32:
323:
407:
531:
469:. Acrylates, rubber chemicals, emulsifiers and dyes, epoxy resin chemicals are just several of the substances that might induce Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Much of the allergic contact dermatitis that arises is caused by occupational exposure. Non-occupational exposure to allergens in medicaments, clothing, cosmetics, and plants are also a significant cause of allergic contact dermatitis.
289:, kerosene, ethylene oxide, paper, especially papers coated with chemicals and printing inks, certain foods and drink, food flavorings and spices, perfume, surfactants in topical medications and cosmetics, alkalis, low humidity from air conditioning, and many plants. Other common causes of irritant contact dermatitis are harsh alkaline soaps, detergents, and cleaning products.
420:
response. This causes sensitization and when exposure to the same allergen at a later time at the same or different skin site leads to a secondary immune response at the point of contact. The mechanisms by which this reaction occurs are complex, with many levels of fine control. Their immunology centres on the interaction of immunoregulatory
147:(hives), in which a rash appears within minutes of exposure and then fades away within minutes to hours. Even after days, contact dermatitis fades only if the skin no longer comes in contact with the allergen or irritant. Chronic contact dermatitis can develop when the removal of the offending agent no longer provides expected relief.
419:
reaction that is atypical within the population. The development of the disease occurs in two phases, which are induction and elicitation. The process of skin sensitization begins when a susceptible subject is exposed to the allergen in sufficient concentration to elicit the required cutaneous immune
318:
The irritant's direct cytotoxic impact on epidermal keratinocytes causes
Irritant contact dermatitis. This disrupts the skin barrier and activates the innate immune system. Keratinocytes in the epidermis can be actually affected by irritants. It is a complicated reaction that is influenced by genetic
570:
The distinction between the various types of contact dermatitis is based on a number of factors. The morphology of the tissues, the histology, and immunologic findings are all used in diagnosis of the form of the condition. However, as suggested previously, there is some confusion in the distinction
553:
were based on the concept of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction where there is exposure of allergens to skin and checking for the development of contact dermatitis in that area. This test involves the application of suspected irritant to a part of the skin and cover it with impermeable material and
494:
Without the presence of these rays, the photosensitiser is not harmful. For this reason, this form of contact dermatitis is usually associated only with areas of skin that are left uncovered by clothing, and it can be soundly defeated by avoiding exposure to sunlight. The mechanism of action varies
91:). Allergic contact dermatitis involves a delayed type of hypersensitivity and previous exposure to an allergen to produce a reaction. Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common type and represents 80% of all cases. It is caused by prolonged exposure to irritants, leading to direct injury of the
150:
Irritant dermatitis is usually confined to the area where the irritating substance actually touched the skin, whereas allergic dermatitis may be more widespread on the skin. Irritant dermatitis is usually found on hands whereas exposed areas of skin. Symptoms of both forms include the following:
209:
The percentage of cases attributable to occupational contact dermatitis varies substantially depending on the industries that predominate, the employment that people have, the risks to which they are exposed, the centers that record cases, and variances in defining and confirming diagnoses.
571:
of the different forms of contact dermatitis. Using histology on its own is insufficient, as these findings have been acknowledged not to distinguish, and even positive patch testing does not rule out the existence of an irritant form of dermatitis as well as an immunological one.
200:
While either form of contact dermatitis can affect any part of the body, irritant contact dermatitis often affects the hands, which have been exposed by resting in or dipping into a container (sink, pail, tub, swimming pools with high chlorine) containing the irritant.
587:, depending on the working environment. It is impossible to eliminate the complete exposure to harmful irritants but can be avoided using the multidimensional approach. The multidimensional approach includes eight basic elements to follow. They are:
714:
may be prescribed to combat inflammation in a localized area. It may be applied to the skin as a cream or ointment. If the reaction covers a relatively large portion of the skin or is severe, a corticosteroid in pill or injection form may be
414:
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans, and is a common occupational and environmental health problem. By its allergic nature, this form of contact dermatitis is a
319:
and environmental elements, both of which have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. It can be seen in both occupational and non-occupational environments but it's more common in the occupations dealing in low humidity conditions.
566:
mix I (11.5%). The patient must know where the irritant or allergen is found to be able to avoid it. It is important to also note that chemicals sometimes have several different names, and do not always appear on labels.
131:
is a localized rash or irritation of the skin caused by contact with a foreign substance. Only the superficial regions of the skin are affected in contact dermatitis. Inflammation of the affected tissue is present in the
619:
should not be used to prevent infection in wounds after surgery. When they are used, it is inappropriate, and the person recovering from surgery is at significantly increased risk of developing contact dermatitis.
1885:
1870:
119:. There are few accurate statistics on the incidence and prevalence of contact dermatitis. The results of the few studies that have been undertaken cannot be compared because of methodological differences.
158:
This is the usual reaction. The rash appears immediately in irritant contact dermatitis; in allergic contact dermatitis, the rash sometimes does not appear until 24–72 hours after exposure to the allergen.
540:
Since contact dermatitis relies on an irritant or an allergen to initiate the reaction, it is important for the patient to identify the responsible agent and avoid it. This can be accomplished by having
1998:
1334:
1991:
337:
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) can be divided into forms caused by chemical irritants, and those caused by physical irritants. Common chemical irritants implicated include:
1984:
1603:
Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, et al. (2009). "Patch-test results of the North
American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006".
583:
to its worker to provide the correct level of safety equipment to mitigate exposure to harmful irritants. This can take the form of protective clothing, gloves, or
487:
and photoallergic, PCD is the eczematous condition which is triggered by an interaction between an otherwise unharmful or less harmful substance on the skin and
1338:
695:
If the rash does not improve or continues to spread after 2–3 of days of self-care, or if the itching and/or pain is severe, the patient should contact a
143:
Contact dermatitis results in large, burning, and itchy rashes. These can take anywhere from several days to weeks to heal. This differentiates it from
1270:"Comparison of the effects of bilobol and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on skin, and test of tumor promoting potential of bilobol in CD-1 mice"
392:
Physical irritant contact dermatitis may most commonly be caused by low humidity from air conditioning. Also, many plants directly irritate the skin.
657:
Immediately after exposure to a known allergen or irritant, wash with soap and cool water to remove or inactivate most of the offending substance.
3079:
1830:
2491:
103:
dermatitis occurs when the allergen or irritant is activated by sunlight. Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis can often be supported by
491:(320–400 nm UVA) (ESCD 2006), therefore manifesting itself only in regions where the affected person has been exposed to such rays.
1501:
1371:
Morris-Jones R, Robertson SJ, Ross JS, White IR, McFadden JP, Rycroft RJ (August 2002). "Dermatitis caused by physical irritants".
64:
of the skin caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents. Symptoms of contact dermatitis can include itchy or dry skin, a red
2798:
554:
attached to the skin with the help of adhesive plaster. The top three allergens found in patch tests from 2005 to 2006 were:
518:
Photocontact dermatitis is another condition in which the distinction between forms of contact dermatitis is not clear-cut.
3400:
3164:
3072:
768:
667:
Weak acid solutions (lemon juice, vinegar) can be used to counteract the effects of dermatitis contracted by exposure to
3237:
2580:
1645:
1754:
2481:
2590:
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to toxin, but is usually due to the production of a photoproduct. Toxins which are associated with PCD include the
1768:
1750:
188:
181:
Irritant contact dermatitis tends to be more painful than itchy, while allergic contact dermatitis often itches.
3274:
3232:
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2549:
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266:
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3322:
3128:
2742:
2433:
2270:
3281:
3169:
2909:
2664:
2355:
2285:
1225:
Menz J, Rossi ER, Taylor WC, Wall L (September 1986). "Contact dermatitis from
Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon'".
1092:"An economic evaluation of patch testing in the diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis*1"
3528:
3507:
3312:
3152:
3148:
2659:
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401:
313:
297:
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88:
80:
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3012:
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1001:
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If blistering develops, cold moist compresses applied for 30 minutes, 3 times a day can offer relief.
1976:
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2777:
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2255:
1971:
1900:
72:, or swelling. These rashes are not contagious or life-threatening, but can be very uncomfortable.
1312:
3184:
3042:
2737:
2456:
2428:
2058:
1423:
Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Dearman RJ (February 2002). "Allergic contact dermatitis".
301:
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or other physician. Medical treatment usually consists of lotions, creams, or oral medications.
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3017:
2929:
2245:
1940:
3395:
2919:
2846:
2534:
2068:
2048:
1509:
1458:
Bourke J, Coulson I, English J (December 2001). "Guidelines for care of contact dermatitis".
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175:(hives) often form in a pattern where skin was directly exposed to the allergen or irritant.
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8:
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1138:
304:. Photocontact dermatitis is divided into two categories: phototoxic and photoallergic.
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3412:
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Personal protection can be achieved by the use of protective clothes or barrier creams.
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361:, and others); metalworking fluids (neat oils, water-based metalworking fluids with
285:
Common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include solvents, metalworking fluids,
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Efforts to raise knowledge of potential allergies and irritants through education
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To avoid skin exposure, use appropriate control measures or chemical substitutes.
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96:
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3-year-old girl with contact dermatitis, one day after contact with poison ivy
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954:
Bains SN, Nash P, Fonacier L (February 2019). "Irritant
Contact Dermatitis".
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61:
1831:"Contact dermatitis Lifestyle and home remedies – Diseases and Conditions"
1733:
1686:
1295:
1246:
1123:
919:
Mowad CM (July 2016). "Contact
Dermatitis: Practice Gaps and Challenges".
3285:
3269:
3264:
3189:
3002:
2827:
2529:
2195:
1935:
762: – allergic contact dermatitis that has allergic trigger nickel atom
720:
49:
3057:
1002:"Contact dermatitis: epidemiology and frequent sensitizers to cosmetics"
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3249:
3224:
3133:
3088:
2962:
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2398:
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2140:
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Sheth VM, Weitzul S (2008). "Postoperative topical antimicrobial use".
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2006:
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504:
500:
483:
Sometimes termed "photoaggravated", and divided into two categories,
421:
322:
172:
144:
92:
1581:
1268:
Matsumoto K, Fujimoto M, Ito K, Tanaka H, Hirono I (February 1990).
612:
health screenings before and after employment and on a regular basis
522:
mechanisms can also play a part, causing a response similar to ACD.
187:
Skin is dry and fissured in the irritant contact dermatitis whereas
3342:
3290:
3032:
2654:
2634:
2570:
2524:
2466:
2403:
2345:
2165:
2114:
2043:
512:
448:
406:
370:
234:
230:
226:
164:
76:
1665:
Rietschel RL (1997). "Mechanisms in irritant contact dermatitis".
1139:"Occupational contact dermatitis: Known knowns and known unknowns"
1054:
530:
503:. Psoralens are in fact used therapeutically for the treatment of
3351:
2831:
2685:
2595:
2514:
2501:
2451:
2380:
2104:
2099:
2094:
1533:"Contact dermatitis in patient with chronic venous insufficiency"
354:
338:
273:
255:. Millions of cases occur each year in North America alone. The
69:
686:, Desitin, etc.), may help protect the skin and retain moisture.
2443:
2388:
2155:
2150:
2124:
2033:
1874:
1749:
1422:
744:
508:
432:
382:
358:
342:
137:
1370:
1006:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
2109:
807:
Bains, Sonia N.; Nash, Pembroke; Fonacier, Luz (2019-02-01).
603:
Use of harmful irritants in the workplace should be regulated
496:
366:
350:
286:
756: – Leg injuries commonly found in birds raised for meat
591:
Identification of possible cutaneous irritants and allergens
3346:
2690:
2209:
2028:
1530:
436:
326:
Contact dermatitis caused by unprotected handling of damp,
65:
1267:
1056:
734:
may be given if non-prescription strengths are inadequate.
386:
1602:
864:"Treatment of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis"
749:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
115:
Contact dermatitis constitutes 95% of all occupational
1186:"Toxicodendron dermatitis: poison ivy, oak, and sumac"
213:
Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include:
1755:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1852:
1457:
862:
Cohen, David E.; Heidary, Noushin (September 2004).
773:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
764:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
664:
cream in nonprescription strength may be sufficient.
377:; surfactants in topical medications and cosmetics (
1224:
660:For mild cases that cover a relatively small area,
191:
and bullae are seen in allergic contact dermatitis.
99:, resulting in an inflammatory cutaneous reaction.
75:Contact dermatitis results from either exposure to
2007:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
1596:
953:
806:
600:Maintenance of personal and environmental hygiene
3520:
1660:
1658:
999:
451:, and the oily coating from plants of the genus
1702:"Prevention of occupational contact dermatitis"
609:promoting safe working conditions and practices
16:Inflammation from allergen or irritant exposure
1972:eMedicine Health article on contact dermatitis
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1706:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1531:Hristakieva E, Gancheva D, Gancheva T (2014).
395:
307:
292:There are three types of contact dermatitis:
3073:
2492:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
1992:
1655:
1307:
1305:
651:(Benadryl, Ben-Allergin) can relieve itching.
237:-containing coating from plants of the genus
2146:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
1787:
1563:
1000:Diepgen, Tl; Weisshaar, E (September 2007).
956:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
861:
813:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
579:In an industrial setting the employer has a
136:(the outermost layer of skin) and the outer
1816:
1335:"Contact Dermatitis and Related Conditions"
1089:
545:, one of various methods commonly known as
3080:
3066:
1999:
1985:
1745:
1743:
1337:. Clevelandclinicmeded.com. Archived from
1302:
719:In severe cases, a stronger medicine like
472:
30:
3087:
1664:
1564:Schwartz, Louis; Peck, Samuel M. (1944).
1548:
1285:
1201:
1136:
879:
1055:European Society of Contact Dermatitis.
747: – Inflammatory disease of the skin
529:
405:
321:
282:fruits, is also a strong skin irritant.
272:are responsible for contact dermatitis.
1740:
1699:
1332:
1190:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1183:
3521:
2799:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
1566:"The Patch Test in Contact Dermatitis"
1364:
1096:American Journal of Contact Dermatitis
723:may be prescribed by a dermatologist.
3061:
1980:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1274:The Journal of Toxicological Sciences
918:
122:
3401:Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus
1177:
995:
993:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
276:, another alkyl resorcinol found in
3165:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
1700:Mathias, C.G. Toby (October 1990).
769:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
140:(the layer beneath the epidermis).
13:
3238:Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
2624:
2581:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
1460:The British Journal of Dermatology
1407:
1373:The British Journal of Dermatology
1239:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01311.x
1155:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.11.012
385:(drain cleaners, strong soap with
14:
3550:
2482:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
1848:
1090:RAJAGOPALAN, R (September 1998).
990:
785:
2591:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1472:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04499.x
1425:International Immunopharmacology
1385:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04852.x
1313:"Balsam of Peru contact allergy"
1071:"DermNet NZ: Contact Dermatitis"
1018:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02381.x
881:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04031.x
95:of the skin, which activates an
2601:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
1781:
1769:American Academy of Dermatology
1751:American Academy of Dermatology
1693:
1639:
1557:
1524:
1494:
1451:
1352:
1326:
1261:
1218:
1137:Nicholson, Paul J. (May 2011).
690:
424:and discrete subpopulations of
185:The surface appearance of skin:
110:
3275:Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis
3233:Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis
2842:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
2550:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
2176:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1130:
1083:
1063:
1048:
947:
912:
855:
60:is a type of acute or chronic
1:
3484:substances taken internally:
3323:Nutritional deficiency eczema
3129:Pityriasis simplex capillitii
2434:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
2271:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
1679:10.1016/S0738-081X(97)00058-8
1437:10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00173-4
1108:10.1016/s1046-199x(98)90017-3
809:"Irritant Contact Dermatitis"
778:
574:
558:(19.0%), Myroxylon pereirae (
3282:Autosensitization dermatitis
3170:African blackwood dermatitis
2910:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2665:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2356:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1718:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70284-o
1359:Irritant Contact Dermatitis.
1057:"What is contact dermatitis"
628:
623:
525:
7:
3508:Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
3313:Juvenile plantar dermatosis
2191:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
738:
678:, such as those containing
402:Allergic contact dermatitis
396:Allergic contact dermatitis
314:Irritant contact dermatitis
308:Irritant contact dermatitis
298:allergic contact dermatitis
294:irritant contact dermatitis
89:irritant contact dermatitis
81:allergic contact dermatitis
10:
3555:
3260:Topical steroid withdrawal
3215:Protein contact dermatitis
3013:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
1650:dermatitis/contact-allergy
1537:Trakia Journal of Sciences
476:
399:
311:
3477:
3341:
3328:Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome
3223:
3142:
3119:
3096:
2976:
2943:
2887:
2872:
2863:
2820:
2791:
2770:
2761:
2714:
2673:
2642:
2631:
2613:
2558:
2500:
2442:
2379:
2299:
2228:
2217:
2208:
2123:
2087:
2019:
2012:
1926:
1856:
1833:. Mayo Clinic. 2011-07-30
1502:"Photocontact Dermatitis"
968:10.1007/s12016-018-8713-0
933:10.1016/j.det.2016.02.010
825:10.1007/s12016-018-8713-0
204:
43:
38:
29:
24:
3360:Lichen simplex chronicus
2778:Thrombocytopenic purpura
2424:Dermatitis herpetiformis
2409:Acute contact dermatitis
2361:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
2286:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
2256:Lichen simplex chronicus
2136:Epidermal inclusion cyst
1550:10.15547/tjs.2014.03.005
1315:. DermNet NZ. 2013-12-28
39:Contact dermatitis rash.
3185:Abietic acid dermatitis
3043:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3038:Systemic histoplasmosis
2429:Porphyria cutanea tarda
2059:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1802:10.2310/6620.2008.07094
1762:: an initiative of the
1617:10.2310/6620.2009.08097
473:Photocontact dermatitis
302:photocontact dermatitis
233:they include the oily,
3018:Cicatricial pemphigoid
2935:Acne keloidalis nuchae
2930:Folliculitis decalvans
1667:Clinics in Dermatology
1143:Clinics in Dermatology
537:
411:
334:
3396:Drug-induced pruritus
3121:Seborrheic dermatitis
2920:Loose anagen syndrome
2847:Necrobiosis lipoidica
2783:Actinic/solar purpura
2457:Insect bite reactions
2246:Seborrheic dermatitis
2069:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2049:Molluscum contagiosum
1570:Public Health Reports
771: – Human disease
533:
409:
379:sodium lauryl sulfate
325:
3534:Occupational hazards
3442:Cholestatic pruritus
3432:due to liver disease
3301:Molluscum dermatitis
2743:Annulare centrifugum
2266:Glucagonoma syndrome
2064:Basal-cell carcinoma
2039:Seborrheic keratosis
1333:Taylor JS, Amado A.
921:Dermatologic Clinics
868:Dermatologic Therapy
640:may relieve itching.
479:Phytophotodermatitis
195:Lichenified lesions:
179:Itchy, burning skin:
3498:Nummular dermatitis
3491:Fixed drug reaction
3308:Circumostomy eczema
3106:Prurigo gestationis
2988:Aphthous stomatitis
2925:Lichen planopilaris
2900:Androgenic alopecia
2706:Fixed drug eruption
2281:Pemphigus foliaceus
2181:Granular cell tumor
1506:www.skinchannel.com
1184:Gladman AC (2006).
617:Topical antibiotics
331:construction debris
217:, 14K or 18K gold,
162:Blisters or wheals:
3529:Contact dermatitis
3454:Prurigo pigmentosa
3413:Aquagenic pruritus
3205:Contact stomatitis
3144:Contact dermatitis
3008:Pemphigus vulgaris
2837:Granuloma annulare
2701:Carcinoid syndrome
2586:Tuberous sclerosis
2545:Coccidioidomycosis
2419:Bullous pemphigoid
2414:Pemphigus vulgaris
2346:Secondary syphilis
2236:Contact dermatitis
1927:External resources
1227:Contact Dermatitis
538:
445:Myroxylon pereirae
431:Allergens include
412:
335:
328:impregnated wooden
223:Myroxylon pereirae
123:Signs and symptoms
58:Contact dermatitis
25:Contact dermatitis
3516:
3515:
3427:Adult blaschkitis
3364:Prurigo nodularis
3255:Eyelid dermatitis
3195:Airbag dermatitis
3098:Atopic dermatitis
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
2895:Telogen effluvium
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2757:
2756:
2609:
2608:
2477:Lichen spinulosus
2472:Keratosis pilaris
2351:Mycosis fungoides
2251:Stasis dermatitis
2241:Atopic dermatitis
2204:
2203:
2079:Trichoepithelioma
2054:Actinic keratosis
1967:
1966:
1753:(February 2013),
1287:10.2131/jts.15.39
1203:10.1580/pr31-05.1
654:Avoid scratching.
489:ultraviolet light
262:Grevillea banksii
257:alkyl resorcinols
145:contact urticaria
55:
54:
19:Medical condition
3546:
3464:Puncta pruritica
3437:Biliary pruritus
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3058:
2993:Oral candidiasis
2870:
2869:
2768:
2767:
2696:Erythema nodosum
2640:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2566:Tinea versicolor
2404:Bullous impetigo
2341:Pityriasis rosea
2276:Lichen sclerosus
2261:Darier's disease
2226:
2225:
2215:
2214:
2171:Kaposi's sarcoma
2017:
2016:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:on 21 April 2011
1508:. Archived from
1498:
1492:
1491:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1431:(2–3): 201–211.
1420:
1405:
1404:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
997:
988:
987:
951:
945:
944:
916:
910:
909:
883:
859:
853:
852:
804:
774:
765:
750:
710:medication like
34:
22:
21:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3503:Pityriasis alba
3473:
3469:Uremic pruritus
3459:Prurigo simplex
3408:Senile pruritus
3384:Pruritus vulvae
3379:Pruritus scroti
3350:
3337:
3318:Nummular eczema
3219:
3200:Baboon syndrome
3146:
3138:
3115:
3092:
3086:
3056:
3047:
2979:
2972:
2939:
2905:Alopecia areata
2883:
2865:
2851:
2808:
2787:
2763:
2753:
2710:
2669:
2655:Viral exanthems
2633:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2576:Pityriasis alba
2554:
2496:
2438:
2375:
2295:
2291:Zinc deficiency
2221:
2219:
2200:
2128:
2119:
2083:
2074:Nevus sebaceous
2008:
2005:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1922:
1921:
1865:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1764:ABIM Foundation
1760:Choosing Wisely
1748:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1601:
1597:
1582:10.2307/4584864
1562:
1558:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1456:
1452:
1421:
1408:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1341:on 25 July 2012
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1266:
1262:
1223:
1219:
1182:
1178:
1135:
1131:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1049:
998:
991:
952:
948:
917:
913:
860:
856:
805:
786:
781:
772:
763:
748:
741:
730:. Prescription
704:Corticosteroids
693:
649:diphenhydramine
638:Calamine lotion
631:
626:
577:
547:allergy testing
528:
481:
475:
404:
398:
316:
310:
207:
125:
113:
97:immune response
93:epidermal cells
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Prion pruritus
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3389:Scalp pruritus
3386:
3381:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3333:Xerotic eczema
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Coxsackievirus
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2740:
2738:Gyratum repens
2735:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:Toxic erythema
2657:
2652:
2650:Drug eruptions
2646:
2644:
2637:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:Lichen nitidus
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Herpes simplex
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1882:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:Classification
1850:
1849:External links
1847:
1844:
1843:
1815:
1796:(4): 181–189.
1780:
1739:
1712:(4): 742–748.
1692:
1673:(4): 557–559.
1654:
1638:
1611:(3): 149–160.
1595:
1556:
1543:(3): 245–249.
1523:
1493:
1466:(6): 877–885.
1450:
1406:
1379:(2): 270–275.
1363:
1351:
1325:
1301:
1260:
1233:(3): 126–131.
1217:
1196:(2): 120–128.
1176:
1149:(3): 325–330.
1129:
1102:(3): 149–154.
1082:
1062:
1047:
989:
946:
927:(3): 263–267.
911:
874:(4): 334–340.
854:
783:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
766:
760:Nickel allergy
757:
751:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:antihistamines
728:Antihistamines
717:
716:
712:hydrocortisone
708:corticosteroid
692:
689:
688:
687:
672:
665:
662:hydrocortisone
658:
655:
652:
645:antihistamines
641:
635:
630:
627:
625:
622:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
576:
573:
562:, 11.9%), and
560:Balsam of Peru
556:nickel sulfate
527:
524:
477:Main article:
474:
471:
441:Balsam of Peru
417:hypersensitive
400:Main article:
397:
394:
375:ethylene oxide
312:Main article:
309:
306:
270:'Robyn Gordon'
219:Balsam of Peru
215:nickel allergy
206:
203:
198:
197:
192:
182:
176:
159:
124:
121:
117:skin disorders
112:
109:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3551:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Dermatophytid
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Breast eczema
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Metal allergy
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:Tulip fingers
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:Sweat allergy
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Lichen planus
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Onychomycosis
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Tinea capitis
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:Miscellaneous
2862:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:Nonblanchable
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2612:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:Hypopigmented
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Acne vulgaris
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Lichen planus
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Herpes zoster
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Parapsoriasis
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
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1361:DermNetNZ.org
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969:
965:
962:(1): 99–109.
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819:(1): 99–109.
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697:dermatologist
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585:barrier cream
582:
572:
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520:Immunological
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
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456:
455:
454:Toxicodendron
450:
446:
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426:T lymphocytes
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279:Ginkgo biloba
275:
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240:Toxicodendron
236:
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171:(welts), and
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105:patch testing
102:
98:
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82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
3431:
3374:Pruritus ani
3371:by location:
3370:
3181:
3161:
3143:
2968:Ingrown nail
2540:Dermatophyte
2535:Gonococcemia
2520:Folliculitis
2408:
2235:
2161:Neurofibroma
2129:subcutaneous
1945:
1934:
1910:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1835:. Retrieved
1793:
1789:
1783:
1772:, retrieved
1758:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1670:
1666:
1648:
1641:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1505:
1496:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1428:
1424:
1376:
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1366:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1280:(1): 39–46.
1277:
1273:
1263:
1230:
1226:
1220:
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1189:
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1095:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1050:
1012:(s2): 9–13.
1009:
1005:
959:
955:
949:
924:
920:
914:
871:
867:
857:
816:
812:
727:
718:
703:
694:
691:Medical care
683:
615:
581:duty of care
578:
569:
539:
517:
493:
482:
467:poison sumac
452:
444:
430:
413:
391:
336:
317:
291:
284:
277:
267:
260:
253:poison sumac
238:
222:
212:
208:
199:
194:
184:
178:
161:
155:
149:
142:
126:
114:
111:Epidemiology
74:
62:inflammation
57:
56:
3539:Allergology
3286:Id reaction
3270:Dyshidrosis
3265:Hand eczema
3190:Diaper rash
3023:Herpesvirus
3003:Leukoplakia
2828:Scleroderma
2715:Specialized
2643:Generalized
2618:involvement
2530:Candidiasis
2222:involvement
2196:Myxoid cyst
2044:Acrochordon
1936:MedlinePlus
1576:(17): 546.
721:halobetasol
715:prescribed.
551:patch tests
543:patch tests
389:residues).
363:surfactants
50:Dermatology
3523:Categories
3486:Bromoderma
3250:Ear eczema
3134:Cradle cap
3091:and eczema
3089:Dermatitis
2963:Paronychia
2804:Vasculitis
2728:Multiforme
2726:Erythema (
2681:Cellulitis
2632:Blanchable
2381:Blistering
2371:Ichthyosis
2229:Eczematous
2141:Hemangioma
1912:DiseasesDB
1837:2014-04-18
1790:Dermatitis
1774:5 December
1605:Dermatitis
1345:2014-04-17
1319:2014-04-17
1076:2006-08-14
779:References
754:Hock burns
680:zinc oxide
671:irritants.
575:Prevention
535:Patch test
485:phototoxic
463:poison oak
459:poison ivy
457:, such as
347:turpentine
341:(alcohol,
249:poison oak
245:poison ivy
229:. In the
129:dermatitis
101:Phototoxic
3418:Aquadynia
2958:Psoriasis
2866:disorders
2821:Indurated
2722:Urticaria
2674:Localized
2616:epidermal
2399:Varicella
2309:Psoriasis
2220:epidermal
2186:Leiomyoma
2088:Pigmented
2021:Epidermal
1952:emerg/131
1947:eMedicine
1726:0190-9622
1163:0738-081X
1116:1046-199X
1026:0926-9959
890:1396-0296
833:1559-0267
629:Self-care
624:Treatment
564:fragrance
526:Diagnosis
505:psoriasis
501:psoralens
422:cytokines
268:Grevillea
173:urticaria
156:Red rash:
134:epidermis
85:irritants
77:allergens
68:, bumps,
45:Specialty
3343:Pruritus
3291:Candidid
3153:irritant
3149:allergic
3033:Syphilis
2980:membrane
2635:Erythema
2571:Vitiligo
2525:Impetigo
2502:Pustular
2467:Miliaria
2315:Corporis
2166:Xanthoma
2115:Melanoma
2095:Freckles
1955:ped/2569
1810:18674453
1633:24088485
1625:19470301
1516:31 March
1488:26038634
1480:11899139
1445:11811925
1393:12174098
1212:16805148
1171:21496742
1042:38860619
1034:17716286
984:52931782
976:30293200
941:27363882
906:42322170
898:15327479
849:52931782
841:30293200
739:See also
647:such as
513:vitiligo
449:chromium
371:kerosene
339:solvents
235:urushiol
231:Americas
227:chromium
189:vesicles
165:Blisters
127:Contact
70:blisters
3352:Prurigo
3162:plants:
2832:morphea
2792:Papular
2771:Macular
2764:Purpura
2748:Ab igne
2733:Migrans
2686:Abscess
2614:Without
2596:Leprosy
2515:Rosacea
2452:Scabies
2444:Papular
2313:Tinea (
2301:Scaling
2105:Melasma
2100:Lentigo
2013:Growths
1958:oph/480
1906:D003877
1734:2146291
1687:9255462
1646:DermNet
1590:4584864
1401:8444176
1296:2110595
1255:2846186
1247:2946534
1124:9744907
549:. The
383:alkalis
381:); and
359:ketones
355:acetone
274:Bilobol
225:), and
3225:Eczema
3182:other:
2978:Mucous
2874:Ulcers
2335:Faciei
2330:Manuum
2320:Cruris
2210:Rashes
2156:Lipoma
2151:Keloid
2125:Dermal
2034:Callus
1941:000869
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1732:
1724:
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745:Eczema
511:, and
509:eczema
465:, and
433:nickel
351:esters
343:xylene
300:; and
251:, and
205:Causes
169:wheals
138:dermis
83:), or
3478:Other
2325:Pedis
2110:Nevus
1917:29585
1895:692.9
1880:L25.9
1629:S2CID
1586:JSTOR
1484:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1251:S2CID
1038:S2CID
980:S2CID
902:S2CID
845:S2CID
669:basic
643:Oral
497:toxin
495:from
367:latex
287:latex
3347:Itch
2945:Nail
2888:Hair
2691:Boil
2218:With
2029:Wart
1901:MeSH
1890:9-CM
1806:PMID
1776:2013
1730:PMID
1722:ISSN
1683:PMID
1621:PMID
1518:2011
1476:PMID
1441:PMID
1389:PMID
1292:PMID
1243:PMID
1208:PMID
1167:PMID
1159:ISSN
1120:PMID
1112:ISSN
1030:PMID
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972:PMID
937:PMID
894:PMID
886:ISSN
837:PMID
829:ISSN
706:. A
684:e.g.
437:gold
265:and
66:rash
2625:Red
2127:and
1886:ICD
1871:ICD
1798:doi
1714:doi
1675:doi
1613:doi
1578:doi
1545:doi
1468:doi
1464:145
1433:doi
1381:doi
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