20:
2661:
1144:
36:
2672:
166:(i.e. its temperature changes relatively slowly as it expands) then the rising parcel of gas will remain warmer and less dense than its new surroundings even after expanding and cooling. Its buoyancy will then cause it to continue to rise. The region of the star in which this happens is the convection zone.
154:
expresses the conditions under which a region of a star is unstable to convection. A parcel of gas that rises slightly will find itself in an environment of lower pressure than the one it came from. As a result, the parcel will expand and cool. If the rising parcel cools to a lower temperature than
227:
due to heavier elements to be high enough to produce a steep temperature gradient. This combination of circumstances produces an outer convection zone, the top of which is visible in the Sun as
204:. The high temperature gradient in the core region forms a convection zone that slowly mixes the hydrogen fuel with the helium product. The core convection zone of these stars is overlaid by a
147:
Stellar convection consists of mass movement of plasma within the star which usually forms a circular convection current with the heated plasma ascending and the cooled plasma descending.
2512:
155:
its new surroundings, so that it has a higher density than the surrounding gas, then its lack of buoyancy will cause it to sink back to where it came from. However, if the
208:
that is in thermal equilibrium and undergoes little or no mixing. In the most massive stars, the convection zone may reach all the way from the core to the surface.
246:
In main sequence stars similar to the Sun, which have a radiative core and convective envelope, the transition region between the convection zone and the
503:
Lebzelter, T.; Lederer, M. T.; Cristallo, S.; Hinkle, K. H.; Straniero, O.; Aringer, B. (2008). "AGB stars of the intermediate-age LMC cluster NGC 1846".
344:
Martins, F.; Depagne, E.; Russeil, D.; Mahy, L. (2013). "Evidence of quasi-chemically homogeneous evolution of massive stars up to solar metallicity".
622:
609:
162:
is steep enough (i.e. the temperature changes rapidly with distance from the center of the star), or if the gas has a very high
2544:
590:
571:
211:
In main sequence stars of less than about 1.3 solar masses, the outer envelope of the star contains a region where partial
674:
2519:
1838:
968:
654:
2231:
397:
Reiners, Ansgar; Basri, Gibor (March 2009). "On the magnetic topology of partially and fully convective stars".
2524:
2161:
2145:
1180:
2571:
2438:
1124:
175:
2554:
2505:
2480:
1773:
1129:
619:
274:
events, short-lived very deep convection zones that transport fusion products to the surface of the star.
2495:
2475:
1858:
606:
450:
d'Antona, F.; Montalbán, J. (2003). "Efficiency of convection and Pre-Main
Sequence lithium depletion".
2702:
2559:
2490:
2460:
927:
2566:
2443:
2420:
2002:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1105:
270:
phase, the surface convection zone varies in depth during the phases of shell burning. This causes
31:
star, showing their convective zones. These are the granular zones in the outer layers of the stars.
1709:
1583:
1218:
223:
raises the heat capacity. The relatively low temperature in this region simultaneously causes the
19:
2485:
2236:
2035:
1945:
1905:
1887:
1813:
1384:
1310:
800:
561:
267:
228:
201:
151:
47:
128:
is a layer which is unstable due to convection. Energy is primarily or partially transported by
2646:
2626:
2398:
2393:
2291:
2186:
2135:
1940:
1930:
1603:
1401:
1369:
1260:
1243:
1099:
942:
835:
2500:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2383:
2171:
1337:
995:
815:
647:
1618:
526:
473:
420:
367:
314:
2641:
2539:
2529:
2378:
2346:
2140:
1935:
1920:
1233:
1079:
1049:
932:
867:
684:
522:
469:
416:
363:
310:
8:
2697:
2101:
2084:
1755:
1657:
1480:
899:
181:
2241:
291:
Behrend, R.; Maeder, A. (2001). "Formation of massive stars by growing accretion rate".
2636:
2597:
2549:
2534:
2448:
2388:
2311:
2221:
2191:
2181:
2125:
2047:
1738:
1374:
1173:
985:
717:
538:
512:
485:
459:
432:
406:
379:
353:
326:
300:
2587:
2012:
1985:
1965:
1765:
1549:
1537:
1364:
1344:
1298:
1280:
1248:
1119:
1034:
937:
586:
567:
141:
2072:
840:
542:
436:
383:
330:
2415:
2368:
2318:
2306:
2284:
2279:
2206:
2166:
2113:
1895:
1818:
1793:
1687:
1608:
1332:
1293:
825:
734:
640:
530:
489:
477:
424:
371:
318:
224:
97:
534:
428:
375:
2602:
2405:
2274:
2118:
2089:
2030:
1900:
1628:
1593:
1527:
1473:
1468:
1413:
1223:
1059:
1039:
1014:
909:
854:
830:
626:
613:
481:
322:
2664:
2430:
2269:
2096:
2067:
2042:
1975:
1664:
1532:
1418:
1320:
1210:
1200:
1029:
1009:
1004:
792:
697:
263:
247:
205:
185:
133:
72:
2691:
2616:
2410:
2373:
2341:
2216:
1925:
1748:
1719:
1697:
1315:
1288:
1265:
1166:
1074:
1069:
1044:
973:
963:
884:
879:
874:
777:
754:
739:
240:
163:
2676:
2351:
2301:
2296:
2196:
2079:
2062:
2020:
1990:
1980:
1915:
1798:
1743:
1724:
1704:
1682:
1674:
1517:
1510:
1349:
1270:
1253:
1147:
1054:
1024:
1019:
980:
810:
805:
782:
764:
744:
87:
62:
620:
Animated explanation of the temperature and density of the
Convection zone
184:
more than 1.3 times the mass of the Sun, the high core temperature causes
2592:
2264:
2256:
2246:
2226:
2201:
2130:
2052:
1808:
1783:
1778:
1692:
1652:
1613:
1578:
1561:
1556:
1228:
990:
919:
904:
889:
862:
772:
726:
464:
305:
156:
92:
57:
2176:
1873:
1846:
1823:
1803:
1788:
1640:
1544:
1522:
1500:
1495:
1359:
1064:
894:
702:
692:
566:. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer.
251:
236:
212:
129:
102:
82:
77:
2363:
2211:
1995:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1910:
1863:
1853:
1647:
1623:
1598:
1505:
1456:
1389:
1379:
1354:
1327:
1303:
1238:
947:
820:
271:
232:
197:
137:
28:
560:
Hansen, Carl J.; Kawaler, Steven D. & Trimble, Virginia (1994).
2356:
2057:
1731:
1490:
1463:
1089:
216:
189:
159:
517:
411:
358:
2631:
2106:
1868:
1635:
1588:
1571:
1566:
1485:
749:
243:, are convective throughout and do not contain a radiation zone.
52:
2621:
2609:
1828:
1714:
563:
Stellar
Interiors: physical principles, structure and evolution
502:
220:
193:
35:
1970:
1189:
1084:
125:
2671:
632:
2336:
663:
343:
40:
24:
1158:
449:
559:
16:
Region of a star which is unstable due to convection
176:Radiation zone § Stability against convection
2689:
1174:
648:
581:Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998).
580:
290:
396:
239:, as well as pre-main sequence stars on the
607:Animated explanation of the Convection zone
390:
1181:
1167:
655:
641:
200:instead of the less temperature-sensitive
516:
463:
410:
357:
304:
585:(4th ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole.
39:An illustration of the structure of the
34:
23:An illustration of the structure of the
18:
583:Introductory astronomy and astrophysics
2690:
231:Low-mass main-sequence stars, such as
169:
1162:
636:
443:
13:
553:
198:carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle
14:
2714:
600:
2670:
2660:
2659:
1143:
1142:
196:to occur predominantly via the
496:
337:
284:
266:, and particularly during the
1:
2572:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1125:List of heliophysics missions
277:
257:
1130:Category:Missions to the Sun
629:(University of South Wales).
616:(University of South Wales).
346:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7:
2232:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
662:
535:10.1051/0004-6361:200809363
429:10.1051/0004-6361:200811450
376:10.1051/0004-6361/201321282
136:, energy is transported by
10:
2719:
2146:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
505:Astronomy and Astrophysics
482:10.1051/0004-6361:20031410
452:Astronomy and Astrophysics
399:Astronomy and Astrophysics
323:10.1051/0004-6361:20010585
293:Astronomy and Astrophysics
173:
2655:
2580:
2429:
2327:
2255:
2154:
2011:
1886:
1764:
1673:
1409:
1400:
1279:
1209:
1196:
1188:
1138:
1112:
1106:G-type main-sequence star
1098:
956:
918:
853:
791:
763:
725:
716:
683:
670:
2525:With multiple exoplanets
969:In mythology and culture
1311:Asymptotic giant branch
527:2008A&A...486..511L
474:2003A&A...412..213D
421:2009A&A...496..787R
368:2013A&A...554A..23M
315:2001A&A...373..190B
268:asymptotic giant branch
152:Schwarzschild criterion
132:in such a region. In a
2647:Tidal disruption event
2136:Circumstellar envelope
1370:Luminous blue variable
836:Supra-arcade downflows
109:
32:
2172:Effective temperature
816:Coronal mass ejection
38:
22:
2642:Planet-hosting stars
2520:With resolved images
2491:Historical brightest
2421:Photometric-standard
2347:Solar radio emission
2141:Eddington luminosity
1921:Triple-alpha process
1859:Thorne–Żytkow object
1234:Young stellar object
1080:Standard solar model
1050:Solar radio emission
868:List of solar cycles
2466:Highest temperature
2237:Color–color diagram
2102:Protoplanetary disk
1906:Proton–proton chain
1584:Chemically peculiar
900:Magnetic switchback
202:proton–proton chain
182:main sequence stars
170:Main sequence stars
2471:Lowest temperature
2222:Photometric system
2192:Absolute magnitude
2126:Circumstellar dust
1739:Stellar black hole
1375:Stellar population
1261:Herbig–Haro object
1090:Sunlight radiation
685:Internal structure
625:2015-11-16 at the
612:2015-11-16 at the
229:solar granulation.
110:
33:
2703:Stellar phenomena
2685:
2684:
2588:Substellar object
2567:Planetary nebulae
1986:Luminous red nova
1896:Deuterium burning
1882:
1881:
1365:Instability strip
1345:Wolf-Rayet nebula
1299:Horizontal branch
1244:Pre-main-sequence
1156:
1155:
1120:Solar observatory
1035:Solar observation
933:Termination shock
849:
848:
801:Transition region
592:978-0-03-006228-5
573:978-0-387-20089-7
122:convective region
2710:
2677:Stars portal
2675:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2319:Planetary system
2242:Strömgren sphere
2114:Asteroseismology
1835:Black hole star
1407:
1406:
1333:Planetary nebula
1294:Red-giant branch
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1145:
735:Supergranulation
723:
722:
657:
650:
643:
634:
633:
596:
577:
547:
546:
520:
500:
494:
493:
467:
465:astro-ph/0309348
447:
441:
440:
414:
394:
388:
387:
361:
341:
335:
334:
308:
306:astro-ph/0105054
288:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2669:
2651:
2576:
2545:Milky Way novae
2481:Smallest volume
2425:
2406:Radial velocity
2329:
2323:
2275:Common envelope
2251:
2150:
2119:Helioseismology
2090:Bipolar outflow
2031:Microturbulence
2026:Convection zone
2007:
1901:Lithium burning
1888:Nucleosynthesis
1878:
1760:
1669:
1396:
1275:
1224:Molecular cloud
1205:
1192:
1187:
1157:
1152:
1134:
1108:
1094:
1060:Solar telescope
1040:Solar phenomena
1015:Solar astronomy
952:
914:
910:Helioseismology
845:
831:Helmet streamer
787:
759:
712:
708:Convection zone
679:
666:
661:
627:Wayback Machine
614:Wayback Machine
603:
593:
574:
556:
554:Further reading
551:
550:
501:
497:
448:
444:
395:
391:
342:
338:
289:
285:
280:
264:red giant stars
260:
178:
172:
118:convective zone
114:convection zone
108:
107:
68:Convection zone
17:
12:
11:
5:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Largest volume
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Magnetic field
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2097:Accretion disk
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:Alfvén surface
2070:
2068:Stellar corona
2065:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2043:Radiation zone
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1665:Blue straggler
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:Main sequence
1421:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1402:Classification
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:Protoplanetary
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:Spectral class
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Solar neutrino
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Solar activity
1007:
1005:Sun in fiction
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
983:
978:
977:
976:
971:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
871:
870:
859:
857:
851:
850:
847:
846:
844:
843:
841:Alfvén surface
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
720:
714:
713:
711:
710:
705:
700:
698:Radiation zone
695:
689:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
671:
668:
667:
660:
659:
652:
645:
637:
631:
630:
617:
602:
601:External links
599:
598:
597:
591:
578:
572:
555:
552:
549:
548:
495:
442:
405:(3): 787–790.
389:
336:
282:
281:
279:
276:
259:
256:
250:is called the
248:radiation zone
206:radiation zone
186:nuclear fusion
171:
168:
134:radiation zone
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
73:Radiation zone
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2715:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Intergalactic
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Galactic year
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Most luminous
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Proper motion
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Constellation
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Solar eclipse
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:Earth-centric
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Alpha process
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:Helium planet
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Parker's star
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Lambda Boötis
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Superluminous
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Main sequence
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Hayashi track
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Space weather
1073:
1071:
1070:Space climate
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Solar physics
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
975:
974:Lunar eclipse
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Current sheet
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:Solar minimum
883:
881:
880:Solar maximum
878:
876:
875:Active region
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
856:
852:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
794:
790:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
755:Ellerman bomb
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
728:
724:
721:
719:
715:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
673:
672:
669:
665:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
638:
635:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
594:
588:
584:
579:
575:
569:
565:
564:
558:
557:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
514:
510:
506:
499:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
461:
457:
453:
446:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
408:
404:
400:
393:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
355:
351:
347:
340:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
302:
298:
294:
287:
283:
275:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
241:Hayashi track
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
167:
165:
164:heat capacity
161:
158:
153:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
42:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2540:White dwarfs
2530:Brown dwarfs
2513:Most distant
2461:Most massive
2439:Proper names
2399:Photographic
2352:Solar System
2330:observations
2257:Star systems
2080:Stellar wind
2063:Chromosphere
2036:Oscillations
2025:
1916:Helium flash
1766:Hypothetical
1744:X-ray binary
1683:Compact star
1518:Bright giant
1271:Henyey track
1249:Herbig Ae/Be
1055:Solar System
1025:Solar energy
1020:Solar dynamo
981:Heliophysics
811:Coronal loop
806:Coronal hole
783:Moreton wave
765:Chromosphere
707:
582:
562:
508:
504:
498:
455:
451:
445:
402:
398:
392:
349:
345:
339:
296:
292:
286:
261:
245:
237:solar masses
210:
179:
149:
146:
121:
117:
113:
111:
88:Solar corona
67:
63:Chromosphere
2593:Brown dwarf
2369:Circumpolar
2247:Kraft break
2227:Color index
2202:Metallicity
2162:Designation
2131:Cosmic dust
2053:Photosphere
1819:Dark-energy
1794:Electroweak
1779:Black dwarf
1710:Radio-quiet
1693:White dwarf
1579:White dwarf
1229:Bok globule
1113:Exploration
991:Solar deity
938:Heliosheath
920:Heliosphere
890:Wolf number
863:Solar cycle
727:Photosphere
458:: 213–218.
299:: 190–198.
235:below 0.35
157:temperature
58:Photosphere
2698:Convection
2692:Categories
2555:Candidates
2550:Supernovae
2535:Red dwarfs
2394:Extinction
2182:Kinematics
2177:Luminosity
2155:Properties
2048:Atmosphere
1946:Si burning
1936:Ne burning
1874:White hole
1847:Quasi-star
1774:Blue dwarf
1629:Technetium
1545:Hypergiant
1523:Supergiant
1065:Solar time
986:In culture
943:Heliopause
895:Solar wind
826:Prominence
718:Atmosphere
703:Tachocline
511:(2): 511.
278:References
258:Red giants
252:tachocline
233:red dwarfs
213:ionization
174:See also:
142:conduction
130:convection
103:Solar wind
98:Prominence
83:Solar core
78:Tachocline
2486:Brightest
2384:Magnitude
2364:Pole star
2285:Symbiotic
2280:Eclipsing
2212:Starlight
2013:Structure
2003:Supernova
1996:Micronova
1991:Recurrent
1976:Symbiotic
1961:p-process
1956:r-process
1951:s-process
1941:O burning
1931:C burning
1911:CNO cycle
1854:Gravastar
1390:Hypernova
1380:Supernova
1355:Dredge-up
1328:Blue loop
1321:super-AGB
1304:Red clump
1281:Evolution
1239:Protostar
1219:Accretion
1211:Formation
948:Bow shock
855:Variation
821:Nanoflare
518:0805.3242
412:0901.1659
359:1304.3337
272:dredge-up
138:radiation
29:red giant
2665:Category
2560:Remnants
2456:Extremes
2416:Parallax
2389:Apparent
2379:Asterism
2357:Sunlight
2307:Globular
2292:Multiple
2217:Variable
2207:Rotation
2167:Dynamics
2058:Starspot
1732:Magnetar
1675:Remnants
1491:Subgiant
1464:Subdwarf
1316:post-AGB
1148:Category
623:Archived
610:Archived
543:18811290
437:15159121
384:54707309
331:18153904
217:hydrogen
190:hydrogen
160:gradient
48:Granules
2632:Gravity
2581:Related
2501:Nearest
2449:Chinese
2297:Cluster
2270:Contact
2107:Proplyd
1981:Remnant
1869:Blitzar
1843:Hawking
1799:Strange
1749:Burster
1705:Neutron
1658:Extreme
1609:He-weak
1254:T Tauri
964:Eclipse
957:Related
778:Spicule
750:Sunspot
745:Faculae
740:Granule
664:The Sun
523:Bibcode
490:2590382
470:Bibcode
417:Bibcode
364:Bibcode
352:: A23.
311:Bibcode
225:opacity
53:Sunspot
2622:Galaxy
2610:Planet
2598:Desert
2506:bright
2444:Arabic
2265:Binary
2085:Bubble
1809:Planck
1784:Exotic
1720:Binary
1715:Pulsar
1653:Helium
1614:Barium
1557:Carbon
1550:Yellow
1538:Yellow
1511:Yellow
1350:PG1159
793:Corona
589:
570:
541:
488:
435:
382:
329:
221:helium
194:helium
27:and a
2627:Guest
2431:Lists
2312:Super
1966:Fusor
1839:Black
1824:Quark
1804:Preon
1789:Boson
1725:X-ray
1641:Shell
1594:Ap/Bp
1496:Giant
1414:Early
1360:OH/IR
1190:Stars
905:Flare
773:Plage
539:S2CID
513:arXiv
486:S2CID
460:arXiv
433:S2CID
407:arXiv
380:S2CID
354:arXiv
327:S2CID
301:arXiv
192:into
124:of a
93:Flare
2302:Open
2197:Mass
2021:Core
1971:Nova
1864:Iron
1814:Dark
1624:Lead
1604:HgMn
1599:CEMP
1528:Blue
1501:Blue
1419:Late
1201:List
1085:Star
996:List
693:Core
675:List
587:ISBN
568:ISBN
219:and
150:The
140:and
126:star
2603:Sub
2337:Sun
1756:SGR
1533:Red
1506:Red
531:doi
509:486
478:doi
456:212
425:doi
403:496
372:doi
350:554
319:doi
297:373
262:In
215:of
188:of
180:In
120:or
41:Sun
25:Sun
2694::
1636:Be
1589:Am
1572:CH
1567:CN
1486:OB
1481:WR
537:.
529:.
521:.
507:.
484:.
476:.
468:.
454:.
431:.
423:.
415:.
401:.
378:.
370:.
362:.
348:.
325:.
317:.
309:.
295:.
254:.
144:.
116:,
112:A
1829:Q
1648:B
1562:S
1474:B
1469:O
1457:M
1452:K
1447:G
1442:F
1437:A
1432:B
1427:O
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
656:e
649:t
642:v
595:.
576:.
545:.
533::
525::
515::
492:.
480::
472::
462::
439:.
427::
419::
409::
386:.
374::
366::
356::
333:.
321::
313::
303::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
