Cortisol - Knowledge

897:, are known to suppress the secretion of stress hormones to avoid the organism's immune response, thus avoiding the immune protection of the organism. These viruses suppress cortisol by producing a protein that mimics the human ACTH hormone but is incomplete and does not have hormonal activity. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. However, the organism makes antibodies against this viral protein, and those antibodies also kill the human ACTH hormone, which leads to the suppression of adrenal gland function. Such adrenal suppression is a way for a virus to evade immune detection and elimination. This viral strategy can have severe consequences for the host (human that is infected by the virus), as cortisol is essential for regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune response. A lack of cortisol can result in a condition called adrenal insufficiency, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency can also impair the ability of the host to cope with stress and infections, as cortisol helps to mobilize energy sources, increase heart rate, and downregulate non-essential metabolic processes during stress. Therefore, by suppressing cortisol production, some viruses can escape the immune system and weaken the host's overall health and resilience. 837:. Antibodies neutralize pathogens by binding to surface adhering proteins, keeping pathogens from binding to host cells. In opsonization, antibodies bind to the pathogen and create a target for phagocytic immune cells to find and latch onto, allowing them to destroy the pathogen more easily. Finally antibodies can also activate complement molecules which can combine in various ways to promote opsonization or even act directly to lyse a bacteria. There are many different kinds of antibody and their production is highly complex, involving several types of lymphocyte, but in general lymphocytes and other antibody regulating and producing cells will migrate to the lymph nodes to aid in the release of these antibodies into the bloodstream. 1157:, a species of New World primates, pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation, both within and between females. Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol (about 20% lower). However, postnatal growth rates in these high-cortisol infants were more rapid than low-cortisol infants later in postnatal periods, and complete catch-up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age. These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre and postnatal growth in primates. 1465:

own regulation, but at a higher cortisol setpoint. The increase in cortisol in diarrheic calves is minimal over healthy calves, however, and falls over time. The cells do not lose all their fight-or-flight override because of interleukin-1's synergism with CRH. Cortisol even has a negative feedback effect on interleukin-1—especially useful to treat diseases that force the hypothalamus to secrete too much CRH, such as those caused by endotoxic bacteria. The suppressor immune cells are not affected by GRMF, so the immune cells' effective setpoint may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes. GRMF affects primarily the liver (rather than the kidneys) for some physiological processes.

1107: 356: 261: 1360:, while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity. This binding of cortisol to transcortin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio. Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the 1546: 56: 784:, and unable to produce the T-cell growth factor IL-2. Cortisol downregulates the expression of the IL2 receptor IL-2R on the surface of the helper T-cell which is necessary to induce a Th1 'cellular' immune response, thus favoring a shift towards Th2 dominance and the release of the cytokines listed above which results in Th2 dominance and favors the 'humoral' B-cell mediated antibody immune response. 47: 1142:

fetal origin by day 136 of gestation. Although the timing of fetal cortisol concentration elevation in sheep may vary somewhat, it averages about 11.8 days before the onset of labor. In several livestock species (e.g. cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), the surge of fetal cortisol late in gestation triggers the onset of parturition by removing the progesterone block of cervical dilation and

1146:. The mechanisms yielding this effect on progesterone differ among species. In the sheep, where progesterone sufficient for maintaining pregnancy is produced by the placenta after about day 70 of gestation, the prepartum fetal cortisol surge induces placental enzymatic conversion of progesterone to estrogen. (The elevated level of estrogen stimulates prostaglandin secretion and 1349:, and to accurately measure cortisol levels is best to test four times per day through saliva. An individual may have normal total cortisol but have a lower than normal level during a certain period of the day and a higher than normal level during a different period. Therefore, some scholars question the clinical utility of cortisol measurement. 1590:, cortisol is its main secretion in humans and several other species. In cattle, corticosterone levels may approach or exceed cortisol levels. In humans, the medulla of the adrenal gland lies under its cortex, mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) under sympathetic stimulation. 1646:

Overall, the net effect is that 11-beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically active cortisol in a given tissue; 11-beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically active cortisol. If hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is present, the equilibrium can

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to promote maturation of the lungs. In fetal lambs, glucocorticoids (principally cortisol) increase after about day 130, with lung surfactant increasing greatly, in response, by about day 135, and although lamb fetal cortisol is mostly of maternal origin during the first 122 days, 88% or more is of

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by Th2 cells. This results in a shift toward a Th2 immune response rather than general immunosuppression. The activation of the stress system (and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the

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When activated macrophages start to secrete IL-1, which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH, T-cells also secrete glucosteroid response modifying factor (GRMF), as well as IL-1; both increase the amount of cortisol required to inhibit almost all the immune cells. Immune cells then assume their

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tissue, decreasing protein synthesis, and increasing the breakdown of fats into fatty acids (lipolysis). All of these metabolic steps have the net effect of increasing blood glucose levels, which fuel the brain and other tissues during the fight-or-flight response. Cortisol is also responsible for

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Ascorbic acid presence, particularly in high doses has also been shown to mediate response to psychological stress and speed the decrease of the levels of circulating cortisol in the body post-stress. This can be evidenced through a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and decreased

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Normal values indicated in the following tables pertain to humans (normal levels vary among species). Measured cortisol levels, and therefore reference ranges, depend on the sample type, analytical method used, and factors such as age and sex. Test results should, therefore, always be interpreted

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Through this system, as long as an immune stressor is small, the response will be regulated to the correct level. Like a thermostat controlling a heater, the hypothalamus uses cortisol to turn off the heat once the production of cortisol matches the stress induced on the immune system. But in a

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with ACTH; ACTH production is, in turn, stimulated by CRH, which is released by the hypothalamus. ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane, via regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in

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Cortisol promotes sodium absorption through the small intestine of mammals. Sodium depletion, however, does not affect cortisol levels so cortisol cannot be used to regulate serum sodium. Cortisol's original purpose may have been sodium transport. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that

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Mikosha AS, Pushkarov IS, Chelnakova IS, Remennikov GY (1991). "Potassium Aided Regulation of Hormone Biosynthesis in Adrenals of Guinea Pigs Under Action of Dihydropyridines: Possible Mechanisms of Changes in Steroidogenesis Induced by 1,4, Dihydropyridines in Dispersed Adrenocorticytes".

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gland peptide, ACTH, which probably controls cortisol by controlling the movement of calcium into the cortisol-secreting target cells. ACTH is in turn controlled by the hypothalamic peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is under nervous control. CRH acts synergistically with

859:; these cells have the ability to take down larger in size threats like bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. A separate study found that cortisol effectively disarmed natural killer cells, downregulating the expression of their natural cytotoxicity receptors. Interestingly, 829:. A larger number of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and skin means the body is increasing its humoral immune response. B-cell lymphocytes release antibodies into the bloodstream. These antibodies lower infection through three main pathways: neutralization, 2481:

Palacios R, Sugawara I (January 1982). "Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor".

971:(OPG) which acts as a decoy receptor and captures some RANKL before it can activate the osteoclasts through RANK. In other words, when RANKL binds to OPG, no response occurs as opposed to the binding to RANK which leads to the activation of osteoclasts. 158: 3323:

Mason PA, Fraser R, Morton JJ, Semple PF, Wilson A (August 1977). "The effect of sodium deprivation and of angiotensin II infusion on the peripheral plasma concentrations of 18-hydroxycorticosterone, aldosterone and other corticosteroids in man".

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Bianchi L, Campi B, Sessa MR, De Marco G, Ferrarini E, Zucchi R, et al. (November 2019). "Measurement of urinary free cortisol by LC-MS-MS: adoption of a literature reference range and comparison with our current immunometric method".

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Huang FR, Zhou C, Zhang XY, Shen Y, Zhang HW, Wang YQ, et al. (October 2021). "Impact of CYP2C19 genotype on voriconazole exposure and effect of voriconazole on the activity of CYP3A in patients with haematological malignancies".

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Görges R, Knappe G, Gerl H, Ventz M, Stahl F (April 1999). "Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group".

799:(ACTH) among other things in the adrenal gland, which (among other things) increases production of cortisol. Cortisol then closes the loop as it inhibits TNF-alpha production in immune cells and makes them less responsive to IL-1. 4114:

Rotman-Pikielny P, Rouach V, Chen O, Gur HG, Limor R, Stern N (August 2006). "Serum cortisol levels in patients admitted to the department of medicine: Prognostic correlations and effects of age, infection, and comorbidity".

1371:. A 3 centimeter segment of scalp hair can represent 3 months of hair growth, although growth rates can vary in different regions of the scalp. Cortisol in hair is a reliable indicator of chronic cortisol exposure. 6358:

Luceri F, Fattori S, Luceri C, Zorn M, Mannaioni P, Messeri G (December 2001). "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of 6beta-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio in human urine: a specific marker of enzymatic induction".

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de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, et al. (2019). "Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice".

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of calories. It also decreases bone formation. These stated functions are carried out by cortisol binding to glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptors inside a cell, which then bind to DNA to affect gene expression.

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Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, Schürmeyer TH (January 2002). "A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress".

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Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion. Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen-ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme.

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Cortisol increases glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow from the kidneys thus increasing phosphate excretion, as well as increasing sodium and water retention and potassium excretion by acting on

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Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum by inhibiting collagen formation, decreasing amino acid uptake by muscle, and inhibiting protein synthesis. Cortisol (as opticortinol) may inversely inhibit

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Sandle GI, Keir MJ, Record CO (1981). "The effect of hydrocortisone on the transport of water, sodium, and glucose in the jejunum. Perfusion studies in normal subjects and patients with coeliac disease".

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Plotsky PM, Otto S, Sapolsky RM (September 1986). "Inhibition of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation by delayed glucocorticoid feedback".

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Potassium loading also increases ACTH and cortisol in humans. This is probably the reason why potassium deficiency causes cortisol to decline (as mentioned) and causes a decrease in conversion of

7572: 4857:"An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies" 4777:

Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH (November 2009). "Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science".

1199:(ACTH) into the vascular system, through which blood carries it to the adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol and other glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and 6035: 3635:

Magyar DM, Fridshal D, Elsner CW, Glatz T, Eliot J, Klein AH, et al. (July 1980). "Time-trend analysis of plasma cortisol concentrations in the fetal sheep in relation to parturition".

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Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, et al. (July 2002). "Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans".

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These benign, or noncancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland secrete extra ACTH. Most people with the disorder have a single adenoma. This form of the syndrome, known as Cushing's disease

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Mescher EJ, Platzker AC, Ballard PL, Kitterman JA, Clements JA, Tooley WH (December 1975). "Ontogeny of tracheal fluid, pulmonary surfactant, and plasma corticoids in the fetal lamb".

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under certain circumstances). The net effect is an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood, further complemented by a decrease in the sensitivity of peripheral tissue to

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Bauman K, Muller J (1972). "Effect of potassium on the final status of aldosterone biosynthesis in the rat. I 18-hydroxylation and 18hydroxy dehydrogenation. II beta-hydroxylation".

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Dammann C, Stapelfeld C, Maser E (April 2019). "Expression and activity of the cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is tissue and species-specific".

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The name "cortisol" is derived from the word 'cortex'. Cortex means "the outer layer"—a reference to the adrenal cortex, the part of the adrenal gland where cortisol is produced.

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transiently increases cortisol levels to increase gluconeogenesis and maintain blood glucose; however, cortisol declines to normal levels after eating (i.e., restoring a neutral

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Robson PJ, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Castell LM, Gleeson M (February 1999). "Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes".

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Cortisol also has a negative-feedback effect on IL-1. The way this negative feedback works is that an immune stressor causes peripheral immune cells to release IL-1 and other

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release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale.

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Accorsi PA, Carloni E, Valsecchi P, Viggiani R, Gamberoni M, Tamanini C, et al. (January 2008). "Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs".

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InChI=1S/C21H30O5/c1-19-7-5-13(23)9-12(19)3-4-14-15-6-8-21(26,17(25)11-22)20(15,2)10-16(24)18(14)19/h9,14-16,18,22,24,26H,3-8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1

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Al-Gubory KH, Solari A, Mirman B (1999). "Effects of luteectomy on the maintenance of pregnancy, circulating progesterone concentrations and lambing performance in sheep".

611:, thus preventing this tissue from taking the glucose from the blood. Cortisol has a permissive effect on the actions of hormones that increase glucose production, such as 8628: 7552: 1191:. This cortex forms the outer "bark" of each adrenal gland, situated atop the kidneys. The release of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamus of a brain. Secretion of 10333: 4912: 10536: 10363: 9455: 9253: 8875: 8785: 5082: 2530:

Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A, Sorkin E (1986). "Integration of Activated Immune Cell Products in Immune Endocrine Feedback Circuits". In Oppenheim JJ, Jacobs DM (eds.).

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regulation much easier (unlike the normal potassium-deficiency situation, in which two sodium ions move in for each three potassium ions that move out—closer to the

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using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result. An individual's cortisol levels can be detected in blood, serum, urine, saliva, and sweat.

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Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes, including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns. In

657:): cortisol is thus better thought of as stimulating glucose/glycogen turnover in the liver. This is in contrast to cortisol's effect in the skeletal muscle where 3553:

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are considered the most important 'stress hormones,' although a number of other hormones are also influenced by stress .

9759: 9609: 9484: 9079: 8947: 6061: 2577:"Effects of prolactin and cortisol on natural killer (NK) cell surface expression and function of human natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30)" 689:. The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate 10831: 9416: 9375: 8848: 8836: 1289:

Using the molecular weight of 362.460 g/mole, the conversion factor from μg/dL to nmol/L is approximately 27.6; thus, 10 μg/dL is about 276 nmol/L.

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is comparable to cortisol in this case. For potassium to move out of the cell, cortisol moves an equal number of sodium ions into the cell. This should make

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is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels, although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes

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Schalke E, Stichnoth J, Ott S, Jones-Baade R (2007). "Clinical signs caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs in everyday life situations".

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Minton JE, Parsons KM (March 1993). "Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing factor and lysine vasopressin in pigs".

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Husband AJ, Brandon MR, Lascelles AK (October 1973). "The effect of corticosteroid on absorption and endogenous production of immunoglobulins in calves".

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Möstl E, Messmann S, Bagu E, Robia C, Palme R (December 1999). "Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in feces of domestic livestock".

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Cortisol is also metabolized irreversibly into 5-alpha tetrahydrocortisol (5-alpha THF) and 5-beta tetrahydrocortisol (5-beta THF), reactions for which

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favor the activity of 11-beta HSD1. H6PDH regenerates NADPH, which increases the activity of 11-beta HSD1, and decreases the activity of 11-beta HSD2.

665:. In this way, cortisol and catecholamines work synergistically to promote the breakdown of muscle glycogen into glucose for use in the muscle tissue. 819:) can trick the body into getting locked in the wrong mode of attack, using an antibody-mediated humoral response when a cellular response is needed. 7903: 3076:

Posey WC, Nelson HS, Branch B, Pearlman DS (December 1978). "The effects of acute corticosteroid therapy for asthma on serum immunoglobulin levels".

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lack specificity and show significant cross-reactivity due to interactions with structural analogs of cortisol, and show differences between assays.

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Mendelsohn FA, Mackie C (July 1975). "Relation of intracellular K+ and steroidogenesis in isolated adrenal zona glomerulosa and fasciculata cells".

1364:. Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier, that consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands. 10199: 8621: 6031: 677:(breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting. The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see 6144:"Cortisol metabolism in healthy young adults: sexual dimorphism in activities of A-ring reductases, but not 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases" 2937:

Knight RP, Kornfeld DS, Glaser GH, Bondy PK (February 1955). "Effects of intravenous hydrocortisone on electrolytes of serum and urine in man".

10228: 10204: 10151: 10041: 9719: 1678: 5335: 1472:) also stimulate cortisol secretion from the fasciculata zone of canine adrenals — unlike corticosterone, upon which potassium has no effect. 10801: 10046: 10031: 6336: 1686: 9712: 10661: 1171:

Increased cortisol levels may lead to facial swelling and bloating, creating a round and puffy appearance, referred to as "cortisol face."

939:) to the cell membrane. Cortisol also increases glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) in the liver, storing glucose in easily accessible form. 395: 5036: 4101: 4009: 10836: 10806: 10496: 10106: 10101: 10096: 8614: 6993: 6965: 6862: 2146:

Coderre L, Srivastava AK, Chiasson JL (June 1991). "Role of glucocorticoid in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle".

1379: 705:. It is used to treat conditions resulting from overactivity of the B-cell-mediated antibody response. Examples include inflammatory and 6109: 5222:"T cell-derived glucosteroid response-modifying factor (GRMFT): a unique lymphokine made by normal T lymphocytes and a T cell hybridoma" 1045:

freshwater fish use cortisol to stimulate sodium inward, while saltwater fish have a cortisol-based system for expelling excess sodium.

10731: 10726: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10666: 10066: 9954: 9941: 9776: 8974: 7496: 1651: 10756: 10026: 10021: 6236:"Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase determines the reaction direction of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as an oxoreductase" 4575: 4290: 2545:

Demers Lawrence M (2008). "Adrenal Cortical Disorders". In Burtis Carl A, Ashwood Edward R, Bruns David E, Sawyer, Barbara G (eds.).

1094:, and may originate as a means to remember what to avoid in the future. However, long-term exposure to cortisol damages cells in the 634:

and glucose) which occurs as a result of the action of glucagon and adrenaline. Additionally, cortisol facilitates the activation of

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Payne AH, Hales DB (December 2004). "Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones".

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has the opposite effect. It increases the expression of cytotoxicity receptors on natural killer cells, increasing their firepower.

10390: 8812: 7858: 10299: 9326: 9229: 9137: 9125: 8705: 5104:

Davies E, Kenyon CJ, Fraser R (June 1985). "The role of calcium ions in the mechanism of ACTH stimulation of cortisol synthesis".

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Hennessy DP, Coghlan JP, Hardy KJ, Scoggins BA, Wintour EM (October 1982). "The origin of cortisol in the blood of fetal sheep".

3446: 2275:"Reactivity and recovery from different types of work measured by catecholamines and cortisol: a systematic literature overview" 2222:

Kuo T, McQueen A, Chen TC, Wang JC (2015). "Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Glucocorticoids". In Wang JC, Harris C (eds.).

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Flohe L, Beckman R, Giertz H, Loschen G (1985). "Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation". In Sies H (ed.).

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Chyun YS, Kream BE, Raisz LG (February 1984). "Cortisol decreases bone formation by inhibiting periosteal cell proliferation".

8179: 7063: 6092: 5865: 5685: 5076: 4367:"A validation study on fingernail cortisol: correlations with one-month cortisol levels estimated by hair and saliva samples" 4073: 3534: 3418:

Kokoshchuk GI, Pakhmurnyĭ BA (May 1979). "Role of glucocorticoids in regulating the acid-excreting function of the kidneys".

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bacteria) the correct set point might never be reached. Also because of downregulation of Th1 immunity by cortisol and other

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LaCelle PL, Morgan ES, Atwater EC (1964). "An investigation of total body potassium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis".

3742:"Natural variation in gestational cortisol is associated with patterns of growth in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix geoffroyi)" 3540: 1755:

In animals, cortisol is often used as an indicator of stress and can be measured in blood, saliva, urine, hair, and faeces.

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Fuqua JS, Rogol AD (July 2013). "Neuroendocrine alterations in the exercising human: implications for energy homeostasis".

1624: 6650: 3912:"New reference intervals for cortisol, cortisol binding globulin and free cortisol index in women using ethinyl estradiol" 1137:

During human pregnancy, increased fetal production of cortisol between weeks 30 and 32 initiates production of fetal lung

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can lead to high levels of circulating cortisol (regarded as one of the more important of the several "stress hormones").

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Henley DE, Lightman SL (April 2011). "New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery".

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Buford TW, Willoughby DS (June 2008). "Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review".

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include the B-cell lymphocytes that are the antibody-producing cells of the body, and are thus the main agents of

464: 6740: 6478:"The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour, welfare and carcass lesions" 1192: 995: 792: 7538: 4820:

Lane J (2006). "Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals?".

3188: 8485: 8119: 7828: 7489: 7272: 6895: 6831: 6725: 2459: 10506: 5884:

Mikuła R, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Pszczola M, Rząsińska J, Sassek M, Nowak KW, et al. (20 November 2021).

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Stith RD, McCallum RE (1986). "General effect of endotoxin on glucocorticoid receptors in mammalian tissues".

4225:"Effect of gestational age, postnatal age, and illness on plasma cortisol concentrations in premature infants" 3026:

Manchester, KL (1964). "Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism". In Allison, NH, Munro JB (eds.).

2023: 1867:"Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function" 8430: 7287: 6755: 6730: 78: 7848: 7793: 2183:"Glucocorticoids and fatty acid metabolism in humans: fuelling fat redistribution in the metabolic syndrome" 1639:

11-beta HSD1 uses the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically inert cortisone to biologically active cortisol

1635:. The metabolism of cortisol to cortisone involves oxidation of the hydroxyl group at the 11-beta position. 10826: 10591: 10194: 7344: 7339: 7081: 6796: 3841: 1602:

cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by Cytochrome P450SCC (

1461:. (In swine, which do not produce arginine vasopressin, lysine vasopressin acts synergistically with CRH.) 1406: 313: 256: 8470: 8465: 7788: 5886:"Changes in metabolic and hormonal profiles during transition period in dairy cattle – the role of spexin" 882:, since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria. 803:

severe infection or in a situation where the immune system is overly sensitized to an antigen (such as in

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DeRijk RH, Schaaf M, de Kloet ER (June 2002). "Glucocorticoid receptor variants: clinical implications".

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to cortisol. This may also have a role in rheumatoid-arthritis pain; cell potassium is always low in RA.

1196: 951:(progressive bone disease). The mechanism behind this is two-fold: cortisol stimulates the production of 796: 741: 334: 198: 8678: 8355: 7604: 10262: 10251: 9108: 8385: 8276: 7778: 7452: 7334: 3113:"Association Between Serum Cortisol and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Essential Hypertension" 1603: 1531:

Increase in the concentration of ghrelin, the hunger stimulating hormone, increases levels of cortisol.

1033: 816: 107:)-1,10-Dihydroxy-1-(hydroxyacetyl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,3b,4,5,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-7 10526: 10521: 10323: 9796: 8590: 8585: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 7717: 7654: 7649: 7557: 4174:

Di Dalmazi G, Fanelli F, Zavatta G, Ricci Bitti S, Mezzullo M, Repaci A, et al. (November 2019).

579:) in skeletal muscle. It also increases blood glucose levels by reducing glucose uptake in muscle and 10897: 10887: 7482: 7457: 4602: 2651:"The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer" 10001: 8365: 8360: 8350: 8345: 8266: 7888: 7015: 6293:"11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response" 5412:"Response of plasma ACTH and adrenocortical hormones to potassium loading in essential hypertension" 3160:

Hill KJ, Lumbers ER, Elbourne I (February 1988). "The actions of cortisol on fetal renal function".

1705:, respectively. 5-Beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to 717:, available as a nonprescription medicine in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as 10902: 10872: 10867: 10282: 8756: 8688: 8673: 8425: 8296: 7958: 7918: 7727: 7702: 7599: 7086: 5342: 5039:. National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS). July 2008. Archived from 4414:

Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E (December 2013). "Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine".

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Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Draper N, Lavery GG, Cooper MS, et al. (October 2004).

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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Rheumatism Association, Arthritis and Rheumatism

3910:

Panton KK, Mikkelsen G, Irgens WØ, Hovde AK, Killingmo MW, Øien MA, et al. (September 2019).

1524:

cause a short-term increase in resting cortisol (≈3 weeks), and increase the cortisol response to

10841: 10414: 10209: 9702: 9508: 9258: 8899: 8887: 8648: 8637: 8174: 8019: 7315: 6446:

Aquinos BM, García Arabehety J, Canteros TM, de Miguel V, Scibona P, Fainstein-Day P (2021). "".

5703:"Low-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 4176:"The Steroid Profile of Adrenal Incidentalomas: Subtyping Subjects With High Cardiovascular Risk" 1775: 1518:

Severe trauma or stressful events can elevate cortisol levels in the blood for prolonged periods.

1106: 10294: 9732:

Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids):

9648: 9621: 9353: 9052: 8700: 8480: 8390: 8326: 8271: 8114: 7908: 7823: 7712: 7609: 7562: 7529: 7161: 7138: 6890: 6671: 5040: 3970: 2703:"Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS – implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis" 2324:"Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range" 1682: 1200: 714: 635: 10511: 5996:

Willett LB, Erb RE (January 1972). "Short term changes in plasma corticoids in dairy cattle".

5066: 4855:

Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, et al. (August 2020).

1143: 791:

such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha. These cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus, causing it to release

9806: 9801: 9690: 9577: 9520: 9445: 9338: 9241: 9159: 8380: 8169: 8089: 7516: 6907: 6117: 4478: 3670:

Ricketts AP, Flint AP (August 1980). "Onset of synthesis of progesterone by ovine placenta".

1702: 1521: 1430: 1415: 1395: 1015:

precursor cells in the intestines of calves. Cortisol also inhibits IgA in serum, as it does

678: 68: 8683: 8069: 8064: 7898: 7893: 7674: 6870: 3258:. In Kure DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Ganglier TS, Holland JF, Frei E (eds.). 1718: 10877: 10646: 10631: 10611: 10541: 9926: 9297: 9171: 9047: 8986: 8555: 8415: 7963: 7923: 6489: 6247: 6192: 5551:"Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during viral infection" 5410:

Ueda Y, Honda M, Tsuchiya M, Watanabe H, Izumi Y, Shiratsuchi T, et al. (April 1982).

5269:

Dvorak M (1971). "Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Levels in Healthy and Diarrheic Calves".

2427: 2226:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 872. Springer. pp. 99–126. 1450: 1423: 1419: 1402: 1361: 1138: 1036:. It also increases sodium and water absorption and potassium excretion in the intestines. 967:– cells responsible for calcium resorption from bone – and also inhibits the production of 879: 866:

Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), including

322: 8440: 8099: 8094: 7883: 7873: 595:(the synthesis of 'new' glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, which occurs mainly in the 218: 8: 10531: 10036: 9921: 9826: 9816: 9348: 9086: 8911: 8595: 8315: 8222: 8204: 8194: 8164: 7833: 7818: 7783: 7619: 7447: 7053: 7048: 7020: 6983: 6816: 6801: 6765: 1706: 1062: 932: 856: 631: 124: 10220: 6493: 6251: 6196: 4527:"The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency" 2431: 355: 260: 178: 134: 10882: 10426: 10343: 10254: 10146: 10016: 9988: 9851: 9433: 8969: 8640: 8218: 8214: 8144: 8054: 8039: 8024: 7953: 6788: 6552: 6512: 6477: 6428: 6384: 6273: 6216: 5912: 5885: 5789: 5740: 5727: 5702: 5623: 5575: 5550: 5531: 5392: 5251: 5129: 5006: 4988: 4934: 4907: 4883: 4856: 4837: 4802: 4754: 4727: 4708: 4696: 4665: 4556: 4396: 4315: 4254: 4205: 4140: 4065: 4001: 3951: 3892: 3766: 3741: 3500: 3473: 3450: 3142: 2882: 2857: 2830: 2727: 2702: 2675: 2650: 2601: 2576: 2507: 2495: 2451: 2396: 2299: 2274: 2250: 2004: 1891: 1866: 1842: 1817: 1671: 1667: 1594: 928: 804: 9996: 8734: 8460: 8455: 8129: 4908:"Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress" 3260: 2348: 2323: 1992: 10892: 10402: 10380: 9896: 9881: 8824: 8802: 8606: 8184: 8104: 7689: 7629: 6975: 6664: 6625: 6621: 6590: 6517: 6455: 6432: 6420: 6376: 6314: 6265: 6208: 6165: 6088: 6013: 5952: 5917: 5861: 5830: 5781: 5744: 5732: 5681: 5658: 5615: 5580: 5523: 5468: 5433: 5384: 5297: 5243: 5199: 5164: 5121: 5117: 5072: 4992: 4980: 4939: 4888: 4794: 4759: 4700: 4657: 4606: 4594: 4548: 4507: 4466: 4431: 4400: 4388: 4307: 4246: 4241: 4224: 4209: 4197: 4132: 4128: 4069: 4057: 4005: 3993: 3955: 3943: 3896: 3884: 3790:"What is cortisol? How to lower levels amid concerns over "cortisol face" - CBS News" 3771: 3722: 3687: 3652: 3617: 3582: 3530: 3505: 3427: 3401: 3364: 3341: 3337: 3305: 3267: 3221: 3211: 3169: 3134: 3093: 3089: 3058: 3008: 2981: 2954: 2914: 2889: 2862: 2811: 2776: 2732: 2680: 2629: 2606: 2592: 2499: 2443: 2388: 2353: 2304: 2255: 2235: 2204: 2163: 2126: 2098: 2088: 2046: 1996: 1961: 1921: 1896: 1847: 1698: 834: 8508: 8503: 8445: 8014: 6556: 6388: 6220: 5793: 5396: 5255: 5133: 4841: 4712: 4669: 4560: 4258: 3842:"What is the trending TikTok topic "cortisol face" and what causes it? - CBS Boston" 3474:"A mathematical model of aging-related and cortisol induced hippocampal dysfunction" 2511: 2159: 2008: 1195:

by the hypothalamus triggers cells in its neighboring anterior pituitary to secrete

10862: 10306: 10121: 9314: 8751: 8729: 8712: 8370: 8286: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8109: 8074: 8059: 8049: 8044: 8034: 8029: 7938: 7707: 7624: 7614: 6942: 6937: 6617: 6582: 6548: 6544: 6507: 6497: 6412: 6368: 6304: 6277: 6255: 6200: 6155: 6005: 5944: 5907: 5897: 5853: 5820: 5771: 5722: 5714: 5650: 5627: 5607: 5570: 5562: 5535: 5515: 5460: 5423: 5376: 5233: 5191: 5156: 5113: 4970: 4929: 4921: 4878: 4868: 4829: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4749: 4739: 4692: 4649: 4598: 4590: 4538: 4458: 4423: 4378: 4319: 4299: 4236: 4187: 4144: 4124: 4049: 3985: 3933: 3923: 3876: 3815: 3761: 3753: 3714: 3679: 3644: 3609: 3574: 3495: 3485: 3472:

McAuley MT, Kenny RA, Kirkwood TB, Wilkinson DJ, Jones JJ, Miller VM (March 2009).

3333: 3297: 3203: 3146: 3124: 3085: 3050: 2946: 2852: 2842: 2803: 2766: 2722: 2714: 2670: 2662: 2596: 2588: 2491: 2455: 2435: 2400: 2380: 2343: 2335: 2294: 2286: 2245: 2227: 2194: 2155: 2038: 1988: 1953: 1886: 1878: 1837: 1829: 1587: 1579: 1561: 1525: 1508: 1476: 1346: 1184: 1126: 1114: 1091: 826: 733: 517: 513: 500: 418: 8004: 6416: 6260: 6235: 5857: 5654: 4383: 4366: 4341: 4036: 3928: 3911: 2534:. Progress in Leukocyte Biology. Vol. 5. New York: Alan R. Liss. p. 200. 2024:"Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis in humans: its role in the metabolic syndrome" 10409: 9861: 9626: 8918: 8894: 8882: 8570: 8518: 8490: 8400: 8395: 8209: 8199: 7943: 7913: 7843: 7838: 7808: 7267: 6900: 6695: 6502: 4925: 3578: 3524: 2121:

Martin PA, Crump MH (2003). "The adrenal gland". In Dooley MP, Pineda MH (eds.).

1734: 1598: 1549: 1368: 1293: 968: 924: 642: 604: 592: 585: 556: 525: 480: 302: 6586: 5071:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 167. 4873: 3757: 2231: 10701: 10651: 10626: 10616: 10571: 10561: 10546: 10458: 10385: 10374: 10353: 9248: 9219: 9142: 9018: 8807: 8796: 8775: 8662: 8533: 8513: 8375: 8079: 7803: 7742: 7634: 7591: 7582: 7419: 7388: 7360: 7305: 6917: 6848: 5902: 5238: 5221: 4427: 3989: 3880: 3255: 2718: 2384: 1882: 1740: 1565: 1454: 1188: 1054: 841: 812: 761: 757: 729: 662: 658: 650: 623: 572: 505: 492: 488: 484: 458: 20: 7200: 6204: 5776: 5759: 5718: 5519: 4833: 3971:"Revisiting the cortisol reference ranges in humans: the role of demographics" 3301: 2847: 1090:

of short-term emotional events; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of

661:(breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules) is promoted indirectly through 10856: 10586: 10453: 10448: 10051: 9973: 9754: 9653: 9599: 9503: 9440: 9387: 9382: 9360: 9333: 9321: 9224: 9149: 9132: 9120: 9115: 9103: 9013: 9008: 8942: 8860: 8301: 7798: 7429: 7205: 5834: 5785: 4975: 4959:"Measuring cortisol in serum, urine and saliva - are our assays good enough?" 4958: 4744: 3969:

Pai J, Joshi RK, Bhaskar S, Patil S, Bv S, R S, et al. (November 2023).

2102: 1833: 1390:

Some medical disorders are related to abnormal cortisol production, such as:

1180: 920: 867: 849: 781: 773: 769: 753: 749: 529: 509: 249: 6009: 5825: 5808: 5160: 3523:

Lundberg U (2010). "Neuroendocrine Measures". In Contrada R, Baum A (eds.).

3490: 2439: 555:

Cortisol plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism and promotes

10791: 10776: 10716: 10641: 10636: 10596: 10566: 10443: 10433: 10170: 10141: 10131: 10116: 10086: 10081: 10071: 10061: 10056: 10006: 9916: 9906: 9901: 9871: 9841: 9744: 9680: 9658: 9537: 9462: 9411: 9365: 9304: 9282: 9178: 9042: 9003: 8993: 8981: 8843: 8528: 8523: 8475: 8420: 8410: 8405: 8291: 8241: 7863: 7813: 7664: 7659: 7547: 7212: 7148: 7133: 7096: 7043: 7010: 6750: 6717: 6629: 6594: 6521: 6459: 6424: 6380: 6318: 6269: 6212: 6169: 6160: 6143: 5970: 5956: 5921: 5736: 5662: 5619: 5584: 5566: 5527: 5464: 4984: 4943: 4892: 4798: 4763: 4704: 4661: 4610: 4552: 4543: 4526: 4511: 4470: 4435: 4392: 4311: 4201: 4136: 4061: 4053: 3997: 3947: 3888: 3775: 3726: 3648: 3509: 3225: 3138: 2958: 2866: 2815: 2780: 2736: 2684: 2610: 2447: 2392: 2308: 2259: 2208: 2050: 2000: 1957: 1900: 1851: 1663: 1655: 1632: 1628: 983: 948: 878:. Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the 702: 646: 564: 10295:

11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)

8701:

11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)

6372: 6017: 5883: 5611: 5472: 5437: 5301: 5247: 5203: 5168: 5125: 4576:"Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time" 4462: 4250: 4192: 4175: 3691: 3683: 3656: 3621: 3613: 3309: 3173: 3062: 3012: 2950: 2503: 2357: 2167: 1965: 10796: 10761: 10746: 10706: 10696: 10606: 10601: 10348: 10091: 9891: 9886: 9831: 9811: 9707: 9685: 9675: 9670: 9663: 9636: 9631: 9604: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9399: 9370: 9287: 9277: 9236: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9166: 8959: 8954: 8930: 8906: 8560: 8450: 8335: 8233: 8124: 7761: 7737: 7524: 7396: 7373: 6875: 6778: 6309: 6292: 5948: 5388: 5195: 4336: 3938: 3431: 3345: 3207: 3097: 2985: 2290: 1583: 1575: 1557: 1458: 1375: 1353: 1095: 822: 682: 681:. The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since 674: 638:, which is necessary for adrenaline to have an effect on glycogenolysis. 622:

Cortisol also plays an important, but indirect, role in liver and muscle

521: 6445: 4037:"Enzyme-Mimics for Sensitive and Selective Steroid Metabolite Detection" 3816:"What Is Cortisol Face? — and Can Stress Really Change Your Appearance?" 3054: 2771: 2754: 2564:. New York, NY: Garland Science Taylor & Francis Group. p. 387. 2199: 2182: 1712: 238: 10786: 10781: 10771: 10766: 10751: 10741: 10721: 10576: 10556: 10470: 10438: 10421: 10076: 10011: 9978: 9968: 9846: 9766: 9739: 9734: 9724: 9616: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9527: 9515: 9491: 9479: 9474: 9428: 9309: 9154: 9074: 9069: 9059: 9030: 8998: 8870: 8763: 8565: 8009: 7505: 7424: 7310: 6960: 6912: 6841: 6836: 6234:

Atanasov AG, Nashev LG, Schweizer RA, Frick C, Odermatt A (July 2004).

5428: 5411: 4303: 3586: 2999:

Kucharz EJ (1988). "Hormonal control of collagen metabolism. Part II".

2666: 2272: 1297: 1083: 964: 956: 894: 890: 706: 616: 533: 446: 209: 31: 7474: 5380: 4653: 3740:

Mustoe AC, Birnie AK, Korgan AC, Santo JB, French JA (February 2012).

3129: 3112: 2339: 2273:

Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH, Meijman TF, van der Beek AJ (May 2000).

2042: 1818:"Dynamics of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion and Implications for Disease" 10656: 10621: 10581: 10551: 10397: 9866: 9771: 9749: 9697: 9542: 9064: 8964: 8865: 8831: 8819: 8746: 8550: 8498: 7989: 7644: 7227: 7156: 7038: 6950: 6885: 6811: 4416:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

3111:

Li X, Xiang X, Hu J, Goswami R, Yang S, Zhang A, et al. (2016).

2755:"COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency" 1764: 1620: 1445: 1336: 1166: 975: 886: 860: 808: 788: 686: 27: 5314: 3718: 2807: 2415: 1642:

11-beta HSD2 uses the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone

1492:

Viral infections increase cortisol levels through activation of the

1053:

A sodium load augments the intense potassium excretion by cortisol.

457:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

55: 10711: 10311: 10136: 9936: 9836: 9781: 9582: 9265: 8717: 7984: 7973: 7770: 7378: 7277: 7259: 7217: 7195: 7118: 7110: 7091: 7073: 7002: 6773: 6735: 6653:– The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine 4638: 4173: 1737: 1692: 1322: 1154: 1147: 999: 947:

Cortisol reduces bone formation, favoring long-term development of

871: 701:

Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause

654: 627: 612: 576: 568: 277: 229: 19:

This article is about the natural hormone. For the medication, see

10283:

11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)

9955: 8689:

11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)

7703:

11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)

3043:

The Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science

1545: 737: 157: 10676: 10671: 9911: 9821: 7999: 7994: 7508: 7282: 7249: 7244: 7236: 7123: 7058: 6929: 6687: 4365:

Izawa S, Sugaya N, Ogawa N, Shirotsuki K, Nomura S (April 2021).

1915: 1659: 1500: 1357: 991: 916: 875: 845: 830: 710: 690: 608: 580: 560: 289: 9422:

Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)

6475: 6083:

Shifrin AL, Raffaelli M, Randolph GW, Gimm O (19 January 2022).

5634: 3438: 2828: 1593:

Synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the

7406: 7368: 7187: 7128: 6572: 4776: 4355:

Converted from nmol/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol

3564: 3526:

The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health

2087:. Meeran, Karim. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 1722: 1087: 979: 777: 722: 718: 600: 189: 6534: 3359:

Gorbman A, Dickhoff WW, Vigna SR, Clark NB, Muller AF (1983).

2574: 1725:. Drugs that induce CYP3A4 may accelerate cortisol clearance. 1367:

Cortisol may be incorporated into hair from blood, sweat, and

807:) or there is a massive flood of antigens (as can happen with 9654:

Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)

7439: 7414: 7325: 7297: 7030: 6290: 6142:

Finken MJ, Andrews RC, Andrew R, Walker BR (September 1999).

5220:

Fairchild SS, Shannon K, Kwan E, Mishell RI (February 1984).

4274:

Converted from μg/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol

3471: 2370: 2322:

Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW (February 1984).

1815: 1483:

salivary cortisol levels after treatment with ascorbic acid.

1468:

High-potassium media (which stimulates aldosterone secretion

952: 936: 596: 584:

releasing amino acids from muscle, providing a substrate for

512:. In other tissues, it is produced in lower quantities. By a 169: 147: 34:

of cortisol, with a similar name, biosynthesis, and function.

6233: 6082: 5504: 4164:

Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol

4113: 3599: 2831:"The Interaction of Insulin and Pituitary Hormone Syndromes" 2575:

Mavoungou E, Bouyou-Akotet MK, Kremsner PG (February 2005).

2549:. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders El Sevier. pp. 749–765. 2373:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

1871:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

339: 46: 9659:

Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)

6656: 5219: 4854: 960: 645:(biosynthesis of glucose molecules) in the liver, but also 268: 5548: 5328: 4364: 3909: 3256:"Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects of Corticosteroids" 1356:(also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)) and 10250: 6476:

van Staaveren N, Teixeira DL, Hanlon A, Boyle LA (2015).

6141: 6101: 5597: 5409: 3865: 3634: 3358: 3075: 2936: 2623: 2321: 2145: 1981:

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

1401:

Secondary hypercortisolism (pituitary tumor resulting in

1020: 1016: 1012: 9720:

Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)

5760:"The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol" 5680:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 247. 2829:

Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Wolf P, Vila G, Luger A (2021).

1816:

Lightman SL, Birnie MT, Conway-Campbell BL (June 2020).

844:(the endogenous type I and type II receptor agonist) or 772:. It prevents proliferation of T-cells by rendering the 6357: 5800: 4725: 3739: 3322: 3186: 3040: 2560:

Murphy, Kenneth (2012). "The Humoral Immune Response".

2529: 1614: 1058: 673:

Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to

10449:

Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)

9789:

Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity:

9009:

Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)

8636: 6607: 6182: 5757: 3529:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 351. 3398: 2180: 1864: 1110:

Change in plasma cortisol cycle (mcg/dL) over 24 hours

6705: 5971:"Cortisol | Etymology of cortisol by etymonline" 5549:

Silverman MN, Pearce BD, Biron CA, Miller AH (2005).

4728:"Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome" 4573: 4448: 4286: 3704: 3187:

Biber J, Murer H, Mohebbi N, Wagner CA (April 2014).

1713:

Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A monooxygenases

1627:

system (11-beta HSD), which consists of two enzymes:

1486: 8876:

Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)

6148:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

5485: 4034:

Yeasmin S, Ullah A, Wu B, Zhang X, Cheng LJ (2023).

3968: 3417: 2939:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

2123:

McDonald's veterinary endocrinology and reproduction

1978: 1382:(LC-MS/MS) can improve specificity and sensitivity. 1352:

Cortisol is lipophilic, and is transported bound to

668: 516:, cortisol is released and increases in response to 10386:

Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)

9553:

Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)

9376:

Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)

9053:

Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)

8808:

Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)

6032:"Hypokalemia in Adult Cattle - Metabolic Disorders" 5146: 4531:

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism

4413: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4102:

Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital

4033: 3420:

Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova

3377: 3159: 2759:

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub

1385: 852:animals induced changes in leukocyte distribution. 10263: 9960:Tooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists 9627:Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide) 6401: 6107: 5809:"Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis" 5806: 5669: 5444: 5103: 4956: 4726:Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G (October 2021). 4035: 3400: 3259: 2881: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2221: 641:It is paradoxical that cortisol promotes not only 10459:Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate) 9708:Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate) 9019:Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate) 5847: 5675: 4497: 4483:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4351: 4349: 3352: 2902: 2873: 2617: 1865:Taves MD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK (July 2011). 1574:While the adrenal cortex in humans also produces 10854: 7718:11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone) 6137: 6135: 6085:Endocrine Surgery Comprehensive Board Exam Guide 5366: 4574:Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R (October 2016). 4270: 4268: 4151: 3286: 3110: 2908: 2888:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. 2793: 2480: 1693:A-ring reductases (5alpha- and 5beta-reductases) 1300:of free cortisol (urinary free cortisol or UFC) 978:out of cells in exchange for an equal number of 795:(CRH). CRH in turn stimulates the production of 301: 9664:Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate) 8649: 5700: 4222: 3019: 2932: 2930: 2748: 2746: 2696: 2694: 2544: 2518: 2181:Macfarlane DP, Forbes S, Walker BR (May 2008). 1943: 1717:Cortisol is also metabolized irreversibly into 524:. It functions to increase blood sugar through 133: 9150:Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone) 8020:16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) 5758:Stachowicz M, Lebiedzińska A (December 2016). 5215: 5213: 4682: 4524: 4346: 4331: 4329: 3449:. The Doctors' Medical Library. Archived from 3411: 3253: 3078:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3030:. New York: Academic Press. p. 229? 273?. 3025: 2125:(5th ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press. 1721:by cytochrome p450-3A monooxygenases, mainly, 1380:Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 1179:Cortisol is produced in the human body by the 498:It is produced in many animals, mainly by the 403:O=C4\C=C2/(1(O)C3((O)(C(=O)CO)CC31CC2)C)(C)CC4 10832:Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids 10527:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone) 10236: 9393:Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate) 8671:Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted): 8622: 7490: 6672: 6471: 6469: 6439: 6395: 6351: 6284: 6132: 5928: 5591: 5287: 5181: 4282: 4280: 4265: 3669: 3383: 2648: 2559: 2116: 2114: 2112: 1939: 1937: 1687:syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess 5989: 5848:Stalder T, Kirschbaum C (2013). "Cortisol". 5498: 5479: 5450: 4950: 4899: 4848: 4770: 4719: 4676: 4632: 4518: 4491: 4442: 4407: 4358: 4167: 4107: 3962: 3903: 3859: 3698: 3465: 3399:Soffer LJ, Dorfman RI, Gabrilove JL (1961). 3180: 3104: 2927: 2822: 2787: 2743: 2691: 2568: 2553: 2364: 2266: 1429:Secondary hypocortisolism (pituitary tumor, 1187:, the second of three layers comprising the 1098:; this damage results in impaired learning. 927:and inhibits the peripheral use of glucose ( 10542:Canrenoate potassium (potassium canrenoate) 10381:Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate) 10307:11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone) 8936:Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate) 8803:Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate) 8713:11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone) 6568: 6566: 6058:"Corticosteroids in Animals - Pharmacology" 5963: 5403: 5281: 5210: 5175: 5140: 4326: 4216: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 3663: 3628: 3593: 3392: 3280: 3266:(6th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: Decker. 3153: 3034: 2992: 2474: 2120: 2015: 1913: 1745:11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 1132: 72:11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 10243: 10229: 8629: 8615: 8015:17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) 7497: 7483: 6679: 6665: 6610:Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A 6466: 5995: 5934: 5640: 5360: 4957:El-Farhan N, Rees DA, Evans C (May 2017). 4905: 4277: 3316: 3069: 2965: 2752: 2642: 2538: 2420:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2139: 2109: 2021: 1934: 491:. When used as medication, it is known as 354: 259: 217: 9852:Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate) 9143:Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate) 6601: 6511: 6501: 6308: 6259: 6159: 5911: 5901: 5824: 5775: 5726: 5574: 5427: 5237: 4974: 4933: 4882: 4872: 4753: 4743: 4603:1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190 4542: 4498:Maidana P, Bruno OD, Mesch V (2013). "". 4449:Dolomie-Fagour L, Corcuff JB (2008). "". 4382: 4291:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 4240: 4191: 3937: 3927: 3765: 3499: 3489: 3386:An International Symposium on Aldosterone 3189:"Renal Handling of Phosphate and Sulfate" 3128: 2856: 2846: 2770: 2726: 2700: 2674: 2600: 2416:"Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance" 2347: 2298: 2249: 2198: 1890: 1841: 1654:has been suggested to play a role in the 1206: 848:(a specific type II receptor agonist) to 321: 9583:Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide) 9538:Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide) 9096:Methasones and related (16-substituted): 6563: 6528: 5600:International Journal of Sports Medicine 4223:Scott SM, Watterberg KL (January 1995). 4088: 3839: 3707:Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 3558: 3522: 3290:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2547:Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry 1544: 1174: 1117:of cortisol levels are found in humans. 1105: 768:Cortisol can weaken the activity of the 550: 10329:16α,18-Dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone 10200:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids 9548:Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide) 7504: 5879: 5877: 5676:Smith JL, Gropper SA, Groff JL (2009). 5369:Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 5029: 4525:Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH (January 2018). 2998: 2971: 2879: 2413: 2082: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1444:The primary control of cortisol is the 982:ions (see above). This can trigger the 855:On the other side of things, there are 815:, certain types of infection, (notably 350: 237: 10855: 10507:7α-Thiomethylspironolactone (SC-26519) 10497:6β-Hydroxy-7α-thiomethylspironolactone 9315:Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate) 7799:Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione) 5678:Advanced nutrition and humanmetabolism 5268: 5064: 5017:from the original on 22 September 2021 4042:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1619:Cortisol is metabolized reversibly to 1068: 1026: 1019:; however, it is not shown to inhibit 994:absorption in the intestine. Cortisol 250: 10502:7α-Acetylthio-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 10224: 10205:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators 9622:Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide) 9543:Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide) 8943:Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone) 8610: 8010:16β-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxyestradiol) 7478: 6660: 6575:General and Comparative Endocrinology 6339:from the original on 20 November 2021 5977:from the original on 22 December 2022 5764:European Food Research and Technology 5085:from the original on 24 February 2024 3746:General and Comparative Endocrinology 2462:from the original on 11 December 2022 2328:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1907: 959:which stimulates, through binding to 931:) by decreasing the translocation of 588:. Its impact is complex and diverse. 545: 382:Key: JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N 197: 177: 6038:from the original on 9 December 2023 5874: 5701:Whittaker J, Harris M (March 2022). 5011:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 4819: 4015:from the original on 3 December 2023 3388:. Little Brown & Co. p. 58. 3235:from the original on 1 November 2023 2581:Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 1920:. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 1792: 1625:11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1615:11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 990:from surgery. Cortisol also reduces 942: 16:Human natural glucocorticoid hormone 8180:Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate 5850:Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 4620:from the original on 20 August 2023 3444: 2022:Khani S, Tayek JA (December 2001). 1426:): insufficient levels of cortisol 292: 276: 13: 10837:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators 10268:Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor 6108:Margioris AN, Tsatsanis C (2011). 6064:from the original on 20 April 2024 4697:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053 3543:from the original on 11 March 2024 3407:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 2496:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x 2484:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2148:The American Journal of Physiology 2057:from the original on 11 March 2024 1487:Factors increasing cortisol levels 696: 14: 10914: 10339:18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone 9857:Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate 7723:18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone 7573:11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone 6639: 5807:Häggström M, Richfield D (2014). 4076:from the original on 8 April 2023 2069: 1217:Reference ranges for blood plasma 1101: 669:Metabolism of proteins and lipids 540: 10552:Canrenone (canrenoate y-lactone) 10517:7α-Thiospironolactone (SC-24813) 10288:11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 9468:Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate 9451:Paramethasone disodium phosphate 9220:Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone) 9075:Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate) 8694:11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 7167:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine 6622:10.1046/j.1439-0442.1999.00256.x 6537:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 6325: 6227: 6176: 6076: 6050: 6024: 5841: 5751: 5694: 5542: 4595:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020 4242:10.1203/00006450-199501000-00021 4129:10.1097/00000441-200608000-00002 2753:Akbas EM, Akbas N (March 2021). 2628:. London: Orlando. p. 405. 2593:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02686.x 1781:Membrane glucocorticoid receptor 1398:): excessive levels of cortisol 1386:Disorders of cortisol production 1160: 900: 728:Cortisol inhibits production of 591:In general, cortisol stimulates 430: 54: 45: 10632:Oxprenoate potassium (RU-28318) 10410:Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone) 9922:Segesterone acetate (nestorone) 9535:Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized): 9412:Meprednisone (methylprednisone) 9334:Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene) 8883:Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone) 8684:9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone) 8654:Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor 7929:Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide 6185:Chemico-Biological Interactions 6114:Adrenal physiology and diseases 5308: 5262: 5097: 5058: 4999: 4963:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 4906:Lee DY, Kim E, Choi MH (2015). 4813: 4583:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 4567: 4027: 3833: 3808: 3782: 3733: 3516: 3326:Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 3254:McKay LI, Cidlowski JA (2003). 3247: 2909:Baynes J, Dominiczak M (2009). 2562:Janeway's Immunobiology, 8th ed 2407: 2315: 2215: 2174: 2160:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.E927 1609: 1560:. Synthesis takes place in the 1540: 1535: 1193:corticotropin-releasing hormone 793:corticotropin-releasing hormone 461:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 10312:Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen) 9792:15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate 9713:Triamcinolone acetonide esters 9121:Beclometasone (beclomethasone) 8718:Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen) 8674:3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone 7600:3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone 6549:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.002 6116:. Endotext.org. Archived from 4791:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017 4465:(inactive 12 September 2024). 3384:Muller AF, Oconnor CM (1958). 2649:Antoni MH, Dhabhar FS (2019). 1972: 1917:Human Anatomy & Physiology 1858: 436: 424: 1: 10827:Receptor/signaling modulators 10512:7α-Thioprogesterone (SC-8365) 10195:Receptor/signaling modulators 10112:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile 9934:Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids: 9099:16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone 7879:3α-Androstanediol glucuronide 6417:10.1080/00498254.2021.1969481 6261:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.065 5858:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_171 5655:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.016 4384:10.1080/10253890.2021.1895113 3929:10.1080/00365513.2019.1622031 3567:Journal of Applied Physiology 1993:10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00062-6 1786: 1701:and 5-beta-reductase are the 1556:Cortisol is synthesized from 1439: 1005: 905: 870:, an enzyme that cross-links 752:(Th1 cells), but upregulates 10592:Hydroxyprogesterone caproate 9225:Dexamethasone (dexametasone) 9133:Betamethasone (betametasone) 7568:17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone 6686: 6503:10.1371/journal.pone.0122841 6110:"ACTH Action on the Adrenal" 5459:(4): I 701–717, II 718–730. 5416:Japanese Circulation Journal 5336:"Ameer Saadallah Al – Zacko" 5271:British Veterinarian Journal 5118:10.1016/0039-128X(85)90019-4 4926:10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.275 4451:Annales de Biologie Clinique 3672:The Journal of Endocrinology 3602:The Journal of Endocrinology 3579:10.1152/jappl.1975.39.6.1017 3338:10.1016/0022-4731(77)90086-3 3262:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 3090:10.1016/0091-6749(78)90134-3 3028:Mammalian Protein Metabolism 2972:Deutsch E (April 1978). "". 2187:The Journal of Endocrinology 1728: 1685:and is known to lead to the 1528:in the short- and long-term. 1048: 571:synthesis) in the liver and 7: 10652:Prorenoic acid (prorenoate) 10627:Oxprenoic acid (oxprenoate) 10617:Mexrenoic acid (mexrenoate) 10547:Canrenoic acid (canrenoate) 10168:Antisense oligonucleotides: 9877:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 9588:Desonide disodium phosphate 9388:Locicortolone (locicortone) 7949:Etiocholanolone glucuronide 7934:Dihydrotestosterone sulfate 6651:Cortisol: analyte monograph 6587:10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.07.002 4874:10.3390/biomedicines8090302 3840:Marshall M (31 July 2024). 3758:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.020 3447:"Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)" 2835:Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2532:Leukocytes and Host Defense 2232:10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_5 1914:Hoehn K, Marieb EN (2010). 1771:Cortisol awakening response 1758: 1552:, showing cortisol at right 1197:adrenocorticotropic hormone 1034:mineralocorticoid receptors 963:receptors, the activity of 797:adrenocorticotropic hormone 742:tumor necrosis factor alpha 522:blood-glucose concentration 451:362.460 g/mol 111:-cyclopentaphenanthen-7-one 10: 10919: 10777:Miricorilant (CORT-118335) 10252:Mineralocorticoid receptor 10117:Relacorilant (CORT-125134) 10087:Miricorilant (CORT-118335) 9288:Flumetasone (flumethasone) 9203:Cormetasone (cormethasone) 9109:Alclometasone dipropionate 7849:16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione 7794:11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione 7779:11-Ketodihydrotestosterone 7335:Insulin-like growth factor 5903:10.1186/s12917-021-03069-4 5239:10.4049/jimmunol.132.2.821 4428:10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.008 3990:10.1007/s12020-023-03456-x 3881:10.1007/s40618-019-01050-5 2719:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.009 2385:10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001 1883:10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2011 1750: 1604:side-chain cleavage enzyme 1394:Primary hypercortisolism ( 1164: 910: 817:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 653:of glucose molecules into 25: 18: 10819: 10486: 10275: 10261: 10187: 10160: 10047:Exicorilant (CORT-125281) 9987: 9950: 9278:Doxibetasol (doxybetasol) 8975:Methylprednisolone esters 8960:Mazipredone (depersolone) 8740:Δ-Prednisolone 21-acetate 8661: 8647: 8542: 8471:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone 8466:7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone 8314: 8232: 7972: 7789:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7769: 7760: 7688: 7590: 7581: 7515: 7438: 7405: 7387: 7359: 7324: 7296: 7258: 7235: 7226: 7186: 7179: 7147: 7109: 7072: 7029: 7001: 6992: 6974: 6928: 6861: 6787: 6764: 6716: 6694: 6205:10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.018 5998:Journal of Animal Science 5777:10.1007/s00217-016-2772-3 5719:10.1177/02601060221083079 5520:10.1007/s00213-001-0929-6 5184:Journal of Animal Science 5068:Stedman's medical eponyms 4834:10.1017/S0962728600030657 4104:Retrieved 8 November 2009 3361:Comparative endocrinology 3302:10.3109/00365528109182028 2848:10.3389/fendo.2021.626427 1407:pseudo-Cushing's syndrome 1262: 1237: 1219:content of free cortisol 1120: 1077: 1039: 455: 411: 391: 366: 117: 77: 67: 62: 53: 44: 9516:Ulobetasol (halobetasol) 8757:Chloroprednisone acetate 8679:5α-Dihydrocorticosterone 8356:5α-Dihydrocorticosterone 8297:Pregnanediol glucuronide 7959:Testosterone glucuronide 7919:Androsterone glucuronide 7859:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate 7728:18-Hydroxycorticosterone 7680:3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol 7605:5α-Dihydrocorticosterone 4976:10.1177/0004563216687335 4779:Psychoneuroendocrinology 4745:10.3390/medicina57101087 4337:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 2974:Fortschritte der Medizin 2701:Wheatland R (May 2004). 2414:Elenkov IJ (June 2004). 2224:Glucocorticoid Signaling 2085:Integrated endocrinology 1133:Effects during pregnancy 1086:(epinephrine) to create 840:Rapid administration of 746:antigen-presenting cells 487:class of hormones and a 26:Not to be confused with 10842:List of corticosteroids 10537:18,19-Dinorprogesterone 10522:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone 10415:Fludrocortisone acetate 10364:Corticosterone benzoate 10324:11β-Hydroxyprogesterone 10210:List of corticosteroids 10072:Metapristone (RU-42633) 9797:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 9703:Triamcinolone acetonide 9509:Triamcinolone diacetate 9456:Paramethasone phosphate 9259:Diflucortolone valerate 9254:Diflucortolone pivalate 8900:Fluorometholone acetate 8888:Fludrocortisone acetate 8786:Corticosterone benzoate 8638:Glucocorticoid receptor 8591:11β-Hydroxyprogesterone 8586:11α-Hydroxyprogesterone 8262:20β-Dihydroprogesterone 8257:20α-Dihydroprogesterone 8252:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 8247:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone 8175:Estradiol 3-glucuronide 7655:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 7650:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 7558:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 7553:11β-Hydroxypregnenolone 6333:"6beta-Hydroxycortisol" 6112:. In Chrousos G (ed.). 6010:10.2527/jas1972.341103x 5890:BMC Veterinary Research 5813:WikiJournal of Medicine 5161:10.1210/endo-119-3-1126 4180:J Clin Endocrinol Metab 3916:Scand J Clin Lab Invest 3491:10.1186/1471-2202-10-26 3403:The Human Adrenal Gland 2796:Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2440:10.1196/annals.1321.010 1776:List of corticosteroids 1681:has been implicated in 1150:receptor development.) 765:inflammatory response. 10672:SC-5233 (spirolactone) 10359:Corticosterone acetate 10334:17α-Hydroxyaldosterone 10102:ORG-34517 (SCH-900636) 10002:17α-Methylprogesterone 9649:Fluocinolone acetonide 9405:Meclorisone dibutyrate 9354:Fluticasone propionate 9196:Cloticasone propionate 8924:Fluprednisolone esters 8854:Dichlorisone diacetate 8781:Corticosterone acetate 8391:11-Deoxycorticosterone 8366:5β-Dihydroprogesterone 8361:5α-Dihydroprogesterone 8351:3β-Dihydroprogesterone 8346:3α-Dihydroprogesterone 8272:11-Deoxycorticosterone 8267:5α-Dihydroprogesterone 7909:Androstenediol sulfate 7889:5β-Dihydrotestosterone 7733:18-Hydroxyprogesterone 7713:11-Deoxycorticosterone 7610:11-Deoxycorticosterone 7563:21-Hydroxypregnenolone 7162:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 7139:Pancreatic polypeptide 6161:10.1210/jcem.84.9.6009 5567:10.1089/vim.2005.18.41 5465:10.1530/acta.0.0690701 4544:10.1515/jpem-2017-0270 4054:10.1021/acsami.2c21980 3649:10.1210/endo-107-1-155 3117:Kidney Blood Press Res 1958:10.1210/endo-114-2-477 1834:10.1210/endrev/bnaa002 1683:essential hypertension 1553: 1522:Low-carbohydrate diets 1207:Testing of individuals 1201:dehydroepiandrosterone 1144:myometrial contraction 1111: 885:Some viruses, such as 715:topical hydrocortisone 679:glucogenic amino acids 636:glycogen phosphorylase 626:(the breaking down of 10391:Hydrocortisone esters 10082:Mifepristone (RU-486) 9807:Chlormadinone acetate 9802:Bromoketoprogesterone 9760:Nicocortonide acetate 9691:Rofleponide palmitate 9610:Drocinonide phosphate 9578:Descinolone acetonide 9573:Deflazacort (azacort) 9521:Ulobetasol propionate 9485:Ticabesone propionate 9446:Paramethasone acetate 9339:Fluprednidene acetate 9242:Diflorasone diacetate 9160:Clobetasol propionate 9080:Butixocort propionate 8948:Isoflupredone acetate 8866:Endrisone (endrysone) 8813:Hydrocortisone esters 8581:7α-Hydroxycholesterol 8561:Calcidiol/Calcifediol 8190:Estradiol 17β-sulfate 8170:Estradiol glucuronide 8090:27-Hydroxycholesterol 7698:5α-Dihydroaldosterone 7543:-Dihydroxycholesterol 6373:10.1515/CCLM.2001.198 5826:10.15347/wjm/2014.005 5612:10.1055/s-2007-971106 5226:Journal of Immunology 4463:10.1684/abc.2008.0189 4193:10.1210/jc.2019-00365 3684:10.1677/joe.0.0860337 3614:10.1677/joe.0.0950071 2951:10.1210/jcem-15-2-176 1743:and is also known as 1703:rate-limiting factors 1548: 1175:Synthesis and release 1109: 915:Cortisol counteracts 835:complement activation 709:diseases, as well as 551:Metabolism of glucose 79:Systematic IUPAC name 10647:Prorenoate potassium 10612:Mexrenoate potassium 10300:Desoxycortone esters 9927:Tetrahydrogestrinone 9767:Nivacortol (nivazol) 9417:Meprednisone acetate 9327:Fluocortolone esters 9298:Flumetasone pivalate 9230:Dexamethasone esters 9172:Clobetasone butyrate 9138:Betamethasone esters 9126:Beclometasone esters 9048:Pregnenolone acetate 8987:Prebediolone acetate 8849:Dichlorisone acetate 8837:Deprodone propionate 8706:Desoxycortone esters 8556:7-Dehydrocholesterol 8416:Pregnenolone sulfate 7964:Testosterone sulfate 7924:Androsterone sulfate 6646:Cortisol MS Spectrum 6310:10.1210/er.2003-0031 5949:10.1210/er.2003-0030 5852:. pp. 507–512. 5707:Nutrition and Health 5196:10.2527/1993.713724x 5037:"Cushing's Syndrome" 5007:"Cushing's Syndrome" 3208:10.1002/cphy.c120031 2911:Medical biochemistry 2291:10.1136/oem.57.5.298 1451:arginine vasopressin 1362:blood-saliva barrier 1139:pulmonary surfactant 1082:Cortisol works with 933:glucose transporters 880:superoxide dismutase 857:natural killer cells 10532:18-Deoxyaldosterone 10464:Prednisolone esters 10317:Cortodoxone acetate 10037:Cyproterone acetate 9827:Delmadinone acetate 9817:Cyproterone acetate 9642:Flunisolide acetate 9349:Fluticasone furoate 9293:Flumetasone acetate 9208:Cormetasone acetate 9184:Clocortolone esters 9087:Tixocortol pivalate 9024:Prednisolone esters 8912:Fluperolone acetate 8723:Cortodoxone acetate 8596:Cholesterol sulfate 8331:-Hydroxycholesterol 8223:estradiol palmitate 8205:Estriol glucuronide 8195:Estrone glucuronide 8165:Estradiol disulfate 7834:Dihydrotestosterone 7819:Dehydroandrosterone 7784:11-Ketotestosterone 7620:11-Ketoprogesterone 7534:-Hydroxycholesterol 7448:Natriuretic peptide 6766:Posterior pituitary 6751:Somatostatin (GHIH) 6494:2015PLoSO..1022841V 6252:2004FEBSL.571..129A 6197:2019CBI...303...57D 6120:on 29 November 2011 5348:on 11 November 2013 5043:on 10 February 2015 3869:J Endocrinol Invest 3363:. New York: Wiley. 3055:10.1038/icb.1973.67 2772:10.5507/bp.2021.011 2432:2004NYASA1024..138E 2200:10.1677/JOE-08-0054 2154:(6 Pt 1): E927–32. 2083:Laycock JF (2013). 1735:naturally occurring 1707:tetrahydrocortisone 1345:Cortisol follows a 1301: 1220: 1092:flash bulb memories 1069:Stomach and kidneys 1063:deoxycorticosterone 1027:Electrolyte balance 813:signaling molecules 632:glucose-1-phosphate 41: 10427:Mometasone furoate 10344:19-Norprogesterone 10147:Ulipristal acetate 10017:Asoprisnil ecamate 9497:Timobesone acetate 9434:Mometasone furoate 8970:Methylprednisolone 8769:Cloprednol acetate 8219:estradiol stearate 8215:Lipoidal estradiol 8145:2-Methoxyestradiol 8070:16β-Hydroxyestrone 8065:16α-Hydroxyestrone 8055:4-Methoxyestradiol 8040:4-Hydroxyestradiol 8025:2-Hydroxyestradiol 7954:Epietiocholanolone 7899:3β-Etiocholanediol 7894:3α-Etiocholanediol 7690:Mineralocorticoids 7675:5α-Dihydrocortisol 6789:Anterior pituitary 6448:Medicina (B Aires) 5508:Psychopharmacology 5429:10.1253/jcj.46.317 4642:Neuroendocrinology 4304:10.1007/bf03343551 2913:. Mosby Elsevier. 2667:10.1002/cncr.31943 1719:6β-hydroxycortisol 1672:metabolic syndrome 1668:insulin resistance 1554: 1431:Sheehan's syndrome 1396:Cushing's syndrome 1292: 1215: 1112: 929:insulin resistance 805:allergic reactions 599:, but also in the 546:Metabolic response 465:Infobox references 39: 10850: 10849: 10815: 10814: 10476:Prednisone esters 10403:Cortisone acetate 10218: 10217: 10183: 10182: 9897:Osaterone acetate 9882:Megestrol acetate 9593:Desonide pivalate 9036:Prednisone esters 8825:Cortisone acetate 8604: 8603: 8441:3α-Androstanediol 8310: 8309: 8185:Estradiol sulfate 8105:4-Androstenedione 8100:3β-Androstanediol 8095:3α-Androstanediol 7884:3β-Androstanediol 7874:3α-Androstanediol 7756: 7755: 7630:21-Deoxycortisone 7472: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7355: 7354: 7175: 7174: 7105: 7104: 6857: 6856: 6411:(10): 1199–1206. 6361:Clin Chem Lab Med 6297:Endocrine Reviews 6094:978-3-030-84737-1 5867:978-1-4419-1005-9 5770:(12): 2001–2009. 5687:978-0-495-11657-8 5381:10.1042/cs0490013 5290:Circulatory Shock 5078:978-0-7817-5443-9 5065:Forbis P (2005). 4732:Medicina (Kaunas) 4654:10.1159/000499827 4186:(11): 5519–5528. 3875:(11): 1299–1305. 3536:978-0-8261-1771-7 3370:978-0-471-06266-0 3273:978-1-55009-213-4 3130:10.1159/000443435 2920:978-0-323-05371-6 2895:978-0-07-144578-8 2635:978-0-12-642760-8 2340:10.1172/JCI111227 2279:Occup Environ Med 2241:978-1-4939-2895-8 2132:978-0-8138-1106-2 2094:978-1-118-45064-2 2043:10.1042/cs1010739 1927:978-0-321-60261-9 1822:Endocrine Reviews 1699:5-alpha reductase 1677:An alteration in 1650:An alteration in 1424:Nelson's syndrome 1420:Addison's disease 1403:Cushing's disease 1343: 1342: 1287: 1286: 998:the synthesis of 943:Bone and collagen 919:, contributes to 532:, and aid in the 473:Chemical compound 471: 470: 335:CompTox Dashboard 159:Interactive image 10910: 10898:Stress (biology) 10888:Steroid hormones 10273: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10222: 10221: 9961: 9957: 9271:Dimesone acetate 8752:Chloroprednisone 8730:21-Deoxycortisol 8659: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8608: 8607: 8371:Allopregnanolone 8287:Allopregnanediol 8160:4-Methoxyestriol 8155:2-Methoxyestriol 8150:2-Methoxyestrone 8135:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA 8110:5-Androstenediol 8075:16-Ketoestradiol 8060:4-Methoxyestrone 8050:4-Hydroxyestrone 8045:4-Hydroxyestriol 8035:2-Hydroxyestrone 8030:2-Hydroxyestriol 7939:Etiocholanedione 7904:Androstanetriols 7854:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA 7767: 7766: 7708:11-Deoxycortisol 7625:21-Deoxycortisol 7615:11-Deoxycortisol 7588: 7587: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7233: 7232: 7228:Digestive system 7184: 7183: 6999: 6998: 6938:Thyroid hormones 6714: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6634: 6633: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6312: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6263: 6246:(1–3): 129–133. 6231: 6225: 6224: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6163: 6154:(9): 3316–3321. 6139: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6028: 6022: 6021: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5779: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5730: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5578: 5555:Viral Immunology 5546: 5540: 5539: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5341:. Archived from 5340: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5241: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4978: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4937: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4876: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4747: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4546: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4386: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4344: 4342:Cortisol – urine 4333: 4324: 4323: 4284: 4275: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4244: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4014: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3941: 3931: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3493: 3478:BMC Neuroscience 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3265: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3132: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2880:King MB (2005). 2877: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2850: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2730: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2661:(9): 1417–1431. 2646: 2640: 2639: 2626:Oxidative stress 2621: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2516: 2515: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2351: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2253: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2118: 2107: 2106: 2080: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2028: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1813: 1588:zona reticularis 1580:zona glomerulosa 1562:zona fasciculata 1526:aerobic exercise 1509:aerobic exercise 1477:11-deoxycortisol 1347:circadian rhythm 1302: 1294:Reference ranges 1291: 1221: 1214: 1185:zona fasciculata 850:adrenalectomized 827:humoral immunity 780:unresponsive to 734:interferon gamma 501:zona fasciculata 438: 432: 426: 419:Chemical formula 359: 358: 343: 341: 325: 305: 294: 280: 263: 252: 241: 221: 201: 181: 161: 137: 58: 49: 42: 38: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10903:Stress hormones 10873:Glucocorticoids 10868:Corticosteroids 10853: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10811: 10682:SC-11927 (CS-1) 10482: 10267: 10257: 10249: 10219: 10214: 10179: 10174: 10156: 9997:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA 9983: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9862:Fluoxymesterone 8919:Fluprednisolone 8895:Fluorometholone 8653: 8643: 8635: 8605: 8600: 8571:Cholecalciferol 8538: 8519:Androstadienone 8491:Etiocholanolone 8461:7β-Hydroxy-DHEA 8456:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA 8401:Isopregnanolone 8396:Epipregnanolone 8306: 8228: 8210:Estriol sulfate 8200:Estrone sulfate 8130:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA 7968: 7944:Etiocholanolone 7914:Androstenetriol 7844:Epitestosterone 7839:Epiandrosterone 7809:Androstenedione 7752: 7684: 7592:Glucocorticoids 7583:Corticosteroids 7577: 7511: 7503: 7473: 7464: 7434: 7401: 7383: 7351: 7320: 7292: 7254: 7222: 7171: 7143: 7101: 7068: 7025: 6988: 6970: 6954: 6946: 6924: 6908:Adrenal medulla 6901:Androstenedione 6853: 6783: 6760: 6708: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6642: 6637: 6616:(10): 621–631. 6606: 6602: 6571: 6564: 6533: 6529: 6488:(4): e0122841. 6474: 6467: 6444: 6440: 6400: 6396: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6289: 6285: 6232: 6228: 6181: 6177: 6140: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6030: 6029: 6025: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5933: 5929: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5846: 5842: 5805: 5801: 5756: 5752: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5674: 5670: 5639: 5635: 5596: 5592: 5547: 5543: 5503: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5453:Acta Endocrinol 5449: 5445: 5408: 5404: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5286: 5282: 5267: 5263: 5218: 5211: 5180: 5176: 5145: 5141: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5046: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4955: 4951: 4904: 4900: 4853: 4849: 4818: 4814: 4785:(10): 1437–48. 4775: 4771: 4724: 4720: 4681: 4677: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4523: 4519: 4496: 4492: 4476: 4475: 4447: 4443: 4412: 4408: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4334: 4327: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4221: 4217: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4152: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4012: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3908: 3904: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3846:www.cbsnews.com 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3796:. 8 August 2024 3794:www.cbsnews.com 3788: 3787: 3783: 3738: 3734: 3719:10.1071/RD99079 3703: 3699: 3668: 3664: 3633: 3629: 3598: 3594: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3521: 3517: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3443: 3439: 3416: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3357: 3353: 3321: 3317: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3218: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3158: 3154: 3109: 3105: 3074: 3070: 3039: 3035: 3024: 3020: 2997: 2993: 2970: 2966: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2884:Lange Q & A 2878: 2874: 2827: 2823: 2808:10.1139/H08-013 2792: 2788: 2751: 2744: 2699: 2692: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2622: 2618: 2573: 2569: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2528: 2519: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2412: 2408: 2369: 2365: 2320: 2316: 2271: 2267: 2242: 2220: 2216: 2179: 2175: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2119: 2110: 2095: 2081: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2031:Clin Sci (Lond) 2026: 2020: 2016: 1977: 1973: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1912: 1908: 1863: 1859: 1814: 1793: 1789: 1761: 1753: 1731: 1715: 1695: 1617: 1612: 1599:pituitary gland 1550:Steroidogenesis 1543: 1538: 1507:) or prolonged 1504: 1489: 1442: 1416:hypocortisolism 1388: 1209: 1177: 1169: 1163: 1135: 1123: 1104: 1080: 1071: 1051: 1042: 1029: 1008: 988:metabolic shock 969:osteoprotegerin 945: 925:gluconeogenesis 923:by stimulating 913: 908: 903: 744:(TNF-alpha) by 699: 697:Immune response 671: 643:gluconeogenesis 605:small intestine 593:gluconeogenesis 586:gluconeogenesis 563:synthesis) and 557:gluconeogenesis 553: 548: 543: 528:, suppress the 526:gluconeogenesis 481:steroid hormone 474: 467: 462: 441: 435: 429: 421: 407: 404: 399: 398: 387: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 362: 344: 337: 328: 308: 295: 283: 244: 224: 204: 184: 164: 151: 140: 127: 113: 112: 73: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10916: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10702:Spironolactone 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10572:Dydrogesterone 10569: 10564: 10562:Dimethisterone 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10375:hydrocortisone 10368: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10354:Corticosterone 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10279: 10277: 10270: 10259: 10258: 10248: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9700: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9385: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9307: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9249:Diflucortolone 9246: 9245: 9244: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9152: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9118: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9101: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8797:hydrocortisone 8790: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8776:Corticosterone 8773: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8735:Δ-Prednisolone 8732: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8667: 8665: 8656: 8645: 8644: 8634: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8611: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8534:Estratetraenol 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8514:Androstadienol 8511: 8509:3β-Androstenol 8506: 8504:3α-Androstenol 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8446:3α-Androstenol 8443: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8376:Corticosterone 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8320: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8080:16-Ketoestrone 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7804:Androstenediol 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7743:Corticosterone 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7635:Corticosterone 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7596: 7594: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7479: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7444: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7361:Adipose tissue 7357: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7331: 7329: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7306:Enteroglucagon 7302: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7206:Beta thymosins 7203: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6918:Norepinephrine 6915: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6871:Adrenal cortex 6867: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6641: 6640:External links 6638: 6636: 6635: 6600: 6581:(2): 398–402. 6562: 6543:(4): 369–380. 6527: 6465: 6454:(5): 846–849. 6450:(in Spanish). 6438: 6394: 6367:(12): 1234–9. 6350: 6324: 6283: 6226: 6175: 6131: 6100: 6093: 6075: 6049: 6023: 5988: 5962: 5927: 5873: 5866: 5840: 5799: 5750: 5713:(4): 543–554. 5693: 5686: 5668: 5633: 5590: 5541: 5497: 5478: 5443: 5402: 5359: 5327: 5307: 5280: 5261: 5209: 5174: 5155:(3): 1126–30. 5139: 5096: 5077: 5057: 5028: 4998: 4969:(3): 308–322. 4949: 4920:(4): 209–216. 4898: 4847: 4828:(4): 331–342. 4822:Animal Welfare 4812: 4769: 4718: 4675: 4648:(4): 322–332. 4631: 4566: 4537:(2): 107–115. 4517: 4502:(in Spanish). 4490: 4441: 4422:(6): 795–801. 4406: 4377:(6): 734–741. 4357: 4345: 4325: 4276: 4264: 4215: 4166: 4150: 4106: 4087: 4026: 3984:(2): 414–418. 3961: 3922:(5): 314–319. 3902: 3858: 3832: 3807: 3781: 3732: 3697: 3662: 3627: 3592: 3573:(6): 1017–21. 3557: 3535: 3515: 3464: 3453:on 3 July 2013 3437: 3410: 3391: 3376: 3369: 3351: 3332:(8): 799–804. 3315: 3279: 3272: 3246: 3216: 3179: 3152: 3103: 3068: 3033: 3018: 3001:Endocrinologie 2991: 2964: 2926: 2919: 2901: 2894: 2872: 2821: 2786: 2742: 2713:(5): 855–862. 2707:Med Hypotheses 2690: 2641: 2634: 2616: 2567: 2552: 2537: 2517: 2473: 2406: 2363: 2314: 2285:(5): 298–315. 2265: 2240: 2214: 2193:(2): 189–204. 2173: 2138: 2131: 2108: 2093: 2068: 2014: 1987:(2): 103–122. 1971: 1933: 1926: 1906: 1857: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1741:corticosteroid 1733:Cortisol is a 1730: 1727: 1714: 1711: 1694: 1691: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1566:adrenal cortex 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1519: 1516: 1513:energy balance 1502: 1499:Intense (high 1497: 1488: 1485: 1455:angiotensin II 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1387: 1384: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1208: 1205: 1189:adrenal cortex 1176: 1173: 1162: 1159: 1134: 1131: 1122: 1119: 1115:Diurnal cycles 1103: 1102:Diurnal cycles 1100: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1055:Corticosterone 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1028: 1025: 1007: 1004: 996:down-regulates 974:It transports 944: 941: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 842:corticosterone 762:interleukin 13 758:interleukin 10 750:T helper cells 730:interleukin 12 698: 695: 670: 667: 663:catecholamines 659:glycogenolysis 651:polymerization 624:glycogenolysis 575:(breakdown of 573:glycogenolysis 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 541:Health effects 539: 506:adrenal cortex 493:hydrocortisone 489:stress hormone 485:glucocorticoid 472: 469: 468: 463: 459:standard state 456: 453: 452: 449: 443: 442: 439: 433: 427: 422: 417: 414: 413: 409: 408: 406: 405: 402: 394: 393: 392: 389: 388: 386: 385: 381: 378: 377: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 361: 360: 347: 345: 333: 330: 329: 327: 326: 318: 316: 310: 309: 307: 306: 298: 296: 288: 285: 284: 282: 281: 273: 271: 265: 264: 254: 246: 245: 243: 242: 234: 232: 226: 225: 223: 222: 214: 212: 206: 205: 203: 202: 194: 192: 186: 185: 183: 182: 174: 172: 166: 165: 163: 162: 154: 152: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 130: 128: 123: 120: 119: 115: 114: 82: 81: 75: 74: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 21:Hydrocortisone 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10915: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10739:Nonsteroidal: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10587:Guggulsterone 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10454:Prednimustine 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10246: 10241: 10239: 10234: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10176: 10175:(ISIS-426115) 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10052:Guggulsterone 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9974:Fosdagrocorat 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9958: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9755:Nicocortonide 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9600:Dexbudesonide 9598: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9504:Triamcinolone 9502: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9441:Paramethasone 9439: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9383:Isoprednidene 9381: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9361:Halocortolone 9359: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9322:Fluocortolone 9320: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9116:Amelometasone 9114: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9104:Alclometasone 9102: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014:Prednimustine 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:Difluprednate 8859: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8632: 8627: 8625: 8620: 8618: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8316:Neurosteroids 8313: 8303: 8302:Pregnanetriol 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005:17α-Estradiol 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7430:Prostaglandin 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707:Hypothalamic– 6704: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6303:(5): 831–66. 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6136: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6004:(1): 103–11. 6003: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5943:(6): 947–70. 5942: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649:(7): 911–21. 5648: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5606:(2): 128–35. 5605: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514:(3): 319–24. 5513: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5422:(4): 317–22. 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5344: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149:Endocrinology 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5112:(6): 551–60. 5111: 5107: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5061: 5054: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4506:(6): 579–84. 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453:(in French). 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4030: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3939:11250/2739760 3935: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3752:(3): 519–26. 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713:(6): 317–22. 3712: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3678:(2): 337–47. 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637:Endocrinology 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3296:(5): 667–71. 3295: 3291: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3217:9780470650714 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202:(2): 771–92. 3201: 3197: 3196:Compr Physiol 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:J Dev Physiol 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3123:(4): 384–91. 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049:(5): 707–10. 3048: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3007:(4): 229–37. 3006: 3002: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2980:(14): 761–2. 2979: 2976:(in German). 2975: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2945:(2): 176–81. 2944: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802:(3): 429–33. 2801: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587:(2): 287–96. 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426:(1): 138–46. 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379:(1): E172–7. 2378: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334:(2): 412–20. 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037:(6): 739–47. 2036: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1952:(2): 477–80. 1951: 1947: 1946:Endocrinology 1940: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877:(1): E11-24. 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1595:anterior lobe 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1496:by cytokines. 1495: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:adrenal gland 1172: 1168: 1161:Cortisol face 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:hyperglycemia 918: 901:Other effects 898: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:lysyl oxidase 864: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 782:interleukin-1 779: 775: 774:interleukin-2 771: 770:immune system 766: 763: 759: 755: 754:interleukin 4 751: 747: 743: 739: 736:(IFN-gamma), 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 538: 535: 531: 530:immune system 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:diurnal cycle 511: 510:adrenal gland 507: 503: 502: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 466: 460: 454: 450: 448: 445: 444: 423: 420: 416: 415: 410: 401: 400: 397: 390: 376: 375: 372: 365: 357: 353: 352:DTXSID7020714 349: 348: 346: 336: 332: 331: 324: 320: 319: 317: 315: 312: 311: 304: 300: 299: 297: 291: 287: 286: 279: 275: 274: 272: 270: 267: 266: 262: 258: 255: 253: 251:ECHA InfoCard 248: 247: 240: 236: 235: 233: 231: 228: 227: 220: 216: 215: 213: 211: 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 193: 191: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 173: 171: 168: 167: 160: 156: 155: 153: 149: 144: 143: 136: 132: 131: 129: 126: 122: 121: 116: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 80: 76: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 29: 22: 10792:Nitrendipine 10738: 10717:Trimegestone 10642:Progesterone 10637:Pregnenolone 10597:Medrogestone 10567:Drospirenone 10493: 10444:Prednazoline 10434:Prednisolone 10370: 10167: 10152:Zavacorilant 10142:Toripristone 10132:Telapristone 10127:RTI 3021–022 10122:RTI 3021–012 10062:Lilopristone 10057:Ketoconazole 10042:Dazucorilant 10007:Aglepristone 9933: 9917:Quingestrone 9907:Promegestone 9902:Progesterone 9872:Medrogestone 9842:Etonogestrel 9788: 9745:Domoprednate 9731: 9681:Itrocinonide 9534: 9463:Prednylidene 9366:Halometasone 9345:Fluticasone 9305:Fluocinolone 9283:Fluclorolone 9179:Clocortolone 9095: 9043:Pregnenolone 9004:Prednazoline 8994:Prednisolone 8982:Prebediolone 8844:Dichlorisone 8792: 8670: 8577: 8549: 8529:Androsterone 8524:Androstenone 8497: 8486:DHEA sulfate 8476:Androsterone 8438:Androstanes: 8437: 8421:Progesterone 8411:Pregnenolone 8406:Pregnanolone 8342: 8328: 8324:Cholestanes: 8323: 8292:Pregnanediol 8284:Metabolites: 8283: 8242:Progesterone 8234:Progestogens 8142:Metabolites: 8141: 8120:DHEA sulfate 8086: 7981: 7871:Metabolites: 7870: 7864:Testosterone 7829:DHEA sulfate 7814:Androsterone 7762:Sex steroids 7747: 7672:Metabolites: 7671: 7665:Progesterone 7660:Pregnenolone 7639: 7548:Pregnenolone 7540: 7531: 7213:Thymopoietin 7149:Pineal gland 7134:Somatostatin 7097:Progesterone 7044:Progesterone 7011:Testosterone 6994:Gonadal axis 6966:Thyroid axis 6880: 6863:Adrenal axis 6718:Hypothalamus 6613: 6609: 6603: 6578: 6574: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6485: 6481: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6341:. 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