233:
344:
35:
4263:
464:. These cytokines can lead to further cytokine production that promote inflammatory responses. Cord factor, through the Mincle receptor, also causes the recruitment of neutrophils, which lead to pro-inflammatory cytokines as well. However, there is also evidence that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in conjunction with the protein MyD-88 is responsible for cytokine production rather than the Mincle receptor.
200:
456:
factor acts is not completely known. However, it is likely that the mycolic acids of cord factor must undergo a cyclopropyl modification to lead to a response from the host's immune system for initial infection. Furthermore, the ester linkages in cord factor are important for its toxic effects. There is evidence that cord factor is recognized by the
82:
561:
It is possible to form cord factor liposomes through water emulsion; these liposomes are nontoxic and can be used to maintain a steady supply of activated macrophages. Cord factor under proper control can potentially be useful in fighting cancer because IL-12 and IFN-γ are able to limit the growth of
324:
residues. One of the two mycolic acid residues is attached to the sixth carbon of one glucose, while the other mycolic acid residue is attached to the sixth carbon of the other glucose. Therefore, cord factor is also named trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate. The carbon chain of the mycolic acid residues vary
495:
spreads unhampered. IL-12 triggers production of more cytokines through T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, while also leading to mature Th1 cells, and thus leading to immunity. Then, with IL-12 available, Th1 cells and NK cells produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) molecules and subsequently release
455:
Numerous responses that vary in effect result from cord factor's presence in host cells. After exposure to cord factor for 2 hours, 125 genes in the mouse genome are upregulated. After 24 hours, 503 genes are upregulated, and 162 genes are downregulated. The exact chemical mechanisms by which cord
329:
nature leads to varying structures when many cord factor molecules are in close proximity. On a hydrophobic surface, they spontaneously form a crystalline monolayer. This crystalline monolayer is extremely durable and firm; it is stronger than any other amphiphile found in biology. This monolayer
851:
TAHLAN, K., R. WILSON, D. B. KASTRINSKY, K. ARORA, V. NAIR, E. FISCHER, S. W. BARNES, J. R. WALKER, D. ALLAND, C. E. BARRY a H. I. BOSHOFF. SQ109 Targets MmpL3, a
Membrane Transporter of Trehalose Monomycolate Involved in Mycolic Acid Donation to the Cell Wall Core of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
553:
remains a serious problem in the world and knowledge of cord factor can be useful in controlling this disease. For example, the glycoprotein known as lactoferrin is able to mitigate cytokine production and granuloma formation brought on by cord factor. However, cord factor can serve as a useful
429:
can die when in contact with monolayers of cord factor, but not when cord factor is in other configurations. As the monolayer surface area of cord factor increases, so does its toxicity. The length of the carbon chain on cord factor has also shown to affect toxicity; a longer chain shows higher
508:
hypersensitivity-type. This means cord factor can stimulate a response by acting as a foreign molecule or by causing harmful reactions from the immune system if the host is already immunized. Thus, cord factor can act as a nonspecific irritant or a T-cell dependent antigen. Granulomas enclose
507:
cells. Activated macrophages and neutrophils also cause an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is important for angiogenesis, a step in granuloma formation. The granulomas can be formed either with or without T-cells, indicating that they can be foreign-body-type or
387:
The function of cord factor is highly dependent on what environment it is located, and therefore its conformation. This is evident as cord factor is harmful when injected with an oil solution, but not when it is with a saline solution, even in very large amounts. Cord factor protects
554:
model for all pathogenic glycolipids and therefore it can provide insight for more than just itself as a virulence factor. Hydrophobic beads covered with cord factor are an effective tool for such research; they are able to reproduce an organism's response to cord factor from
404:
that would destroy them. The individual components of cord factor, the trehalose sugars and mycolic acid residues, are not able to demonstrate this activity; the cord factor molecules must be fully intact. Esterase activity that targets cord factor results in the lysis of
334:
cells as well, to form an asymmetrical bilayer. These properties cause bacteria that produce cord factor to grow into long, intertwining filaments, giving them a rope- or cord-like appearance when stained and viewed through a microscope (hence the name).
1829:
Werninghaus, K.; Babiak, A.; Gross, O.; Holscher, C.; Dietrich, H.; Agger, E. M.; Mages, J.; Mocsai, A.; Schoenen, H.; Finger, K.; Nimmerjahn, F.; Brown, G. D.; Kirschning, C.; Heit, A.; Andersen, P.; Wagner, H.; Ruland, J.; Lang, R. (12 January 2009).
512:
cells to halt the bacteria from spreading, but they also allow the bacteria to remain in the host. From there, the tissue can become damaged and the disease can transmit further with cord factor. Alternatively, the activated macrophages can kill the
330:
also forms in oil-water, plastic-water, and air-water surfaces. In an aqueous environment free of hydrophobic surfaces, cord factor forms a micelle. Furthermore, cord factor interlocks with lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which is found on the surface of
608:
Hunter, RL; Olsen, MR; Jagannath, C; Actor, JK (Autumn 2006). "Multiple roles of cord factor in the pathogenesis of primary, secondary, and cavitary tuberculosis, including a revised description of the pathology of secondary disease".
520:
Besides inducing granuloma formation, activated macrophages that result from IL-12 and IFN-γ are able to limit tumor growth. Furthermore, cord factor's stimulation of TNF-α production, also known as cachectin, is also able to induce
1439:
Fujita, Y; Okamoto, Y; Uenishi, Y; Sunagawa, M; Uchiyama, T; Yano, I (July 2007). "Molecular and supra-molecular structure related differences in toxicity and granulomatogenic activity of mycobacterial cord factor in mice".
525:, or loss of weight, within hosts. Cord factor also increases NADase activity in the host, and thus it lowers NAD; enzymes that require NAD decrease in activity accordingly. Cord factor is thus able to obstruct
956:"Identification of the physiologically active state of the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate and the role of fibrinogen in the biologic activities of trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate monolayers"
2198:
Magram, Jeanne; Connaughton, Suzanne E; Warrier, Rajeev R; Carvajal, Daisy M; Wu, Chang-you; Ferrante, Jessica; Stewart, Colin; Sarmiento, Ulla; Faherty, Denise A; Gately, Maurice K (May 1996).
1924:"A role for tumour necrosis factor- , complement C5 and interleukin-6 in the initiation and development of the mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate induced granulomatous response"
129:
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(CCCCCCCCCCC1CC1CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC(=O)C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(CCCCCCCCCCCC4CC4CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O
1777:
Schoenen, H; Bodendorfer, B; Hitchens, K; Manzanero, S; Werninghaus, K; Nimmerjahn, F; Agger, EM; Stenger, S; Andersen, P; Ruland, J; Brown, GD; Wells, C; Lang, R (Mar 15, 2010).
1477:"Fibrinogen Regulates the Cytotoxicity of Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate but Is Not Required for Cell Recruitment, Cytokine Response, or Control of Mycobacterial Infection"
417:
is required. Regardless, cord factor's ability to prevent fusion is related to an increased hydration force or through steric hindrance. Cord factor remains on the surface of
2163:
Trinchieri, G (1995). "Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity".
413:
cells must still be alive to prevent this fusion; heat-killed cells with cord factor are unable to prevent being digested. This suggests an additional molecule from
379:
survives at a rate similar to that of its original state. Cord factor increases the virulence of tuberculosis in mice, but it has minimal effect on other infections.
425:, where it forms a monolayer. Then, as cord factor is in a monolayer configuration, it has a different function; it becomes fatal or harmful to the host organism.
1832:"Adjuvanticity of a synthetic cord factor analogue for subunit Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccination requires FcR -Syk-Card9-dependent innate immune activation"
2908:
1879:
Yamasaki, S; Ishikawa, E; Sakuma, M; Hara, H; Ogata, K; Saito, T (October 2008). "Mincle is an ITAM-coupled activating receptor that senses damaged cells".
2793:
Retzinger, GS (April 1987). "Dissemination of beads coated with trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate: a possible role for coagulation in the dissemination process".
2346:"Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (Cord factor) enhances neovascularization through vascular endothelial growth factor production by neutrophils and macrophages"
1475:
Sakamoto, K.; Geisel, R. E.; Kim, M.-J.; Wyatt, B. T.; Sellers, L. B.; Smiley, S. T.; Cooper, A. M.; Russell, D. G.; Rhoades, E. R. (22 December 2009).
213:
2640:"In vivo administration of mycobacterial cord factor (Trehalose 6, 6'-dimycolate) can induce lung and liver granulomas and thymic atrophy in rabbits"
1779:"Cutting edge: Mincle is essential for recognition and adjuvanticity of the mycobacterial cord factor and its synthetic analog trehalose-dibehenate"
541:
occurred. This atrophy occurs in conjunction with granuloma formation, and if granuloma formation is disturbed, so is the progression of atrophy.
371:
loses its virulence if its ability to produce cord factor molecules is compromised. Consequently, when all lipids are removed from the exterior of
2869:
Oswald, IP; Afroun, S; Bray, D; Petit, JF; Lemaire, G (September 1992). "Low response of BALB/c macrophages to priming and activating signals".
487:(MIP-2), which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines important for granuloma formation. IL-12 is particularly important in the defense against
2116:"Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is crucial to the development of protective immunity in mice intravenously infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis"
1728:
Ishikawa, E; Ishikawa, T; Morita, YS; Toyonaga, K; Yamada, H; Takeuchi, O; Kinoshita, T; Akira, S; Yoshikai, Y; Yamasaki, S (Dec 21, 2009).
121:
2248:"Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces foreign-body- and hypersensitivity-type granulomas in mice"
1578:
Sakamoto, K.; Kim, M. J.; Rhoades, E. R.; Allavena, R. E.; Ehrt, S.; Wainwright, H. C.; Russell, D. G.; Rohde, K. H. (21 December 2012).
1400:"In vivo activity of released cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin is due principally to trehalose mycolates"
1298:
Yang, Y.; Bhatti, A.; Ke, D.; Gonzalez-Juarrero, M.; Lenaerts, A.; Kremer, L.; Guerardel, Y.; Zhang, P.; Ojha, A. K. (15 November 2012).
1632:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis controls host innate immune activation through cyclopropane modification of a glycolipid effector molecule"
460:, which is found on macrophages. An activated Mincle receptor leads to a pathway that ultimately results in the production of several
272:
cells into long and slender formations, giving its name. Cord factor is virulent towards mammalian cells and critical for survival of
1922:
Welsh, K. J.; Abbott, A. N.; Hwang, S.-A.; Indrigo, J.; Armitige, L. Y.; Blackburn, M. R.; Hunter, R. L.; Actor, J. K. (1 June 2008).
3855:
1049:"The role of surface in the biological activities of trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate. Surface properties and development of a model system"
1003:
Hunter, RL; Venkataprasad, N; Olsen, MR (September 2006). "The role of trehalose dimycolate (cord factor) on morphology of virulent
870:
NOLL, H; BLOCH, H; ASSELINEAU, J; LEDERER, E (May 1956). "The chemical structure of the cord factor of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis".
2026:"TNF regulates chemokine induction essential for cell recruitment, granuloma formation, and clearance of mycobacterial infection"
17:
2938:
1259:"Cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) mediates trafficking events during mycobacterial infection of murine macrophages"
1132:
325:
in length depending on the species of bacteria it is found in, but the general range is 20 to 80 carbon atoms. Cord factor's
2444:"Killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages"
3065:
2692:"In vivo induction of apoptosis in the thymus by administration of mycobacterial cord factor (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate)"
1580:"Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate Reprograms Macrophage Global Gene Expression and Activates Matrix Metalloproteinases"
2493:"Interleukin-12 synthesis is a required step in trehalose dimycolate-induced activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages"
696:"Biosynthesis and Virulent Behavior of Lipids Produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: LAM and Cord Factor: An Overview"
208:
3194:
3186:
484:
3190:
3078:
2930:
220:
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3164:
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3940:
852:
Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy. 2012-03-16, vol. 56, issue 4, s. 1797-1809. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.05708-11.
2741:"Lactoferrin modulation of mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6-6'-dimycolate induced granulomatous response"
3445:
3089:
3084:
375:
cells, the survival of the bacteria is reduced within a host. When cord factor is added back to those cells,
638:"Trehalose 6,6'-Dimycolate (Cord Factor) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Corneal Angiogenesis in Rats"
558:
cells. Cord factor beads are easily created and applied to organisms for study, and then easily recovered.
347:
2638:
Hamasaki, N; Isowa, K; Kamada, K; Terano, Y; Matsumoto, T; Arakawa, T; Kobayashi, K; Yano, I (June 2000).
1088:
Brennan, PJ (2003). "Structure, function, and biogenesis of the cell wall of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis".
2739:
Welsh, Kerry J.; Hwang, Shen-An; Hunter, Robert L.; Kruzel, Marian L.; Actor, Jeffrey K. (October 2010).
1975:"Neutrophils Promote Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate-Induced Lung Inflammation via the Mincle Pathway"
1201:"Trehalose 6,6′-Dimycolate and Lipid in the Pathogenesis of Caseating Granulomas of Tuberculosis in Mice"
905:
Jonsson, B. E.; Gilljam, M.; Lindblad, A.; Ridell, M.; Wold, A. E.; Welinder-Olsson, C. (21 March 2007).
1153:"Influence of trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) during mycobacterial infection of bone marrow macrophages"
4287:
3204:
352:
260:
2246:
Yamagami, H; Matsumoto, T; Fujiwara, N; Arakawa, T; Kaneda, K; Yano, I; Kobayashi, K (February 2001).
1351:"Characterization of the trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate surface monolayer by scanning tunneling microscopy"
1681:"Action of a toxic glycolipid of Corynebacterium diphtheriae on mitochondrial structure and function"
526:
1300:"Exposure to a Cutinase-like Serine Esterase Triggers Rapid Lysis of Multiple Mycobacterial Species"
3494:
2591:"Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) mediates induction of cachexia by cord factor from mycobacteria"
1730:"Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle"
795:"Cord factor (alpha,alpha-trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate) inhibits fusion between phospholipid vesicles"
530:
434:
has shown to adsorb to monolayers of cord factor and act as a cofactor for its biological effects.
3278:
3266:
3070:
3059:
2830:"Antitumor activity and hydrogen peroxide release by macrophages elicited by trehalose diesters"
3312:
3250:
3008:
241:
3326:
2197:
232:
4101:
3736:
3097:
480:
292:
is thought to inhibit TDM production levels and in this way disrupts its cell wall assembly.
1199:
Hunter, Robert L.; Olsen, Margaret; Jagannath, Chinnaswamy; Actor, Jeffrey K. (April 2006).
1198:
3340:
3288:
2923:
806:
58:
8:
4266:
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in mice. Severe muscle wasting occurred within 48 hours of the toxin being administered.
48:
2176:
810:
4204:
3374:
3332:
3209:
3040:
2894:
2765:
2740:
2566:
2541:
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2443:
2424:
2140:
2115:
2091:
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2001:
1974:
1950:
1923:
1904:
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1831:
1803:
1778:
1754:
1729:
1656:
1631:
1604:
1579:
1501:
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1326:
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1225:
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985:
931:
906:
763:
746:
722:
695:
472:
2716:
2691:
2615:
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2517:
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2296:
2216:
2199:
1705:
1680:
1375:
1350:
1101:
1065:
1048:
662:
637:
4249:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
4209:
4153:
3440:
2886:
2851:
2810:
2806:
2770:
2738:
2721:
2669:
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2571:
2522:
2473:
2416:
2375:
2370:
2345:
2326:
2277:
2272:
2247:
2221:
2200:"IL-12-Deficient Mice Are Defective in IFNγ Production and Type 1 Cytokine Responses"
2180:
2145:
2096:
2047:
2024:
Roach, DR; Bean, AG; Demangel, C; France, MP; Briscoe, H; Britton, WJ (May 1, 2002).
2006:
1955:
1908:
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1506:
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936:
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834:
829:
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768:
727:
667:
653:
618:
2707:
2655:
2508:
2361:
989:
4148:
3966:
3572:
3488:
3430:
3236:
2898:
2878:
2841:
2802:
2760:
2752:
2711:
2703:
2659:
2651:
2610:
2602:
2561:
2553:
2512:
2504:
2463:
2455:
2428:
2406:
2365:
2357:
2316:
2308:
2267:
2259:
2211:
2172:
2135:
2127:
2086:
2078:
2037:
1996:
1986:
1945:
1935:
1888:
1851:
1843:
1798:
1790:
1749:
1741:
1700:
1692:
1651:
1643:
1599:
1591:
1537:
1496:
1488:
1449:
1411:
1370:
1362:
1321:
1311:
1270:
1220:
1212:
1164:
1097:
1060:
1016:
967:
926:
918:
879:
824:
814:
758:
717:
707:
657:
649:
533:
in mitochondrial membranes. In mice, cord factor has shown to cause atrophy in the
144:
107:
2263:
1940:
1696:
1453:
1366:
907:"Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium abscessus, with Focus on Cystic Fibrosis"
853:
4231:
4136:
3731:
3386:
3283:
3128:
3103:
2988:
2916:
2312:
1991:
457:
277:
2042:
2025:
1542:
1525:
1416:
1399:
1169:
1152:
1047:
Retzinger, GS; Meredith, SC; Takayama, K; Hunter, RL; Kézdy, FJ (Aug 10, 1981).
636:
Saita, N.; Fujiwara, N.; Yano, I.; Soejima, K.; Kobayashi, K. (1 October 2000).
276:
in hosts, but not outside of hosts. Cord factor has been observed to influence
4173:
3721:
3661:
3484:
3476:
3223:
3177:
2946:
2846:
2829:
2756:
2344:
Sakaguchi, I; Ikeda, N; Nakayama, M; Kato, Y; Yano, I; Kaneda, K (April 2000).
1577:
1216:
1020:
972:
955:
954:
Retzinger, GS; Meredith, SC; Hunter, RL; Takayama, K; Kézdy, FJ (August 1982).
799:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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191:
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3716:
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3123:
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1794:
1776:
1551:
476:
422:
343:
1316:
4226:
4216:
4199:
4168:
4116:
4080:
4039:
3993:
3930:
3833:
3756:
3691:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3318:
3154:
2951:
2774:
2690:
Ozeki, Y; Kaneda, K; Fujiwara, N; Morimoto, M; Oka, S; Yano, I (May 1997).
2673:
2459:
2420:
2379:
2297:"Acute granulomatous response produced in mice by trehalose-6,6-dimycolate"
2281:
2082:
2051:
2010:
1959:
1900:
1865:
1812:
1763:
1665:
1613:
1510:
1474:
1461:
1425:
1335:
1284:
1234:
1178:
1109:
1028:
940:
891:
747:"Role of cord factor in the modulation of infection caused by mycobacteria"
731:
671:
622:
392:
from the defenses of the host. Specifically, cord factor on the surface of
321:
309:
2890:
2855:
2814:
2725:
2624:
2575:
2526:
2477:
2330:
2225:
2184:
2149:
2100:
1828:
1714:
1559:
1524:
Silva, C. L.; Tincani, I.; Filho, S. L. B.; Faccioli, L. H. (1988-06-01).
1384:
1275:
1258:
1074:
1046:
981:
953:
838:
819:
772:
712:
4189:
4143:
4131:
3988:
3935:
3885:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3741:
3726:
3592:
3303:
3260:
3051:
3029:
2966:
2956:
2882:
2245:
2131:
1921:
1847:
1745:
1647:
1595:
1526:"Mouse Cachexia Induced by Trehalose Dimycolate from Nocardia asteroides"
1492:
1297:
922:
326:
2557:
2542:"Tumour necrosis factor: a cytokine with multiple biological activities"
1973:
Lee, WB; Kang, JS; Yan, JJ; Lee, MS; Jeon, BY; Cho, SN; Kim, YJ (2012).
1727:
904:
4221:
4158:
4075:
4053:
3998:
3961:
3905:
3875:
3865:
3806:
3796:
3781:
3766:
3761:
3746:
3666:
3651:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3509:
3199:
3159:
2976:
2971:
1397:
793:
Spargo, BJ; Crowe, LM; Ioneda, T; Beaman, BL; Crowe, JH (Feb 1, 1991).
517:
cells through reactive nitrogen intermediates to remove the infection.
500:
431:
426:
317:
255:
172:
34:
2411:
2394:
2392:
1629:
264:
and similar species. It is the primary lipid found on the exterior of
4126:
4121:
4111:
4091:
4034:
4024:
4019:
3978:
3890:
3706:
3686:
3676:
3636:
3631:
3611:
3582:
3532:
3514:
3467:
3459:
3366:
3350:
2961:
1438:
499:
When macrophages are activated by cord factor, they can arrange into
461:
305:
281:
2689:
1892:
635:
607:
190:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4029:
4009:
3920:
3915:
3880:
3870:
3845:
3801:
3751:
3696:
3671:
3656:
3621:
3616:
3547:
3499:
3472:
3418:
3346:
2999:
2827:
2490:
2343:
2067:"Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice"
1878:
869:
572:
537:
through apoptosis; similarly in rabbits, atrophy of the thymus and
522:
444:
439:
401:
2637:
2113:
2023:
1398:
Geisel, RE; Sakamoto, K; Russell, DG; Rhoades, ER (Apr 15, 2005).
792:
81:
4184:
3646:
3641:
3626:
3587:
3562:
3399:
3379:
3019:
2441:
2393:
Kobayashi, Kazuo; Kaneda, Kenji; Kasama, Tsuyoshi (15 May 2001).
396:
cells prevents fusion between phagosomal vesicles containing the
313:
94:
1630:
Rao, V; Fujiwara, N; Porcelli, SA; Glickman, MS (Feb 21, 2005).
3951:
3925:
3895:
3711:
3413:
3394:
3142:
2868:
1002:
538:
534:
467:
Cord factor presence increases the production of the cytokines
744:
3900:
3816:
3811:
3681:
3602:
2941:
1256:
1150:
301:
289:
285:
71:
2828:
Lepoivre, M; Tenu, JP; Lemaire, G; Petit, JF (August 1982).
2491:
Oswald, IP; Dozois, CM; Petit, JF; Lemaire, G (April 1997).
2114:
Cooper, AM; Magram, J; Ferrante, J; Orme, IM (Jul 7, 1997).
1348:
4065:
3973:
2442:
Chan, J; Xing, Y; Magliozzo, RS; Bloom, BR (Apr 1, 1992).
3910:
1972:
1523:
496:
them. The IFN-γ molecules in turn activate macrophages.
745:
Silva, CL; Ekizlerian, SM; Fazioli, RA (February 1985).
1349:
Schabbing, RW; Garcia, A; Hunter, RL (February 1994).
1127:. Philadelphia, USA: F.A. Davis Company. p. 500.
2395:"Immunopathogenesis of delayed-type hypersensitivity"
359:
A large quantity of cord factor is found in virulent
1257:
Indrigo, J; Hunter RL, Jr; Actor, JK (August 2003).
693:
544:
1151:Indrigo, J; Hunter RL, Jr; Actor, JK (July 2002).
2588:
268:cells. Cord factor influences the arrangement of
4279:
2788:
2786:
2784:
106:
854:http://aac.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AAC.05708-11
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
450:
57:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1146:
1144:
1042:
1040:
1038:
2924:
2781:
1625:
1623:
1573:
1571:
1569:
3007:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1122:
865:
863:
861:
586:
2294:
2232:
1824:
1822:
1241:
1141:
1035:
2931:
2917:
2162:
1620:
1566:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
3856:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
2845:
2792:
2764:
2715:
2663:
2614:
2589:Silva, CL; Faccioli, LH (December 1988).
2565:
2539:
2516:
2467:
2410:
2369:
2320:
2271:
2215:
2139:
2090:
2041:
2000:
1990:
1949:
1939:
1855:
1802:
1753:
1704:
1655:
1603:
1541:
1500:
1415:
1374:
1325:
1315:
1274:
1224:
1185:
1168:
1064:
971:
930:
858:
828:
818:
762:
721:
711:
661:
611:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
2685:
2683:
1819:
788:
786:
784:
782:
342:
338:
316:molecules linked together. Trehalose is
300:A cord factor molecule is composed of a
231:
1087:
678:
14:
4280:
2064:
1125:Diagnostic Bacteriology: A Study Guide
382:
2912:
2680:
779:
437:Cord factor isolated from species of
2795:Experimental and Molecular Pathology
2448:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2120:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1734:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1678:
1636:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
700:Biotechnology Research International
2177:10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001343
1053:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
288:growth. The antimycobacterial drug
258:molecule found in the cell wall of
97:
24:
3210:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
1090:Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)
1009:Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)
25:
4299:
2399:Microscopy Research and Technique
2065:Cooper, A. M. (1 December 1993).
1205:The American Journal of Pathology
751:The American Journal of Pathology
694:Rajni; Rao, N; Meena, LS (2011).
485:macrophage inflammatory protein-2
421:cells until it associates with a
4262:
4261:
2607:10.1128/IAI.56.12.3067-3071.1988
2071:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1836:Journal of Experimental Medicine
911:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
654:10.1128/IAI.68.10.5991-5997.2000
545:Scientific applications and uses
198:
156:
33:
3294:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
2862:
2821:
2732:
2708:10.1128/IAI.65.5.1793-1799.1997
2656:10.1128/iai.68.6.3704-3709.2000
2631:
2582:
2533:
2509:10.1128/IAI.65.4.1364-1369.1997
2484:
2435:
2386:
2362:10.1128/iai.68.4.2043-2052.2000
2337:
2295:Bekierkunst, A (October 1968).
2288:
2191:
2156:
2107:
2058:
2017:
1966:
1915:
1872:
1770:
1721:
1672:
1517:
1468:
1432:
1391:
1342:
1304:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1291:
1116:
1081:
996:
194:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
947:
898:
845:
738:
629:
162:
150:
13:
1:
3446:Fibronectin binding protein A
2264:10.1128/IAI.69.2.810-815.2001
2217:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80413-6
1697:10.1128/JB.101.3.709-716.1970
1454:10.1016/j.micpath.2007.02.006
1367:10.1128/IAI.62.2.754-756.1994
1102:10.1016/s1472-9792(02)00089-6
1066:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43410-2
872:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
579:
2871:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
2807:10.1016/0014-4800(87)90065-7
2313:10.1128/JB.96.4.958-961.1968
1992:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002614
884:10.1016/0006-3002(56)90289-x
451:Host responses and cytokines
348:Scanning electron micrograph
295:
7:
3187:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
3165:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
2540:Semenzato, G (March 1990).
2165:Annual Review of Immunology
2043:10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4620
1941:10.1099/mic.0.2008/016923-0
1543:10.1099/00221287-134-6-1629
1417:10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5007
1170:10.1099/00221287-148-7-1991
565:
240:(H37Rv strain) viewed with
10:
4304:
3205:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2847:10.4049/jimmunol.129.2.860
2757:10.1016/j.trsl.2010.06.001
1217:10.2353/ajpath.2006.050848
1021:10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.017
973:10.4049/jimmunol.129.2.735
353:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
280:, induce the formation of
261:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
238:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4257:
4244:
4182:
4102:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
4089:
4063:
4052:
4007:
3949:
3843:
3832:
3601:
3458:
3429:
3365:
3302:
3249:
3222:
3175:
3150:
3141:
3114:
3027:
3018:
2998:
2987:
2546:British Journal of Cancer
527:oxidative phosphorylation
188:
137:
117:
41:
32:
3495:beta-Nitropropionic acid
1795:10.4049/jimmunol.0904013
531:electron transport chain
443:has been shown to cause
430:toxicity. Furthermore,
3279:Heat-labile enterotoxin
3270:heat-stable enterotoxin
2301:Journal of Bacteriology
1685:Journal of Bacteriology
1317:10.1074/jbc.M112.419754
363:, but not in avirulent
18:Cording (mycobacterium)
3388:Bacillus thuringiensis
2745:Translational Research
2696:Infection and Immunity
2644:Infection and Immunity
2595:Infection and Immunity
2497:Infection and Immunity
2460:10.1084/jem.175.4.1111
2350:Infection and Immunity
2252:Infection and Immunity
2083:10.1084/jem.178.6.2243
1679:Kato, M (March 1970).
1584:Infection and Immunity
1481:Infection and Immunity
1442:Microbial Pathogenesis
1355:Infection and Immunity
642:Infection and Immunity
356:
244:
242:fluorescent microscopy
2834:Journal of Immunology
2030:Journal of Immunology
1783:Journal of Immunology
1404:Journal of Immunology
1276:10.1099/mic.0.26226-0
1123:Bartelt, MA. (2000).
960:Journal of Immunology
820:10.1073/pnas.88.3.737
481:tumor necrosis factor
346:
339:Evidence of virulence
235:
3289:Pseudomonas exotoxin
2883:10.1002/jlb.52.3.315
2132:10.1084/jem.186.1.39
1848:10.1084/jem.20081445
1746:10.1084/jem.20091750
1648:10.1084/jem.20041668
1596:10.1128/IAI.00906-12
1493:10.1128/IAI.00451-09
923:10.1128/JCM.02592-06
409:cells. However, the
252:trehalose dimycolate
2558:10.1038/bjc.1990.78
811:1991PNAS...88..737S
713:10.4061/2011/274693
383:Biological function
312:), composed of two
184: g·mol
29:
4205:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3375:Lipopolysaccharide
3333:Pore-forming toxin
473:interleukin-1 beta
357:
245:
221:Infobox references
27:
4288:Virulence factors
4275:
4274:
4240:
4239:
4210:Beta-Bungarotoxin
4154:Pumiliotoxin 251D
4048:
4047:
3454:
3453:
3441:Clumping factor A
3361:
3360:
3245:
3244:
3218:
3217:
3137:
3136:
2412:10.1002/jemt.1090
1881:Nature Immunology
1269:(Pt 8): 2049–59.
1134:978-0-8036-0301-1
648:(10): 5991–5997.
229:Chemical compound
227:
226:
83:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
4295:
4265:
4264:
4193:
4149:Histrionicotoxin
4095:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4013:
3967:Alpha-latrotoxin
3955:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3573:Sterigmatocystin
3525:, Fumonisin B3,
3489:epsilon-amanitin
3408:B. thuringiensis
3237:Diphtheria toxin
3180:
3148:
3147:
3117:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2077:(6): 2243–2247.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1934:(6): 1813–1824.
1919:
1913:
1912:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1536:(6): 1629–1633.
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1487:(3): 1004–1011.
1472:
1466:
1465:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1254:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1211:(4): 1249–1261.
1196:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1163:(Pt 7): 1991–8.
1148:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1000:
994:
993:
975:
951:
945:
944:
934:
917:(5): 1497–1504.
902:
896:
895:
867:
856:
849:
843:
842:
832:
822:
790:
777:
776:
766:
742:
736:
735:
725:
715:
691:
676:
675:
665:
633:
627:
626:
605:
278:immune responses
211:
205:
202:
201:
183:
181:
164:
158:
152:
145:Chemical formula
110:
99:
85:
61:
37:
30:
26:
21:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4253:
4236:
4232:Cardiotoxin III
4188:
4183:
4178:
4090:
4085:
4064:
4056:
4044:
4008:
4003:
3950:
3945:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3732:Resiniferatoxin
3597:
3450:
3432:
3425:
3390:delta endotoxin
3357:
3298:
3284:Pertussis toxin
3252:
3241:
3214:
3176:
3171:
3133:
3129:Listeriolysin O
3115:
3110:
3028:
3010:
2990:
2983:
2937:
2907:
2906:
2867:
2863:
2826:
2822:
2791:
2782:
2737:
2733:
2688:
2681:
2636:
2632:
2601:(12): 3067–71.
2587:
2583:
2538:
2534:
2489:
2485:
2440:
2436:
2391:
2387:
2342:
2338:
2293:
2289:
2244:
2233:
2196:
2192:
2161:
2157:
2112:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2022:
2018:
1985:(4): e1002614.
1971:
1967:
1920:
1916:
1893:10.1038/ni.1651
1887:(10): 1179–88.
1877:
1873:
1827:
1820:
1775:
1771:
1740:(13): 2879–88.
1726:
1722:
1677:
1673:
1628:
1621:
1576:
1567:
1522:
1518:
1473:
1469:
1437:
1433:
1396:
1392:
1347:
1343:
1296:
1292:
1255:
1242:
1197:
1186:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1086:
1082:
1059:(15): 8208–16.
1045:
1036:
1005:M. tuberculosis
1001:
997:
952:
948:
903:
899:
868:
859:
850:
846:
791:
780:
743:
739:
692:
679:
634:
630:
606:
587:
582:
568:
556:M. tuberculosis
551:M. tuberculosis
547:
515:M. tuberculosis
510:M. tuberculosis
505:M. tuberculosis
493:M. tuberculosis
489:M. tuberculosis
458:Mincle receptor
453:
419:M. tuberculosis
415:M. tuberculosis
411:M. tuberculosis
407:M. tuberculosis
398:M. tuberculosis
394:M. tuberculosis
390:M. tuberculosis
385:
377:M. tuberculosis
373:M. tuberculosis
369:M. tuberculosis
367:. Furthermore,
365:M. tuberculosis
361:M. tuberculosis
341:
332:M. tuberculosis
298:
274:M. tuberculosis
270:M. tuberculosis
266:M. tuberculosis
230:
223:
218:
217:
216: ?)
207:
203:
199:
195:
179:
177:
167:
161:
155:
147:
133:
130:
125:
124:
113:
100:
88:
75:
64:
51:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4196:
4194:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4174:Zetekitoxin AB
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Pseudaconitine
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Djenkolic acid
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3485:gamma-amanitin
3477:alpha-amanitin
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3224:Actinomycetota
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3183:
3181:
3178:Staphylococcus
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3036:
3034:
3022:
3013:
3002:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2861:
2820:
2780:
2751:(4): 207–215.
2731:
2679:
2630:
2581:
2552:(3): 354–361.
2532:
2483:
2454:(4): 1111–22.
2434:
2405:(4): 241–245.
2385:
2356:(4): 2043–52.
2336:
2287:
2231:
2210:(5): 471–481.
2190:
2155:
2106:
2057:
2016:
1979:PLOS Pathogens
1965:
1914:
1871:
1818:
1789:(6): 2756–60.
1769:
1720:
1671:
1619:
1590:(3): 764–776.
1565:
1516:
1467:
1431:
1410:(8): 5007–15.
1390:
1341:
1310:(1): 382–392.
1290:
1240:
1184:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1080:
1034:
995:
946:
897:
878:(2): 299–309.
857:
844:
778:
737:
677:
628:
584:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
567:
564:
546:
543:
491:; without it,
469:interleukin-12
452:
449:
400:cells and the
384:
381:
340:
337:
297:
294:
284:, and inhibit
228:
225:
224:
219:
197:
196:
192:standard state
189:
186:
185:
175:
169:
168:
165:
159:
153:
148:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
128:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
103:
101:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
78:
76:
69:
66:
65:
63:
62:
54:
52:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4300:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Samandaridine
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4137:Marinobufagin
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Batrachotoxin
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Charybdotoxin
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Solauricidine
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:Protoanemonin
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Oenanthotoxin
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Trichothecene
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Ibotenic acid
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:beta-amanitin
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:Cholera toxin
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Anthrax toxin
3122:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Tetanospasmin
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:(3): 315–22.
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:(5): 1793–9.
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:(6): 3704–9.
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:(4): 1364–9.
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:(4): 958–61.
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:(1): 251–76.
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2036:(9): 4620–7.
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:(3): 709–16.
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:(4): 535–43.
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:(1–3): 91–7.
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:(5): 349–56.
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
969:
966:(2): 735–44.
965:
961:
957:
950:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
864:
862:
855:
848:
840:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
805:(3): 737–40.
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
785:
783:
774:
770:
765:
760:
757:(2): 238–47.
756:
752:
748:
741:
733:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
624:
620:
617:(4): 371–86.
616:
612:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
585:
575:
574:
570:
569:
563:
559:
557:
552:
549:Infection by
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
518:
516:
511:
506:
502:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:interleukin-6
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
448:
446:
442:
441:
435:
433:
428:
424:
423:lipid droplet
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:
354:
349:
345:
336:
333:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
243:
239:
234:
222:
215:
210:
193:
187:
176:
174:
171:
170:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
127:
126:
123:
116:
109:
105:
104:
102:
96:
92:
91:
84:
80:
79:
77:
73:
68:
67:
60:
56:
55:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4248:
4227:Calcicludine
4217:Calciseptine
4200:Bungarotoxin
4169:Tarichatoxin
4117:Arenobufagin
4081:Tetrodotoxin
4040:Tetrodotoxin
3994:Vanillotoxin
3931:Phaiodotoxin
3834:Invertebrate
3757:Solasodamine
3692:Lotaustralin
3527:Fumonisin B4
3523:Fumonisin B2
3519:Fumonisin B1
3505:Cytochalasin
3407:
3387:
3339:
3325:
3319:Superantigen
3311:
3267:
3231:
3155:Streptolysin
3096:
3077:
3058:
3039:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2840:(2): 860–6.
2837:
2833:
2823:
2801:(2): 190–8.
2798:
2794:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2699:
2695:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2258:(2): 810–5.
2255:
2251:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2126:(1): 39–45.
2123:
2119:
2109:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1931:
1928:Microbiology
1927:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1842:(1): 89–97.
1839:
1835:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1587:
1583:
1533:
1530:Microbiology
1529:
1519:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1448:(1): 10–21.
1445:
1441:
1434:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1361:(2): 754–6.
1358:
1354:
1344:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1266:
1263:Microbiology
1262:
1208:
1204:
1160:
1157:Microbiology
1156:
1124:
1118:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1056:
1052:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
963:
959:
949:
914:
910:
900:
875:
871:
847:
802:
798:
754:
750:
740:
703:
699:
645:
641:
631:
614:
610:
571:
560:
555:
550:
548:
519:
514:
509:
504:
498:
492:
488:
483:(TNFα), and
466:
454:
438:
436:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
393:
389:
386:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
351:
331:
322:mycolic acid
310:disaccharide
299:
273:
269:
265:
259:
254:(TDM), is a
251:
247:
246:
237:
42:Identifiers
28:Cord factor
4190:Snake venom
4144:Epibatidine
4132:Cinobufagin
3989:Stromatoxin
3936:Imperatoxin
3886:Scyllatoxin
3792:Tagetitoxin
3787:Swainsonine
3777:Solauricine
3742:Solamargine
3737:Scopolamine
3727:Retronecine
3593:Zearalenone
3261:Shiga toxin
3232:Cord factor
3071:Enterotoxin
3066:Alpha toxin
3060:perfringens
3052:Tetanolysin
3030:Clostridium
2967:hepatotoxin
2957:enterotoxin
2947:cardiotoxin
1007:in vitro".
427:Macrophages
327:amphiphilic
248:Cord factor
138:Properties
4222:Taicatoxin
4159:Samandarin
4112:Bufotoxins
4076:Ciguatoxin
4054:Vertebrate
3999:Huwentoxin
3979:Cupiennins
3962:Latrotoxin
3906:Kaliotoxin
3876:Margatoxin
3866:Maurotoxin
3807:Toxalbumin
3797:Tinyatoxin
3782:Strychnine
3767:Solasonine
3762:Solasodine
3747:Solanidine
3667:Falcarinol
3652:Delphinine
3568:Phalloidin
3558:Ochratoxin
3553:Orellanine
3543:Lolitrem B
3510:Ergotamine
3460:Mycotoxins
3304:Mechanisms
3263:/Verotoxin
3200:Exfoliatin
3160:Leukocidin
2977:phototoxin
2972:neurotoxin
706:: 274693.
580:References
501:granulomas
432:fibrinogen
318:esterified
304:molecule,
282:granulomas
256:glycolipid
173:Molar mass
70:3D model (
59:61512-20-7
49:CAS Number
4127:Bufotenin
4122:Bufotalin
4092:Amphibian
4035:Saxitoxin
4025:Eledoisin
4020:Conotoxin
3891:Hefutoxin
3707:Oleandrin
3687:Linamarin
3677:Helenalin
3637:Cicutoxin
3632:Chaconine
3612:Amygdalin
3583:Vomitoxin
3533:Gliotoxin
3515:Fumonisin
3468:Aflatoxin
3431:Virulence
3367:Endotoxin
3098:botulinum
3079:difficile
2989:Bacterial
2962:hemotoxin
2952:cytotoxin
1909:205361789
1552:1350-0872
475:(IL-1β),
471:(IL-12),
462:cytokines
402:lysosomes
306:trehalose
296:Structure
4282:Category
4267:Category
4030:Onchidal
4010:Mollusca
3921:Bestoxin
3916:Birtoxin
3881:Slotoxin
3871:Agitoxin
3846:Scorpion
3802:Tomatine
3752:Solanine
3697:Mimosine
3672:Gossypol
3657:Divicine
3622:Antiarin
3617:Anisatin
3548:Muscimol
3500:Citrinin
3473:Amatoxin
3419:Cry34Ab1
3347:AB toxin
3341:type III
3253:negative
3011:positive
3000:Exotoxin
2775:20875896
2674:10816531
2421:11340669
2380:10722600
2282:11159972
2204:Immunity
2052:11971010
2011:22496642
1960:18524936
1901:18776906
1866:19139169
1813:20164423
1764:20008526
1666:15710652
1614:23264051
1511:20028811
1462:17434713
1426:15814731
1336:23155047
1285:12904545
1235:16565499
1179:12101287
1110:12758196
1029:16343989
990:45693526
941:17376883
892:13328853
732:21350659
672:10992511
623:17127724
573:Nocardia
566:See also
562:tumors.
529:and the
523:cachexia
479:(IL-6),
445:cachexia
440:Nocardia
236:Cording
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