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House" that may refer to the fall of the Copán dynasty. Shortage and disease afflicted the massively overpopulated valley of Copán when its last known king, Ukit Took', came to the throne on 6 February 822. He commissioned Altar L in the style of Altar Q but the monument was never finished — one face shows the enthronement of the king and a second face was started but two others were completely blank. The long line of kings at the once great city had come to an end. Before the end, even the nobility had been struck by disease, perhaps because epidemics among the malnourished masses spread to the elite. With the end of political authority at the city the population collapsed to a fraction of what it had been at its height. This collapse of the city-state, which people believe occurred sometime between 800 and 830 AD, was sudden. However, the population continued to persist and even flourish between the years 750 and 900 AD, and then gradually declined soon thereafter. In the
Postclassic period the valley was occupied by villagers who stole the stone from the monumental architecture of the city in order to build their simple house platforms.
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placed the famous Altar Q, which shows each of the 16 rulers of the city from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' through to Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, with a hieroglyphic text on top describing the founding of the dynasty. By the latter 8th century, the nobility had become more powerful, raising palaces with hieroglyphic benches that were as richly constructed as those of the king. At the same time, local satellites were displaying their own local power, as demonstrated by the ruler of Los Higos erecting his own stela in AD 781. Towards the end of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat's reign, the city of Copán was struggling with overpopulation and a lack of local resources, with a distinct fall in living standards among the populace. Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat was able to celebrate his second K'atun in AD 802 with his own monument, but the king's participation in the K'atun ending ceremony of AD 810 was marked at
Quiriguá, not at Copán. By this time the city's population was over 20,000 and it had long needed to import basic necessities from outside.
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and it is therefore likely that the remains interred in the building are his. Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil had sealed the
Chorcha phase under a new version of the temple, nicknamed Esmeralda, by AD 710. The new phase bore the first version of the Hieroglyphic Stairway, which contains a lengthy dynastic history. K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil built over the Esmeralda phase in the mid-8th century. He removed the Hieroglyphic Stairway from the earlier building and reinstalled it into his own version, while doubling the length of its text and adding five life-size statues of rulers dressed in the garb of Teotihuacano warriors, each seated on a step of the stairway. At the base of the stairway, he also raised Stela M, with his own image. The summit shrine of the temple bore a hieroglyphic text composed of full-figure hieroglyphs, each placed beside a similar glyph in faux-Mexican style, giving the appearance of a bilingual text.
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1740:(Temple 16) is a temple pyramid that is the highest part of the Acropolis. It is located between the East and West Courts at the heart of the ancient city. The temple faces the West Court within the Acropolis and is dedicated to K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', the dynastic founder. The temple was placed on top of the original palace and tomb of the king. It is the final version of a number of temples built on top of each other, as was common practice in Mesoamerica. The earliest version of this temple is nicknamed Hunal; it was built in the talud-tablero style of architecture that was typical of Teotihuacan, with traces of brightly colored murals on the surviving traces of the interior walls. The king was buried in a vaulted crypt that was cut into the floor of the Hunal phase of the building, accompanied by rich offerings of
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1445:) and apparently washing away various subsidiary architectural groups, including at least one courtyard and 10 buildings from Group 10L–2. The cut is an important archaeological feature at the site, with the natural erosion having created an enormous cross-section of the acropolis. This erosion cut away a large portion of the eastern part of the acropolis and revealed a vertical cross-section that measures 37 meters (121 ft) high at its tallest point and 300 meters (980 ft) long. Several buildings recorded in the 19th century were destroyed, plus an unknown amount of the acropolis that was eroded before it could be recorded. In order to avoid further destruction of the acropolis, the
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Stairway ascends the building on the west side from the courtyard below. The earliest version of the temple, nicknamed Yax, was built during the reign of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', the dynastic founder, and has architectural features (such as inset corners) that are characteristic of Tikal and the central Petén region. The next phase of the building was built by Yax K'uk' Mo's son K'inich Popol Hol and is nicknamed Motmot. This phase of the structure was more elaborate and was decorated with stucco. Set under the building was the Motmot capstone, covering a tomb with the unusual
Teotihuacan-style burial of a woman, accompanied by a wide variety of offerings that included animal bones,
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known king of Copán. Structure 10L-11 was built on top of several earlier structures, one of which probably contains the tomb of his predecessor K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil. A small tunnel descends into the interior of the structure, possibly to the tomb, but it has not yet been excavated by archaeologists. Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat built a new temple platform over his predecessor's tomb in AD 769. On top of this he placed a two-storey superstructure with a sculpted roof depicting the mythological cosmos. At each of its northern corners was a large sculpted
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rulers in the dynastic history of the site. The stairway takes its name from the 2200 glyphs that together form the longest known Maya hieroglyphic text. The text is still being reconstructed, having been scrambled by the collapse of the glyphic blocks when the façade of the temple collapsed. The staircase measures 21 meters (69 ft) long and was first built by
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 710, being reinstalled and expanded in the following phase of the temple by K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil in AD 755.
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ritually posed and bearing the attributes of a variety of deities, including B'olon K'awiil, K'uy Nik Ajaw and Mo' Witz Ajaw. The king also carried out major construction works, including a new version of Temple 26 that now bore the first version of the
Hieroglyphic Stairway, plus two temples that have now been lost to the erosion of the Copán River. He also encased the Rosalila phase of Temple 16 within a new phase of construction. He remodelled the ballcourt, then demolished it and built a new one in its place.
471:. It is estimated that the peak population in central Copán was between 6000 and 9000 in an area of 0.6 square kilometers (0.23 sq mi), with a further 9,000 to 12,000 inhabitants occupying the periphery—an area of 23.4 square kilometers (9.0 sq mi). Additionally, there was an estimated rural population of 3,000 to 4,000 in a 476-square-kilometer (184 sq mi) area of the Copán Valley, giving an estimated total population of 18,000 to 25,000 people in the valley during the Late Classic period.
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1744:. K'inich Popol Hol, son of the founder, demolished the palace of his father and built a platform on top of his tomb, named Yehnal by archaeologists. It was built in a distinctively Petén Maya style and bore large masks of K'inich Tajal Wayib', the sun god, which were painted red. This platform was encased within another much larger platform within a decade of its construction. This larger platform has been named Margarita and had stucco panels flanking its access stairway that bore entwined images of
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away from
Quiriguá that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat was not afraid of falling directly under its power as a full vassal state, even though it is likely that Calakmul sent warriors to help in the defeat of Copán. The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual advantage: Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quiriguá gained its independence. The disaster for Copán had long-lasting consequences; major construction ceased and no new monuments were raised for the next 17 years.
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developed over the centuries and uncovering several hieroglyphic texts that date back to the Early
Classic and verify details of the early dynastic rulers of the city who were recorded on Altar Q hundreds of years later. The deepest of these tunnels have revealed that the first monumental structures underlying the Acropolis date archaeologically to the early 5th century AD, when K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' established the royal dynasty. These early buildings were built of stone and
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Copán Valley. The two surviving stelae of K'ak' Chan Yopaat contain long, hard-to-decipher hieroglyphic texts and are the oldest monuments at the site to survive without being either broken or buried. He reigned for 49 years until his death on 5 February 628. His name is recorded on four stelae erected by his successors, one of which describes a rite performed with relics from his tomb in AD 730, almost a hundred years after his death.
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none of these predates the refounding of the city in AD 426. There is an inscription that refers to the year 321 BC, but no text explains the significance of this date. An event at Copán is linked to another event that happened 208 days before in AD 159 at an unknown location that is also mentioned on a stela from Tikal, suggesting that it is a location somewhere in the Petén Basin, possibly the great
Preclassic Maya city of
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the
Chorcha pyramid with the addition of a long superstructure with seven doorways at the front and back. Before a new building was built over the top, the upper sanctuary was demolished and a tomb was inserted into the floor and covered with 11 large stone slabs. The tomb contained the remains of an adult male and a sacrificed child. The adult's badly decayed skeleton was wrapped in a mat and accompanied by offerings of fine
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Quiriguá; there is no evidence that either city was attacked at this time and the victor seems not to have received any detectable tribute. All of this seems to imply that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat managed to somehow ambush Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, rather than to have defeated him in outright battle. It has been suggested that Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was attempting to attack another site to secure captives for
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the rest of the building, but a date in AD 571 has been deciphered. Due to the deforestation of the Copán valley, the Rosalila building was the last structure at the site to use such elaborate stucco decoration — vast quantities of firewood could no longer be spared to reduce limestone to plaster. A life-size copy of the Rosalila building has been built at the Copán site museum.
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Great Plaza, and a new version of Temple 26, nicknamed Chorcha. Smoke Imix ruled Copán for 67 years and died on 15 June 695 at the age of 79, an age that was so distinguished that it is used to identify him in place of his name on Altar Q. His tomb had already been prepared in the Chorcha phase of Temple 26 and he was buried just two days after his death.
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broken away. Ku Ix was the 4th ruler in the succession. He rebuilt temple 10L-26 in the Acropolis, erecting a stela there and a hieroglyphic step at its base. Although this king is also mentioned on a few other fragments of sculpture, no dates accompany his name. The next two kings in the dynastic sequence are only known from their sculptures on Altar Q.
2028:, the palace of a powerful nobleman from the time of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat. The building has a high-quality sculpted exterior and a carved hieroglyphic bench inside. A portion of the group was a subdistrict occupied by non-Maya inhabitants from Central Honduras who were involved in the trade network that brought in goods from that region.
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dynasty describe how K'uk' Mo' arrived at the city, indirect evidence suggests that he conquered the city by military means. On Altar Q he is depicted as a Teotihuacano warrior with goggle eyes and a war serpent shield. When he arrived at Copán he initiated the construction of various structures, including one temple in the
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monument has not been completely deciphered and its style and phrasing are unusual. Originally it was used as a sculpted bench or step and the date on the monument is associated with the dedication of a funerary temple or a tomb, probably the tomb of K'inich' Yax K'uk' Mo', which was discovered underneath the same structure.
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Hieroglyphic Stairway being reinstalled on the new stairway and doubled in length. Five life-size statues of seated rulers were installed seated upon the stairway. K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil died in the early 760s and is likely to have been interred in Temple 11, although the tomb has not yet been excavated.
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within a quatrefoil frame. The frame and the hieroglyphic names of mythological locations underneath the feet of the two kings place them in a supernatural realm. The capstone bears two calendrical dates, in AD 435 and AD 441. The second of these is probably the date that the capstone was dedicated.
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in Mexico. He built the platform of Temple 11 over the tomb of the previous king in AD 769 and added a two-storey superstructure that was finished in AD 773. Around AD 776, he completed the final version of Temple 16 over the tomb of the founder. At the base of the temple, he
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K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil was installed as the 14th dynastic ruler of Copán on 7 June 738, 39 days after the execution of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. Little is known of his reign due to the lack of monuments raised after Quiriguá's surprise victory. Copán's defeat had wider implications due
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In the Late Classic, alliance with Calakmul was frequently associated with the promise of military support. The fact that Copán, a much more powerful city than Quiriguá, failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that it feared the military intervention of Calakmul. Calakmul was far enough
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K'inich Popol Hol inherited the throne of Copán from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', who was his father. He undertook major construction projects with the redesign of the core of Copán. Popol Hol is not the original name of this king but rather a nickname based on the appearance of his Teotihuacan-linked name
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climbs the west side of Structure 10L-26. It is 10 meters (33 ft) wide and has a total of 62 steps. Stela M and its associated altar are at its base and a large sculpted figure is located in the centre of every 12th step. These figures are believed to represent the most important
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is on the west side of the Acropolis. It encloses the south side of the Court of the Hieroglyphic Stairway and is accessed from it by a wide monumental stairway. This structure appears to have been the royal palace of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, the 16th ruler in the dynastic succession and the last
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The troubled times enveloping Copán at this time are evident from the funerary tomb of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, which bears sculptures of the king performing war dances with spear and shield in hand. The sculpted column from the temple shrine has a hieroglyphic text reading "toppling of the Foundation
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Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil had only recently dedicated the new ballcourt in AD 738 when a completely unexpected disaster befell the city. Twelve years earlier he had installed K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat on the throne of Quiriguá as his vassal. By 734 the king of Quiriguá had shown he was no longer
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was crowned as the 13th king in the Copán dynasty in July 695. He oversaw both the apogee of Copán's achievements and also one of the city's most catastrophic political disasters. During his reign, the sculptural style of the city evolved into the full in-the-round sculpture characteristic
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was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 702 and was his first monument. It stood at the eastern entrance to the city and is unusual in being topped by a sculpted stone roof, converting the monument into a symbolic house. It bears a hieroglyphic text that is woven into a criss-cross mat
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is immediately north of the Court of the Hieroglyphic Stairway and is to the south of the Monument Plaza. It was remodeled by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, who then demolished it and built a third version, which was one of the largest from the Classic period. It was dedicated to the great macaw deity
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shells, 10 paintpots and one or more hieroglyphic books, now decayed. There were also 12 ceramic incense burners with lids modeled into human figurines, thought to represent Smoke Imix and his 11 dynastic predecessors. The Chorcha building was dedicated to the long-lived 7th-century king Smoke Imix
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is a large building on the north side of the East Court, in the Acropolis, and faces onto it. It dates to the reign of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil and is the best preserved of the buildings from his rule. The superstructure of the building has an interior doorway with an elaborate sculpted frame and
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One of the best preserved phases of Temple 16 is the Rosalila, built over the remains of five previous versions of the temple. Archaeologist Ricardo Agurcia discovered the almost intact shrine while tunneling underneath the final version of the temple. Rosalila is notable for its excellent state of
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The 10th ruler is nicknamed Moon Jaguar by Mayanists. He was a son of B'alam Nehn, the 7th ruler. He was enthroned in May 553. His surviving monuments were found in the modern village of Copán Ruinas, which was a major complex during the Classic period. The most famous construction dating
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B'alam Nehn (often referred to as Waterlily Jaguar) was the first king to actually record his position in the dynastic succession, declaring that he was seventh in line from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'. Stela 15 records that he was already ruling Copán by AD 504. B'alam Nehn is the only king of
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Smoke Imix demolished the Papagayo phase and ritually interred the broken remains of its sculpted monuments, accompanied by stone macaw heads from an early version of the ballcourt. He then built a pyramid over the earlier phases, nicknamed Mascarón by archaeologists. It in turn was developed into
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mountains, skeletons and crocodiles. Vents in the exterior were designed so smoke from incense being burned inside the shrine would interact with the stucco sculpture of the exterior. The temple had a hieroglyphic stone step with a dedicatory inscription. The stone step is less well preserved than
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The Main Group represents the core of the ancient city and covers an area of 600 by 300 meters (1,970 ft × 980 ft). The main features are the Acropolis, which is a raised royal complex on the south side, and a group of smaller structures and linked plazas to the north, including the
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Although the exact details are unknown, in April 738 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat captured Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil and burned two of Copán's patron deities. Six days later Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was decapitated in Quiriguá. This coup does not seem to have physically affected either Copán or
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K'ak' Chan Yopaat was the eleventh dynastic ruler at Copán. He was crowned as king in AD 578, 24 days after the death of Moon Jaguar. At the time of his rule, Copán was undergoing an unprecedented rise in population, with residential land use spreading to all available land in the entire
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and David Sedat. The tomb contained the skeleton of an elderly man with rich offerings and evidence of battle wounds. The remains have been identified as those of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' due to their location underneath a sequence of seven buildings erected in his honor. Bone analysis has identified
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style typical of Teotihuacan and another with inset corners and apron moldings that are characteristic of Tikal. These strong links with both the Maya and Central Mexican cultures suggest that he was at least a Mexicanized Maya or possibly even from Teotihuacan. The dynasty founded by king K'inich
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The fertile Copán River valley was long a site of agriculture before the first known stone architecture was built in the region about the 9th century BC. The city was important before its refounding by a foreign elite; mentions of the predynastic history of Copán are found in later texts, but
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in the early 5th century AD, although the city's origins can be traced back to the Preclassic period. After this, Copán became one of the more powerful Maya city states and was a regional power in the southern Maya region. However, it suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of its former
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was dedicated by K'inich Popol Hol. Its sculpture consists purely of finely carved hieroglyphic texts and it is possible that it was originally commissioned by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' with additional texts added to the sides of the monument by his son. The text contains the same date in AD 435
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is an inscribed stone that was placed over a tomb under Structure 10L-26. Its face was finely sculpted with portraits of the first two kings of the Copán dynasty, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and K'inich Popol Hol, facing towards each other with a double column of hieroglyphs between them, all contained
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is the most famous monument at Copán. It was dedicated by king Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat in AD 776 and has each of the first 16 kings of the Copán dynasty carved around its side. Each figure is depicted seated on his name glyph. A hieroglyphic text is inscribed on the upper surface, relating the
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and were themselves built upon earlier earth and cobble structures dating to the predynastic period. The two styles of building overlap somewhat, with some of the earthen structures being expanded during the first hundred years or so of the dynastic history of the city. The early dynastic masonry
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The next ruler was K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil, a son of K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil. The early period of his rulership fell within Copán's hiatus, but later on he began a programme of renewal in an effort to recover from the city's earlier disaster. He built a new version of Temple 26, with the
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At the peak of its power in the Late Classic, the kingdom of Copán had a population of at least 20,000 and covered an area of over 250 square kilometers (100 sq mi). The greater Copán area consisting of the populated areas of the valley covered about a quarter of the size of the city of
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was the royal complex at the heart of Copán. It consists of two plazas that have been named the West Court and the East Court. They are both enclosed by elevated structures. Archaeologists have excavated extensive tunnels under the Acropolis, revealing how the royal complex at the heart of Copán
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to the Sepulturas Group to the northeast. Central Copán had a density of 1449 structures per square kilometer (3,750/sq mi), while in greater Copán as a whole this density fell to 143 per square kilometre (370/sq mi) over a surveyed area of 24.6 square kilometers (9.5 sq mi).
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After this sudden spate of activity, Smoke Imix continued to rule until almost the end of the 7th century; he dedicated another nine known monuments and made important changes to the architecture of Copán, including the construction of Structure 2, which closes the northern side of the
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Very little is known about Rulers 3 to 6 in the dynastic succession, although it is known from a fragment of a broken monument reused as construction fill in a later building that one of them was a son of Popol Hol. Ruler 3 is depicted on the 8th-century Altar Q, but his name glyph has
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A text from Tikal mentions K'uk' Mo' and has been dated to AD 406, 20 years before K'uk' Mo' Ajaw founded the new dynasty at Copán. Both names are likely to refer to the same individual originally from Tikal. Although none of the hieroglyphic texts that mention the founding of the new Copán
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is a temple that projects northwards from the Acropolis and is immediately to the north of Structure 10L-22. The structure was built by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil and K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil, the 13th and 15th rulers in the dynastic succession. The 10-meter (33 ft) wide Hieroglyphic
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is on the southeastern side of the Acropolis and has been damaged by the erosion caused by the Copán River, having lost its eastern side. Stairs on the south side of the structure lead down to a vaulted tomb that was looted in ancient times and was probably that of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat. It was
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with the richly accompanied burial of an elderly woman nicknamed the "Lady in Red". It is likely that she was the widow of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and the mother of K'inich Popol Hol. The upper chamber of the Margarita phase temple was converted to receive offerings and the unusual Xukpi stone, a
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rulership by marrying into the old Copán royal family, evidenced from the remains of his presumed widow. Bone analysis of her remains indicates that she was local to Copán. After the establishment of the new kingdom of Copán, the city remained closely allied with Tikal. The hieroglyphic text on
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who had decisively intervened in the politics of the central Petén. K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' was probably from Tikal and was likely to have been sponsored by Siyaj Chan K'awill II, the 16th ruler in the dynastic succession of Tikal. K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' may have legitimized his claim to
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The area of Copán continued to be occupied after the last major ceremonial structures and royal monuments were erected, but the population declined in the 8th and 9th centuries from perhaps over 20,000 in the city to less than 5,000. This decrease in population took over four centuries to
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is a dedicatory monument from one of the earlier phases of the 10L-16 temple constructed to honor K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'. It bears the date of AD 437 and the names both K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and K'inich Popol Hol, together with a possible mention of the Teotihuacan general Siyaj K'ak'. The
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Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat was the next ruler, 16th in the dynasty founded by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', although he appears not to have been a direct descendant of his predecessor. He took the throne in June 763 and may have been only 9 years old. He produced no monumental stelae and instead
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He continued to erect a further seven high-quality stelae until AD 736, monuments that are considered masterpieces of Classic Maya sculpture with such mastery of detail that they represent the highest pinnacle of Maya artistic achievement. The stelae depict king Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
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Smoke Imix was crowned 16 days after the death of K'ak' Chan Yopaat. He is thought to have been the longest reigning king of Copán, ruling from 628 to 695. He is believed to have been born in AD 612 and to have become king at the age of 15. Archaeologists have recovered little evidence of
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Wil Ohl K'inich, the eighth ruler, is another king known only by his appearance on Altar Q. He was succeeded by Ruler 9 in AD 551, his accession being described on the Hieroglyphic Stairway. He is also depicted on Altar Q even though he ruled for less than two years.
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to Quiriguá. The fall in Copán's income and corresponding increase at Quiriguá is evident from the massive commissioning of new monuments and architecture at the latter city, and Copán may even have been subject to its former vassal. K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil died in January 749.
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site 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) away and is mentioned on Altar L at Quiriguá in relation to the same event in 652. It is thought that he was trying to stamp his authority throughout the whole valley after the end of some earlier restriction to his freedom to rule as he wished.
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that appears on the Motmot Capstone. Stela 63 was deliberately broken, together with its hieroglyphic step, during the ritual demolishing of the Papagayo phase of Temple 26. The remains of the monuments were then interred in the building before the next phase was built.
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In the Preclassic period the floor of the Copán Valley was undulating, swampy and prone to seasonal flooding. In the Early Classic, the inhabitants flattened the valley floor and undertook construction projects to protect the city's architecture from the effects of flooding.
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activity for the first 26 years of his reign, but in AD 652 there was a sudden explosion of monument production, with two stelae being erected in the Great Plaza and a further four in important locations across the Copán Valley. These monuments all celebrated a
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actually show signs of collapse, showing the stability of this site even after the fall of the ruling dynasties and royal families. The ceremonial center was long abandoned and the surrounding valley home to only a few farming hamlets at the time of the arrival of the
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is in the East Court of the Acropolis. It covers a rich royal tomb nicknamed Sub-Jaguar by archaeologists. It is presumed to be the tomb of either Ruler 7 (B'alam Nehn), Ruler 8 or Ruler 9, who all ruled in the first half of the 6th century AD.
301:. It is one of the most important sites of the Maya civilization, which was not excavated until the 19th century. The ruined citadel and imposing public squares reveal the three main stages of development before the city was abandoned in the early 10th century.
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was originally erected in an unknown location and was later moved to the West Court of the Acropolis. It bears a long hieroglyphic text that has not yet been fully deciphered. It dates from the reign of king K'ak' Chan Yopaat and was dedicated in AD 623.
1833:. The temple was built to celebrate the completion of the king's first K'atun in power, in AD 715, and has a hieroglyphic step with a first-person phrase "I completed my K'atun". The building symbolically represents the mountain where maize was created.
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apparently plundered soon after the collapse of the Copán kingdom. Unusually for Copán, the summit shrine had four sculpted panels depicting the king performing war dances with spear and shield, emphasizing the rising tensions as the dynasty came to its end.
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or causeway that runs southwest to the Monument Plaza in the Main Group. The Sepulturas Group consists of a number of restored structures, mostly elite residences that feature stone benches, some of which have carved decorations, and a number of tombs.
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UNESCO approved funding of US$ 95,825 between 1982 and 1999 for various works at the site. The cultural monument covers 66 hectares. Looting remains a serious threat to Copán. A tomb was looted in 1998 as it was being excavated by archaeologists.
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953:. His greatest construction activity was in the area of his father's palace, now underlying Structure 10L-16, which he demolished after entombing his father there. He then built three successive buildings on top of the tomb in rapid succession.
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Fash, William L.; Andrews, E. Wyllys; Manahan, T. Kam (2005). "Political Decentralization, Dynastic Collapse, and the Early Postclassic in the Urban Center of Copán, Honduras". In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
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Yax K'uk' Mo' ruled the city for four centuries and included sixteen kings plus a probable pretender who would have been seventeenth in line. Several monuments have survived that were dedicated by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and by his heir.
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was found in the modern village of Copán Ruinas, where it had been erected on the site of a major Classic period complex 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) outside of the site core. It was dedicated by Moon Jaguar and dates to AD 564.
1993:
and the buildings flanking the playing area carried 16 mosaic sculptures of the birds. The completion date of the ballcourt is inscribed with a hieroglyphic text upon the sloping playing area and is given as 6 January 738.
2162:, probably because of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat's close family ties to that city. The text of the column formed part of a longer text carved onto the interior walls of the temple and may describe the downfall of the Copán dynasty.
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Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil encased the Rosalila phase under a new version of the building in the early 8th century AD. An offering was made as part of the rites to terminate the old phase and included a collection of
974:. The stela dates to AD 534, but the text is not well understood. B'alam Nehn undertook major construction projects in the Acropolis, building over an early palace with a number of important structures.
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was originally an interior column from Temple 18, the funerary shrine of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat. When it was found, it was broken in two parts at the base of the temple. It portrays the king as the elderly
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first discovered the inscription on the West Side of Altar Q that tells us the date of the inauguration of Yax Pasaj. This portrayal of political succession tells us much about Early Classic Maya culture.
907:
describes the lord being elevated to kingship with the receipt of his royal scepter. The ceremonies involved in the founding of the Copán dynasty also included the installation of a subordinate king at
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This ancient Maya city mirrors the beauty of the physical landscape in which it flourished—a fertile, well-watered mountain valley in western Honduras at an elevation of 600 meters (1,970 feet) above
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2134:-ending ceremony of AD 613. It was found in the western complex now underneath the modern village of Copán Ruinas. It bears a long hieroglyphic text that has been only partially deciphered.
1769:, including its highly elaborate painted stucco decoration. Rosalila features K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' placed at the centre of a mythological tableau, combining the founder of the dynasty with the
1449:
redirected the river to save the archaeological site, diverting it southwards in the 1930s; the dry former riverbed was finally filled in at the same time as consolidation of the cut in 1990s.
1269:
of Copán. In AD 718, Copán attacked and defeated the unidentified site of Xkuy, recording its burning on an unusual stone cylinder. In AD 724 Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil installed
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is dated to AD 524, during the reign of B'alam Nehn. Its sculpture consists entirely of hieroglyphic text, which mentions that king B'alam Nehn was ruling the city by AD 504.
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The Copán buildings suffered significantly from forces of nature in the centuries between the site's abandonment and the rediscovery of the ruins. After the abandonment of the city the
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and several rich burials were made. By AD 800, the complex consisted of about 50 buildings arranged around 7 major courtyards. At this time, the most important building was the
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The group has a very long occupational history, with one house having been dated as far back as the Early Preclassic. By the Middle Preclassic, large platforms were being built from
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dedicated hieroglyphic texts incorporated into the city's architecture and smaller altars. Texts make an obscure reference to his father but his mother was a noblewoman from distant
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The first post-Spanish conquest mention of Copán was in an early colonial period letter dated 8 March 1576. The letter was written by Diego García de Palacio, a member of the
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was erected in 731 by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. It places his rulership among the four most powerful kingdoms in the Maya region, alongside Palenque, Tikal and Calakmul.
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K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' died between AD 435 and AD 437. In 1995 a tomb underneath the talud-tablero Hunal temple was discovered by a team of archaeologists led by
1398:
led an expedition to the ruins in 1834 on behalf of the government of Guatemala and wrote articles about the site for English, French and North American publications.
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Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo; Fash, Barbara W. (2005). "The Evolution of Structure 10L-16, Heart of the Copán Acropolis". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
1643:(a group of deities that supported the heavens). This superstructure had four doorways with panels of hieroglyphs sculpted directly onto the walls of the building. A
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worked into the profiles of humans and gods, wrapped in blue-dyed textiles, as well as a 5-ft shark brought to the city from the nearest ocean, some 42 km distant.
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dates to AD 554, during the reign of Moon Jaguar. It originally stood in the nearby village of Copán Ruinas, which was a major complex in the Classic period.
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Copán had a major influence on regional centres across western and central Honduras, stimulating the introduction of Mesoamerican characteristics to local elites.
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to his reign is the elaborate Rosalila phase of Temple 16, discovered entombed intact under later phases of the temple during archaeological tunneling work.
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4158:; Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo (2005). "Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of Copán". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
1281:. Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was confident enough in his power to rank his city among the four most powerful states in the Maya region, together with Tikal,
335:. The city developed a distinctive sculptural style within the tradition of the lowland Maya, perhaps to emphasize the Maya ethnicity of the city's rulers.
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was dedicated by K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil in AD 761 and placed at the foot of the steps to Temple 11, which is believed to contain his burial.
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1312:, the sworn enemy of Tikal. Copán was firmly allied with Tikal and Calakmul used its alliance with Quiriguá to undermine Tikal's key ally in the south.
354:. This unexpected defeat resulted in a 17-year hiatus at the city, during which time Copán may have been subject to Quiriguá in a reversal of fortunes.
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References to the predynastic rulers of Copán are found in later texts, but none of these texts predate the refounding of Copán in AD 426.
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founding of the dynasty in AD 426–427. On one side, it shows the dynastic founder K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' transferring power to Yax Pasaj.
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The city has a historical record that spans the greater part of the Classic period and has been reconstructed in detail by archaeologists and
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As one of the most important sites in Maya history, and because of its outstanding, well-preserved architecture, Copán was declared a UNESCO
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Copán to be mentioned in a hieroglyphic text from outside of the southeastern Maya region. His name appears in a text on Stela 16 from
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1952:, along with three severed human heads, all of which were male. Ku Ix built a new phase of the building over Motmot, nicknamed Papagayo.
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bears a portrait of K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil. It was raised at the foot of the Hieroglyphic Stairway of Temple 26 in AD 756.
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Ceramic lid shaped to represent K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', recovered from the tomb of the 7th-century king Smoke Imix, under Temple 26.
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is a Late Classic compound. Archaeologists have excavated fallen façades that bear hieroglyphic inscriptions and sculpted decoration.
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were all destroyed by the Copán River as it eroded the site away, but had been recorded by investigators in the 19th century.
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worked at Copán during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the 1892–1893 excavation of the Hieroglyphic Stairway by
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496:(Cauac Sky). Although this was a major setback, Copán's rulers began to build monumental structures again within a few decades.
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1960:, including ear ornaments and a necklace of sculpted figurines. The burial was accompanied by offerings of 44 ceramic vessels,
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is a fragment of a monument bearing the name of K'inich Popol Hol. It was erected in the inner chamber of the 10L-26 temple.
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72:
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were probably both built by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. They were lost to the Copán River in the early 20th century.
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3997:
Sheets, Payson D. (2000). "The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica". In Adams, Richard E.W.; Macleod, Murdo J. (eds.).
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4167:
4010:
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3944:
3935:; Sedat, David W.; et al. (2005). "Early Classic Power in Copán". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
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UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Ruinas de Copán from the World Database of Protected Areas, March 2022.
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buildings of the Acropolis included several with the Early Classic apron-molding style of Tikal and one built in the
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350:, one of the greatest kings in Copán's dynastic history, was captured and executed by his former vassal, the king of
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in order to dedicate the new ballcourt when he was ambushed by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat and his Quiriguá warriors.
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Looper, Matthew G. (July 1999). "New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala".
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The site is divided into various groups, with the Main Group and the Cemetery Group in the site core linked by a
1202:
1558:, a large complex of overlapping step-pyramids, plazas, and palaces. The site has a large court for playing the
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1308:. K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat appears to have taken advantage of wider political rivalries and allied himself with
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1426:. The Carnegie Institution also sponsored work at the site in conjunction with the government of Honduras.
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design to form a convoluted puzzle that must be read in precisely the right order to be understood.
1825:. The outer doorway is framed by the giant mask of a deity, and has stylistic similarities with the
1651:'s collection, once depicted the king's accession to the throne, overseen by deities and ancestors.
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and macaws, which both form a part of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo's name. The Margarita phase contained a
862:. This AD 159 date is mentioned in several texts and is linked to a figure known as "Foliated
435:. The ruins of the site core of the city are 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) from the modern village of
261:
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An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador
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Little is known of the rulers of Copán before the founding of a new dynasty with its origins at
5125:
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A head from the Structure 10L-20 that currently is at the Peabody Museum of Harvard University.
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recovered from Tomb 1, where he is said to perform an action with a stela in AD 376.
24:
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1976:
The final version of the ballcourt was dedicated by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 738.
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visited the site in the early 19th century and spent a month there drawing the ruins. Colonel
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is immediately south of the Main Group and includes a number of small structures and plazas.
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1591:. The Monument Plaza contains the greatest concentration of sculpted monuments at the site.
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kingdom from the 5th to 9th centuries AD. The city was in the extreme southeast of the
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4127:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 872–877. Archived from
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1
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dedicatory monument used in one of the earlier phases, was reused in this later phase.
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and has imagery that seems to deliberately parallel the tomb lid of the Palenque king
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Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
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Copán is in western Honduras close to the border with Guatemala. It lies within the
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The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation
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inside the structure, removed by Maudslay in the nineteenth century and now in the
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3939:. Santa Fe, New Mexico, US.: School of American Research Press. pp. 139–199.
3633:. Santa Fe, New Mexico, US.: School of American Research Press. pp. 201–237.
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A significant portion of the eastern side of the acropolis was eroded away by the
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visited Copán and included a description, map and detailed drawings in Stephens'
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Copan Sculpture Museum: Ancient Maya Artistry in Stucco and Stone. Barbara Fash.
4162:. Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.: School of American Research Press. pp. 3–32.
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Viel, René; Hall, Jay (2002). Laporte, J.P.; Escobedo, H.; Arroyo), B. (eds.).
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This article is about the archaeological site. For the town near the site, see
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destroying the eastern portion of the acropolis (revealing in the process its
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glyph. K'inich Popol Hol oversaw the construction of the first version of the
439:, which is built on the site of a major complex dating to the Classic period.
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is a monument erected outside of the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
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preservation, including the entire building from the base platform up to the
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was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
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was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
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was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2223:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2217:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2124:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
1760:
Life-size reconstruction of the Rosalila temple at the site museum of Copán.
5015:
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is another stela erected by Smoke Imix in the Great Plaza in AD 652.
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Artistic conception of Mayas at the Stela I and altar. Painting of 1898 by
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dates to the reign of K'ak' Chan Yopaat, and was erected to celebrate the
431:. It is in a fertile valley among foothills at 700 meters (2,300 ft)
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was erected outside of the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
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was erected outside of the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
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346:. The city suffered a major political disaster in AD 738 when
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is a platform with four stairways situated by the Monument Plaza.
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3787:. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin:
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One of two simian sculptures on Temple 11, possibly representing
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was erected outside the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
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395:), meaning the "Three Witiks", although the meaning of the word
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XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001
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Altar Q depicts 16 kings in the dynastic succession of the city
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to the fracturing of the city's domain and the loss of the key
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companion site to PBS's "Nova" television documentary on Copán
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Copán was occupied for more than two thousand years, from the
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was erected in the Great Plaza by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
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an obedient subordinate when he began to refer to himself as
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Stela H at Copán, commissioned by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil.
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342:. Copán was a powerful city ruling a vast kingdom within the
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style associated with Teotihuacan, although at the time the
936:
Stela 63, probably dating to the reign of K'inich Popol Hol.
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4970:
4634:
1957:
1408:
Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán
1300:
863:
4058:; Houston, Stephen D. (1994). "Classic Maya Place Names".
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2814:
2746:
866:". This same person is mentioned on the carved skull of a
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1304:, "holy lord", rather than simply as a subordinate lord
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the remains as being those of someone foreign to Copán.
382:
It is thought likely that the ancient name of Copán was
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
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9th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
3892:"The Excavation of the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan"
1776:
in avian form. The mythological imagery also includes
894:"Lord of the West" title used a generation earlier by
5343:
Buildings and structures completed in the 8th century
5338:
Buildings and structures completed in the 7th century
4272:
Published by the Peabody Museum Press. Paperback 2011
4154:
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2517:
3784:
Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua
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945:
at the city, which was decorated with images of the
5318:
5th-century establishments in the Maya civilization
5192:
for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
3168:
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1226:
4187:
4184:
4118:"El paisaje natural y cultural del valle de Copan"
3963:
3690:Fash, William L. "Copán." In Davíd Carrasco (ed).
3657:
1261:Stela H, depicting king Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
320:cultural region, and was almost surrounded by non-
3692:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures.
2464:
1550:The Copán site is known for a series of portrait
5264:
4244:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 94.
2357:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
5313:Populated places established in the 5th century
3970:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
1631:A stone head at the bottom of Structure 10L-11
1518:Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia
956:
492:was captured and beheaded by Quirigua's ruler
4291:
4160:Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
4054:
3961:
3937:Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
3694: : Oxford University Press, 2001.
3631:Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
3588:
3539:
3511:
3458:
3435:
3408:
3396:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3265:
3253:
2870:
2779:
2764:
2740:
2728:
2712:
2664:
2652:
2605:
2578:
2562:
2547:
2482:
2407:
2395:
1252:
1203:
4251:UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
4060:Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology
3256:, pp. 335, 339; Fash et al 2005, p.268.
1348:Stela N, depicting K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
16:Maya archaeological site in western Honduras
4081:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
3962:Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006).
3931:
3813:
3612:
3600:
3584:
3560:
3543:
3527:
3515:
3499:
3482:
3470:
3412:
3306:
3162:
3141:
3124:
3105:
3090:
3073:
3009:
2973:
2961:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2897:
2885:
2866:
2854:
2837:
2820:
2808:
2791:
2752:
2724:
2700:
2685:
2640:
2566:
2499:
2444:
2419:
2335:
874:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and K'inich Popol Hol
4298:
4284:
1210:
1196:
316:cultural region, on the frontier with the
1821:decorated with masks of the mountain god
898:, a general from the great metropolis of
4115:
4062:(33). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
3906:
3289:
2511:
2360:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
2070:
2062:
2054:
2004:is on the north side of the Main Group.
1971:
1803:The interior doorway of Structure 10L-22
1798:
1755:
1728:
1626:
1577:
1541:
1373:
1343:
1256:
1240:-ending. He also erected a stela at the
931:
877:
520:
453:
406:
3907:Schuster, Angela M.H. (May–June 1998).
3889:
3229:
1516:Instituto de Conservación Forestal and
1414:. Several expeditions sponsored by the
368:in 1980, and the site was designated a
5265:
4074:
3996:
3853:
3780:
3735:
3061:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3017:
3013:
2997:
2523:
2470:
2455:
2453:
2427:
2423:
1845:Phases of Temple 26 (Structure 10L-26)
1656:Phases of Temple 16 (Structure 10L-16)
949:, a bird that features prominently in
852:
390:
308:. It was the capital city of a major
4279:
3902:(1). University of Pennsylvania: 4–6.
3704:
3660:The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings
3241:
3217:
3205:
3186:
2075:Stela P, depicting K'ak' Chan Yopaat.
1582:Stela M and the Hieroglyphic Stairway
4027:
3655:
3174:
3029:
2985:
2590:
2012:The Sepulturas Group is linked by a
1416:Peabody Museum of Harvard University
372:by the Honduran Government in 1982.
5368:Protected areas established in 1982
5348:Former populated places in Honduras
4030:Archaeology of Native North America
3919:Archaeological Institute of America
2450:
2007:
1537:
13:
4147:
4077:"Hieroglyphs and History at Copán"
3890:Pezzati, Alessandro (April 2012).
1614:form was in use at both Tikal and
1490:.66 km (0.25 sq mi)
488:in 738, when the long-ruling king
14:
5384:
5373:Central American pine–oak forests
4226:
3573:Agurcia Fasquelle & Fash 2005
3440:Agurcia Fasquelle & Fash 2005
2536:Agurcia Fasquelle & Fash 2005
1433:gradually changed course, with a
1369:
285:is an archaeological site of the
5353:World Heritage Sites in Honduras
5298:Archaeological sites in Honduras
4481:
2304:
2292:
1227:K'ak' Chan Yopaat and Smoke Imix
1177:
1002:
686:Jaguar Mirror; Waterlily-Jaguar
106:
99:
78:
71:
50:
5288:1834 archaeological discoveries
3578:
3533:
3505:
3429:
3418:
3402:
3247:
3051:
3023:
3003:
2860:
2718:
2031:
1327:
297:, not far from the border with
204:Early Preclassic to Postclassic
4305:
4103:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4099:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
2413:
2341:
1618:as well as in Central Mexico.
1587:Hieroglyphic Stairway and the
804:Ajaw K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
788:Ajaw K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil
565:Great-Sun First Quetzal Macaw
1:
3621:
1573:
1463:Copán Ruins Cultural Monument
659:
636:
628:K'altuun Hix, Tuun K'ab' Hix
617:
594:
575:
554:
449:
191:
107:
79:
4196:University Press of Colorado
3917:. Vol. 51, no. 3.
3896:Pennsylvania Museum Archives
3711:University of Oklahoma Press
3278:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2050:
1141:Spanish conquest of the Maya
814:Smoke Shell; Smoke Squirrel
7:
5363:Protected areas of Honduras
4032:. New York: Prentice-Hall.
3781:Looper, Matthew G. (2003).
2270:
1920:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
1842:
1720:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
1653:
1479:natural monument or feature
1439:archaeological stratigraphy
1384:Royal Audience of Guatemala
957:Other early dynastic rulers
750:B'utz' Chan; Smoke Serpent
402:
10:
5389:
5248:
4003:Cambridge University Press
1931:K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
1829:regional style of distant
1546:Map of the center of Copán
1451:Structures 10L–19, 20, 20A
1266:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
1253:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
886:The city was refounded by
772:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
511:
504:in the 16th century.
490:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
474:
348:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
230:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
18:
5246:
5203:
4881:
4858:
4490:
4479:
4313:
3972:Stanford University Press
3860:Maya Art and Architecture
3789:University of Texas Press
3750:10.1017/S0956536199101135
3666:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3589:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3540:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3512:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3459:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3436:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3425:British Museum Collection
3409:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3397:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3380:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3368:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3356:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3344:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3332:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3266:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3254:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2871:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2780:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2765:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2741:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2729:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2713:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2665:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2653:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2606:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2579:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2563:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2548:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2483:Stuart & Houston 1994
2408:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2396:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2067:Great Plaza of the Stelae
1527:Maya Site of Copan (1980)
1523:
1512:
1504:
1494:
1486:
1472:
1467:
1462:
766:Smoke Jaguar; Smoke Imix
507:
276:
268:
256:
246:
236:
227:
223:
218:
208:
200:
187:
182:
145:
127:
65:
49:
43:
42:
3268:, pp. 68, 335, 339.
2767:, pp. 338, 341–342.
2715:, pp. 322, 333–338.
2316:
1524:World Heritage site
984:This article is part of
399:itself remains obscure.
377:
87:Shown within Mesoamerica
30:Not to be confused with
4264:"Lost King of the Maya"
4241:Encyclopædia Britannica
3863:. London and New York:
3827:. London and New York:
3613:Martin & Grube 2000
3601:Martin & Grube 2000
3585:Martin & Grube 2000
3561:Martin & Grube 2000
3544:Martin & Grube 2000
3528:Martin & Grube 2000
3516:Martin & Grube 2000
3500:Martin & Grube 2000
3483:Martin & Grube 2000
3471:Martin & Grube 2000
3413:Martin & Grube 2000
3307:Martin & Grube 2000
3163:Martin & Grube 2000
3142:Martin & Grube 2000
3125:Martin & Grube 2000
3106:Martin & Grube 2000
3091:Martin & Grube 2000
3074:Martin & Grube 2000
3010:Martin & Grube 2000
2974:Martin & Grube 2000
2962:Martin & Grube 2000
2947:Martin & Grube 2000
2935:Martin & Grube 2000
2923:Martin & Grube 2000
2898:Martin & Grube 2000
2886:Martin & Grube 2000
2867:Martin & Grube 2000
2855:Martin & Grube 2000
2838:Martin & Grube 2000
2821:Martin & Grube 2000
2809:Martin & Grube 2000
2792:Sharer & Sedat 2005
2753:Martin & Grube 2000
2725:Martin & Grube 2000
2701:Martin & Grube 2000
2686:Martin & Grube 2000
2641:Martin & Grube 2000
2567:Martin & Grube 2000
2500:Martin & Grube 2000
2336:Martin & Grube 2000
1733:The West Court of Copán
1271:K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat
702:Ruler 8; Head on Earth
514:List of rulers of Copán
494:K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat
90:Show map of Mesoamerica
5333:820s disestablishments
5293:Maya sites in Honduras
4075:Stuart, David (1996).
4028:Snow, Dean R. (2010).
2445:Martin & Grube2000
2420:Martin & Grube2000
2311:Mesoamerica portal
2087:Tatiana Proskouriakoff
2076:
2068:
2060:
1977:
1865:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
1804:
1761:
1734:
1676:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
1632:
1583:
1547:
1379:
1349:
1262:
1184:Mesoamerica portal
943:Mesoamerican ballcourt
937:
883:
526:
463:
412:
25:Copan (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
4323:Actun Tunichil Muknal
3705:Kelly, Joyce (1996).
3587:, pp. 210, 192;
3438:, pp. 334, 340;
3411:, pp. 334, 340;
2160:K'inich Janaab' Pakal
2074:
2066:
2058:
1982:Hieroglyphic Stairway
1975:
1923:early 8th century AD
1868:early 5th century AD
1802:
1759:
1732:
1723:early 7th century AD
1679:early 5th century AD
1630:
1581:
1560:Mesoamerican ballgame
1545:
1392:Jean-Frédéric Waldeck
1377:
1347:
1260:
1132:Classic Maya collapse
935:
888:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
881:
820:Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat
549:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
524:
457:
410:
167:14.83750°N 89.14250°W
5358:Pyramids in Honduras
4505:Altar de Sacrificios
4101:"Maya Site of Copan"
4005:. pp. 407–448.
3914:Archaeology Magazine
3656:Drew, David (1999).
3615:, pp. 194, 202.
3461:, pp. 334, 340.
3382:, pp. 342, 344.
2976:, pp. 203, 205.
2869:, pp. 197–198;
2512:Viel & Hall 2002
2422:, pp. 203–205;
2410:, pp. 339, 476.
1447:Carnegie Institution
1441:in a large vertical
1404:Frederick Catherwood
433:above mean sea level
118:Show map of Honduras
5303:Maya Classic Period
4087:on 16 December 2008
3909:"Copán Tomb Looted"
3865:Thames & Hudson
3829:Thames & Hudson
3738:Ancient Mesoamerica
3603:, pp. 194–196.
3530:, pp. 197–198.
3473:, pp. 193–196.
3358:, pp. 339–340.
3220:, pp. 278–279.
3108:, pp. 207–208.
3020:, pp. 134–135.
2964:, pp. 204–205.
2949:, pp. 203–204.
2937:, pp. 202–203.
2900:, pp. 200–201.
2794:, pp. 174–175.
2447:, pp. 206–207.
2430:, pp. 134–135.
2299:Honduras portal
2026:House of the Bakabs
1934:mid-8th century AD
1890:mid-5th century AD
1879:mid-5th century AD
1847:
1712:mid-6th century AD
1701:mid-5th century AD
1690:mid-5th century AD
1658:
1424:George Byron Gordon
1400:John Lloyd Stephens
853:Predynastic history
366:World Heritage Site
172:14.83750; -89.14250
163: /
39:
5323:426 establishments
4249:Maya Site of Copan
3855:Miller, Mary Ellen
2888:, pp. 198–199
2485:, pp. 23, 25.
2077:
2069:
2061:
1978:
1876:K'inich Popol Hol
1843:
1805:
1762:
1735:
1698:K'inich Popol Hol
1687:K'inich Popol Hol
1654:
1633:
1584:
1548:
1390:. French explorer
1388:Philip II of Spain
1380:
1350:
1263:
938:
884:
543:Alternative names
532:Name (or nickname)
527:
464:
413:
344:southern Maya area
195: 9th century
58:howler monkey gods
37:
5273:IUCN Category III
5258:
5257:
5251:Pre-Columbian era
5196:
4705:Motul de San José
4338:Barton Creek Cave
4132:(versión digital)
4039:978-0-13-615686-4
4001:. Cambridge, UK:
3933:Sharer, Robert J.
1938:
1937:
1727:
1726:
1531:
1530:
1499:Cultural monument
1277:on the throne of
1220:
1219:
995:Maya civilization
850:
849:
756:Chan Imix K'awiil
740:K'ak' Chan Yopaat
571:K'inich Popol Hol
411:Location of Copán
392:[oʃwitik]
370:cultural monument
287:Maya civilization
280:
279:
213:Maya civilization
5380:
5308:Copán Department
5188:
4740:Punta de Chimino
4510:Arroyo de Piedra
4485:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4245:
4237:
4221:
4193:
4181:
4156:Fash, William L.
4142:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4083:. Archived from
4071:
4051:
4024:
3993:
3969:
3966:The Ancient Maya
3958:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3903:
3886:
3850:
3810:
3777:
3732:
3687:
3663:
3652:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3547:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3443:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3310:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3109:
3103:
3094:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3021:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2368:
2348:Fash, William L.
2345:
2339:
2333:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2008:Sepulturas Group
1941:Structure 10L-26
1848:
1837:Structure 10L-25
1818:Structure 10L-22
1793:Structure 10L-18
1787:eccentric flints
1738:Structure 10L-16
1659:
1636:Structure 10L-11
1538:Site description
1460:
1459:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1006:
996:
981:
980:
892:ochk'in kaloomte
824:763 – after 810
664:
661:
641:
638:
622:
619:
599:
596:
580:
577:
559:
556:
529:
528:
394:
389:
329:Early Preclassic
318:Isthmo-Colombian
291:Copán Department
242:Cultural: iv, vi
196:
193:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
136:Copán Department
119:
115:Copán (Honduras)
110:
109:
103:
91:
82:
81:
75:
54:
40:
36:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5242:
5199:
4877:
4854:
4486:
4477:
4309:
4304:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4210:
4170:
4150:
4148:Further reading
4145:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4120:
4106:
4104:
4090:
4088:
4040:
4013:
3982:
3947:
3923:
3921:
3875:
3839:
3799:
3721:
3676:
3641:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3550:
3542:, p. 340;
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3514:, p. 340;
3510:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3313:
3305:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3148:
3140:
3131:
3123:
3112:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:, p. 271;
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:, p. 286;
3028:
3024:
3012:, p. 204;
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:, p. 196;
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:, p. 333;
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2371:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2273:
2095:Motmot Capstone
2053:
2034:
2010:
1912:7th century AD
1901:7th century AD
1778:anthropomorphic
1622:Structure 10L-4
1576:
1540:
1482:
1468:Ruinas de Copán
1412:Alfred Maudslay
1372:
1330:
1255:
1229:
1216:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1127:Preclassic Maya
994:
959:
876:
855:
692:Wil Ohl K'inich
662:
639:
620:
597:
578:
557:
539:
516:
510:
477:
452:
405:
387:
380:
232:
194:
171:
169:
165:
162:
157:
154:
152:
150:
149:
123:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
61:
45:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5091:Plan de Ayutla
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:Piedras Negras
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Marco Gonzalez
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4252:
4246:
4228:
4227:External links
4225:
4223:
4222:
4208:
4182:
4168:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4113:
4096:
4072:
4052:
4038:
4025:
4011:
3994:
3980:
3959:
3945:
3929:
3904:
3887:
3873:
3851:
3837:
3819:Grube, Nikolai
3811:
3797:
3778:
3744:(2): 263–280.
3733:
3719:
3702:
3688:
3674:
3653:
3639:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3591:, p. 341.
3577:
3575:, p. 201.
3565:
3563:, p. 200.
3548:
3546:, p. 208.
3532:
3520:
3518:, p. 204.
3504:
3502:, p. 204.
3487:
3485:, p. 199.
3475:
3463:
3444:
3442:, p. 201.
3428:
3417:
3415:, p. 208.
3401:
3399:, p. 344.
3384:
3372:
3370:, p. 342.
3360:
3348:
3346:, p. 686.
3336:
3334:, p. 340.
3311:
3309:, p. 205.
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3244:, p. 279.
3234:
3222:
3210:
3208:, p. 278.
3191:
3189:, p. 277.
3179:
3177:, p. 168.
3167:
3165:, p. 212.
3146:
3144:, p. 211.
3129:
3127:, p. 210.
3110:
3095:
3093:, p. 208.
3078:
3076:, p. 206.
3066:
3050:
3038:
3022:
3016:, p. 76;
3002:
2990:
2988:, p. 241.
2978:
2966:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2925:, p. 201.
2902:
2890:
2875:
2873:, p. 336.
2859:
2857:, p. 197.
2842:
2840:, p. 196.
2825:
2823:, p. 195.
2813:
2811:, p. 194.
2796:
2784:
2782:, p. 342.
2769:
2757:
2755:, p. 192.
2745:
2743:, p. 338.
2733:
2731:, p. 338.
2717:
2705:
2703:, p. 202.
2690:
2688:, p. 193.
2669:
2667:, p. 337.
2657:
2655:, p. 336.
2645:
2643:, p. 203.
2610:
2608:, p. 333.
2595:
2593:, p. 267.
2583:
2581:, p. 482.
2571:
2569:, p. 193.
2552:
2550:, p. 688.
2540:
2528:
2526:, p. 434.
2516:
2514:, p. 877.
2504:
2502:, p. 198.
2487:
2475:
2463:
2449:
2432:
2426:, p. 76;
2412:
2400:
2398:, p. 339.
2369:
2352:Davíd Carrasco
2340:
2338:, p. 209.
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2156:Maya maize god
2052:
2049:
2045:Cemetery Group
2033:
2030:
2009:
2006:
1998:Monument Plaza
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1808:Temples 10L-20
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1649:British Museum
1575:
1572:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1371:
1370:Modern history
1368:
1329:
1326:
1254:
1251:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
958:
955:
951:Maya mythology
875:
872:
854:
851:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
672:
671:
668:
665:
657:
651:
650:
645:
642:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
615:
609:
608:
603:
600:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
573:
567:
566:
563:
560:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:succession no.
536:
533:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
476:
473:
451:
448:
404:
401:
379:
376:
331:period to the
310:Classic period
306:mean sea level
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
147:
143:
142:
129:
125:
124:
114:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:
95:
86:
77:
76:
70:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
55:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5385:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:Joya de Cerén
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Moral Reforma
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:Dzibilchaltun
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
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4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
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4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Cotzumalhuapa
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Nohoch Cheʼen
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4235:"Copán"
4231:
4230:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4209:0-87081-822-8
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4169:0-85255-981-X
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4134:on 2011-09-14
4130:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4102:
4097:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:Stuart, David
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4012:0-521-35165-0
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3981:0-8047-4817-9
3977:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3946:0-85255-981-X
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3874:0-500-20327-X
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:0-500-05103-8
3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3815:Martin, Simon
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3798:0-292-70556-5
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3720:0-8061-2858-5
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3700:9780195188431
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3675:0-297-81699-3
3671:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:0-85255-981-X
3636:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:Schuster 1998
3286:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3064:, p. 81.
3063:
3059:
3054:
3048:, p. 78.
3047:
3042:
3036:, p. 78.
3035:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3000:, p. 79.
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2366:9780195188431
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:talud-tablero
1609:
1608:
1607:talud-tablero
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1513:Administrator
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:IUCN category
1471:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:John G. Owens
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:Motagua River
1325:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
992:
991:
987:
983:
982:
979:
975:
973:
969:
963:
954:
952:
948:
947:scarlet macaw
944:
934:
930:
927:
926:Robert Sharer
922:
919:
918:talud-tablero
913:
911:
906:
905:Copán Altar Q
901:
897:
893:
889:
880:
871:
869:
865:
861:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:Smoke Monkey
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
635:
633:name unknown
632:
631:
627:
624:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
593:
591:name unknown
590:
589:
585:
582:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
537:
534:
531:
530:
523:
519:
515:
505:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
484:vassal state
482:
472:
470:
461:
460:Henry Sandham
456:
447:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
409:
400:
398:
393:
385:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
186:
181:
176:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
102:
74:
64:
59:
53:
48:
41:
33:
26:
22:
5260:
5190:
5111:San Gervasio
4951:Chichen Itza
4896:Aguada Fénix
4867:
4850:Zapote Bobal
4780:Takalik Abaj
4770:San Clemente
4423:Nim Li Punit
4239:
4189:
4159:
4136:. Retrieved
4129:the original
4124:
4105:. Retrieved
4089:. Retrieved
4085:the original
4059:
4029:
3998:
3965:
3936:
3922:. Retrieved
3912:
3899:
3895:
3859:
3823:
3783:
3741:
3737:
3706:
3691:
3659:
3630:
3608:
3596:
3580:
3568:
3535:
3523:
3507:
3478:
3466:
3431:
3420:
3404:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3232:, p. 5.
3230:Pezzati 2012
3225:
3213:
3182:
3170:
3069:
3053:
3041:
3025:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2942:
2930:
2893:
2862:
2816:
2787:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2720:
2708:
2660:
2648:
2586:
2574:
2543:
2538:, p. 4.
2531:
2519:
2507:
2478:
2466:
2415:
2403:
2355:
2350:"Copán." In
2343:
2282:Manche Ch'ol
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2032:Other groups
2025:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1763:
1737:
1736:
1709:Moon Jaguar
1655:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1564:
1549:
1532:
1454:
1450:
1428:
1407:
1396:Juan Galindo
1381:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1331:
1328:Later rulers
1322:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1264:
1247:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1054:Architecture
976:
970:, a site in
964:
960:
939:
923:
914:
891:
885:
856:
734:Moon Jaguar
517:
498:
478:
465:
445:
441:
437:Copán Ruinas
421:Copán Ruinas
417:municipality
414:
396:
383:
381:
374:
363:
356:
337:
326:
322:Maya peoples
314:Mesoamerican
303:
282:
281:
132:Copán Ruinas
21:Copan Ruinas
5218:Casa Blanca
5205:El Salvador
4956:Chunchucmil
4911:Balankanche
4820:Wajxaklajun
4785:Tamarindito
4765:San Bartolo
4695:Mixco Viejo
4650:Kaminaljuyu
4585:El Porvenir
4530:Cerro Quiac
4473:Xunantunich
4448:San Estevan
4403:Lower Dover
4198:. pp.
4194:. Boulder:
3062:Looper 2003
3058:Looper 1999
3046:Looper 2003
3034:Looper 2003
3018:Miller 1999
3014:Looper 2003
2998:Looper 2003
2524:Sheets 2000
2471:Stuart 1996
2428:Miller 1999
2424:Looper 2003
2103:Xukpi Stone
2038:North Group
2002:Great Plaza
1948:, jade and
1909:Smoke Imix
1898:Smoke Imix
1616:Kaminaljuyu
1495:Designation
1431:Copán River
1338:trade route
900:Teotihuacan
896:Siyaj K'ak'
676:B'alam Nehn
359:Copán River
340:epigraphers
333:Postclassic
293:of western
257:Inscription
170: /
146:Coordinates
5278:Maya sites
5267:Categories
5249:See also:
5233:San Andrés
5213:Cara Sucia
5126:Tortuguero
5001:Hormiguero
4976:Comalcalco
4946:Chinkultic
4931:Chacchoben
4805:Tres Islas
4690:Machaquila
4680:La Joyanca
4590:El Temblor
4575:El Mirador
4550:Chutixtiox
4540:Chitinamit
4453:Santa Rita
4398:Louisville
4358:Chaa Creek
4343:Cahal Pech
4333:Baking Pot
4307:Maya sites
4138:2010-02-26
4091:2010-04-10
3924:2010-04-06
3709:. Norman:
3664:. London:
3622:References
3242:Kelly 1996
3218:Kelly 1996
3206:Kelly 1996
3187:Kelly 1996
1917:Esmeralda
1695:Margarita
1574:Main Group
1505:Designated
1386:, to king
1242:Santa Rita
860:El Mirador
782:18 Rabbit
724:Tzi-B'alam
663: 485
640: 476
621: 465
598: 455
586:Great-Sun
579: 437
558: 437
450:Population
425:department
388:pronounced
260:1980 (4th
219:Site notes
158:89°08′33″W
155:14°50′15″N
5171:Yaxchilan
5101:Punta Sur
5036:Kohunlich
4996:Ekʼ Balam
4981:Dzibanche
4966:Chunlimón
4961:Chunhuhub
4873:El Puente
4750:Qʼumarkaj
4685:La Muerta
4675:La Corona
4670:La Blanca
4665:La Amelia
4595:El Tintal
4560:Dos Pilas
4492:Guatemala
4408:Lubaantun
4378:KaʼKabish
4178:474837429
4068:231630189
4048:223933566
3955:474837429
3774:161977572
3649:474837429
3175:Snow 2010
3030:Drew 1999
2986:Drew 1999
2591:Snow 2010
2287:Rastrojón
2277:El Puente
2051:Monuments
1990:Ballcourt
1966:spondylus
1895:Mascarón
1884:Papagayo
1771:sky deity
1767:roof comb
1706:Rosalila
1596:Acropolis
1589:ballcourt
1556:acropolis
1318:sacrifice
1160:Guatemala
1059:Astronomy
1044:Sacrifice
1039:Mythology
1024:Languages
836:Ukit Took
655:Muyal Jol
299:Guatemala
272:15.095 ha
247:Reference
188:Abandoned
5223:Cihuatán
5186:Yoʼokop
5086:Palenque
5081:Oxkintok
4941:Chicanná
4926:Calakmul
4921:Bonampak
4860:Honduras
4840:Zacpeten
4810:Uaxactun
4755:Río Azul
4745:Quiriguá
4710:Naachtun
4660:Kʼatepan
4640:Ixtonton
4515:Balberta
4500:Aguateca
4438:Pacbitun
4388:La Milpa
4373:El Pilar
4328:Altun Ha
4218:61719499
4021:33359444
3990:57577446
3883:41659173
3857:(1999).
3847:47358325
3821:(2000).
3807:52208614
3766:86542758
3758:26307992
3729:34658843
3684:43401096
2271:See also
2202:Stela 63
2196:Stela 19
2190:Stela 18
2184:Stela 17
2178:Stela 15
2172:Stela 13
2166:Stela 12
2151:Stela 11
2145:Stela 10
1906:Chorcha
1746:quetzals
1717:Purpura
1359:Palenque
1310:Calakmul
1287:Palenque
1283:Calakmul
1279:Quiriguá
1099:Medicine
1079:Textiles
1064:Calendar
1034:Religion
986:a series
910:Quiriguá
830:Yax Pac
808:749–763
792:738–749
776:695–738
760:628–695
744:578–628
728:553–578
718:Ruler 9
712:551–553
696:532–551
680:504–544
670:Ruler 6
538:Dynastic
486:Quirigua
403:Location
352:Quiriguá
295:Honduras
238:Criteria
209:Cultures
140:Honduras
128:Location
5238:Tazumal
5166:Xtampak
5106:Río Bec
5076:Ocomtún
5056:Mayapan
5041:Komchen
4936:Chactún
4906:Balamku
4891:Acanceh
4845:Zaculeu
4800:Topoxte
4790:Tayasal
4730:Pajaral
4725:Naranjo
4700:Montana
4625:Iximche
4605:Guaytán
4600:El Zotz
4580:El Perú
4570:El Chal
4565:El Baúl
4545:Chocolá
4525:Cancuén
4520:Bejucal
4463:Uxbenka
4443:Pusilha
4418:Minanha
4393:Lamanai
4348:Caracol
4255:"Copan"
4200:260–287
2264:Stela P
2258:Stela N
2252:Stela M
2245:Stela J
2239:Stela H
2233:Stela F
2227:Stela D
2221:Stela C
2215:Stela B
2209:Stela A
2138:Stela 9
2128:Stela 7
2122:Stela 4
2116:Stela 3
2110:Stela 2
2081:Altar Q
2022:cobbles
1964:pelts,
1946:mercury
1873:Motmot
1831:Yucatán
1774:Itzamna
1684:Yehnal
1641:Pawatun
1435:meander
1155:Chiapas
1150:Yucatán
1118:History
1109:Warfare
1104:Cuisine
1029:Writing
1019:Society
968:Caracol
868:peccary
648:Ruler 5
606:Ruler 3
502:Spanish
475:History
423:in the
384:Oxwitik
289:in the
262:Session
201:Periods
183:History
44:Oxwitik
5176:Yaxuná
5161:Xpuhil
5156:Xlapak
5146:Xcaret
5121:Toniná
5096:Pomona
5051:La Mar
5021:Joljaʼ
5006:Izamal
4883:Mexico
4830:Xultun
4825:Witzna
4815:Ucanal
4775:Seibal
4645:Ixtutz
4615:Holtun
4610:Holmul
4468:Xnaheb
4428:Nohmul
4383:Kʼaxob
4368:Cuello
4353:Cerros
4315:Belize
4259:Curlie
4216:
4206:
4176:
4166:
4107:29 Jan
4066:
4046:
4036:
4019:
4009:
3988:
3978:
3953:
3943:
3881:
3871:
3845:
3835:
3805:
3795:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3727:
3717:
3698:
3682:
3672:
3647:
3637:
2364:
2354:(ed).
2132:K'atun
1962:jaguar
1950:quartz
1887:Ku Ix
1827:Chenes
1812:10L-21
1673:Hunal
1552:stelae
1275:vassal
1238:k'atun
1069:Stelae
1049:Cities
1014:People
988:on the
972:Belize
708:Sak-Lu
553:426 –
508:Rulers
5283:Copán
5151:Xelha
5136:Uxmal
5131:Tulum
5116:Sayil
5071:Muyil
5046:Labna
5031:Kiuic
5026:Kabah
5016:Jaina
5011:Izapa
4991:Edzna
4916:Becan
4868:Copán
4835:Yaxha
4795:Tikal
4760:Sacul
4720:Nakum
4715:Nakbe
4655:Kinal
4630:Ixkun
4620:Itzan
4535:Chama
4363:Colha
4121:(PDF)
3770:S2CID
3754:JSTOR
2317:Notes
2014:sacbe
1857:Date
1851:Phase
1668:Date
1662:Phase
1645:bench
1601:adobe
1567:sacbe
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