4479:
2962:
20:
372:) within a given layer of a star are important factors in determining how effective radiative diffusion is at transporting energy. A high opacity or high luminosity can cause a high temperature gradient, which results from a slow flow of energy. Those layers where convection is more effective than radiative diffusion at transporting energy, thereby creating a lower temperature gradient, will become
4490:
1166:
2084:
with mass, with stars around 1.2 solar masses being almost entirely radiative. Above 1.2 solar masses, the core region becomes a convection zone and the overlying region is a radiation zone, with the amount of mass within the convective zone increasing with the mass of the star.
318:
1769:
1001:
831:
127:
Matter in a radiation zone is so dense that photons can travel only a short distance before they are absorbed or scattered by another particle, gradually shifting to longer wavelength as they do so. For this reason, it takes an average of 171,000 years for
1631:
1365:
1500:
1020:
460:
2075:
are entirely convective, meaning they do not have a radiative zone. From 0.3 to 1.2 solar masses, the region around the stellar core is a radiation zone, separated from the overlying convection zone by the
154:
1240:
132:
from the core of the Sun to leave the radiation zone. Over this range, the temperature of the plasma drops from 15 million K near the core down to 1.5 million K at the base of the convection zone.
544:
699:
1666:
863:
725:
602:
1868:), and possibly also due to a smaller degree of ionization in the lower shells of heavy elements ions. This leads to a violation of the stability criterion and to the creation of the
2052:
1859:
4330:
1517:
1994:
1964:
1404:
1296:
1425:
1923:
1173:
For energy transmission by radiation only, we may use the equation for the temperature gradient (presented in the previous subsection) for the right-hand side and get
1507:
We can calculate the left-hand side by dividing the equation for the temperature gradient by the equation relating the pressure gradient to the gravity acceleration
719:
and μ the mass of a single atom (actually, an ion since matter is ionized; usually a hydrogen ion, i.e. a proton). While the radiation pressure satisfies:
1161:{\displaystyle -{\frac {GM\rho }{r^{2}}}={\frac {{\text{d}}P}{{\text{d}}r}}={\frac {16\sigma _{B}}{3c(1-\beta )}}T^{3}{\frac {{\text{d}}T}{{\text{d}}r}}}
1933:) is small, if nuclear energy production is strongly peaked at the center, as in relatively massive stars. Thus such stars have a convective core.
2071:
of hydrogen at the core, the presence and location of radiative regions depends on the star's mass. Main sequence stars below about 0.3
1872:; in the sun, opacity increases by more than a tenfold across the radiation zone, before the transition to the convection zone happens.
2054:. Therefore, all stars have shallow convection zones near their surfaces, at low enough temperatures where ionization is only partial.
399:
313:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}T(r)}{{\text{d}}r}}\ =\ -{\frac {3\kappa (r)\rho (r)L(r)}{(4\pi r^{2})(16\sigma _{B})T^{3}(r)}}}
2302:
Turck-ChiĂšze, Sylvaine; Couvidat, SĂ©bastien (2011-08-01). "Solar neutrinos, helioseismology and the solar internal dynamics".
380:
4362:
2386:
2208:
2173:
2146:
1181:
494:
2492:
1764:{\displaystyle {\frac {3}{64\pi \sigma _{B}\,G}}{\frac {\kappa \,L}{M}}{\frac {P}{T^{4}}}<1-{\frac {1}{\gamma _{ad}}}}
996:{\displaystyle P=\left({\frac {3ck_{B}^{4}}{4\sigma _{B}\mu ^{4}}}{\frac {1-\beta }{\beta ^{4}}}\right)^{1/3}\rho ^{4/3}}
655:
552:
4337:
3656:
826:{\displaystyle 1-\beta ={\frac {P_{\text{radiation}}}{P}}={\frac {u}{3P}}={\frac {4\sigma _{B}}{3c}}{\frac {T^{4}}{P}}}
2786:
2472:
2101:
at 0.71 of the Sun's radius is referred to as the radiation zone, although the core is also a radiative region. The
4049:
567:
4342:
3979:
3963:
2998:
4389:
4256:
2942:
361:
4372:
4323:
4298:
3591:
2947:
643:, and that there is a constant ratio, β, of the gas pressure to the total pressure. Therefore, by the
2444:
1999:
1806:
1277:
if the density gradient is high enough, so that an element moving upwards has its density lowered (due to
4313:
4293:
3676:
104:, is a layer of a star's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of
4377:
4308:
4278:
2745:
2438:
1864:
However, at a large enough radius, the opacity κ increases due to the decrease in temperature (by
1626:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}P(r)}{{\text{d}}r}}\ =\ g\rho \ =\ {\frac {G\,M(r)\,\rho (r)}{r^{2}}}}
4384:
4261:
4238:
3820:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
2923:
2247:
1360:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}\,\log \,\rho }{{\text{d}}\,\log \,P}}>{\frac {1}{\gamma _{ad}}}}
117:
3527:
3401:
3036:
1495:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}\,\log \,T}{{\text{d}}\,\log \,P}}<1-{\frac {1}{\gamma _{ad}}}}
483:
1969:
1966:. For semi-ionized gas, where approximately half of the atoms are ionized, the effective value of
1939:
1379:
4303:
4054:
3853:
3763:
3723:
3705:
3631:
3202:
3128:
2618:
1865:
1655:
1009:
31:
4464:
4444:
4216:
4211:
4109:
4004:
3953:
3758:
3748:
3421:
3219:
3187:
3078:
3061:
2917:
2760:
2653:
1882:
388:
2198:
4318:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4201:
3989:
3155:
2813:
2633:
2465:
2432:
2376:
2163:
2136:
472:
3436:
4459:
4357:
4347:
4196:
4164:
3958:
3753:
3738:
3051:
2897:
2867:
2750:
2685:
2502:
2321:
2266:
2068:
1777:
8:
3919:
3902:
3573:
3475:
3298:
2717:
1407:
4059:
2333:
2325:
2270:
4454:
4415:
4367:
4352:
4266:
4206:
4129:
4039:
4009:
3999:
3943:
3865:
3556:
3192:
2991:
2803:
2535:
2311:
2256:
2081:
1268:
716:
640:
109:
4405:
3830:
3803:
3783:
3583:
3367:
3355:
3182:
3162:
3116:
3098:
3066:
2937:
2852:
2755:
2382:
2345:
2337:
2284:
2279:
2242:
2204:
2179:
2169:
2142:
1281:) less than the drop in density of its surrounding, so that it will experience a net
1278:
3890:
2658:
4233:
4186:
4136:
4124:
4102:
4097:
4024:
3984:
3931:
3713:
3636:
3611:
3505:
3426:
3150:
3111:
2643:
2552:
2458:
2329:
2274:
625:
332:
81:
4420:
4223:
4092:
3936:
3907:
3848:
3843:
3718:
3446:
3411:
3345:
3291:
3286:
3231:
3041:
2877:
2857:
2832:
2727:
2672:
2648:
2525:
2407:
2102:
2098:
1869:
1274:
373:
51:
4482:
4248:
4087:
3914:
3885:
3793:
3482:
3350:
3236:
3138:
3028:
3018:
2847:
2827:
2822:
2610:
610:
4509:
4434:
4228:
4191:
4159:
4034:
3743:
3566:
3537:
3515:
3133:
3106:
3083:
2984:
2892:
2887:
2862:
2791:
2781:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2595:
2572:
2557:
2341:
2288:
2064:
1800:
1248:
644:
2183:
1780:, because the density gradient now also depends on concentration gradients.
387:, giving the total outgoing energy flux which is equal to the luminosity by
4515:
4494:
4169:
4119:
4114:
4014:
3897:
3880:
3838:
3808:
3798:
3733:
3616:
3561:
3542:
3522:
3500:
3492:
3335:
3328:
3167:
3088:
3071:
2965:
2872:
2842:
2837:
2798:
2628:
2623:
2600:
2582:
2562:
2349:
71:
46:
1799:
and the left-hand side is constant and equals 1/4, smaller than the ideal
4410:
4082:
4074:
4064:
4044:
4019:
3948:
3870:
3626:
3601:
3596:
3510:
3470:
3431:
3396:
3379:
3374:
3046:
2808:
2737:
2722:
2707:
2680:
2590:
2544:
2445:
Animated explanation of the temperature and density of the
Radiation zone
1776:
Note that for non-homogenic gas this criterion should be replaced by the
140:
In a radiative zone, the temperature gradientâthe change in temperature (
76:
41:
1875:
Additional situations in which this stability criterion is not met are:
1861:. This explains the stability of the radiation zone against convection.
3994:
3691:
3664:
3641:
3621:
3606:
3458:
3362:
3340:
3318:
3313:
3177:
2882:
2712:
2520:
2510:
2106:
2094:
2077:
2072:
113:
86:
66:
61:
4181:
4029:
3813:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3728:
3681:
3671:
3465:
3441:
3416:
3323:
3274:
3207:
3197:
3172:
3145:
3121:
3056:
2765:
2638:
1784:
1414:
848:
636:
129:
105:
2243:"Solar opacity calculations using the super-transition-array method"
4174:
3875:
3549:
3308:
3281:
2907:
2261:
1282:
629:
2424:
2316:
4449:
3924:
3686:
3453:
3406:
3389:
3384:
3303:
2567:
36:
455:{\displaystyle L=-4\pi \,r^{2}D{\frac {\partial u}{\partial r}}}
4439:
4427:
3646:
3532:
1251:
is a good approximation in the radiation zone as long as κ
121:
2381:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 80.
19:
1647:, and is approximately the whole star mass for large enough
3788:
3007:
2902:
2428:
1791:=3 (as in the Eddington stellar model for radiation zone),
116:. Energy travels through the radiation zone in the form of
4489:
2450:
2161:
4154:
2481:
2168:. The solar system. New York: Chelsea House. p. 24.
2162:
Elkins-Tanton, Linda T.; Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006).
2110:
2067:
starsâthose stars that are generating energy through the
1925:, which may happen towards the star core's center, where
24:
2976:
1235:{\displaystyle GM={\frac {\kappa L}{4\pi c(1-\beta )}}}
2378:
Theoretical astrophysics. 2: Stars and stellar systems
2141:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
2002:
1972:
1942:
1885:
1809:
1669:
1520:
1428:
1382:
1299:
1184:
1023:
1012:
equation, the second equation becomes equivalent to:
866:
728:
658:
570:
497:
402:
157:
2301:
1259:
is approximately constant, which is often the case.
539:{\displaystyle U={\frac {4}{c}}\,\sigma _{B}\,T^{4}}
482:
The energy density is related to the temperature by
694:{\displaystyle \beta P=k_{B}{\frac {\rho }{\mu }}T}
553:
elementary theory of diffusion coefficient in gases
2203:(1st ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 168.
2046:
1988:
1958:
1917:
1853:
1763:
1625:
1494:
1398:
1359:
1273:The radiation zone is stable against formation of
1234:
1160:
995:
825:
693:
596:
538:
454:
312:
2130:
2128:
2126:
4507:
2240:
2155:
2241:Krief, M.; Feigel, A.; Gazit, D. (2016-04-10).
1262:
2368:
2123:
2992:
2466:
2080:. The radius of the radiative zone increases
1803:approximation for the right-hand side giving
1643:) being the mass within the sphere of radius
379:This relation can be derived by integrating
2374:
597:{\displaystyle D={\frac {1}{3}}c\,\lambda }
2999:
2985:
2473:
2459:
2439:Animated explanation of the Radiation zone
2224:
2222:
2220:
2190:
2134:
2105:and the radiation zone are divided by the
620:
2315:
2278:
2260:
2135:Ryan, Sean G.; Norton, Andrew J. (2010).
2097:at 0.2 of the Sun's radius and the outer
1705:
1692:
1597:
1584:
1456:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1308:
590:
525:
514:
418:
1376:is the pressure, ρ the density and
23:An illustration of the structure of the
18:
2217:
2200:An Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics
2196:
2116:
613:, and is the reciprocal of the opacity
135:
4508:
2058:
2980:
2454:
2138:Stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis
1654:This gives the following form of the
2405:
2362:
2228:
2047:{\displaystyle 1-1/\gamma _{ad}=1/6}
1854:{\displaystyle 1-1/\gamma _{ad}=2/5}
2093:In the Sun, the region between the
13:
2425:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
2399:
1658:for stability against convection:
443:
435:
14:
4527:
2418:
2412:. Astronomical Institute Utrecht.
635:in a star is a combination of an
4488:
4478:
4477:
2961:
2960:
383:over the surface of some radius
2409:Stellar Structure and Evolution
2356:
2304:Reports on Progress in Physics
2295:
2234:
1912:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1538:
1532:
1226:
1214:
1118:
1106:
304:
298:
285:
269:
266:
247:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
175:
169:
1:
4390:Timeline of stellar astronomy
2943:List of heliophysics missions
2334:10.1088/0034-4885/74/8/086901
2948:Category:Missions to the Sun
2447:(University of South Wales).
2441:(University of South Wales).
1989:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ad}}
1959:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ad}}
1399:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ad}}
1263:Stability against convection
555:, the diffusion coefficient
7:
4050:HertzsprungâRussell diagram
2480:
2375:Padmanabhan, Thanu (2001).
2165:The Sun, Mercury, and Venus
1288:The criterion for this is:
609:where λ is the photon
144:) as a function of radius (
10:
4532:
3964:KelvinâHelmholtz mechanism
2406:Pols, Onno Rudolf (2011).
2280:10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/45
2088:
1266:
4473:
4398:
4247:
4145:
4073:
3972:
3829:
3704:
3582:
3491:
3227:
3218:
3097:
3027:
3014:
3006:
2956:
2930:
2924:G-type main-sequence star
2916:
2774:
2736:
2671:
2609:
2581:
2543:
2534:
2501:
2488:
2248:The Astrophysical Journal
2197:LeBlanc, Francis (2010).
1918:{\displaystyle L(r)/M(r)}
1417:, this is equivalent to:
559:approximately satisfies:
362:StefanâBoltzmann constant
351:) is the luminosity, and
343:) is the matter density,
118:electromagnetic radiation
4343:With multiple exoplanets
2787:In mythology and culture
2427:â official site of this
16:Radiative layer of stars
3129:Asymptotic giant branch
1656:Schwarzschild criterion
1010:hydrostatic equilibrium
621:Eddington stellar model
479:is the energy density.
4465:Tidal disruption event
3954:Circumstellar envelope
3188:Luminous blue variable
2654:Supra-arcade downflows
2109:, another part of the
2048:
1990:
1960:
1919:
1855:
1765:
1627:
1496:
1400:
1361:
1236:
1162:
997:
827:
695:
598:
540:
456:
389:conservation of energy
368:) and radiation flux (
314:
93:
3990:Effective temperature
2634:Coronal mass ejection
2049:
1996:drops to 6/5, giving
1991:
1961:
1920:
1856:
1766:
1628:
1497:
1401:
1362:
1237:
1163:
998:
844:throughout the star.
828:
696:
599:
541:
473:diffusion coefficient
457:
364:. Hence the opacity (
315:
22:
4460:Planet-hosting stars
4338:With resolved images
4309:Historical brightest
4239:Photometric-standard
4165:Solar radio emission
3959:Eddington luminosity
3739:Triple-alpha process
3677:ThorneâĆ»ytkow object
3052:Young stellar object
2898:Standard solar model
2868:Solar radio emission
2686:List of solar cycles
2117:Notes and references
2069:thermonuclear fusion
2000:
1970:
1940:
1883:
1866:Kramers' opacity law
1807:
1667:
1518:
1426:
1380:
1297:
1182:
1021:
864:
726:
656:
568:
495:
484:StefanâBoltzmann law
400:
155:
136:Temperature gradient
4284:Highest temperature
4055:Colorâcolor diagram
3920:Protoplanetary disk
3724:Protonâproton chain
3402:Chemically peculiar
2718:Magnetic switchback
2326:2011RPPh...74h6901T
2271:2016ApJ...821...45K
2059:Main sequence stars
1936:A smaller value of
1795:is proportional to
1408:heat capacity ratio
1279:adiabatic expansion
1247:Thus the Eddington
902:
840:is proportional to
551:Finally, as in the
106:radiative diffusion
4289:Lowest temperature
4040:Photometric system
4010:Absolute magnitude
3944:Circumstellar dust
3557:Stellar black hole
3193:Stellar population
3079:HerbigâHaro object
2908:Sunlight radiation
2503:Internal structure
2044:
1986:
1956:
1915:
1851:
1761:
1623:
1492:
1396:
1357:
1269:Natural convection
1232:
1158:
993:
888:
823:
717:Boltzmann constant
691:
641:radiation pressure
594:
536:
452:
310:
110:thermal conduction
94:
4503:
4502:
4406:Substellar object
4385:Planetary nebulae
3804:Luminous red nova
3714:Deuterium burning
3700:
3699:
3183:Instability strip
3163:Wolf-Rayet nebula
3117:Horizontal branch
3062:Pre-main-sequence
2974:
2973:
2938:Solar observatory
2853:Solar observation
2751:Termination shock
2667:
2666:
2619:Transition region
2388:978-0-521-56631-5
2210:978-1-119-96497-1
2175:978-0-8160-5193-9
2148:978-0-521-19609-3
1759:
1730:
1713:
1697:
1621:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1527:
1490:
1461:
1450:
1435:
1355:
1332:
1321:
1306:
1285:force downwards.
1230:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1122:
1077:
1071:
1061:
1050:
954:
929:
821:
804:
774:
756:
750:
686:
585:
512:
450:
308:
199:
193:
189:
183:
164:
112:, rather than by
4523:
4495:Stars portal
4493:
4492:
4481:
4480:
4137:Planetary system
4060:Strömgren sphere
3932:Asteroseismology
3653:Black hole star
3225:
3224:
3151:Planetary nebula
3112:Red-giant branch
3001:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2553:Supergranulation
2541:
2540:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2413:
2393:
2392:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2264:
2238:
2232:
2231:, pp. 64â68
2226:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2132:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2016:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1902:
1879:Large values of
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1778:Ledoux criterion
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1473:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1413:For a homogenic
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1275:convection cells
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1203:
1195:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1028:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
992:
991:
987:
974:
973:
969:
960:
956:
955:
953:
952:
943:
932:
930:
928:
927:
926:
917:
916:
903:
901:
896:
880:
832:
830:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
807:
805:
803:
795:
794:
793:
780:
775:
773:
762:
757:
752:
751:
748:
742:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
679:
677:
676:
603:
601:
600:
595:
586:
578:
545:
543:
542:
537:
535:
534:
524:
523:
513:
505:
461:
459:
458:
453:
451:
449:
441:
433:
428:
427:
381:Fick's first law
374:convection zones
319:
317:
316:
311:
309:
307:
297:
296:
284:
283:
265:
264:
245:
204:
197:
191:
190:
188:
184:
181:
178:
165:
162:
159:
102:radiative region
4531:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4487:
4469:
4394:
4363:Milky Way novae
4299:Smallest volume
4243:
4224:Radial velocity
4147:
4141:
4093:Common envelope
4069:
3968:
3937:Helioseismology
3908:Bipolar outflow
3849:Microturbulence
3844:Convection zone
3825:
3719:Lithium burning
3706:Nucleosynthesis
3696:
3578:
3487:
3214:
3093:
3042:Molecular cloud
3023:
3010:
3005:
2975:
2970:
2952:
2926:
2912:
2878:Solar telescope
2858:Solar phenomena
2833:Solar astronomy
2770:
2732:
2728:Helioseismology
2663:
2649:Helmet streamer
2605:
2577:
2530:
2526:Convection zone
2497:
2484:
2479:
2421:
2402:
2400:Further reading
2397:
2396:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2300:
2296:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2103:convection zone
2099:convection zone
2091:
2061:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1898:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1870:convection zone
1843:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1701:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1615:
1611:
1580:
1578:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1271:
1265:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
983:
979:
975:
965:
961:
948:
944:
933:
931:
922:
918:
912:
908:
904:
897:
892:
881:
879:
878:
874:
873:
865:
862:
861:
851:equation (with
847:This gives the
812:
808:
806:
796:
789:
785:
781:
779:
766:
761:
747:
743:
741:
727:
724:
723:
714:
678:
672:
668:
657:
654:
653:
623:
577:
569:
566:
565:
530:
526:
519:
515:
504:
496:
493:
492:
471:is the photons
442:
434:
432:
423:
419:
401:
398:
397:
359:
292:
288:
279:
275:
260:
256:
246:
205:
203:
180:
179:
161:
160:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:)âis given by:
138:
92:
91:
52:Convection zone
17:
12:
11:
5:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4485:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Largest volume
4291:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Magnetic field
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3915:Accretion disk
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:Alfvén surface
3888:
3886:Stellar corona
3883:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3861:Radiation zone
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3483:Blue straggler
3480:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:Main sequence
3239:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3220:Classification
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:Protoplanetary
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2918:Spectral class
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Solar neutrino
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Solar activity
2825:
2823:Sun in fiction
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2659:Alfvén surface
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Radiation zone
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2435:joint project.
2420:
2419:External links
2417:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2367:
2355:
2294:
2233:
2216:
2209:
2189:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2090:
2087:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1787:solution with
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1264:
1261:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
990:
986:
982:
978:
972:
968:
964:
959:
951:
947:
942:
939:
936:
925:
921:
915:
911:
907:
900:
895:
891:
887:
884:
877:
872:
869:
834:
833:
820:
815:
811:
802:
799:
792:
788:
784:
778:
772:
769:
765:
760:
755:
746:
740:
737:
734:
731:
710:
704:
703:
702:
701:
690:
685:
682:
675:
671:
667:
664:
661:
622:
619:
611:mean free path
607:
606:
605:
604:
593:
589:
584:
581:
576:
573:
549:
548:
547:
546:
533:
529:
522:
518:
511:
508:
503:
500:
465:
464:
463:
462:
448:
445:
440:
437:
431:
426:
422:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
355:
321:
320:
306:
303:
300:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
202:
196:
187:
177:
174:
171:
168:
137:
134:
98:radiation zone
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
57:Radiation zone
54:
49:
44:
39:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4528:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Intergalactic
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Galactic year
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Most luminous
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Proper motion
4227:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Constellation
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Solar eclipse
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:Earth-centric
4144:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Alpha process
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:Helium planet
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Parker's star
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Lambda Boötis
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Superluminous
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Main sequence
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Hayashi track
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Space weather
2891:
2889:
2888:Space climate
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Solar physics
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:Lunar eclipse
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Current sheet
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Solar minimum
2701:
2699:
2698:Solar maximum
2696:
2694:
2693:Active region
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2573:Ellerman bomb
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2310:(8): 086901.
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2082:monotonically
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:main sequence
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1802:
1801:monatomic gas
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1152:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1011:
988:
984:
980:
976:
970:
966:
962:
957:
949:
945:
940:
937:
934:
923:
919:
913:
909:
905:
898:
893:
889:
885:
882:
875:
870:
867:
860:
859:
858:
857:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
818:
813:
809:
800:
797:
790:
786:
782:
776:
770:
767:
763:
758:
753:
744:
738:
735:
732:
729:
722:
721:
720:
718:
713:
709:
688:
683:
680:
673:
669:
665:
662:
659:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
646:
645:ideal gas law
642:
639:pressure and
638:
634:
631:
627:
618:
616:
612:
591:
587:
582:
579:
574:
571:
564:
563:
562:
561:
560:
558:
554:
531:
527:
520:
516:
509:
506:
501:
498:
491:
490:
489:
488:
487:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
446:
438:
429:
424:
420:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
301:
293:
289:
280:
276:
272:
261:
257:
253:
250:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
206:
200:
194:
185:
172:
166:
151:
150:
149:
147:
143:
133:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
33:
30:
29:
26:
21:
4358:White dwarfs
4348:Brown dwarfs
4331:Most distant
4279:Most massive
4257:Proper names
4217:Photographic
4170:Solar System
4148:observations
4075:Star systems
3898:Stellar wind
3881:Chromosphere
3860:
3854:Oscillations
3734:Helium flash
3584:Hypothetical
3562:X-ray binary
3501:Compact star
3336:Bright giant
3089:Henyey track
3067:Herbig Ae/Be
2873:Solar System
2843:Solar energy
2838:Solar dynamo
2799:Heliophysics
2629:Coronal loop
2624:Coronal hole
2601:Moreton wave
2583:Chromosphere
2515:
2414:</ref>
2408:
2377:
2370:
2365:, p. 37
2358:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2252:
2246:
2236:
2199:
2192:
2164:
2157:
2137:
2092:
2073:solar masses
2062:
1930:
1926:
1874:
1863:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1508:
1506:
1412:
1373:
1371:
1287:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1172:
1007:
852:
846:
841:
837:
835:
711:
707:
705:
632:
628:assumed the
624:
614:
608:
556:
550:
481:
476:
468:
466:
384:
378:
369:
365:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
324:
322:
145:
141:
139:
126:
101:
97:
95:
72:Solar corona
56:
47:Chromosphere
4411:Brown dwarf
4187:Circumpolar
4065:Kraft break
4045:Color index
4020:Metallicity
3980:Designation
3949:Cosmic dust
3871:Photosphere
3637:Dark-energy
3612:Electroweak
3597:Black dwarf
3528:Radio-quiet
3511:White dwarf
3397:White dwarf
3047:Bok globule
2931:Exploration
2809:Solar deity
2756:Heliosheath
2738:Heliosphere
2708:Wolf number
2681:Solar cycle
2545:Photosphere
42:Photosphere
4373:Candidates
4368:Supernovae
4353:Red dwarfs
4212:Extinction
4000:Kinematics
3995:Luminosity
3973:Properties
3866:Atmosphere
3764:Si burning
3754:Ne burning
3692:White hole
3665:Quasi-star
3592:Blue dwarf
3447:Technetium
3363:Hypergiant
3341:Supergiant
2883:Solar time
2804:In culture
2761:Heliopause
2713:Solar wind
2644:Prominence
2536:Atmosphere
2521:Tachocline
2262:1601.01930
2107:tachocline
2095:solar core
2078:tachocline
1267:See also:
1008:Using the
849:polytropic
130:gamma rays
114:convection
87:Solar wind
82:Prominence
67:Solar core
62:Tachocline
4304:Brightest
4202:Magnitude
4182:Pole star
4103:Symbiotic
4098:Eclipsing
4030:Starlight
3831:Structure
3821:Supernova
3814:Micronova
3809:Recurrent
3794:Symbiotic
3779:p-process
3774:r-process
3769:s-process
3759:O burning
3749:C burning
3729:CNO cycle
3672:Gravastar
3208:Hypernova
3198:Supernova
3173:Dredge-up
3146:Blue loop
3139:super-AGB
3122:Red clump
3099:Evolution
3057:Protostar
3037:Accretion
3029:Formation
2766:Bow shock
2673:Variation
2639:Nanoflare
2363:Pols 2011
2342:0034-4885
2317:1009.0852
2289:0004-637X
2255:(1): 45.
2229:Pols 2011
2019:γ
2007:−
1975:γ
1945:γ
1826:γ
1814:−
1785:polytrope
1748:γ
1739:−
1703:κ
1684:σ
1680:π
1599:ρ
1567:ρ
1479:γ
1470:−
1415:ideal gas
1385:γ
1344:γ
1314:ρ
1224:β
1221:−
1209:π
1198:κ
1116:β
1113:−
1090:σ
1037:ρ
1025:−
977:ρ
946:β
941:β
938:−
920:μ
910:σ
787:σ
749:radiation
736:β
733:−
684:μ
681:ρ
660:β
637:ideal gas
626:Eddington
592:λ
517:σ
444:∂
436:∂
416:π
410:−
331:) is the
277:σ
254:π
222:ρ
210:κ
201:−
4510:Category
4483:Category
4378:Remnants
4274:Extremes
4234:Parallax
4207:Apparent
4197:Asterism
4175:Sunlight
4125:Globular
4110:Multiple
4035:Variable
4025:Rotation
3985:Dynamics
3876:Starspot
3550:Magnetar
3493:Remnants
3309:Subgiant
3282:Subdwarf
3134:post-AGB
2966:Category
2350:34996296
2184:60454390
1283:buoyancy
836:so that
630:pressure
32:Granules
4450:Gravity
4399:Related
4319:Nearest
4267:Chinese
4115:Cluster
4088:Contact
3925:Proplyd
3799:Remnant
3687:Blitzar
3661:Hawking
3617:Strange
3567:Burster
3523:Neutron
3476:Extreme
3427:He-weak
3072:T Tauri
2782:Eclipse
2775:Related
2596:Spicule
2568:Sunspot
2563:Faculae
2558:Granule
2482:The Sun
2322:Bibcode
2267:Bibcode
2089:The Sun
1406:is the
360:is the
333:opacity
122:photons
37:Sunspot
4440:Galaxy
4428:Planet
4416:Desert
4324:bright
4262:Arabic
4083:Binary
3903:Bubble
3627:Planck
3602:Exotic
3538:Binary
3533:Pulsar
3471:Helium
3432:Barium
3375:Carbon
3368:Yellow
3356:Yellow
3329:Yellow
3168:PG1159
2611:Corona
2385:
2348:
2340:
2287:
2207:
2182:
2172:
2145:
1783:For a
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1372:where
706:where
475:, and
467:Where
323:where
198:
192:
4445:Guest
4249:Lists
4130:Super
3784:Fusor
3657:Black
3642:Quark
3622:Preon
3607:Boson
3543:X-ray
3459:Shell
3412:Ap/Bp
3314:Giant
3232:Early
3178:OH/IR
3008:Stars
2723:Flare
2591:Plage
2312:arXiv
2257:arXiv
1249:model
855:=3):
100:, or
77:Flare
4120:Open
4015:Mass
3839:Core
3789:Nova
3682:Iron
3632:Dark
3442:Lead
3422:HgMn
3417:CEMP
3346:Blue
3319:Blue
3237:Late
3019:List
2903:Star
2814:List
2511:Core
2493:List
2431:and
2429:NASA
2383:ISBN
2346:PMID
2338:ISSN
2285:ISSN
2205:ISBN
2180:OCLC
2170:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2063:For
1733:<
1464:<
1335:>
486:by:
108:and
4516:Sun
4421:Sub
4155:Sun
3574:SGR
3351:Red
3324:Red
2433:ESA
2330:doi
2275:doi
2253:821
2111:Sun
1454:log
1439:log
1325:log
1310:log
715:is
120:as
25:Sun
4512::
3454:Be
3407:Am
3390:CH
3385:CN
3304:OB
3299:WR
2344:.
2336:.
2328:.
2320:.
2308:74
2306:.
2283:.
2273:.
2265:.
2251:.
2245:.
2219:^
2178:.
2125:^
2113:.
1677:64
1651:.
1511::
1410:.
1086:16
647::
617:.
391::
376:.
335:,
273:16
124:.
96:A
3647:Q
3466:B
3380:S
3292:B
3287:O
3275:M
3270:K
3265:G
3260:F
3255:A
3250:B
3245:O
3000:e
2993:t
2986:v
2474:e
2467:t
2460:v
2391:.
2352:.
2332::
2324::
2314::
2291:.
2277::
2269::
2259::
2213:.
2186:.
2151:.
2042:6
2038:/
2034:1
2031:=
2026:d
2023:a
2014:/
2010:1
2004:1
1982:d
1979:a
1952:d
1949:a
1931:r
1929:(
1927:M
1913:)
1910:r
1907:(
1904:M
1900:/
1896:)
1893:r
1890:(
1887:L
1849:5
1845:/
1841:2
1838:=
1833:d
1830:a
1821:/
1817:1
1811:1
1797:T
1793:P
1789:n
1755:d
1752:a
1744:1
1736:1
1726:4
1722:T
1718:P
1711:M
1707:L
1694:G
1688:B
1673:3
1649:r
1645:r
1641:r
1639:(
1637:M
1617:2
1613:r
1608:)
1605:r
1602:(
1595:)
1592:r
1589:(
1586:M
1582:G
1573:=
1564:g
1558:=
1549:r
1545:d
1539:)
1536:r
1533:(
1530:P
1526:d
1509:g
1486:d
1483:a
1475:1
1467:1
1458:P
1449:d
1443:T
1434:d
1392:d
1389:a
1374:P
1351:d
1348:a
1340:1
1329:P
1320:d
1305:d
1257:M
1255:/
1253:L
1227:)
1218:1
1215:(
1212:c
1206:4
1201:L
1192:=
1189:M
1186:G
1153:r
1149:d
1143:T
1139:d
1130:3
1126:T
1119:)
1110:1
1107:(
1104:c
1101:3
1094:B
1080:=
1074:r
1070:d
1064:P
1060:d
1053:=
1046:2
1042:r
1034:M
1031:G
989:3
985:/
981:4
971:3
967:/
963:1
958:)
950:4
935:1
924:4
914:B
906:4
899:4
894:B
890:k
886:c
883:3
876:(
871:=
868:P
853:n
842:P
838:T
819:P
814:4
810:T
801:c
798:3
791:B
783:4
777:=
771:P
768:3
764:u
759:=
754:P
745:P
739:=
730:1
712:B
708:k
689:T
674:B
670:k
666:=
663:P
633:P
615:Îș
588:c
583:3
580:1
575:=
572:D
557:D
532:4
528:T
521:B
510:c
507:4
502:=
499:U
477:u
469:D
447:r
439:u
430:D
425:2
421:r
413:4
407:=
404:L
385:r
370:L
366:Îș
357:B
353:Ï
349:r
347:(
345:L
341:r
339:(
337:Ï
329:r
327:(
325:Îș
305:)
302:r
299:(
294:3
290:T
286:)
281:B
270:(
267:)
262:2
258:r
251:4
248:(
243:)
240:r
237:(
234:L
231:)
228:r
225:(
219:)
216:r
213:(
207:3
195:=
186:r
182:d
176:)
173:r
170:(
167:T
163:d
146:r
142:T
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