instead of making the whole new environment looking alike the original habitat of wild animals is less effective than preserving the original habitats. An approach in
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The last word in ignorance is the man who says of an animal or plant: "What good is it?" If the land mechanism as a whole is good, then every part is good, whether we understand it or not. If the biota, in the course of aeons, has built something we like but do not understand, then who but a fool
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Mason, Rachel and Judith Ramos. (2004). Traditional
Ecological Knowledge of Tlingit People concerning the Sockeye Salmon Fishery of the Dry Bay Area, A Cooperative Agreement Between Department of the Interior National Park Service and the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe, Final Report (FIS) Project 01-091,
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add a catastrophic threat toward a mass extinction of global biological diversity. Numerous more species are predicted to face unprecedented levels of extinction risk due to population increase, climate change and economic development in the future. Conservationists have claimed that not all the
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Another benefit of ecological monitoring is the hard evidence it provides scientists to use for advising policy makers and funding bodies about conservation efforts. Not only is ecological monitoring data important for convincing politicians, funders, and the public why a conservation program is
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as proved by latest researches, so it is more crucial to protect the old ones. The reforestation campaign launched by
Himalayan Adventure Therapy in Nepal basically visits the old forests in periodic basis which are vulnerable to loss of density and the area covered due to unplanned urbanization
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biodiversity are a recent phenomenon. Natural resource conservation, however, has a history that extends prior to the age of conservation. Resource ethics grew out of necessity through direct relations with nature. Regulation or communal restraint became necessary to prevent selfish motives from
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Rodrigues, Ana S. L.; Andelman, Sandy J.; Bakarr, Mohamed I.; Boitani, Luigi; Brooks, Thomas M.; Cowling, Richard M.; Fishpool, Lincoln D. C.; da
Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Gaston, Kevin J.; Hoffmann, Michael; Long, Janice S.; Marquet, Pablo A.; Pilgrim, John D.; Pressey, Robert L.; Schipper, Jan;
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An art scape image showing the relative importance of animals in a rain forest through a summary of (a) child's perception compared with (b) a scientific estimate of the importance. The size of the animal represents its importance. The child's mental image places importance on big cats, birds,
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regularly monitor indicator species, however, there are limitations coupled with many practical considerations that must be followed for the approach to be effective. It is generally recommended that multiple indicators (genes, populations, species, communities, and landscape) be monitored for
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are not in the business of trading stocks for much of the planet's living natural capital stored in ecosystems. There is no natural stock market with investment portfolios into sea horses, amphibians, insects, and other creatures that provide a sustainable supply of ecosystem services that are
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is estimated to be one species every few years. Actual extinction rates are estimated to be orders of magnitudes higher. While this is important, it's worth noting that there are no models in existence that account for the complexity of unpredictable factors like species movement, a non-analog
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are highly susceptible to pollutants in their environment due to their behaviours and physiological features that cause them to absorb pollutants at a faster rate than other species. Amphibians spend parts of their time in the water and on land, making them susceptible to changes in both
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There is a movement in conservation biology suggesting a new form of leadership is needed to mobilize conservation biology into a more effective discipline that is able to communicate the full scope of the problem to society at large. The movement proposes an adaptive leadership approach that
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An integrative scientific discipline applying physiological concepts, tools, and knowledge to characterizing biological diversity and its ecological implications; understanding and predicting how organisms, populations, and ecosystems respond to environmental change and stressors; and solving
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led by the New York
Zoological Society. In the early 20th century the New York Zoological Society was instrumental in developing concepts of establishing preserves for particular species and conducting the necessary conservation studies to determine the suitability of locations that are most
453:. The 19th-century fascination with natural history engendered a fervor to be the first to collect rare specimens with the goal of doing so before they became extinct by other such collectors. Although the work of many 18th and 19th century naturalists were to inspire nature enthusiasts and
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tells us that more than three-quarters of the world's people live in nations that are ecological debtors – their national consumption has outstripped their country's biocapacity. Thus, most of us are propping up our current lifestyles, and our economic growth, by drawing (and increasingly
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has risen to prominence, with less emphasis being given to single-species or even single-habitat focused actions. Instead an ecosystem approach is advocated by most mainstream conservationists, although concerns have been expressed by those working to protect some high-profile species.
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The prospects of averting mass extinction seems unlikely when "90% of all of the large (average approximately ≥50 kg), open ocean tuna, billfishes, and sharks in the ocean" are reportedly gone. Given the scientific review of current trends, the ocean is predicted to have few surviving
3016:, complementing Frankel's conception and coining of "conservation genetics", to encompass the application of biological sciences in general to conservation. Subsequently, Soulé and Wilcox wrote conceived the agenda for the meeting they jointly convened on September 6–9, 1978, titled
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Those arguing in favor of setting priorities for coldspots point out that there are other measures to consider beyond biodiversity. They point out that emphasizing hotspots downplays the importance of the social and ecological connections to vast areas of the Earth's ecosystems where
1510:(IUCN) has organized a global assortment of scientists and research stations across the planet to monitor the changing state of nature in an effort to tackle the extinction crisis. The IUCN provides annual updates on the status of species conservation through its Red List. The
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in 1972. As of 2006, a total of 830 sites are listed: 644 cultural, 162 natural. The first country to pursue aggressive biological conservation through national legislation was the United States, which passed back to back legislation in the
Endangered Species Act (1966) and
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activities. Then they plant the new saplings of same tree families of that existing forest in the areas where the old forest has been lost and also plant those saplings to the barren areas connected to the forest. This maintains the density and area covered by the forest.
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value. The monarch migrates across North America, covering multiple ecosystems and so requires a large area to exist. Any protections afforded to the monarch butterfly will at the same time umbrella many other species and habitats. An umbrella species is often used as
2328:). Honey bees provide an indispensable ecological services through their acts of pollination supporting a huge variety of agriculture crops. The use of honey and wax have become vastly used throughout the world. The sudden disappearance of bees leaving empty hives or
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valuable to society. The ecological footprint of society has exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity limits of the planet's ecosystems by about 30 percent, which is the same percentage of vertebrate populations that have registered decline from 1970 through 2005.
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group, with over 32% of all surviving species being threatened with extinction. The surviving populations are in continual decline in 43% of those that are threatened. Since the mid-1980s the actual rates of extinction have exceeded 211 times rates measured from the
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The measure of ongoing species loss is made more complex by the fact that most of the Earth's species have not been described or evaluated. Estimates vary greatly on how many species actually exist (estimated range: 3,600,000–111,700,000) to how many have received a
311:. These rules were guided by clan elders who knew lifelong details of each river and stream they managed. There are numerous examples in history where cultures have followed rules, rituals, and organized practice with respect to communal natural resource management.
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serves as an international conservation tool to identify those species most in need of conservation attention and by providing a global index on the status of biodiversity. More than the dramatic rates of species loss, however, conservation scientists note that the
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to a large net carbon source both during and immediately after the outbreak. In the worst year, the impacts resulting from the beetle outbreak in British Columbia were equivalent to 75% of the average annual direct forest fire emissions from all of Canada during
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and provides a global index of biodiversity by monitoring approximately 5,000 populations in 1,686 species of vertebrate (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians) and report on the trends in much the same way that the stock market is tracked.
1645:, and biomass. Both sides agree, however, that conserving biodiversity is necessary to reduce the extinction rate and identify an inherent value in nature; the debate hinges on how to prioritize limited conservation resources in the most cost-effective way.
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researchers that practice ethics in the biological and social sciences. Chan states that conservationists must advocate for biodiversity and can do so in a scientifically ethical manner by not promoting simultaneous advocacy against other competing values.
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Today, many threats to biodiversity exist. An acronym that can be used to express the top threats of present-day H.I.P.P.O stands for Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Pollution, Human Population, and Overharvesting. The primary threats to biodiversity are
148:. The meeting was prompted due to concern over tropical deforestation, disappearing species, and eroding genetic diversity within species. The conference and proceedings that resulted sought to initiate the bridging of a gap between theory in ecology and
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through pollution or some other link to proximate human activities. Monitoring an indicator species is a measure to determine if there is a significant environmental impact that can serve to advise or modify practice, such as through different forest
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using communication techniques that are inspiring, purposeful, and collegial. Adaptive conservation leadership and mentoring programs are being implemented by conservation biologists through organizations such as the Aldo Leopold Leadership Program.
840:(1970), which together injected major funding and protection measures to large-scale habitat protection and threatened species research. Other conservation developments, however, have taken hold throughout the world. India, for example, passed the
1405:(to understand a system that has not been degraded by humans), where there is human impact (so the effects from humans can be investigated), or where there is data deserts and little is known about the habitats' and communities' response to human
1332:, which occurs outside the natural habitat. In-situ conservation involves protecting or restoring the habitat. Ex-situ conservation, on the other hand, involves protection outside of an organism's natural habitat, such as on reservations or in
831:, hundreds of species specific protection plans ensued. Notably the United Nations acted to conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind. The programme was adopted by the General Conference of
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Chapin III, F. Stuart; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Eviner, Valerie T.; Naylor, Rosamond L.; Vitousek, Peter M.; Reynolds, Heather L.; Hooper, David U.; Lavorel, Sandra; Sala, Osvaldo E.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Mack, Michelle C.; Díaz, Sandra (May 2000).
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Rypel, Andrew L.; Saffarinia, Parsa; Vaughn, Caryn C.; Nesper, Larry; O’Reilly, Katherine; Parisek, Christine A.; Miller, Matthew L.; Moyle, Peter B.; Fangue, Nann A.; Bell-Tilcock, Miranda; Ayers, David; David, Solomon R. (December 2021).
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of a species or habitat at repeating intervals with defined methods. Long-term monitoring for environmental and ecological metrics is an important part of any successful conservation initiative. Unfortunately, long-term data for many
1547:, there is debate on how to prioritize genes, species, or ecosystems, which are all components of biodiversity (e.g. Bowen, 1999). While the predominant approach to date has been to focus efforts on endangered species by conserving
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across the United States reported CCD losses in up to 76% of their colonies. This sudden demographic loss in bee numbers is placing a strain on the agricultural sector. The cause behind the massive declines is puzzling scientists.
1561:. The costs of discovering, naming, and mapping out the distribution of every species, they argue, is an ill-advised conservation venture. They reason it is better to understand the significance of the ecological roles of species.
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Carlson, Colin J.; Hopkins, Skylar; Bell, Kayce C.; Doña, Jorge; Godfrey, Stephanie S.; Kwak, Mackenzie L.; Lafferty, Kevin D.; Moir, Melinda L.; Speer, Kelly A.; Strona, Giovanni; Torchin, Mark; Wood, Chelsea L. (October 2020).
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and the monarch butterfly, that capture the public's attention and attract support for conservation measures. Paradoxically, however, conservation bias towards flagship species sometimes threatens other species of chief concern.
2059:(66 mya) extinction spasms. Within the last 10,000 years, human influence over the Earth's ecosystems has been so extensive that scientists have difficulty estimating the number of species lost; that is to say the rates of
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becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised
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in their conservation management plans. This sort of advocacy is similar to the medical profession advocating for healthy lifestyle options, both are beneficial to human well-being yet remain scientific in their approach.
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in London to discuss his idea for a new organisation to save the best places for wildlife in the British Isles. This meeting led to the formation of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, which later became the
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9853:"Conservationists use triage to determine which species to save and not: Like battlefield medics, conservationists are being forced to explicitly apply triage to determine which creatures to save and which to let go"
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Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D.; Lackmann, Alec R.; Rider, Steven J.; Riecke, Dennis K.; McMullen, Joseph; Ganus, J. Eric; Steffensen, Kirk D.; Kramer, Nicholas W.; Shattuck, Zachary R. (December 2021).
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Many conservation researchers believe that having a long-term ecological monitoring program should be a priority for conservation projects, protected areas, and regions where environmental harm mitigation is used.
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to identify and conserve threatened species within their borders, as well as protect associated habitats. The late 1990s saw increasing professionalism in the sector, with the maturing of organisations such as the
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on land is found in plants, which is sustained by insect relations. This great ecological value of insects is countered by a society that often reacts negatively toward these aesthetically 'unpleasant' creatures.
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to ecosystems, there are examples where humans mutually coexist in a sustainable way with nature. Even with the current threats to biodiversity there are ways we can improve the current condition and start anew.
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is a global community of conservation professionals dedicated to advancing the science and practice of conserving biodiversity. Conservation biology as a discipline reaches beyond biology, into subjects such as
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MacKenzie, Darryl I.; Nichols, James D.; Hines, James E.; Knutson, Melinda G.; Franklin, Alan B. (2003). "Estimating Site Occupancy, Colonization, and Local Extinction When a Species Is Detected Imperfectly".
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formed in 1895 with the manifesto to "...promote the permanent preservation, for the benefit of the nation, of lands, ... to preserve (so far practicable) their natural aspect." In May 1912, a month after the
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Nepal named reforestation campaign has helped increase the density and area covered by the original forests which proved to be better than creating entirely new environment after original one is let to lost.
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Thomas, JA; Telfer, MG; Roy, DB; Preston, CD; Greenwood, JJ; Asher, J; Fox, R; Clarke, RT; Lawton, JH (2004). "Comparative Losses of British Butterflies, Birds, and Plants and the Global Extinction Crisis".
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taking more than could be locally sustained, therefore compromising the long-term supply for the rest of the community. This social dilemma with respect to natural resource management is often called the "
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Conservation physiology is particularly relevant to practitioners in that it has the potential to generate cause-and-effect relationships and reveal the factors that contribute to population declines.
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Fedriani, JM; García, L; Sanchéz, M; Calderon, J; Ramo, C (2017). "Long-term impact of protected colonial birds on a jeopardized cork oak population: conservation bias leads to restoration failure".
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The rapid decline of established biological systems around the world means that conservation biology is often referred to as a "Discipline with a deadline". Conservation biology is tied closely to
2368:, Canada, which has infested 470,000 km (180,000 sq mi) of forested land since 1999. An action plan has been prepared by the Government of British Columbia to address this problem.
1467:, which seeks to identify what measures will deliver "the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time." In contrast, some conservation biologists argue that nature has an
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or species health to be detected, monitoring methods must be carried out at appropriate time intervals, and the metric must be able to capture the trend of the population or habitat as a whole.
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Long-term monitoring can include the continued measuring of many biological, ecological, and environmental metrics including annual breeding success, population size estimates, water quality,
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Kurz, W. A.; Dymond, C. C.; Stinson, G.; Rampley, G. J.; Neilson, E. T.; Carroll, A. L.; Ebata, T.; Safranyik, L. (2008). "Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change".
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Organization of the meeting itself also entailed bridging a gap between genetics and ecology. Soulé, was an evolutionary geneticist working with wheat geneticist Sir Otto Frankel to advance
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2016 conservation indicator which includes the following indicators: marine protected areas, terrestrial biome protection (global and national), and species protection (global and national)
2140:. However, "The current amphibian extinction rate may range from 25,039 to 45,474 times the background extinction rate for amphibians." The global extinction trend occurs in every major
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from 1901 to 1909. The 1916 National Parks Act, included a 'use without impairment' clause, sought by John Muir, which eventually resulted in the removal of a proposal to build a dam in
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Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, R; Linke, S; Boon, P (2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world".
223:. Conservation biology is concerned with phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity and the science of sustaining evolutionary processes that engender
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large amounts of carbon which regulates global conditions. In present day, there have been major climate shifts with temperature changes making survival of some species difficult. The
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species level concerns over population level or biomass. Species richness and genetic biodiversity contributes to and engenders ecosystem stability, ecosystem processes, evolutionary
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Brooks T. M.; Mittermeier R. A.; Gerlach J.; Hoffmann M.; Lamoreux J. F.; Mittermeier C. G.; Pilgrim J. D.; Rodrigues A. S. L. (2006). "Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities".
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Brooks T. M.; Mittermeier R. A.; Gerlach J.; Hoffmann M.; Lamoreux J. F.; Mittermeier C. G.; Pilgrim J. D.; Rodrigues A. S. L. (2006). "Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities".
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The term conservation biology and its conception as a new field originated with the convening of "The First International Conference on Research in Conservation Biology" held at the
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Cooke, S. J.; Michaels, S.; Nyboer, E. A.; Schiller, L.; Littlechild, D. B. R.; Hanna, D. E. L.; Robichaud, C. D.; Murdoch, A.; Roche, D.; Soroye, P.; Vermaire, J. C. (2022-05-31).
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security for hundreds of millions of people. Conservation biology plays an important role in international agreements covering the world's oceans and other issues pertaining to
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Some biodiversity loss is more insidious than others due to systemic neglect. For example, sport killing and wanton waste of tons of native fishes from unregulated 21st century
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From this principle, conservation biologists can trace communal resource based ethics throughout cultures as a solution to communal resource conflict. For example, the Alaskan
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Manlik, Oliver (2019). "The Importance of Reproduction for the Conservation of Slow-Growing Animal Populations". In Pierre Comizzoli; Janine L. Brown; William V. Holt (eds.).
2168:. The Earth's oceans demand particular attention as climate change continues to alter pH levels, making it uninhabitable for organisms with shells which dissolve as a result.
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J. Douglas. 1978. Biologists urge US endowment for conservation. Nature Vol. 275, 14 September 1978. Kat Williams . 1978. Natural Sciences. Science News. September 30, 1978.
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Freckleton, Rob; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Bickford, David; Diesmos, Arvin C.; Lee, Tien Ming; Koh, Lian Pin; Brook, Barry W.; Sekercioglu, Cagan H.; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2008).
1131:(estimated range: 1.5–8 million). Less than 1% of all species that have been described beyond simply noting its existence. From these figures, the IUCN reports that 23% of
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who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state conservation management of forests in the world.
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Koh, Lian Pin; Dunn, Robert R.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Colwell, Robert K.; Proctor, Heather C.; Smith, Vincent S. (2004). "Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis".
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Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".
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Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".
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Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".
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These predictions will undoubtedly appear extreme, but it is difficult to imagine how such changes will not come to pass without fundamental changes in human behavior.
630:. Originally known as "the Plumage League", the group gained popularity and eventually amalgamated with the Fur and Feather League in Croydon, and formed the RSPB. The
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3004:, who suggested the idea for a conference to Wilcox was concerned with the application of community ecology and island biogeography theory to conservation. Wilcox and
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also poses challenges, because the global network of protected areas only covers 11.5% of the Earth's surface. A significant consequence of fragmentation and lack of
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was a classical thinker and writer on such conservation ethics whose philosophy, ethics and writings are still valued and revisited by modern conservation biologists.
4234:"Harvest trends, growth and longevity, and population dynamics reveal traditional assumptions for redhorse (Moxostoma spp.) management in Minnesota are not supported"
1118:
is possibly the most significant contribution toward the scientific understanding of both the process and how to measure the rate of species extinction. The current
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was passed in Britain as the first nature protection law in the world after extensive lobbying from the Association for the Protection of Seabirds and the respected
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communities for protecting wildlife in Canada. Some conservation efforts are yet to fully take hold due to ecological neglect. For example in the USA, 21st century
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3148:
Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas".
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Many of the threats to biodiversity, including disease and climate change, are reaching inside borders of protected areas, leaving them 'not-so protected' (e.g.
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to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out. Sir
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or to effectively coordinate their plan of action and to identify best management practices (e.g.). Systematic strategies generally employ the services of
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estimates that we have exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity of the planet, requiring 1.6 Earths to support the demands placed on our natural resources.
2116:. The global extinction rate may be approximately 1,000 times higher than the natural background extinction rate. It is estimated that two-thirds of all
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of native fishes, which amounts to killing wild animals for recreation and disposing of them immediately afterwards, remains unregulated and unmanaged.
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5452:"Long-term monitoring for conservation management: Lessons from a case study integrating remote sensing and field approaches in floodplain forests"
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has a narrow set of ecological requirements, therefore they become useful targets for observing the health of an ecosystem. Some animals, such as
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457:, their writings, by modern standards, showed insensitivity towards conservation as they would kill hundreds of specimens for their collections.
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11159:
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Manolis JC, Chan KM, Finkelstein ME, Stephens S, Nelson CR, Grant JB, Dombeck MP (2009). "Leadership: A new frontier in conservation science".
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Brun, Philipp; Thuiller, Wilfried; Chauvier, Yohann; Pellissier, Loïc; Wüest, Rafael O.; Wang, Zhiheng; Zimmermann, Niklaus E. (January 2020).
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588:. This period also saw the passage of the first conservation legislation and the establishment of the first nature conservation societies. The
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Committee on Noneconomic and Economic Value of Biodiversity, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1999).
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effective conservation measurement that prevents harm to the complex, and often unpredictable, response from ecosystem dynamics (Noss, 1997).
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The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.
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Becker, C. G.; Fonseca, C. R.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Batista, R. F.; Prado, P. I. (2007). "Habitat Split and the Global Decline of Amphibians".
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Murphree, Marshall W. (2009-05-22). "The strategic pillars of communal natural resource management: benefit, empowerment and conservation".
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came into widespread use in the late 19th century and referred to the management, mainly for economic reasons, of such natural resources as
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Also considered to be a consequence of evolution, where individual selection is favored over group selection. For recent discussions, see:
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7871:"Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance: Plant-pollinator interactions"
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are immense fields unto themselves, but these disciplines are of prime importance to the practice and profession of conservation biology.
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7279:"National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We Are In Midst of Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History"
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2035:. It is generally accepted that there have been five major global mass extinctions that register in Earth's history. These include: the
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in the United States. New conservation movements are needed to deter irreparable biodiversity loss to fragile freshwater ecosystems.
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Lackmann, Alec R.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Jacobson, Reed I.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2023-08-30).
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and biodiversity loss. This means that there are greater rates of biodiversity loss in places where the inequity of wealth is greatest
1286:. Conservation biologists advocate for reasoned and sensible management of natural resources and do so with a disclosed combination of
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and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of
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weighing at least 44 kilograms (97 lb) have gone extinct in the last 50,000 years. The Global Amphibian Assessment reports that
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163:. The inherent multidisciplinary basis for conservation biology has led to new subdisciplines including conservation social science,
8590:"Long-term changes in the diversity of amphibian communities inhabiting small water bodies in the urban area of Olsztyn (NE Poland)"
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By 1992, most of the countries of the world had become committed to the principles of conservation of biological diversity with the
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Kennett, D. J.; Kennett, J. P.; West, A.; Mercer, C.; Hee, S. S. Q.; Bement, L.; Bunch, T. E.; Sellers, M.; Wolbach, W. S. (2009).
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from 1872, which protected animals during their breeding season so as to prevent the stock from being brought close to extinction.
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around 250 BC issued edicts restricting the slaughter of animals and certain kinds of birds, as well as opened veterinary clinics.
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1821:, one measure of ecosystem services suggests the contribution amounts to trillions of dollars yearly. For example, one segment of
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4684:
4523:"The Sport Fish Restoration Program as a Funding Source to Manage and Monitor Bowfishing and Monitor Inland Commercial Fisheries"
58:
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2052:
1006:
17:
9124:
Bowen, Brian W. (1999). "Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy".
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The following papers are examples of research showing the relationship between biodiversity, biomass, and ecosystem stability:
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U.S. Endangered Species Act (7 U.S.C. § 136, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) of 1973, Washington DC, U.S. Government Printing Office
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pollination is estimated to provide between 10 and 18 billion dollars of value yearly. The value of ecosystem services on one
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5458:. Piégay & Lamouroux "Enlarging spatial and temporal scales for biophysical diagnosis and sustainable river management".
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Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015-06-01).
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4421:"Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity"
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introduced the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world in 1855, a model that soon spread to
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in the wild, became convinced that the species and the area were conservation priorities. He was instrumental in persuading
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is the reduction of animal migration on a global scale. Considering that billions of tonnes of biomass are responsible for
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8492:"Effect of nature protection and management of grassland on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland)"
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10007:
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Mccallum, Malcolm L.; Bury, Gwendolyn W. (2013). "Google search patterns suggest declining interest in the environment".
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Australia state of the environment 2001: independent report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage
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125:
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Rodríguez-González, Patricia María; Albuquerque, António; Martínez-Almarza, Miguel; Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo (2017-11-01).
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3008:, who together initiated planning for the conference in June 1977 when Lovejoy secured a commitment of seed funding at
1798:, supplying medicines and health benefits, and unquantifiable quality of life improvements. There is a relationship, a
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744:
4774:
Regan, Helen M.; Lupia, Richard; Drinnan, Andrew N.; Burgman, Mark A. (2001). "The Currency and Tempo of Extinction".
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climate, changing species interactions, evolutionary rates on finer time scales, and many other stochastic variables.
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to admire nature. Wilderness was denigrated while agricultural development was praised. However, as early as AD 680 a
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11844:
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10168:
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9771:
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Wilson, Edward O. (1987). "The Little Things That Run the world (The Importance and Conservation of Invertebrates)".
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1114:
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38:
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Sutherland, W.; et al. (2015). Sutherland, William J; Dicks, Lynn V; Ockendon, Nancy; Smith, Rebecca K (eds.).
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Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23).
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would discard seemingly useless parts? To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.
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was a major preoccupation in the 18th century, with grand expeditions and the opening of popular public displays in
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8288:"Threats to Biodiversity | GEOG 030: Geographic Perspectives on Sustainability and Human-Environment Systems, 2011"
7525:
McCallum, Malcolm L. (2007). "Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate".
5393:"Why We Need to Invest in Large-Scale, Long-Term Monitoring Programs in Landscape Ecology and Conservation Biology"
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The Royal Society. 2005. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Policy document 12/05.
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Hamilton, E., and H. Cairns (eds). 1961. Plato: the collected dialogues. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
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Human activities are associated directly or indirectly with nearly every aspect of the current extinction spasm.
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and would, for example, register the value of an ecosystem before it is cleared to make way for development. The
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society and ecosystems. Some preservationists emphasize the potential of biodiversity in a world without humans.
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855:, UK, a development followed in rapid succession in cities across the UK, then overseas. Although perceived as a
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Sechrest, Wes; Stuart, Simon N.; Underhill, Les G.; Waller, Robert W.; Watts, Matthew E. J.; Yan, Xie (2004).
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Society, National Geographic. "Honeybee." National Geographic. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 11 October 2016.
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3650:"Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tlingit People Concerning the Sockeye Salmon Fishery of the Dry Bay Area"
1894:. Sea urchins feed on kelp, while sea otters feed on sea urchins. With the rapid decline of sea otters due to
498:. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles: that human activity damaged the
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Tilman, David; Clark, Michael; Williams, David R.; Kimmel, Kaitlin; Polasky, Stephen; Packer, Craig (2017).
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Dulisz, Beata; Stawicka, Anna Maria; Knozowski, Paweł; Diserens, Tom A.; Nowakowski, Jacek J. (2022-01-01).
2112:. It has been suggested that an unprecedented number of species is becoming extinct in what is known as the
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important to implement, but also to keep them convinced that a program should be continued to be supported.
427:. Preservationist or conservationist sentiments are a development of the late 18th to early 20th centuries.
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Conservation ethics are also found in early religious and philosophical writings. There are examples in the
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Knozowski, Paweł; Nowakowski, Jacek J.; Stawicka, Anna Maria; Górski, Andrzej; Dulisz, Beata (2023-11-10).
6405:"Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity"
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Luck, Gary W.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2003). "Population diversity and ecosystem services".
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that do not receive the same degree of social attention or attract funds as the vertebrates. These include
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Cooke, S. J.; Sack, L.; Franklin, C. E.; Farrell, A. P.; Beardall, J.; Wikelski, M.; Chown, S. L. (2013).
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3196:"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land"
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One area of concern in the insect world that has caught the public eye is the mysterious case of missing
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In the mid-20th century, efforts arose to target individual species for conservation, notably efforts in
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P. K. Anderson. (1996). Competition, predation, and the evolution and extinction of Steller's Sea Cow,
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from all corners of the planet indicating that humanity may be causing the sixth and fastest planetary
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1119:
696:
672:
454:
384:
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Samways, Michael J. (1993). "Insects in biodiversity conservation: some perspectives and directives".
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6896:"Carbon capture, water filtration, other boreal forest ecoservices worth estimated $ 250 billion/year"
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6152:"Elemental conservation units: communicating extinction risk without dictating targets for protection"
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Leroux SJ, Schmiegelow FK (February 2007). "Biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism".
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898:; i.e., the complex interrelationships among humans, other species, and the physical environment. The
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and his son Archie Carr III is notable in this era. Akeley for example, having led expeditions to the
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6687:"Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study"
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is an example of funding organization that excludes biodiversity coldspots in its strategic campaign.
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4268:"Theodore Roosevelt and Conservation - Theodore Roosevelt National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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1939:
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910:, and the ensuing pollution, have demonstrated how easily ecological relationships can be disrupted.
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6360:"Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy"
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Museums and the natural environment: the role of natural history museums in biological conservation
3074:"What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science"
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1807:
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4015:(Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed.). London: W. H. Allen.
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Riitters, Kurt; Wickham, James; O'Neill, Robert; Jones, K. Bruce; Smith, Elizabeth (2000-09-29).
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APIS, Volume 10, Number 11, November 1992, M.T. Sanford: Estimated value of honey bee pollination
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Another highlight that links conservation biology to insects, forests, and climate change is the
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1629:
30:"Biological conservation" and "Conservation ecology" redirect here. For scientific journals, see
12427:
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McCallum, Malcolm L. (2021). "Turtle biodiversity losses suggest coming sixth mass extinction".
6817:
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978:
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described the importance of "preserving nature"; much of this early emphasis had its origins in
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Krausman, Paul R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1990). "Conservation and Wildlife Education in India".
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808:
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8889:"Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park"
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1589:. These areas contribute a great abundance of population (not species) level biodiversity and
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Extinction rates are measured in a variety of ways. Conservation biologists measure and apply
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8541:"Effectiveness of using nest boxes as a form of bird protection after building modernization"
5564:"Conserving nature at regional and continental scales—a scientific program for North America"
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However, human activities need not necessarily cause irreparable harm to the biosphere. With
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and other human acts are proceeding much faster than human assessment of species. The latest
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25 February 1899. Reprinted together by the Society for the Protection of Birds, April 1899.
3012:, felt both genetics and ecology should be represented. Wilcox suggested use of a new term
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butterflies, and then reptiles versus the actual dominance of social insects (such as ants).
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had resource boundaries, rules, and restrictions among clans with respect to the fishing of
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9245:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1200. Springer. pp. 13–39.
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across the earth, the reduction of migration is a serious matter for conservation biology.
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Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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Kala, Chandra Prakash (2009). "Medicinal plants conservation and enterprise development".
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gave the President power to set aside forest reserves from the land in the public domain.
8:
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5749:
5611:"Value and Advocacy in Conservation Biology: Crisis Discipline or Discipline in Crisis?"
5121:
5104:
4999:
4944:
3529:
3473:
Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907
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1717:
This method of measuring the global economic benefit of nature has been endorsed by the
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10183:
9986:
United Nations Environment Programme – World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)
9833:
The Lizard King: The true crimes and passions of the world's greatest reptile smugglers
9624:
9590:"Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians"
9589:
9576:
9531:
9467:
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9377:
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9308:
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7923:
7892:
7851:
7816:
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7550:
7542:
7482:
7400:
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7244:
7210:"Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians"
7209:
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6998:
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1554:
1528:
1336:, in circumstances where viable populations may not be present in the natural habitat.
1112:
as a function of the rate of habitat loss and site occupancy to obtain such estimates.
706:
692:
640:
488:
378:
350:
220:
188:
101:
13089:
9957:
Conservation biology: a training manual for biological diversity and genetic resources
8640:"Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity"
7743:
7443:
6705:
5850:
5679:
4883:
4150:
2332:(CCD) is not uncommon. However, in 16-month period from 2006 through 2007, 29% of 577
1825:
forests has been assigned an annual value of 250 billion dollars; as another example,
743:
In the 21st century professional conservation officers have begun to collaborate with
132:
with a group of leading university and zoo researchers and conservationists including
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6709:
6477:
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6384:
6380:
6367:
6304:
6292:
6248:
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6219:
Running, S. W. (2008). "Climate Change: Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon, and Climate".
6174:
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6127:
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6025:
5958:
5915:
5773:
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5479:
5471:
5436:
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5368:
5280:
5276:
5199:
5084:
5072:
5031:
5013:
4984:"Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction"
4956:
4911:
4803:
4791:
4754:
4748:
4667:"16 U.S. Code § 1531 - Congressional findings and declaration of purposes and policy"
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4542:
4502:
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4442:
4373:
4322:
4249:
4187:
4071:
The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park: Volume 1 Revised Edition
4047:
4016:
3957:
3917:
3871:
3841:
3807:
3759:
3728:
3697:
3617:
3575:
3543:
3456:
3404:
3385:"The projection of species distribution models and the problem of non-analog climate"
3362:
3273:
3225:
3161:
3128:
3105:
3051:
2970:
2960:
2886:
2854:
2848:
2808:
2738:
2712:
2615:
2550:
2489:, for example, is often cited as a serious threat in this regard, because there is a
2447:
1934:
1915:
1742:
1531:. Concerns for biodiversity loss covers a broader conservation mandate that looks at
1456:
1325:
907:
777:
304:
239:
9535:
9312:
9286:"Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate"
9153:
8979:
Miguel A.; Townsend Peterson, A.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Williams, Stephen E. (2004).
8842:
8508:
8491:
8405:
8182:
8024:
7966:
7896:
7855:
7820:
7554:
7304:
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6671:
6396:
6186:
5292:
5130:
4968:
3709:
3629:
3416:
3285:
3177:
1557:, argue that it is more cost-effective, logical, and socially relevant to invest in
494:
Scientific conservation principles were first practically applied to the forests of
388:
More conservation research is needed for understanding ecology and behaviour of the
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13207:
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8777:
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5211:
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5003:
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4783:
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4602:
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3446:
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2181:
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2011:
1986:
1972:
1968:
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plays an essential role in sustaining humanity, including the regulation of global
1594:
1349:
1081:
789:
781:
342:
159:) emerged together, helping crystallize the modern era of conservation science and
9725:
9433:
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9023:
8606:
8589:
6895:
5709:
Molnar, J.; Marvier, M.; Kareiva, P. (2004). "The sum is greater than the parts".
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5329:
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries
4733:
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396:
133:
52:
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13013:
9250:
8422:(Press release). Wildlife Conservation Society. February 9, 2004. Archived from
5499:"Bioindicators: A Review of Their Use in the Environmental Literature 1970–2005"
5340:
5239:
5148:
5051:"Model complexity affects species distribution projections under climate change"
4140:, Section D, August 1868. Reprinted by the Society for the Protection of Birds.
2676:
2674:
2672:
2240:
levels. This is a most serious threat to societies relying heavily upon oceanic
1890:
grow and form nurseries in shallow waters to shelter creatures that support the
768:
appropriate as conservation priorities; the work of Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr.,
128:
in La Jolla, California, in 1978 led by American biologists Bruce A. Wilcox and
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14873:
14812:
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11546:
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11404:
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9373:
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8540:
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Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle (2003). "Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots".
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Finding order in nature: the naturalist tradition from Linnaeus to E. O. Wilson
3005:
2610:
2494:
2486:
2439:
2431:
2346:
2281:
2245:
1657:
1544:
1543:
While most in the community of conservation science "stress the importance" of
1476:
1148:
848:
828:
769:
631:
615:
585:
538:
471:
The modern roots of conservation biology can be found in the late 18th-century
450:
346:
308:
296:
141:
117:
9669:
Marine conservation biology: the science of maintaining the sea's biodiversity
9527:
9344:
9053:
7653:
7501:"An Analysis of Amphibians on the 2008 IUCN Red List. Summary of Key Findings"
6912:
6534:
5514:
4952:
4481:"Goodbye to "Rough Fish": Paradigm Shift in the Conservation of Native Fishes"
4437:
3693:
3400:
3184:
2948:
702:
196:
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14856:
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13891:
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13396:
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12543:
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12018:
12013:
11998:
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11773:
11531:
11049:
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10482:
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10465:
9914:
9085:
8873:
8857:
8732:
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8566:
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8448:(Press release). Wildlife Conservation Society. April 9, 2002. Archived from
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Dunn, Robert R. (2005). "Modern Insect Extinctions, the Neglected Majority".
7596:"The New Dying: How Human-Caused Extinction Affects the Planet (Infographic)"
5986:"Protecting Biodiversity when Money Matters: Maximizing Return on Investment"
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5587:
5522:
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5017:
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4233:
4051:
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3055:
3047:
3001:
2974:
2669:
2490:
2423:
2153:
2137:
2060:
1947:
treatments and management scenarios, or to measure the degree of harm that a
1899:
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1511:
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145:
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Knozowski, P.; Górski, A.; Stawicka, A. M.; Nowakowski, J. J. (2022-12-31).
8313:"Measuring the Meltdown: Drivers of Global Amphibian Extinction and Decline"
8198:
8136:"Methods for the assessment and conservation of threatened animal parasites"
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Mustajärvi, Kaisa; Siikamäki, Pirkko; Rytkönen, Saara; Lammi, Antti (2001).
7804:
7706:
7470:
7390:
7234:
7120:
6429:
6232:
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5757:
3384:
3347:
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1519:
is a biodiversity crisis requiring far more action than a priority focus on
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14216:
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14013:
13993:
13983:
13963:
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13953:
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12748:
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9633:
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9418:
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9015:
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8698:
8674:
8525:
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7812:
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7253:
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1944:
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Ecological monitoring is the systematic collection of data relevant to the
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137:
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5309:. Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University. Archived from
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3547:
1932:, have an acute sensitivity to environmental harm and thus may serve as a
1183:
Conservation biologists regularly prepare detailed conservation plans for
238:
Conservation biologists research and educate on the trends and process of
175:
had originated first but is now often considered a subdiscipline as well.
14585:
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14570:
14530:
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14336:
14331:
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14256:
14201:
14141:
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13017:
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12773:
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2308:
is enormous because they outnumber all other living groups in measure of
1999:
1895:
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1818:
1799:
1750:
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903:
773:
680:
593:
358:
9077:
9007:
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8257:
7129:
6288:
5310:
4572:
1681:
Conservation biologists have started to collaborate with leading global
14752:
14565:
14555:
14321:
14316:
14261:
14246:
14186:
14151:
14146:
14116:
14076:
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13381:
13310:
13290:
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13071:
13005:
13001:
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12778:
12763:
12703:
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12483:
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12008:
11834:
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11020:
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9954:
9767:
Training Manual on Spatial Analysis of Plant Diversity and Distribution
9745:
Kleiman, Devra G.; Thompson, Katerina V.; Baer, Charlotte Kirk (2010).
9499:
9226:
8723:
8397:
7958:
7931:
7546:
7149:
Extinction: the causes and consequences of the disappearance of species
6819:
Perspectives on biodiversity: valuing its role in an everchanging world
6604:
5880:
5595:
5419:
4849:
4715:
4561:
Jaguar: One Man's Battle to Establish the World's First Jaguar Preserve
4395:"Indigenous input helps save wayward grizzly bear from summary killing"
3169:
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2177:
2141:
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2003:
1990:
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1242:
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852:
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581:
522:
Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by
503:
243:
228:
90:
86:
12396:
10020:
9803:
8207:
7991:"Ecology: Report Warns of Looming Pollination Crisis in North America"
7266:
5984:
Underwood EC, Shaw MR, Wilson KA, et al. (2008). Somers M (ed.).
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4231:
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overdrawing) upon the ecological capital of other parts of the world.
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8134:
Kwak, Mackenzie L.; Heath, Allen C. G.; Cardoso, Pedro (2020-08-01).
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6318:
5954:
5932:
5391:
Lindenmayer, David B.; Lavery, Tyrone; Scheele, Ben C. (2022-12-01).
5195:
4036:"Early Conservation Histories in Bengal and British India: 1875-1922"
3983:
2540:
2342:
2333:
2321:
2305:
2253:
2249:
2210:
1948:
1925:
1875:
1826:
1682:
1578:
1425:
1421:
1379:
1374:
is not available in many cases. A lack of historical data on species
1333:
1283:
1262:
1254:
1238:
895:
820:
725:
710:
676:
600:
374:
7335:"Species Extinction Happening 1,000 Times Faster Because of Humans?"
5911:
5862:
5860:
5579:
5537:
Frogwatch Teachers' guide to frogs as indicators of ecosystem health
4831:
4418:
4073:. Yellowstone Association for Natural Science, History of Education.
2778:
1565:
25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth."
1553:, some scientists (e.g) and conservation organizations, such as the
1420:
can be applied to ecological monitoring as a way to investigate how
14892:
14590:
14510:
14476:
14390:
14326:
14251:
14181:
14111:
14106:
13933:
13867:
13464:
13421:
13320:
13192:
13067:
13043:
12843:
12768:
12698:
12628:
12623:
12448:
12085:
10401:
10128:
4787:
4136:
Newton A. 1868. The zoological aspect of game laws. Address to the
3613:
3018:
First International Conference on Resesarch in Conservation Biology
2361:
2265:
2236:
The oceans are threatened by acidification due to an increase in CO
2105:
1887:
1524:
807:
By the 1970s, led primarily by work in the United States under the
573:
569:
480:
369:
338:
224:
152:
on the one hand and conservation policy and practice on the other.
82:
9959:. London: Commonwealth Science Council, Commonwealth Secretariat.
9666:
8473:"Wildlife trade creating 'empty forest syndrome' across the globe"
6827:
6403:
Cardinale BJ, Wright JP, Cadotte MW, et al. (November 2007).
6088:"Global mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities"
3725:
Darwin's cathedral: evolution, religion, and the nature of society
1729:
that benefit humanity. Many of the Earth's ecosystem services are
1272:
when they support policies using qualitative description, such as
167:
and conservation physiology. It stimulated further development of
14792:
14782:
14341:
14071:
13943:
13860:
13705:
13680:
13665:
13647:
13494:
13459:
13300:
13295:
13222:
13217:
13197:
12990:
12975:
12926:
12858:
12588:
12458:
12058:
11373:
9329:"Vertebrate biodiversity losses point to a sixth mass extinction"
9054:"Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention"
8587:
8489:
5857:
4175:
Nature's Bounty: Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives
2732:
2313:
2145:
2124:
1929:
1600:
1570:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1287:
760:
561:
557:
476:
412:
334:
232:
184:
112:
78:
9778:
8038:
Stokstad, E. (2007). "Entomology: The Case of the Empty Hives".
7868:
7146:
7079:
4519:
2031:
present as they gain an understanding of the context related to
1497:
14505:
14008:
13539:
13524:
13484:
13479:
13353:
13275:
13270:
13180:
12523:
11722:
11311:
10386:
9763:
9726:
Wilcox, Bruce A.; Soulé, Michael E.; Soulé, Michael E. (1980).
8538:
8446:"Greatest threat to Asia's wildlife is hunting, scientists say"
8180:
8082:"British Columbia's Mountain Pine Beetle Action Plan 2006-2011"
4931:
Raup DM (1991). "A kill curve for Phanerozoic marine species".
4685:"US Government Publishing Office - FDsys - Browse Publications"
2293:
2289:
2285:
2120:
2117:
1686:
1665:
1582:
1574:
1291:
1199:
Conservation physiology: a mechanistic approach to conservation
1069:
832:
824:
565:
564:, and minerals. In addition it referred to the preservation of
553:
527:
519:
424:
400:
326:
315:
255:
251:
9648:
Groom, Martha J.; Meffe, Gary K.; Carroll, C. Ronald. (2006).
8695:
8636:
8310:
6876:
5262:
5048:
341:
traditions. In Greek philosophy, Plato lamented about pasture
155:
Conservation biology and the concept of biological diversity (
13670:
13569:
13501:
13489:
13227:
13175:
11306:
11214:
9985:
7622:"How the Current Mass Extinction of Animals Threatens Humans"
7302:
7106:
7048:"Ecological Uses of Vertebrate Indicator Species: A Critique"
6735:
Mikkelson GM, Gonzalez A, Peterson GD (2007). Chave J (ed.).
5654:
4981:
4369:
Working for Wildlife: The Beginning of Preservation in Canada
2880:
2683:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"
2297:
2213:
2007:
1738:
1718:
1661:
1586:
1295:
1139:
and 70% of plants that have been evaluated are designated as
1072:
389:
330:
70:
9728:
Conservation Biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective
6470:
The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. Interim Report
4816:
3383:
Fitzpatrick, Matthew C.; Hargrove, William W. (2009-07-01).
3323:"Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean"
2735:
Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective
2104:
Conservation biologists are dealing with and have published
847:
In 1980, a significant development was the emergence of the
116:
Efforts are made to preserve the natural characteristics of
13549:
13534:
13474:
13150:
13039:
12995:
7444:"Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer"
7366:"In the light of evolution II: Biodiversity and extinction"
7178:
Living Planet Report 2016. Risk and resilience in a new era
6497:
6086:
Naidoo R, Balmford A, Costanza R, et al. (July 2008).
4477:
3432:
2805:
Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity
2474:
2149:
1883:
1429:
1324:, which is protecting an endangered species in its natural
1269:
1246:
599:. Newton was also instrumental in the passage of the first
12895:
8977:
8804:
5678:
Vié, J. C.; Hilton-Taylor, C.; Stuart, S.N., eds. (2009).
4863:
Balmford, Andrew; Green, Rhys E.; Jenkins, Martin (2003).
4603:"Chrono-Biographical Sketch: (Henry) Fairfield Osborn, Jr"
2023:
Conservation biologists study trends and process from the
1938:. Indicator species are monitored in an effort to capture
14595:
14468:
13328:
9305:
10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[483:ADOECD]2.0.CO;2
9051:
7683:
7539:
10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[483:ADOECD]2.0.CO;2
6734:
2936:
Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications
2773:(11). American Institute of Biological Sciences: 727–34.
1955:
1866:
of a keystone species was shown by the extinction of the
1834:
1234:
322:
8389:
10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2
7441:
6266:
5811:"Center for Biodiversity & Conservation | AMNH"
5390:
4773:
4083:
3378:
3376:
3300:
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis.
3071:
1759:
The ecological credit crunch is a global challenge. The
1356:
13212:
12263:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
9980:
7753:
7751:
7654:
Australian State of the Environment Committee. (2001).
6860:"Valuation of Ecosystem services : A Backgrounder"
6588:
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis
3892:"Introduction to Conservation Biology and Biogeography"
3595:"Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology"
2687:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2144:
group that is being monitored. For example, 23% of all
1401:
whether monitoring should happen where there is little
1219:
1164:
Compile data on the biodiversity of the planning region
545:
was opened in 1872 as the world's first national park.
8887:
McMenamin, S. K.; Hadly, E. A.; Wright, C. K. (2008).
8756:"Going, Going, Gone: Is Animal Migration Disappearing"
8229:
7781:
6652:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
6402:
6085:
5894:
Possingham, Hugh P.; Wilson, Kerrie A. (August 2005).
5677:
3122:
2885:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
1648:
1348:
Also, non-interference may be used, which is termed a
14845:
9033:"By 2050 Warming to Doom Million Species, Study Says"
8858:"Ecology & Anthropology: A Field Without Future?"
7184:. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International. p. 39.
6649:
3831:
3373:
9478:
9205:
8886:
8420:"Asia's biodiversity vanishing into the marketplace"
7748:
6466:
5708:
4862:
3870:. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education. p. 262.
2391:
2195:
reefs in the world disappeared in less than a year.
9706:
9685:
9667:Norse, Elliott A.; Crowder, Larry B., eds. (2005).
7364:Avise, J. C.; Hubbell, S. P.; Ayala, F. J. (2008).
7045:
5983:
4573:Carr, Marjorie Harris; Carr, Archie Fairly (1994).
4343:"Chrono-Biographical Sketch: Charles Gordon Hewitt"
3953:
Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism
3382:
3247:
3067:
3065:
3030:Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle (November 2012).
2372:This impact converted the forest from a small net
2256:in response to the changes in the ocean chemistry.
1167:
Identify conservation goals for the planning region
1154:
9955:White, James Emery; Kapoor-Vijay, Promila (1992).
9749:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
8947:
7328:
7326:
5562:Soulé, Michael E.; Terborgh, John (October 1999).
5165:or threatened for the purpose of these statistics.
4750:Earth in the balance: ecology and the human spirit
4730:"Convention on Biological Diversity Official Page"
4574:
4314:
4119:Newton A. 1899. The plume trade: borrowed plumes.
3916:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 196.
3833:
3722:
3562:Kay CE (1997). "The Ultimate Tragedy of Commons".
2846:
1179:Maintain the required values of conservation areas
870:; subsequently many countries began programmes of
851:movement. A local organization was established in
104:is based on the findings of conservation biology.
69:is the study of the conservation of nature and of
14467:
8945:
7663:. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
7363:
6042:
4701:
3193:
877:Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
14905:
10297:Other effective area-based conservation measures
8133:
6992:
6990:
6877:Ecosystem Services: Estimated value in trillions
6737:"Economic Inequality Predicts Biodiversity Loss"
5893:
5836:
3194:Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J.; Ferry, P. A. (2010).
3062:
2275:
2205:, including increases in ocean temperatures and
1962:
606:One of the first conservation societies was the
278:
120:, Australia, without affecting visitors' access.
11362:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in
10292:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
9594:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8893:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8753:
8183:"Global-Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation"
8129:
8127:
7370:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7323:
7214:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6999:"Modelling the extinction of Steller's sea cow"
5736:Gaston, K.J. (2010). "Valuing common species".
5174:
5161:The IUCN does not disaggregate endangered from
4896:
4046:(1–2). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: 485–500.
3327:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1928:with their semi-permeable skin and linkages to
1693:of nature and to make these values apparent in
1045:
950:
12287:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
9790:
9587:
9326:
9283:
7520:
7518:
7332:
7207:
6684:
6560:"From the Ecological Society of America (ESA)"
5866:
4910:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
4577:A naturalist in Florida: a celebration of Eden
3029:
2493:between species extinction and the release of
2292:-forming species), invertebrate (particularly
2158:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1833:island has been imputed to be as great as the
1508:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1191:to assist in the decision-making process. The
754:
14453:
12911:
12412:
11389:
10903:
10042:
6987:
6214:
6212:
6210:
5561:
3840:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2349:are all being considered as possible causes.
2171:
1845:
1342:Old Forests Store More Carbon than Young Ones
1108:, and a multitude of other variables such as
938:
9991:The Center for Biodiversity and Conservation
9513:
9243:Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation
8369:
8124:
7649:
7647:
7573:"A looming mass extinction caused by humans"
6996:
6822:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
6590:. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
4746:
4312:
4040:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
3801:
3741:
3592:
2733:Soulé, Michael E.; Wilcox, Bruce A. (1980).
2728:
2726:
2680:
2606:Nature conservation organizations by country
1493:Biodiversity § Benefits of biodiversity
10928:Template: Threatened species by region
10056:
9779:Sodhi, Navjot S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2010).
8754:Wilcove, David S; Wikelski, Martin (2008).
7515:
7147:Ehrlich, Anne H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (1981).
7142:
7140:
7080:Carroll, C. Dennis; Meffe, Gary K. (1997).
6958:
6956:
5704:
5702:
5360:
5098:
5096:
5094:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3804:A history of nature conservation in Britain
1147:. Better knowledge is being constructed by
933:
14460:
14446:
12918:
12904:
12419:
12405:
12358:
11396:
11382:
10910:
10896:
10049:
10035:
9770:. Bioversity International. Archived from
9764:Scheldeman, X.; van Zonneveld, M. (2010).
9030:
8370:Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine (2004).
7203:
7201:
6793:Staff of World Resources Program. (1998).
6262:
6260:
6258:
6207:
6145:
6143:
6141:
4581:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
3956:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
3797:
3795:
3793:
3484:"Biodiversity protection and preservation"
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3302:World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2561:Indigenous peoples: environmental benefits
2406:
1951:may impart on the health of an ecosystem.
1486:
894:Ecology has clarified the workings of the
283:Conscious efforts to conserve and protect
12885:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
12298:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
9802:
9623:
9613:
8954:. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall.
8922:
8912:
8862:Ecological and Environmental Anthropology
8781:
8771:
8722:
8605:
8556:
8507:
8387:
8346:
8336:
8256:
8206:
8006:
7886:
7644:
7566:
7564:
7399:
7389:
7243:
7233:
7128:
7022:
6770:
6760:
6586:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005).
6582:
6580:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6438:
6428:
6149:
6121:
6111:
6019:
6009:
5832:
5830:
5651:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
5626:
5418:
5408:
5120:
5066:
5025:
5007:
4839:
4496:
4454:
4436:
3537:
3450:
3356:
3346:
3219:
3099:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2798:
2796:
2723:
2706:
2280:Serious concerns also being raised about
1749:registers a financial crisis, traders on
1593:, including cultural value and planetary
1463:A conservationist may be inspired by the
1389:(which can be measured in many way, i.e.
1320:Conservation may be classified as either
608:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
12326:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
9730:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
9711:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
9692:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
9652:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
9359:
8376:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
8037:
7613:
7524:
7303:May, Robert Lewis; Lawton, John (1995).
7137:
7073:
7046:Landres PB, Verner J, Thomas JW (1988).
6953:
6462:
6460:
6458:
5803:
5780:
5729:
5699:
5673:
5671:
5091:
4865:"Measuring the changing state of nature"
4008:
3907:
3905:
3820:
3751:A Primer of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed
3727:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3679:
3511:
3298:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
2932:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2881:Meffe, Gary K.; Martha J. Groom (2006).
2737:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
2244:. A concern is that the majority of all
2131:on a global scale faster than any other
2094:
1652:
1599:
1502:outweighs the number of species (right).
1496:
1424:is affecting an ecosystem. Species like
701:
654:
460:
383:
368:
111:
57:
27:Study of threats to biological diversity
12426:
11274:The world's 100 most threatened species
11269:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
9850:
9829:
9588:Wake, D. B.; Vredenburg, V. T. (2008).
8950:Global climate change and life on earth
8855:
8699:"Consequences of changing biodiversity"
7944:
7619:
7422:
7208:Wake, D. B.; Vredenburg, V. T. (2008).
7198:
7165:
6255:
6218:
6138:
5687:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. p. 180
5550:Birds as indicators of Ecosystem Health
5105:"On the Future of Conservation Biology"
4930:
4306:
4200:
4123:28 January 1876; and The plume trade.
4103:"Protecting seabirds at Bempton Cliffs"
4087:Coastal Dunes: Ecology and Conservation
4033:
3976:
3790:
3747:
3320:
3307:
2821:
1954:Government regulators, consultants, or
1813:Although a direct market comparison of
1203:Conservation physiology was defined by
14:
14906:
11896:Corporate environmental responsibility
10917:
9240:
8973:
8971:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8276:
7988:
7909:
7561:
6984:. Marine Mammal Science, 11(3):391-394
6685:Mitchell R, Popham F (November 2008).
6577:
6514:
5827:
5786:
5735:
5602:
5496:
5102:
4365:
4321:. London: Leicester University Press.
4068:
4012:The Forests and Gardens of South India
4009:Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke (1861).
3949:
3593:Wilson DS, Wilson EO (December 2007).
3561:
3439:PLOS Sustainability and Transformation
3243:
3241:
3239:
2867:
2793:
2084:
1697:. This system of accounting is called
1004:
997:
988:
983:
430:Before Charles Darwin set sail on HMS
361:in response to his religious beliefs.
14441:
12899:
12880:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
12400:
11377:
10891:
10030:
10023:– Free access to conservation studies
9123:
8981:"Extinction risk from climate change"
8470:
8233:"A global parasite conservation plan"
7587:
7333:Dell'Amore, Christine (30 May 2014).
6624:
6455:
6357:
5668:
5386:
5384:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5322:
5320:
4392:
4227:
4225:
4171:
4100:
3911:
3902:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3640:
3428:
3426:
2899:
2802:
2757:
2473:for biodiversity at all levels, from
2057:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
2018:
1357:Ecological monitoring in conservation
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
14412:
12269:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
9993:– American Museum of Natural History
9981:Conservation Biology Institute (CBI)
7833:
7593:
7309:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
6476:. Wesseling, Germany: Welzel+Hardt.
5608:
5326:
5233:"Amphibian Conservation Action Plan"
5175:Margules CR, Pressey RL (May 2000).
5137:
4563:, Arbor House, New York, N.Y. (1986)
3147:
2850:Fundamentals of conservation biology
2656:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
2471:conservation management and planning
1909:
1440:
1220:Conservation biology as a profession
1173:Select additional conservation areas
1068:(not the absolute number) of marine
976:
968:
364:
14422:
10008:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9851:Nijhuis, Michelle (July 23, 2012).
9481:"Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots"
9208:"Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots"
8968:
8273:
7267:http://www.millenniumassessment.org
7171:
6150:Wood CC, Gross MR (February 2008).
5456:Journal of Environmental Management
5122:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00000-e1.x
4084:G. Baeyens; M. L. Martinez (2007).
3236:
2807:. Sinauer Associates. p. 584.
1850:
1817:is likely insufficient in terms of
1649:Economic values and natural capital
970:Marine extinction intensity during
639:sank, banker and expert naturalist
541:, as well the United States, where
441:was ignited through the efforts of
126:University of California, San Diego
24:
13339:Evolutionary developmental biology
11911:Environmental full-cost accounting
11403:
10016:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
9996:
9709:Essentials of Conservation Biology
9650:Principles of Conservation Biology
9112:
8471:Hance, Jeremy (January 19, 2009).
8120:from the original on Dec 13, 2022.
7924:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00055.x
7423:Bentley, Molly (January 2, 2009).
7083:Principles of conservation biology
7067:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00195.x
6627:"Bees get plants' pests in a flap"
5815:American Museum of Natural History
5381:
5361:Spellerberg, Ian F. (2005-08-18).
5347:
5317:
5177:"Systematic conservation planning"
4292:"Environmental timeline 1890–1920"
4222:
3854:
3423:
2883:Principles of conservation biology
2581:List of conservation organisations
1170:Review existing conservation areas
1160:the systematic planning approach:
1064:The blue graph shows the apparent
1041:
946:
868:Convention on Biological Diversity
736:, spearheaded the movement toward
590:Sea Birds Preservation Act of 1869
25:
14945:
13364:Post-transcriptional modification
11845:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
10169:Conservation biology of parasites
9974:
7620:Worrall, Simon (20 August 2016).
7570:
7425:"Diamond clues to beasts' demise"
6997:Turvey, S.T; Risley, C.L (2006).
6601:"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment"
5896:"Turning up the heat on hotspots"
5839:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
5397:Current Landscape Ecology Reports
5307:"Aldo Leopold Leadership Program"
5145:"IUCN Red-list statistics (2006)"
4907:The Theory of Island Biogeography
4872:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4671:LII / Legal Information Institute
2681:Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J (2008).
2398:Conservation biology of parasites
2392:Conservation biology of parasites
1998:, which are species, such as the
1195:is often considered in planning.
1115:The Theory of Island Biogeography
838:National Environmental Policy Act
14891:
14879:
14867:
14855:
14829:
14828:
14818:
14817:
14806:
14421:
14411:
14402:
14401:
14389:
13740:
12357:
12346:
12345:
12315:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
11352:Vulnerability and susceptibility
11240:Decline in amphibian populations
11122:
11121:
10872:
10871:
10285:Tropical rainforest conservation
10189:Vulnerability and susceptibility
9922:Society for Conservation Biology
9897:Society for Conservation Biology
9689:A primer of Conservation Biology
9671:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
9138:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00798.x
9045:
8939:
8880:
8849:
8798:
8747:
8689:
8630:
8581:
8532:
8496:Science of the Total Environment
8483:
8464:
8438:
8412:
8363:
8304:
8223:
8174:
8102:
8074:
8031:
7982:
7973:
7938:
7903:
7888:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x
7862:
7848:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00078.x
7827:
7775:
7729:
7677:
7493:
7435:
7416:
7357:
7296:
7271:
7260:
7100:
7039:
6974:
6924:
6906:
6888:
6870:
6852:
6809:
6787:
6728:
6678:
6643:
6618:
6593:
6552:
6498:"Gund Institute for Environment"
6490:
6381:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00798.x
6349:
6331:
6311:
6171:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00856.x
6079:
6057:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00628.x
6036:
5977:
5926:
5887:
5723:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00l07.x
5628:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00869.x
5277:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01150.x
4393:Cecco, Leyland (19 April 2020).
3987:. Chennai, India. Archived from
3576:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.97069.x
3435:"Reconceptualizing conservation"
3162:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x
1685:to determine how to measure the
1226:Society for Conservation Biology
1155:Systematic conservation planning
1078:Capitanian mass extinction event
861:Society for Conservation Biology
687:was set up in 1895. A series of
51:. For the popular movement, see
11901:Corporate social responsibility
11830:Ocean thermal energy conversion
11769:Community-supported agriculture
11454:Human impact on the environment
10834:NatureServe conservation status
10119:Conservation-induced extinction
9479:Kareiva P.; Marvier M. (2003).
9206:Kareiva P.; Marvier M. (2003).
8594:The European Zoological Journal
8509:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165280
6525:
6051:(1): 266–8, discussion 269–70.
5643:
5555:
5542:
5529:
5490:
5443:
5299:
5256:
5225:
5168:
5155:
5042:
4975:
4924:
4890:
4856:
4810:
4767:
4740:
4722:
4695:
4677:
4659:
4650:
4637:
4613:
4595:
4566:
4553:
4513:
4471:
4412:
4386:
4372:. University of Toronto Press.
4359:
4335:
4284:
4260:
4238:Environmental Biology of Fishes
4165:
4143:
4130:
4113:
4094:
4077:
4062:
4027:
4002:
3970:
3943:
3930:
3884:
3781:
3772:
3754:. Sinauer Associates. pp.
3716:
3673:
3554:
3505:
3476:
3467:
3292:
3141:
3123:Wilson, Edward Osborne (2002).
3116:
3032:"What Is Conservation Science?"
3023:
2760:"What is Conservation Biology?"
1874:) through its interaction with
1151:for actual numbers of species.
842:Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
618:campaigning against the use of
248:the current biodiversity crisis
12141:Socially responsible marketing
11028:Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
10225:Conservation management system
10109:Conservation-dependent species
10069:Index of conservation articles
9895:, a quarterly magazine of the
6358:Bowen, B. W. (December 1999).
5789:"Conservation of Biodiversity"
5367:. Cambridge University Press.
3832:Farber, Paul Lawrence (2000).
2990:
2981:
2751:
2209:, causing both the release of
1189:Geographic Information Systems
1176:Implement conservation actions
689:national forests and preserves
178:
13:
1:
12332:Sustainable Development Goals
12136:Socially responsible business
11332:Ecoregion conservation status
11235:Decline in insect populations
10451:Assisted natural regeneration
10255:Ecoregion conservation status
9819:A free textbook for download.
9787:A free textbook for download.
9516:Biodiversity and Conservation
9362:Biodiversity and Conservation
9333:Biodiversity and Conservation
8607:10.1080/24750263.2022.2087773
8545:Biodiversity and Conservation
7947:Biodiversity and Conservation
7086:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer.
6706:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X
6625:Black, Richard (2008-12-22).
6467:European Communities (2008).
5851:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00100-9
5552:. Retrieved December 14, 2022
5468:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.067
4884:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00067-3
4647:New York, Doubleday. 188-249.
4101:Makel, Jo (2 February 2011).
3682:Biodiversity and Conservation
3539:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
3389:Biodiversity and Conservation
2853:. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
2662:
2276:Groups other than vertebrates
1963:Umbrella and flagship species
1315:
279:Natural resource conservation
11327:Conservation-reliant species
10839:Special Area of Conservation
10377:Landscape-scale conservation
10372:High conservation value area
10250:Community-based conservation
9782:Conservation biology for all
9707:Primack, Richard B. (2006).
9686:Primack, Richard B. (2004).
9031:John Roach (July 12, 2004).
8773:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060188
8372:"Ecological light pollution"
8338:10.1371/journal.pone.0001636
8249:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108596
8152:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108696
8114:Province of British Columbia
8089:Province of British Columbia
8052:10.1126/science.316.5827.970
8008:10.1126/science.314.5798.397
6762:10.1371/journal.pone.0000444
6409:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
6092:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
6011:10.1371/journal.pone.0001515
5497:Burger, Joanna (July 2006).
5364:Monitoring Ecological Change
5238:. 2007-07-04. Archived from
4753:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
4366:Foster, Janet (1998-01-01).
3914:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
3787:The Bible, Leviticus, 25:4-5
3748:Primack, Richard B. (2004).
3514:"The Tragedy of the Commons"
3452:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000016
3000:as a new field at the time.
2566:List of basic biology topics
2531:Conservation-reliant species
2248:species will not be able to
1455:Conservation biologists are
888:landscape scale conservation
802:Democratic Republic of Congo
213:minimum population viability
7:
14778:Zoo emergency response team
12925:
12161:Sustainability organization
11946:Standards and certification
11537:Social return on investment
10857:List of conservation issues
10265:Evidence-based conservation
10159:Mutualisms and conservation
9935:Diversity and Distributions
9251:10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_2
7594:Tate, Karl (19 June 2015).
7505:Global Amphibian Assessment
6968:National Geographic Society
6339:"The Biodiversity Hotspots"
5503:Environmental Bioindicators
5341:10.5958/j.0975-4261.1.2.011
4621:"the story of the virungas"
3977:MUTHIAH, S. (Nov 5, 2007).
3723:Wilson, David Alec (2002).
2847:Hunter, Malcolm L. (1996).
2591:Mutualisms and conservation
2586:List of conservation topics
2571:List of biological websites
2513:
2190:Human impact on marine life
2123:and one-half of all mammal
1465:resource conservation ethic
1268:Conservationists introduce
900:burgeoning human population
886:Since 2000, the concept of
881:Society for the Environment
755:Global conservation efforts
685:New York Zoological Society
95:natural resource management
77:with the aim of protecting
10:
14950:
14924:Environmental conservation
11586:Systemic change resistance
10984:Critically Endangered (CR)
10307:Roadless area conservation
10099:Compassionate conservation
9794:What Works in Conservation
9785:. Oxford University Press.
9374:10.1007/s10531-021-02140-8
8946:Wyman, Richard L. (1991).
8558:10.1007/s10531-021-02334-0
7151:. New York: Random House.
7109:Journal of Applied Ecology
6806:. World Resources 1998-99.
6796:Valuing Ecosystem Services
5793:Nature Education Knowledge
5787:Kearns, Carol Ann (2010).
5410:10.1007/s40823-022-00079-2
5103:Wilson, Edward O. (2000).
4246:10.1007/s10641-023-01460-8
4172:Penna, Anthony N. (1999).
4034:Bennett, Brett M. (2005).
3512:Hardin G (December 1968).
3321:Jackson, J. B. C. (2008).
2939:(2nd ed.). New York:
2803:Soule, Michael E. (1986).
2758:Soulé, Michael E. (1986).
2631:Tyranny of small decisions
2410:
2395:
2201:is caused by a mixture of
2175:
2172:Status of oceans and reefs
2088:
2079:World Wide Fund for Nature
1966:
1913:
1854:
1846:Strategic species concepts
1695:global market transactions
1670:
1490:
1444:
1120:background extinction rate
939:Measuring extinction rates
728:civil servants, including
697:Dinosaur National Monument
673:Forest Reserve Act of 1891
464:
455:conservation organizations
437:By the early 19th century
261:
107:
29:
14801:
14720:
14695:Former zoos and aquariums
14650:
14604:
14483:
14383:
14352:
13914:
13884:
13850:Polymerase chain reaction
13810:Green fluorescent protein
13760:
13749:
13738:
13646:
13578:
13510:
13450:
13387:Earliest known life forms
13372:
13319:
13236:
13143:
12983:
12974:
12933:
12867:
12434:
12341:
12252:
12189:
11961:
11888:
11797:
11764:Climate-smart agriculture
11749:
11721:
11678:
11632:
11599:
11472:
11429:
11411:
11360:
11282:
11212:
11178:
11120:
11069:
11062:
11037:
11002:
10974:
10953:
10946:
10934:
10925:
10852:
10806:
10661:
10498:
10441:
10410:
10330:
10197:
10077:
10064:
9747:Wild Mammals in Captivity
9528:10.1007/s10531-013-0476-6
9345:10.1007/s10531-015-0940-6
7764:. fungal-conservation.org
6936:www.waikatoregion.govt.nz
5515:10.1080/15555270600701540
4953:10.1017/S0094837300010332
4704:Wildlife Society Bulletin
4438:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0
3694:10.1007/s10531-009-9644-0
3401:10.1007/s10531-009-9584-8
3127:. Boston: Little, Brown.
2949:10.1007/978-1-4020-6891-1
2507:effects of global warming
2483:Yellowstone National Park
2114:Holocene extinction event
1985:, because of its lengthy
1940:environmental degradation
1902:on the kelp beds and the
1898:, sea urchin populations
1769:WWF Living Planet Report
1761:Living Planet Report 2008
1080:are clickable links; see
872:Biodiversity Action Plans
817:Biodiversity Action Plans
788:to act in defense of the
543:Yellowstone National Park
407:. By 1900 there were 150
205:effective population size
11906:Environmental accounting
11655:Sustainable architecture
11645:Environmental technology
11292:Biodiversity action plan
10966:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
10694:Central African Republic
10342:Conservation designation
10260:Environmental protection
10245:Conspicuous conservation
10235:Conservation photography
10210:Conservation development
10205:Conservation agriculture
10021:Conservationevidence.com
9903:Conservation and Society
9797:. Open Book Publishers.
8856:Schmidt, Gerald (2005).
6319:Global Conservation Fund
5609:Chan, Kai M. A. (2008).
4689:frwebgate.access.gpo.gov
4090:. Springer. p. 282.
3048:10.1525/bio.2012.62.11.5
2330:colony collapse disorder
2262:multi-cellular organisms
2129:amphibians are declining
1840:technological innovation
934:Concepts and foundations
89:from excessive rates of
13902:species discovery curve
13030:Response to environment
11779:Sustainable agriculture
10433:Human–wildlife conflict
10317:Site-based conservation
10240:Conservation psychology
10058:Conservation of species
9885:Biological Conservation
9830:Christy, Bryan (2008).
9615:10.1073/pnas.0801921105
9456:10.1126/science.1127609
9327:McCallum M. L. (2015).
9284:McCallum M. L. (2008).
9183:10.1126/science.1127609
8914:10.1073/pnas.0809090105
8827:10.1126/science.1149374
8292:www.e-education.psu.edu
8237:Biological Conservation
8199:10.5751/ES-00209-040203
8140:Biological Conservation
7805:10.1126/science.1095046
7707:10.1126/science.1159196
7471:10.1126/science.1162819
7391:10.1073/pnas.0802504105
7235:10.1073/pnas.0801921105
7121:10.1111/1365-2664.12672
6430:10.1073/pnas.0709069104
6233:10.1126/science.1159607
6113:10.1073/pnas.0707823105
5758:10.1126/science.1182818
5055:Journal of Biogeography
4776:The American Naturalist
4069:Haines, Aubrey (1996).
3806:. New York: Routledge.
3348:10.1073/pnas.0802812105
3270:10.1126/science.1101101
3079:Conservation Physiology
2933:Van Dyke, Fred (2008).
2501:. Ecosystems store and
2407:Threats to biodiversity
2358:Dendroctonus ponderosae
2312:. The greatest bulk of
1861:Some species, called a
1725:. Nature sustains many
1545:sustaining biodiversity
1487:Conservation priorities
1471:that is independent of
475:period particularly in
409:natural history museums
40:Biological Conservation
14642:Species reintroduction
14375:Plant morphology terms
13979:Biological engineering
13661:Biological interaction
12494:Biological engineering
12322:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
12191:Sustainable management
12176:Urban drainage systems
11916:Environmental planning
11880:Water recycling shower
11870:Tidal stream generator
11665:Sustainable industries
11624:Sustainable population
11609:Demographic transition
11591:Tragedy of the commons
11342:Latent extinction risk
10490:Species reintroduction
10149:Latent extinction risk
9999:"Conservation Biology"
9293:Journal of Herpetology
8110:"Mountain pine beetle"
7527:Journal of Herpetology
7507:. IUCN. Archived from
7015:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0415
5535:Macdonald, N. (2002).
5009:10.1126/sciadv.1400253
4425:Communications Biology
3866:Mader, Sylvia (2016).
3212:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024
3092:10.1093/conphys/cot001
2699:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
2576:List of biology topics
2461:
2448:linked protected areas
2428:agricultural expansion
2389:
2228:
2203:environmental stresses
2101:
1808:social income inequity
1802:, between markets and
1792:cycling soil nutrients
1766:
1668:
1637:
1559:biodiversity coldspots
1503:
1214:
1059:
964:
931:
809:Endangered Species Act
721:
719:Yosemite National Park
664:
645:Natural History Museum
643:held a meeting at the
626:skins and feathers in
443:Alexander von Humboldt
393:
381:
290:Tragedy of the Commons
270:
121:
63:
18:Conservation biologist
14934:Philosophy of biology
14768:Wildlife conservation
14748:Behavioral enrichment
14062:Developmental biology
14039:Computational biology
14019:Cellular microbiology
13359:Mendelian inheritance
13271:Energy transformation
12579:Developmental biology
12554:Computational biology
12534:Cellular microbiology
12214:Humanistic capitalism
12029:Environmental finance
11670:Sustainable packaging
11227:Endangered arthropods
11223:Threatened arthropods
11145:Critically Endangered
11087:Critically Endangered
10862:List of organisations
10516:Hawaiian honeycreeper
10456:Ecosystem restoration
10428:Habitat fragmentation
10423:Fortress conservation
10382:Marine protected area
10352:Conservation easement
10347:Conservation district
10312:Roadside conservation
10230:Conservation movement
10174:Species translocation
10114:Conservation genetics
10104:Conservation behavior
9600:(Suppl 1): 11466–73.
9509:on September 6, 2006.
9236:on September 6, 2006.
9118:Scientific literature
7220:(Suppl 1): 11466–73.
6528:"World Wildlife Fund"
6375:(12 Suppl 1): S5–10.
5163:critically endangered
4747:Gore, Albert (1992).
4736:on February 27, 2007.
4313:Davis, Peter (1996).
4208:"History of the RSPB"
4178:. Armonk, N.Y. U.S.:
3979:"A life for forestry"
3950:Barton, Greg (2002).
3912:Cloyd, E. L. (1972).
3802:Evans, David (1997).
3333:(Suppl 1): 11458–65.
2998:conservation genetics
2536:Ecological extinction
2457:
2444:Habitat fragmentation
2370:
2224:
2098:
1780:atmospheric chemistry
1757:
1656:
1618:Critically Endangered
1603:
1550:biodiversity hotspots
1517:sixth mass extinction
1500:
1259:conservation genetics
1209:
1088:source and image info
1058:
985:Millions of years ago
963:
926:A Sand County Almanac
912:
798:Virunga National Park
738:wildlife conservation
730:Charles Gordon Hewitt
724:In the 20th century,
705:
658:
610:, founded in 1889 in
483:. Thinkers including
467:Conservation movement
461:Conservation movement
387:
372:
266:
209:inbreeding depression
169:conservation genetics
165:conservation behavior
150:evolutionary genetics
115:
61:
14914:Conservation biology
14738:Animals in captivity
14637:In situ conservation
14632:Ex situ conservation
14622:Conservation biology
14282:Reproductive biology
14167:Mathematical biology
14092:Evolutionary biology
14043:Conservation biology
13855:Two-hybrid screening
13825:Protein purification
13656:Biogeochemical cycle
13618:Internal environment
13266:Cellular respiration
12799:Reproductive biology
12684:Mathematical biology
12609:Evolutionary biology
12559:Conservation biology
12181:Urban infrastructure
11875:Water heat recycling
11698:Conservation biology
11542:Steady-state economy
11517:Micro-sustainability
11502:Ecological footprint
11459:Planetary boundaries
11302:Conservation biology
11297:Biodiversity threats
11010:Near Threatened (NT)
10824:Planetary boundaries
10814:Conservation officer
10418:Conservation refugee
10367:Habitat conservation
10357:Conservation reserve
10322:Wetland conservation
10220:Conservation grazing
10215:Conservation finance
10179:Conservation welfare
10144:In-situ conservation
10139:Extinction threshold
10134:Ex-situ conservation
9928:Conservation Letters
9910:Conservation Biology
9836:. New York: Twelve.
8187:Conservation Ecology
8116:. January 26, 2024.
7912:Conservation Biology
7836:Conservation Biology
7376:(Suppl 1): 11453–7.
6932:"The Hidden Economy"
6540:on February 25, 2009
5711:Conservation Biology
5615:Conservation Biology
5109:Conservation Biology
3938:The forests of India
3936:Stebbing, E.P (1922)
3150:Conservation Biology
3014:conservation biology
2556:In-situ conservation
2464:Wake and Vredenburg
2413:Biodiversity threats
2354:mountain pine beetle
2074:Living Planet Report
1710:Living Planet Report
1533:ecological processes
1447:Conservation (ethic)
1330:ex-situ conservation
1322:in-situ conservation
1110:loss of biodiversity
1098:statistical measures
863:originated in 1985.
794:Albert National Park
691:were established by
314:The Mauryan emperor
273:– Theodore Roosevelt
67:Conservation biology
47:Conservation Ecology
33:Conservation Biology
14835:Category: Aquariums
14690:Conservation topics
14067:Ecological genetics
13780:Gel electrophoresis
13770:Genetic engineering
13723:Population dynamics
13633:Reproductive system
12584:Ecological genetics
12428:Branches of biology
12282:Earth Summit (1992)
11936:Metrics and indices
11789:Sustainable fishery
11708:Holocene extinction
11527:Product stewardship
11497:Earth Overshoot Day
11337:Habitat destruction
11322:Conservation status
11140:Extinct in the Wild
11082:Extinct in the Wild
11045:Data Deficient (DD)
10164:Nature conservation
10154:Marine conservation
10124:Conservation status
9942:Ecology and Society
9877:Animal Conservation
9857:Scientific American
9824:General non-fiction
9606:2008PNAS..10511466W
9557:2000Natur.403..853M
9448:2006Sci...313...58B
9403:2000Natur.403..853M
9175:2006Sci...313...58B
9078:10.1038/nature22900
9070:2017Natur.546...73T
9037:National Geographic
9008:10.1038/nature02121
9000:2004Natur.427..145T
8905:2008PNAS..10516988M
8819:2007Sci...318.1775B
8667:10.1038/nature02422
8659:2004Natur.428..640R
8329:2008PLoSO...3.1636S
7989:Holden, C. (2006).
7797:2004Sci...303.1879T
7699:2008Sci...321..560C
7626:National Geographic
7463:2009Sci...323...94K
7382:2008PNAS..10511453A
7339:National Geographic
7226:2008PNAS..10511466W
6970:. October 19, 2023.
6753:2007PLoSO...2..444M
6421:2007PNAS..10418123C
6289:10.1038/nature06777
6281:2008Natur.452..987K
6104:2008PNAS..105.9495N
6002:2008PLoSO...3.1515U
5947:2000Natur.403..853M
5750:2010Sci...327..154G
5548:Begazo, A. (2022).
5000:2015SciA....1E0253C
4945:1991Pbio...17...37R
4645:In Brightest Africa
4138:British Association
3991:on November 8, 2007
3530:1968Sci...162.1243H
3339:2008PNAS..10511458J
3262:2004Sci...305.1632K
3010:World Wildlife Fund
2651:Wildlife management
2626:Restoration ecology
2601:Nature conservation
2596:Natural environment
2420:habitat destruction
2186:Marine conservation
2166:climate restoration
2091:Holocene extinction
2085:Holocene extinction
1904:ecosystem collapsed
1900:grazed unrestricted
1723:European Commission
1614:Extinct in the Wild
1537:conservation status
1309:adaptive management
857:grassroots movement
813:Species at Risk Act
786:Albert I of Belgium
620:great crested grebe
508:James Ranald Martin
502:, that there was a
353:was founded on the
187:in researching the
14813:Animals portal
14788:Zoological society
14675:Animal sanctuaries
14627:Endangered species
14541:Marine mammal park
14396:Biology portal
14292:Structural biology
14277:Relational biology
14102:Generative biology
14097:Freshwater biology
13897:mark and recapture
13845:Restriction enzyme
13638:Respiratory system
13593:Circulatory system
13520:Epidermis (botany)
12875:History of biology
12809:Structural biology
12794:Relational biology
12619:Generative biology
12614:Freshwater biology
11741:Sustainable energy
11703:Endangered species
11660:Sustainable design
11574:Consumer behaviour
11050:Not Evaluated (NE)
11038:Not fully assessed
11015:Least Concern (LC)
10919:Threatened species
10461:Island restoration
10392:Open space reserve
10184:Threatened species
9500:10.1511/2003.4.344
9488:American Scientist
9227:10.1511/2003.4.344
9215:American Scientist
8426:on August 23, 2019
7959:10.1007/BF00056672
7875:Journal of Ecology
7632:on August 23, 2014
6982:Hydrodamalis gigas
6964:"Keystone Species"
6918:2007-02-02 at the
6882:2007-04-07 at the
6802:2008-11-30 at the
6324:2007-11-16 at the
5881:10.1511/2003.4.344
5869:American Scientist
4643:Akeley, C., 1923.
3125:The future of life
2636:Water conservation
2621:Renewable resource
2304:of insects in the
2162:climate mitigation
2102:
2033:species extinction
2019:Context and trends
1872:Hydrodamalis gigas
1727:ecosystem services
1673:Ecosystem services
1669:
1660:desert in western
1638:
1591:ecosystem services
1555:Nature Conservancy
1529:endangered species
1504:
1257:. Within biology,
1207:and colleagues as:
1084:for more details.
1060:
965:
849:urban conservation
815:(SARA) of Canada,
722:
693:Theodore Roosevelt
665:
641:Charles Rothschild
513:Forest Departments
489:Christian theology
394:
382:
379:John James Audubon
351:wildlife sanctuary
221:endangered species
189:population ecology
122:
102:conservation ethic
64:
14919:Landscape ecology
14843:
14842:
14758:Immersion exhibit
14496:Animal theme park
14435:
14434:
14297:Synthetic biology
14177:Molecular biology
14034:Cognitive biology
13910:
13909:
13736:
13735:
13427:Natural selection
13208:Organic compounds
13105:Scientific method
13095:Emergent property
13036:Hierarchy of life
13006:Energy processing
12893:
12892:
12814:Synthetic biology
12694:Molecular biology
12549:Cognitive biology
12394:
12393:
12320:Earth Summit 2002
12303:Lisbon Principles
12275:Our Common Future
11953:Sustainable yield
11759:Civic agriculture
11512:Green consumption
11449:Global governance
11371:
11370:
11317:Bird conservation
11208:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11058:
11057:
10885:
10884:
10844:Soil conservation
10397:Wildlife corridor
10280:Forest protection
10275:Forest management
9997:Sarkar, Sahotra.
9966:978-0-85092-392-6
9843:978-0-446-58095-3
9814:978-1-78374-157-1
9804:10.11647/OBP.0060
9756:978-0-226-44009-5
9737:978-0-87893-800-1
9718:978-0-87893-720-2
9699:978-0-87893-728-8
9678:978-1-55963-662-9
9659:978-0-87893-597-0
9339:(10): 2497–2519.
9260:978-3-030-23633-5
9126:Molecular Ecology
8961:978-0-412-02821-2
8709:(6783): 234–242.
7791:(5665): 1879–81.
7670:978-0-643-06745-5
7316:978-0-19-854829-4
7191:978-2-940529-40-7
7158:978-0-394-51312-6
7093:978-0-87893-521-5
6837:978-0-309-06581-8
6700:(9650): 1655–60.
6483:978-92-79-08960-2
6368:Molecular Ecology
5906:(7053): 919–920.
5744:(5962): 154–155.
5462:(Pt 2): 392–402.
5374:978-1-139-44547-4
5151:on June 30, 2006.
5068:10.1111/jbi.13734
4917:978-0-691-08836-5
4760:978-0-395-57821-6
4588:978-0-300-05589-4
4559:A.R. Rabinowitz,
4539:10.1002/fsh.10679
4498:10.1002/fsh.10660
4379:978-0-8020-7969-5
4328:978-0-7185-1548-5
4193:978-0-7656-0187-2
3963:978-1-139-43460-7
3940:vol. 1, pp. 72-81
3923:978-0-19-812437-5
3877:978-0-07-802426-9
3847:978-0-8018-6390-5
3813:978-0-415-14491-9
3765:978-0-87893-728-8
3734:978-0-226-90134-3
3688:(10): 2551–2562.
3134:978-0-316-64853-0
2892:978-0-87893-518-5
2860:978-0-86542-371-8
2814:978-0-87893-795-0
2744:978-0-87893-800-1
2616:Regional Red List
2551:Genetic pollution
2432:urban development
2270:marine ecosystems
2268:left to dominate
2242:natural resources
2053:Triassic–Jurassic
1983:monarch butterfly
1977:An example of an
1922:indicator species
1916:Indicator species
1910:Indicator species
1868:Steller's sea cow
1784:pollinating crops
1737:and therefore no
1608:categories: EX (
1457:interdisciplinary
1441:Ethics and values
1418:indicator species
993:
800:) in what is now
780:and observed the
778:Virunga Mountains
683:in 1892, and the
526:, a professional
511:establishment of
392:in central China.
365:Early naturalists
305:Pacific Northwest
240:biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
14941:
14896:
14895:
14884:
14883:
14882:
14872:
14871:
14870:
14860:
14859:
14851:
14832:
14831:
14821:
14820:
14811:
14810:
14705:Zoo associations
14680:Butterfly houses
14617:Captive breeding
14491:Animal sanctuary
14462:
14455:
14448:
14439:
14438:
14425:
14424:
14415:
14414:
14405:
14404:
14398:
14394:
14393:
14370:Ecological terms
14024:Chemical biology
13885:Field techniques
13758:
13757:
13744:
13603:Digestive system
13598:Endocrine system
13171:Chemical element
13130:Biology journals
13026:Self-replication
12981:
12980:
12920:
12913:
12906:
12897:
12896:
12539:Chemical biology
12421:
12414:
12407:
12398:
12397:
12361:
12360:
12349:
12348:
12293:Agenda 21 (1992)
12264:
12229:Natural resource
12116:Organic movement
12091:Impact investing
11810:Hydroelectricity
11784:Sustainable diet
11736:Renewable energy
11731:Carbon footprint
11713:Invasive species
11650:Natural building
11601:World population
11562:Marketing myopia
11522:Over-consumption
11492:Circular economy
11487:Anti-consumerism
11444:Environmentalism
11398:
11391:
11384:
11375:
11374:
11125:
11124:
11067:
11066:
10951:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10912:
10905:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10875:
10874:
10759:Papua New Guinea
10651:Cryopreservation
10616:Gray nurse shark
10270:Flagship species
10094:Captive breeding
10051:
10044:
10037:
10028:
10027:
10012:
10003:Zalta, Edward N.
9970:
9949:Training manuals
9866:
9864:
9863:
9847:
9818:
9806:
9786:
9775:
9760:
9741:
9722:
9703:
9682:
9663:
9637:
9627:
9617:
9584:
9565:10.1038/35002501
9539:
9522:(6–7): 1355–67.
9510:
9508:
9502:. Archived from
9485:
9475:
9430:
9411:10.1038/35002501
9385:
9368:(5): 1257–1275.
9356:
9323:
9321:
9315:. Archived from
9290:
9280:
9237:
9235:
9229:. Archived from
9212:
9202:
9157:
9106:
9105:
9049:
9043:
9040:
9027:
8985:
8975:
8966:
8965:
8953:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8926:
8916:
8899:(44): 16988–93.
8884:
8878:
8877:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8813:(5857): 1775–7.
8802:
8796:
8795:
8785:
8775:
8751:
8745:
8744:
8726:
8715:10.1038/35012241
8693:
8687:
8686:
8644:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8609:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8560:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8511:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8452:on July 25, 2011
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8391:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8350:
8340:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8284:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8210:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8091:. Archived from
8086:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8010:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7890:
7866:
7860:
7859:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7763:
7759:"Orphans of Rio"
7755:
7746:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7662:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7628:. Archived from
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7568:
7559:
7558:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7448:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7403:
7393:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7341:. Archived from
7330:
7321:
7320:
7306:Extinction rates
7300:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7281:. Archived from
7275:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7237:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7183:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7052:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7026:
6994:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6938:. Archived from
6928:
6922:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6892:
6886:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6862:. Archived from
6856:
6850:
6849:
6813:
6807:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6774:
6764:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6691:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6664:10.1002/aqc.2681
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6603:. Archived from
6597:
6591:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6562:. Archived from
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6533:. Archived from
6532:
6523:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6475:
6464:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6400:
6364:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6341:. Archived from
6335:
6329:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6275:(7190): 987–90.
6264:
6253:
6252:
6216:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6189:. Archived from
6156:
6147:
6136:
6135:
6125:
6115:
6098:(28): 9495–500.
6083:
6077:
6076:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6023:
6013:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5955:10.1038/35002501
5930:
5924:
5923:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5834:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5706:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5653:. Archived from
5647:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5559:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5422:
5412:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5214:. Archived from
5196:10.1038/35012251
5190:(6783): 243–53.
5181:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5147:. Archived from
5141:
5135:
5134:
5124:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5070:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5011:
4988:Science Advances
4979:
4973:
4972:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4869:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4826:(8): 2200–2207.
4814:
4808:
4807:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4732:. Archived from
4726:
4720:
4719:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4440:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4298:. Archived from
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4054:. Archived from
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3947:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3896:web2.uwindsor.ca
3888:
3882:
3881:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3829:
3818:
3817:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3655:. Archived from
3654:
3647:Yakutat, Alaska.
3644:
3638:
3637:
3632:. Archived from
3599:
3587:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3524:(3859): 1243–8.
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3490:. Archived from
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3395:(8): 2255–2261.
3380:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3318:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3256:(5690): 1632–4.
3245:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3027:
3021:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2930:
2897:
2896:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2844:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2693:(1636): 759–65.
2678:
2646:Wildlife disease
2526:Bird observatory
2465:
2452:nutrient cycling
2436:overexploitation
2387:
2366:British Columbia
2310:species richness
2282:taxonomic groups
2232:
2182:Marine pollution
2110:extinction event
2069:wetland draining
2065:reef destruction
2049:Permian–Triassic
2012:mountain gorilla
1996:flagship species
1979:umbrella species
1973:Flagship species
1969:Umbrella species
1863:keystone species
1857:Keystone species
1851:Keystone species
1794:, purifying our
1770:
1721:leaders and the
1604:Summary of 2006
1595:nutrient cycling
1129:species binomial
1082:Extinction event
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
991:
986:
981:
980:
974:
929:
790:mountain gorilla
782:mountain gorilla
763:conservation in
532:Governor-General
524:Alexander Gibson
343:land degradation
299:peoples and the
274:
130:Michael E. Soulé
21:
14949:
14948:
14944:
14943:
14942:
14940:
14939:
14938:
14904:
14903:
14902:
14890:
14880:
14878:
14868:
14866:
14854:
14846:
14844:
14839:
14805:
14797:
14763:Nocturnal house
14743:Animal training
14716:
14646:
14600:
14516:Butterfly house
14479:
14466:
14436:
14431:
14388:
14387:
14379:
14365:Botanical terms
14348:
14347:
14346:
14307:Systems biology
14272:Quantum biology
13906:
13880:
13762:
13752:
13745:
13732:
13642:
13623:Muscular system
13580:
13574:
13565:Vascular tissue
13512:
13506:
13446:
13407:History of life
13368:
13349:Gene regulation
13344:Gene expression
13315:
13232:
13139:
12970:
12929:
12924:
12894:
12889:
12863:
12824:Systems biology
12789:Quantum biology
12430:
12425:
12395:
12390:
12337:
12262:
12254:
12253:Agreements and
12248:
12185:
11989:Climate finance
11957:
11884:
11840:Reclaimed water
11793:
11745:
11717:
11674:
11628:
11614:Family planning
11595:
11468:
11425:
11407:
11402:
11372:
11367:
11356:
11278:
11200:
11174:
11160:Near Threatened
11116:
11102:Near Threatened
11054:
11033:
11021:Lower Risk (LR)
10998:
10994:Vulnerable (VU)
10989:Endangered (EN)
10970:
10930:
10921:
10916:
10886:
10881:
10848:
10802:
10657:
10575:Indian elephant
10494:
10437:
10406:
10402:30 by 30 target
10333:
10326:
10302:Riparian buffer
10193:
10080:
10073:
10060:
10055:
9977:
9967:
9861:
9859:
9844:
9815:
9757:
9738:
9719:
9700:
9679:
9660:
9551:(6772): 853–8.
9506:
9483:
9442:(5783): 58–61.
9397:(6772): 853–8.
9319:
9288:
9261:
9233:
9210:
9169:(5783): 58–61.
9115:
9113:Further reading
9110:
9109:
9064:(7656): 73–81.
9050:
9046:
8994:(6970): 145–8.
8983:
8976:
8969:
8962:
8944:
8940:
8885:
8881:
8854:
8850:
8803:
8799:
8752:
8748:
8694:
8690:
8653:(6983): 640–3.
8642:
8635:
8631:
8586:
8582:
8537:
8533:
8488:
8484:
8469:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8368:
8364:
8309:
8305:
8296:
8294:
8286:
8285:
8274:
8228:
8224:
8179:
8175:
8132:
8125:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8095:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8046:(5827): 970–2.
8036:
8032:
7987:
7983:
7978:
7974:
7943:
7939:
7908:
7904:
7867:
7863:
7832:
7828:
7780:
7776:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7734:
7730:
7693:(5888): 560–3.
7682:
7678:
7671:
7660:
7652:
7645:
7635:
7633:
7618:
7614:
7604:
7602:
7592:
7588:
7578:
7576:
7569:
7562:
7523:
7516:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7446:
7440:
7436:
7421:
7417:
7362:
7358:
7348:
7346:
7345:on May 31, 2014
7331:
7324:
7317:
7301:
7297:
7288:
7286:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7261:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7181:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7145:
7138:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7078:
7074:
7050:
7044:
7040:
7003:Biology Letters
6995:
6988:
6979:
6975:
6962:
6961:
6954:
6945:
6943:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6920:Wayback Machine
6911:
6907:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6884:Wayback Machine
6875:
6871:
6866:on May 5, 2007.
6858:
6857:
6853:
6838:
6814:
6810:
6804:Wayback Machine
6792:
6788:
6733:
6729:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6648:
6644:
6635:
6633:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6585:
6578:
6569:
6567:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6473:
6465:
6456:
6415:(46): 18123–8.
6401:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6326:Wayback Machine
6316:
6312:
6265:
6256:
6227:(5889): 652–3.
6217:
6208:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6154:
6148:
6139:
6084:
6080:
6041:
6037:
5982:
5978:
5941:(6772): 853–8.
5931:
5927:
5912:10.1038/436919a
5892:
5888:
5865:
5858:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5817:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5785:
5781:
5734:
5730:
5707:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5607:
5603:
5580:10.2307/1313572
5574:(10): 809–817.
5560:
5556:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5495:
5491:
5448:
5444:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5359:
5348:
5325:
5318:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5261:
5257:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5179:
5173:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5101:
5092:
5047:
5043:
4994:(5): e1400253.
4980:
4976:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4898:MacArthur, R.H.
4895:
4891:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4832:10.1890/02-3090
4815:
4811:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4745:
4741:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4700:
4696:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4554:
4533:(12): 595–604.
4518:
4514:
4491:(12): 605–616.
4476:
4472:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4364:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4311:
4307:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4230:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4118:
4114:
4099:
4095:
4082:
4078:
4067:
4063:
4032:
4028:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3910:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3855:
3848:
3830:
3821:
3814:
3800:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3721:
3717:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3597:
3588:
3559:
3555:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3445:(5): e0000016.
3431:
3424:
3381:
3374:
3319:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3246:
3237:
3200:Biology Letters
3192:
3185:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3121:
3117:
3070:
3063:
3042:(11): 962–969.
3028:
3024:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2967:
2941:Springer-Verlag
2931:
2900:
2893:
2879:
2868:
2861:
2845:
2822:
2815:
2801:
2794:
2779:10.2307/1310054
2762:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2731:
2724:
2679:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2641:Welfare biology
2546:Genetic erosion
2521:Applied ecology
2516:
2467:
2463:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2278:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2198:Coral bleaching
2192:
2174:
2148:and 12% of all
2093:
2087:
2055:(200 mya), and
2025:paleontological
2021:
1975:
1967:Main articles:
1965:
1918:
1912:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1815:natural capital
1804:natural capital
1776:natural economy
1772:
1768:
1700:natural capital
1679:
1651:
1630:Near Threatened
1495:
1489:
1473:anthropocentric
1469:intrinsic value
1453:
1443:
1412:The concept of
1359:
1350:preservationist
1318:
1222:
1205:Steven J. Cooke
1201:
1185:grant proposals
1157:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
989:
987:
984:
982:
977:
975:
969:
966:
962:
941:
936:
930:
919:
902:and associated
811:along with the
796:(since renamed
757:
650:Wildlife Trusts
578:wildlife refuge
469:
463:
397:Natural history
367:
281:
276:
272:
264:
181:
134:Kurt Benirschke
110:
56:
53:Conservationism
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14947:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14901:
14900:
14888:
14886:Earth sciences
14876:
14864:
14841:
14840:
14838:
14837:
14826:
14824:Category: Zoos
14815:
14802:
14799:
14798:
14796:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14760:
14755:
14750:
14745:
14740:
14735:
14733:Animal cruelty
14730:
14724:
14722:
14718:
14717:
14715:
14714:
14713:
14712:
14702:
14700:Nature centers
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14660:
14654:
14652:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14644:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14608:
14606:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14576:Reptile centre
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14487:
14485:
14481:
14480:
14465:
14464:
14457:
14450:
14442:
14433:
14432:
14430:
14429:
14419:
14409:
14399:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14378:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14356:
14354:
14350:
14349:
14345:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14162:Marine biology
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13974:Bioinformatics
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13920:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13912:
13911:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13888:
13886:
13882:
13881:
13879:
13878:
13871:
13864:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13805:DNA microarray
13802:
13800:DNA sequencing
13797:
13792:
13790:Centrifugation
13787:
13785:Chromatography
13782:
13777:
13775:Transformation
13772:
13766:
13764:
13755:
13747:
13746:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13733:
13731:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13714:
13713:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13686:Climate change
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13658:
13652:
13650:
13644:
13643:
13641:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13628:Nervous system
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13584:
13582:
13576:
13575:
13573:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13560:Vascular plant
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13527:
13522:
13516:
13514:
13508:
13507:
13505:
13504:
13499:
13498:
13497:
13492:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13467:
13462:
13456:
13454:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13417:Microevolution
13414:
13412:Macroevolution
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13378:
13376:
13370:
13369:
13367:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13325:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13313:
13308:
13306:Photosynthesis
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13261:Cell signaling
13258:
13253:
13248:
13242:
13240:
13234:
13233:
13231:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13189:
13188:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13147:
13145:
13144:Chemical basis
13141:
13140:
13138:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13110:Taxonomic rank
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13090:Reductionistic
13087:
13033:
12998:
12993:
12987:
12985:
12978:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12961:
12951:
12946:
12937:Introduction (
12934:
12931:
12930:
12923:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12900:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12871:
12869:
12865:
12864:
12862:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12679:Marine biology
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12489:Bioinformatics
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12435:
12432:
12431:
12424:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12401:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12355:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12335:
12329:
12328:(Rio+20, 2012)
12323:
12317:
12312:
12306:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12284:
12279:
12271:
12266:
12258:
12256:
12250:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12195:
12193:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12082:
12081:
12076:
12074:Infrastructure
12071:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12004:Eco-capitalism
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11955:
11950:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11921:Sustainability
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11892:
11890:
11889:Accountability
11886:
11885:
11883:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11801:
11799:
11795:
11794:
11792:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11755:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11684:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11673:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11629:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11605:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11582:
11581:
11576:
11566:
11565:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11547:Sustainability
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11482:Anthropization
11478:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11435:
11433:
11427:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11405:Sustainability
11401:
11400:
11393:
11386:
11378:
11369:
11368:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11288:
11286:
11280:
11279:
11277:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11242:
11237:
11219:
11217:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11199:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11182:
11180:
11176:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11170:Data Deficient
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11131:
11129:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11114:
11112:Data Deficient
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11073:
11071:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11041:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11024:
11017:
11012:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10980:
10978:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10963:
10957:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10932:
10931:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10915:
10914:
10907:
10900:
10892:
10883:
10882:
10880:
10879:
10869:
10867:List of people
10864:
10859:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10788:
10787:
10786:
10779:United Kingdom
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10648:
10640:
10639:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10626:Painted turtle
10623:
10618:
10613:
10603:
10602:
10601:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10584:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10567:
10562:
10561:
10560:
10550:
10545:
10543:American bison
10537:
10532:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10518:
10508:
10502:
10500:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10487:
10486:
10485:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10338:
10336:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10282:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10201:
10199:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10085:
10083:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10054:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10018:
10013:
9994:
9988:
9983:
9976:
9975:External links
9973:
9972:
9971:
9965:
9946:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9906:
9899:
9888:
9881:
9868:
9867:
9848:
9842:
9821:
9820:
9813:
9788:
9776:
9774:on 2011-09-27.
9761:
9755:
9742:
9736:
9723:
9717:
9704:
9698:
9683:
9677:
9664:
9658:
9639:
9638:
9585:
9540:
9511:
9494:(4): 344–351.
9476:
9431:
9386:
9357:
9324:
9322:on 2008-12-17.
9299:(3): 483–491.
9281:
9259:
9238:
9221:(4): 344–351.
9203:
9158:
9132:(s1): S5–S10.
9114:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9044:
9042:
9041:
8967:
8960:
8938:
8879:
8848:
8797:
8746:
8688:
8629:
8600:(1): 791–812.
8580:
8551:(1): 277–294.
8531:
8482:
8463:
8437:
8411:
8362:
8303:
8272:
8222:
8173:
8123:
8101:
8098:on 2013-04-19.
8073:
8030:
7981:
7972:
7937:
7902:
7861:
7826:
7774:
7747:
7728:
7676:
7669:
7643:
7612:
7586:
7560:
7514:
7511:on 2009-07-06.
7492:
7434:
7415:
7356:
7322:
7315:
7295:
7270:
7259:
7197:
7190:
7164:
7157:
7136:
7115:(2): 450–458.
7099:
7092:
7072:
7038:
6986:
6973:
6952:
6923:
6905:
6887:
6869:
6851:
6836:
6808:
6786:
6727:
6677:
6642:
6617:
6592:
6576:
6551:
6513:
6489:
6482:
6454:
6348:
6345:on 2008-12-22.
6330:
6310:
6254:
6206:
6137:
6078:
6035:
5976:
5925:
5886:
5856:
5826:
5802:
5779:
5728:
5698:
5667:
5642:
5601:
5554:
5541:
5528:
5509:(2): 136–144.
5489:
5442:
5403:(4): 137–146.
5380:
5373:
5346:
5316:
5313:on 2007-02-17.
5298:
5255:
5224:
5221:on 2009-02-25.
5167:
5154:
5136:
5090:
5061:(1): 130–142.
5041:
4974:
4923:
4916:
4889:
4855:
4841:2027.42/149732
4809:
4788:10.1086/317005
4766:
4759:
4739:
4721:
4694:
4676:
4658:
4649:
4636:
4612:
4594:
4587:
4565:
4552:
4512:
4470:
4411:
4385:
4378:
4358:
4347:people.wku.edu
4334:
4327:
4305:
4302:on 2005-02-23.
4283:
4259:
4221:
4199:
4192:
4164:
4142:
4129:
4112:
4093:
4076:
4061:
4058:on 2012-03-04.
4026:
4001:
3969:
3962:
3942:
3929:
3922:
3901:
3883:
3876:
3853:
3846:
3819:
3812:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3764:
3740:
3733:
3715:
3672:
3639:
3636:on 2009-03-26.
3614:10.1086/522809
3553:
3504:
3475:
3466:
3422:
3372:
3306:
3291:
3235:
3183:
3140:
3133:
3115:
3061:
3022:
3006:Thomas Lovejoy
2989:
2980:
2965:
2898:
2891:
2866:
2859:
2820:
2813:
2792:
2750:
2743:
2722:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Protected area
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2495:carbon dioxide
2487:Climate change
2456:
2440:wildlife trade
2411:Main article:
2408:
2405:
2396:Main article:
2393:
2390:
2379:
2347:global warming
2326:Apis mellifera
2277:
2274:
2237:
2223:
2173:
2170:
2089:Main article:
2086:
2083:
2020:
2017:
1964:
1961:
1935:miner's canary
1914:Main article:
1911:
1908:
1855:Main article:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1823:North American
1756:
1707:publishes its
1664:, part of the
1658:Tadrart Acacus
1650:
1647:
1488:
1485:
1477:utilitarianism
1475:usefulness or
1442:
1439:
1358:
1355:
1317:
1314:
1221:
1218:
1200:
1197:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1149:The Plant List
1102:fossil records
1063:
1040:
967:
945:
944:
943:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
917:
829:United Kingdom
792:and establish
770:Carl E. Akeley
756:
753:
632:National Trust
556:, fish, game,
539:other colonies
535:Lord Dalhousie
465:Main article:
462:
459:
451:Charles Darwin
366:
363:
309:sockeye salmon
280:
277:
265:
263:
260:
180:
177:
142:Thomas Lovejoy
118:Hopetoun Falls
109:
106:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14946:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14911:
14909:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14887:
14877:
14875:
14865:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14852:
14849:
14836:
14827:
14825:
14816:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14803:
14800:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14728:Animal rights
14726:
14725:
14723:
14719:
14711:
14708:
14707:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14685:Dolphinariums
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14669:
14666:
14665:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14655:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14609:
14607:
14603:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14536:Nature center
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14488:
14486:
14484:Types of zoos
14482:
14478:
14474:
14470:
14463:
14458:
14456:
14451:
14449:
14444:
14443:
14440:
14428:
14420:
14418:
14410:
14408:
14400:
14397:
14392:
14386:
14385:
14382:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14357:
14355:
14351:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14242:Phylogenetics
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14137:Human biology
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14029:Chronobiology
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14004:Biotechnology
14002:
14000:
13999:Biostatistics
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13892:Belt transect
13890:
13889:
13887:
13883:
13877:
13876:
13872:
13870:
13869:
13865:
13863:
13862:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13840:Southern blot
13838:
13836:
13835:Northern blot
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13748:
13743:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13712:
13709:
13708:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13649:
13645:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13613:Immune system
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13585:
13583:
13577:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13530:Ground tissue
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13517:
13515:
13509:
13503:
13500:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13453:
13449:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13432:Phylogenetics
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13397:Genetic drift
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13375:
13371:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13326:
13324:
13322:
13318:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13239:
13235:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13203:Nucleic acids
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13187:
13184:
13183:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13166:Chemical bond
13164:
13162:
13161:Carbohydrates
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13148:
13146:
13142:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13085:
13081:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13049:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13034:
13031:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13003:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12988:
12986:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12973:
12967:
12964:
12960:
12957:
12956:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12921:
12916:
12914:
12909:
12907:
12902:
12901:
12898:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12872:
12870:
12866:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12759:Phylogenetics
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12654:Human biology
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12544:Chronobiology
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12519:Biotechnology
12517:
12515:
12514:Biostatistics
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12436:
12433:
12429:
12422:
12417:
12415:
12410:
12408:
12403:
12402:
12399:
12387:
12386:
12382:
12380:
12379:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12368:
12366:
12365:
12356:
12354:
12353:
12344:
12343:
12340:
12333:
12330:
12327:
12324:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12310:
12309:Earth Charter
12307:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12276:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12251:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12199:Environmental
12197:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12188:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12131:Refurbishment
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12121:Organizations
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12034:Green economy
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12019:Eco-socialism
12017:
12015:
12014:Eco-investing
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11999:Disinvestment
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11964:
11960:
11954:
11951:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11893:
11891:
11887:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11820:Marine energy
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11796:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11774:Cultured meat
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11748:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11677:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11631:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11598:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11571:
11570:
11567:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11549:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11532:Simple living
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11471:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11428:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11394:
11392:
11387:
11385:
11380:
11379:
11376:
11365:
11359:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11289:
11287:
11285:
11281:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11249:
11248:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233: /
11232:
11228:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11216:
11211:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11177:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11165:Least Concern
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11127:WP categories
11119:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11107:Least Concern
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11068:
11065:
11061:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11030:
11029:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11007:
11005:
11001:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10952:
10949:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10908:
10906:
10901:
10899:
10894:
10893:
10890:
10878:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10851:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10829:IUCN Red List
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10819:De-extinction
10817:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10792:
10791:United States
10789:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10491:
10488:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10476:
10472:
10471:afforestation
10469:
10468:
10467:
10466:Reforestation
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10063:
10059:
10052:
10047:
10045:
10040:
10038:
10033:
10032:
10029:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10009:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9978:
9968:
9962:
9958:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9925:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9915:peer-reviewed
9912:
9911:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9872:
9858:
9854:
9849:
9845:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9816:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9796:
9795:
9789:
9784:
9783:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9762:
9758:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9739:
9733:
9729:
9724:
9720:
9714:
9710:
9705:
9701:
9695:
9691:
9690:
9684:
9680:
9674:
9670:
9665:
9661:
9655:
9651:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9635:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9512:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9482:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9287:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9239:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9209:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9038:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8982:
8974:
8972:
8963:
8957:
8952:
8951:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8883:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8852:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8692:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8641:
8633:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8584:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8535:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8467:
8451:
8447:
8441:
8425:
8421:
8415:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8307:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8268:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8226:
8218:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8128:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8077:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8009:
8004:
8001:(5798): 397.
8000:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7953:(3): 258–82.
7952:
7948:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7842:(4): 1030–6.
7841:
7837:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7778:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7745:
7742:
7741:0-85403-617-2
7738:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7680:
7672:
7666:
7659:
7658:
7650:
7648:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7601:
7597:
7590:
7574:
7571:Vince, Gaia.
7567:
7565:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7533:(3): 483–91.
7532:
7528:
7521:
7519:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7327:
7318:
7312:
7308:
7307:
7299:
7285:on 2007-06-07
7284:
7280:
7274:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7202:
7193:
7187:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7141:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7095:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7076:
7068:
7064:
7061:(4): 316–28.
7060:
7056:
7055:Conserv. Biol
7049:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6977:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6942:on 2011-07-19
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6909:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6829:
6828:10.17226/9589
6825:
6821:
6820:
6812:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6607:on 2008-12-19
6606:
6602:
6596:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6566:on 2010-07-26
6565:
6561:
6555:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6485:
6479:
6472:
6471:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6361:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6196:on 2018-10-01
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6159:Conserv. Biol
6153:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6045:Conserv. Biol
6039:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5875:(4): 344–51.
5874:
5870:
5863:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5831:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5717:(6): 1670–1.
5716:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5683:
5682:
5674:
5672:
5657:on 2014-06-27
5656:
5652:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5538:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5271:(4): 879–86.
5270:
5266:
5265:Conserv. Biol
5259:
5245:on 2007-07-04
5241:
5234:
5228:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4878:(7): 326–30.
4877:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4653:
4646:
4640:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4590:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4569:
4562:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4209:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4152:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3662:on 2009-02-25
3658:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3608:(4): 327–48.
3607:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:(6): 1447–8.
3569:
3565:
3564:Conserv. Biol
3557:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3494:on 2016-10-18
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:(2): 368–78.
3155:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:(1): cot001.
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:Jared Diamond
2999:
2993:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:9781402068904
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:feedback loop
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:deforestation
2421:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:fossil record
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:deforestation
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:The inherent
1771:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:Least Concern
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:IUCN Red List
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1512:IUCN Red List
1509:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:bioindicators
1410:
1408:
1407:perturbations
1404:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:Shannon Index
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1307:parallels an
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:invertebrates
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
973:
949:
928:
927:
922:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
884:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:developed in
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
765:South America
762:
752:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
716:
715:Glacier Point
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:United States
662:
657:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:protest group
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
597:Alfred Newton
595:
594:ornithologist
591:
587:
583:
580:), parkland,
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:British India
492:
490:
486:
485:Lord Monboddo
482:
478:
474:
473:Enlightenment
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:Charles Lyell
444:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
423:, and 300 in
422:
421:United States
419:, 250 in the
418:
417:Great Britain
414:
410:
406:
405:North America
402:
398:
391:
386:
380:
376:
371:
362:
360:
356:
355:Farne Islands
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
286:
275:
269:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
146:Jared Diamond
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
114:
105:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
54:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
34:
19:
14710:WAZA members
14621:
14612:Biodiversity
14605:Conservation
14561:Penguinarium
14551:Night safari
14521:Dolphinarium
14287:Sociobiology
14267:Protistology
14232:Photobiology
14227:Pharmacology
14217:Parasitology
14212:Paleontology
14192:Neuroscience
14172:Microbiology
14082:Epidemiology
14052:Cytogenetics
14014:Cell biology
13994:Biosemiotics
13984:Biomechanics
13964:Biogeography
13959:Biochemistry
13954:Bacteriology
13949:Astrobiology
13873:
13866:
13859:
13830:Western blot
13820:Enzyme assay
13795:Cell culture
13696:Conservation
13695:
13581:and function
13579:Animal form
13513:and function
13286:Fermentation
13064:Organ system
13022:Reproduction
13000:Properties (
12804:Sociobiology
12784:Protistology
12749:Photobiology
12744:Pharmacology
12734:Parasitology
12729:Paleontology
12709:Neuroscience
12689:Microbiology
12599:Epidemiology
12569:Cytogenetics
12558:
12529:Cell biology
12509:Biosemiotics
12499:Biomechanics
12479:Biogeography
12474:Biochemistry
12469:Bacteriology
12464:Astrobiology
12383:
12376:
12369:
12362:
12350:
12274:
12039:Construction
11962:Applications
11697:
11680:Biodiversity
11439:Anthropocene
11363:
11347:Rare species
11301:
11284:Conservation
11283:
11262: /
11258: /
11254: /
11250: /
11246:
11229: /
11225: /
11196:Appendix III
11026:
11019:
10961:Extinct (EX)
10592:Bengal Tiger
10548:Arabian oryx
10539:Land mammal
10526:Golden eagle
10362:Gap analysis
10089:Biodiversity
10079:Conservation
10078:
10057:
10006:
9956:
9948:
9947:
9940:
9933:
9926:
9908:
9901:
9891:Conservation
9890:
9883:
9876:
9870:
9869:
9860:. Retrieved
9856:
9832:
9823:
9822:
9793:
9781:
9772:the original
9766:
9746:
9727:
9708:
9688:
9668:
9649:
9641:
9640:
9597:
9593:
9548:
9544:
9519:
9515:
9504:the original
9491:
9487:
9439:
9435:
9394:
9390:
9365:
9361:
9336:
9332:
9317:the original
9296:
9292:
9242:
9231:the original
9218:
9214:
9166:
9162:
9129:
9125:
9117:
9116:
9061:
9057:
9047:
9036:
8991:
8987:
8949:
8941:
8896:
8892:
8882:
8865:
8861:
8851:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8763:
8760:PLOS Biology
8759:
8749:
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8597:
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8583:
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8476:
8466:
8454:. Retrieved
8450:the original
8440:
8428:. Retrieved
8424:the original
8414:
8382:(4): 191–8.
8379:
8375:
8365:
8323:(2): e1636.
8320:
8316:
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8295:. Retrieved
8291:
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8240:
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8093:the original
8088:
8076:
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7731:
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7634:. Retrieved
7630:the original
7625:
7615:
7603:. Retrieved
7600:Live Science
7599:
7589:
7577:. Retrieved
7530:
7526:
7509:the original
7504:
7495:
7457:(5910): 94.
7454:
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7343:the original
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7283:the original
7273:
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7112:
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6940:the original
6935:
6926:
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6864:the original
6854:
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6789:
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6655:
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6630:
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6605:the original
6595:
6568:. Retrieved
6564:the original
6554:
6542:. Retrieved
6535:the original
6505:. Retrieved
6501:
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6313:
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6191:the original
6165:(1): 36–47.
6162:
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5842:
5838:
5818:. Retrieved
5814:
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5691:December 24,
5689:. Retrieved
5680:
5659:. Retrieved
5655:the original
5645:
5618:
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5604:
5571:
5567:
5557:
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5332:
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5311:the original
5301:
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5264:
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5240:the original
5227:
5216:the original
5187:
5183:
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5157:
5149:the original
5139:
5112:
5108:
5058:
5054:
5044:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4939:(1): 37–48.
4936:
4933:Paleobiology
4932:
4926:
4906:
4902:Wilson, E.O.
4892:
4875:
4871:
4858:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4779:
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4769:
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4742:
4734:the original
4724:
4710:(3): 342–7.
4707:
4703:
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4688:
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4670:
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4652:
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4639:
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4624:
4615:
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4399:The Guardian
4398:
4388:
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4361:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4316:
4308:
4300:the original
4295:
4286:
4275:. Retrieved
4271:
4262:
4237:
4212:. Retrieved
4202:
4180:M. E. Sharpe
4174:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4151:"Milestones"
4145:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4106:
4096:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4056:the original
4043:
4039:
4029:
4011:
4004:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:the original
3982:
3972:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3913:
3895:
3886:
3867:
3835:
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3783:
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3750:
3743:
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3718:
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3681:
3675:
3664:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3642:
3634:the original
3605:
3601:
3589:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3496:. Retrieved
3492:the original
3487:
3478:
3469:
3442:
3438:
3392:
3388:
3330:
3326:
3299:
3294:
3253:
3249:
3206:(4): 544–7.
3203:
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3149:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3083:
3077:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3017:
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2992:
2983:
2935:
2882:
2849:
2804:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2734:
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2686:
2480:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2416:
2401:
2383:
2371:
2357:
2351:
2325:
2319:
2279:
2258:
2235:
2231:J.B. Jackson
2229:
2225:
2219:biodiversity
2196:
2193:
2103:
2072:
2027:past to the
2022:
1995:
1978:
1976:
1953:
1945:silviculture
1933:
1921:
1919:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1812:
1796:water supply
1788:pest control
1773:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1747:stock market
1746:
1731:public goods
1716:
1708:
1698:
1680:
1677:Biodiversity
1643:adaptability
1639:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1505:
1481:Aldo Leopold
1464:
1462:
1454:
1435:
1411:
1403:human impact
1399:
1395:
1387:biodiversity
1384:
1360:
1347:
1338:
1319:
1305:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1251:anthropology
1223:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1193:SLOSS debate
1182:
1158:
1125:
1113:
1106:habitat loss
1095:
1085:
1065:
924:
921:Aldo Leopold
913:
893:
885:
865:
846:
806:
758:
742:
734:James Harkin
723:
679:founded the
666:
636:
628:fur clothing
605:
550:conservation
549:
547:
517:
493:
470:
439:biogeography
436:
431:
429:
395:
320:
313:
294:
284:
282:
271:
267:
237:
201:demographics
182:
173:Otto Frankel
157:biodiversity
154:
138:Otto Frankel
123:
99:
75:biodiversity
66:
65:
46:
39:
32:
14862:Environment
14586:Virtual zoo
14581:Safari park
14571:Petting zoo
14531:Insectarium
14526:Herpetarium
14427:WikiProject
14337:Xenobiology
14332:Virophysics
14302:Systematics
14257:Primatology
14202:Ornithology
14142:Ichthyology
14127:Herpetology
14122:Gerontology
14087:Epigenetics
14047:Cryobiology
13939:Agrostology
13929:Aerobiology
13924:Abiogenesis
13761:Laboratory
13608:Homeostasis
13511:Plant form
13334:Epigenetics
13256:Cell theory
13156:Amino acids
13135:Common name
13125:Peer review
13100:Mechanistic
12854:Xenobiology
12849:Virophysics
12819:Systematics
12774:Primatology
12719:Ornithology
12659:Ichthyology
12644:Herpetology
12639:Gerontology
12604:Epigenetics
12564:Cryobiology
12454:Agrostology
12444:Aerobiology
12439:Abiogenesis
12255:conferences
12126:Procurement
12069:Development
11969:Advertising
11931:Measurement
11865:Tidal power
11860:Small hydro
11825:Micro hydro
11688:Biosecurity
11640:Appropriate
11569:Sustainable
11552:Advertising
11474:Consumption
11464:Development
11245:Threatened
11191:Appendix II
10764:South Sudan
10749:New Zealand
10443:Restoration
9871:Periodicals
8868:(1): 13–5.
8766:(7): e188.
8724:11336/37401
8456:October 13,
8430:October 13,
7009:(1): 94–7.
6900:EurekAlert!
6747:(5): e444.
6502:www.uvm.edu
5420:1885/312385
4782:(1): 1–10.
4214:19 February
4157:19 February
2957:11059/14777
2374:carbon sink
2301:communities
2288:(including
2051:(245 mya),
2047:(370 mya),
2000:giant panda
1896:overhunting
1880:sea urchins
1831:New Zealand
1819:human value
1800:correlation
1751:Wall Street
1745:. When the
1376:populations
1276:degradation
1133:vertebrates
1104:, rates of
972:Phanerozoic
904:agriculture
774:Archie Carr
681:Sierra Club
562:pastureland
500:environment
359:St Cuthbert
244:extinctions
179:Description
14908:Categories
14753:Frozen zoo
14566:Pheasantry
14556:Oceanarium
14353:Glossaries
14322:Toxicology
14317:Teratology
14262:Proteomics
14247:Physiology
14187:Neontology
14152:Lipidology
14147:Immunology
14117:Geobiology
14077:Embryology
14057:Dendrology
13989:Biophysics
13969:Biogeology
13763:techniques
13718:Microbiome
13545:Plant stem
13437:Speciation
13382:Adaptation
13311:Prokaryote
13291:Metabolism
13251:Cell cycle
13082:>
13078:>
13074:>
13072:Population
13070:>
13066:>
13062:>
13058:>
13054:>
13050:>
13046:>
13042:>
13018:Regulation
13002:Adaptation
12839:Toxicology
12834:Teratology
12779:Proteomics
12764:Physiology
12704:Neontology
12669:Lipidology
12664:Immunology
12634:Geobiology
12594:Embryology
12574:Dendrology
12504:Biophysics
12484:Biogeology
12146:Sanitation
12101:Livelihood
12024:Ecovillage
12009:Eco-cities
11926:Accounting
11835:Pico hydro
11815:Hydropower
11633:Technology
11431:Principles
11186:Appendix I
11155:Vulnerable
11150:Endangered
11097:Vulnerable
11092:Endangered
11003:Lower risk
10976:Threatened
10947:Categories
10699:Costa Rica
10662:By country
10582:Slow loris
10558:Polar bear
10411:Key issues
10198:Approaches
9862:2017-05-07
8502:: 165280.
8297:2016-10-07
8243:: 108596.
8208:10535/3416
8146:: 108696.
7768:2011-07-09
7636:11 October
7605:11 October
7579:11 October
7349:11 October
7289:2022-12-29
6946:2022-12-29
6636:2010-04-01
6611:2008-12-30
6570:2008-12-30
6544:January 8,
6507:2022-12-29
6200:2009-01-05
5820:2022-12-29
5661:2013-10-20
5621:(1): 1–3.
5568:BioScience
5249:2022-12-29
5115:(1): 1–3.
4630:2022-07-10
4431:(1): 197.
4352:2017-05-07
4277:2016-10-04
4182:. p.
3995:2009-03-09
3666:2009-01-07
3602:Q Rev Biol
3498:2016-10-11
3036:BioScience
2767:BioScience
2663:References
2499:atmosphere
2377:1959–1999.
2343:pesticides
2334:beekeepers
2322:honey bees
2264:with only
2178:Coral reef
2176:See also:
2154:Red Listed
2142:vertebrate
2133:vertebrate
2037:Ordovician
2029:ecological
2004:blue whale
1987:migrations
1926:amphibians
1892:food chain
1876:sea otters
1733:without a
1683:economists
1671:See also:
1626:Vulnerable
1622:Endangered
1540:services.
1491:See also:
1451:Land ethic
1445:See also:
1426:amphibians
1334:gene banks
1316:Approaches
1284:ecosystems
1243:humanities
1231:philosophy
1145:threatened
1141:endangered
1066:percentage
853:Birmingham
749:bowfishing
745:indigenous
661:bowfishing
612:Manchester
586:watersheds
582:wilderness
504:civic duty
375:gyrfalcons
347:pagan view
242:, species
229:population
91:extinction
87:ecosystems
14773:Zookeeper
14663:Aquariums
14546:Menagerie
14473:aquariums
14237:Phycology
14222:Pathology
14207:Osteology
14197:Nutrition
14157:Mammalogy
14132:Histology
13875:in silico
13751:Research
13728:Resources
13701:Ecosystem
13691:Community
13676:Biosphere
13588:Breathing
13470:Eukaryote
13452:Diversity
13402:Gene flow
13374:Evolution
13281:Eukaryote
13193:Molecules
13084:Biosphere
13080:Ecosystem
13076:Community
13048:Organelle
12943:Evolution
12754:Phycology
12739:Pathology
12724:Osteology
12714:Nutrition
12674:Mammalogy
12649:Histology
12239:Recycling
12234:Planetary
12224:Materials
12219:Landscape
12204:Fisheries
12171:Transport
12096:Landscape
12079:Marketing
12054:Gardening
11994:Community
11941:Reporting
11805:Footprint
11693:Biosphere
11264:Chromista
10739:Mauritius
10719:Indonesia
10704:Hong Kong
10674:Australia
10646:Seed bank
10636:Sea otter
10506:Arthropod
10478:Rewilding
10332:Protected
9642:Textbooks
9382:233903598
9353:254285797
9277:201756810
9086:1476-4687
8874:729066337
8733:1476-4687
8624:250940055
8616:2475-0263
8575:254280225
8567:1572-9710
8518:0048-9697
8267:225345547
8217:1195-5449
8168:225517357
8160:0006-3207
8068:170560082
7723:206513451
7487:206514910
6305:205212545
6249:206513681
5920:1476-4687
5774:206523787
5588:1525-3244
5523:1555-5275
5476:0301-4797
5437:252889110
5429:2364-494X
5085:209562589
5077:0305-0270
5018:2375-2548
4804:205983813
4547:0363-2415
4527:Fisheries
4507:0363-2415
4485:Fisheries
4447:2399-3642
4296:runet.edu
4254:1573-5133
4125:The Times
4121:The Times
4052:1016-6947
4021:301345427
3984:The Hindu
3702:0960-3115
3461:2767-3197
3409:1572-9710
3056:1525-3244
2975:232001738
2541:Gene pool
2497:into the
2438:(such as
2422:(such as
2306:biosphere
2254:acclimate
2211:symbiotic
1991:aesthetic
1949:pesticide
1888:Kelp beds
1827:honey bee
1579:Serengeti
1422:pollution
1380:ecosystem
1263:evolution
1255:education
1239:economics
896:biosphere
821:Australia
707:Roosevelt
699:in 1959.
677:John Muir
624:kittiwake
601:Game laws
548:The term
415:, 250 in
377:drawn by
250:based on
197:migration
193:dispersal
49:(journal)
42:(journal)
35:(journal)
14591:Vivarium
14511:Bear pit
14501:Aquarium
14477:aviaries
14407:Category
14327:Virology
14312:Taxonomy
14252:Pomology
14182:Mycology
14112:Genomics
14107:Genetics
13934:Agronomy
13915:Branches
13868:in vitro
13465:Bacteria
13442:Taxonomy
13422:Mutation
13392:Function
13321:Genetics
13223:Proteins
13068:Organism
13044:Molecule
13028:),
12984:Overview
12959:Timeline
12939:Genetics
12868:See also
12844:Virology
12829:Taxonomy
12769:Pomology
12699:Mycology
12629:Genomics
12624:Genetics
12449:Agronomy
12352:Category
12151:Sourcing
12086:Greening
11979:Business
11855:Security
11850:Scarcity
10939:Red List
10877:Category
10784:Scotland
10754:Pakistan
10734:Malaysia
10570:Elephant
10499:By taxon
10129:Endemism
9634:18695221
9573:10706275
9536:15593201
9464:16825561
9419:10706275
9313:30162903
9269:31471793
9191:16825561
9154:33096004
9146:10703547
9094:28569796
9016:14712274
8933:18955700
8843:22055213
8835:18079402
8792:18666834
8741:10821284
8675:15071592
8526:37419354
8477:Mongabay
8406:33259398
8357:18286193
8317:PLOS ONE
8118:Archived
8060:17510336
8025:30877553
8017:17053115
7967:43987366
7897:84923092
7856:38218672
7821:22863854
7813:15031508
7744:Download
7715:18653892
7555:30162903
7479:19119227
7429:BBC News
7410:18695213
7254:18695221
7175:(2016).
7033:17148336
6916:Archived
6880:Archived
6846:25077215
6800:Archived
6781:17505535
6741:PLOS ONE
6722:37232884
6714:18994663
6672:88786689
6631:BBC News
6449:17991772
6397:33096004
6389:10703547
6322:Archived
6297:18432244
6241:18669853
6187:23211536
6179:18254851
6132:18621701
6065:17298533
6030:18231601
5990:PLOS ONE
5963:10706275
5799:(10): 7.
5766:20056880
5637:18254846
5484:28190693
5293:36810103
5285:19183215
5204:10821285
5131:83906221
5036:26601195
4969:29102370
4961:11538288
4904:(2001).
4796:18707231
4625:cotf.edu
4465:31149641
4404:23 April
4107:BBC News
3710:23587547
3630:37774648
3622:18217526
3417:16327687
3367:18695220
3286:30713492
3278:15361627
3230:20106856
3178:85324142
3110:27293585
2717:18198148
2514:See also
2380:—
2362:epidemic
2266:microbes
2106:evidence
2045:Devonian
1930:wetlands
1691:services
1632:) — LC (
1628:) — NT (
1624:) — VU (
1620:) — EN (
1616:) — CR (
1612:) — EW (
1372:habitats
1274:habitat
1135:, 5% of
918:—
908:industry
879:and the
726:Canadian
574:wildlife
570:forestry
528:botanist
481:Scotland
339:Buddhist
83:habitats
81:, their
14929:Habitat
14898:Biology
14874:Ecology
14848:Portals
14793:Zoology
14783:Zoo key
14721:Related
14668:largest
14417:Commons
14360:Biology
14342:Zoology
14072:Ecology
13944:Anatomy
13861:in vivo
13753:methods
13706:Habitat
13681:Climate
13666:Biomass
13648:Ecology
13495:Protist
13460:Archaea
13354:Genomes
13301:Mitosis
13296:Meiosis
13218:Polymer
13198:Monomer
13186:Quantum
13020:,
13016:,
13012:,
13008:,
13004:,
12991:Science
12976:Biology
12954:History
12949:Outline
12927:Biology
12859:Zoology
12589:Ecology
12459:Anatomy
12385:Degrees
12378:Studies
12371:Science
12166:Tourism
12059:Geopark
12049:Finance
12044:Fashion
11619:Control
11507:Ethical
11416:Outline
11364:italics
11247:Banksia
11231:spiders
11135:Extinct
11077:Extinct
11063:Species
10954:Extinct
10807:Related
10796:forests
10744:Namibia
10724:Ireland
10709:Iceland
10621:Manatee
10611:Dolphin
10565:Cheetah
10081:biology
10005:(ed.).
9920:of the
9918:journal
9625:2556420
9602:Bibcode
9581:4414279
9553:Bibcode
9472:5133902
9444:Bibcode
9436:Science
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