9747:
931:
inflation, the cosmological horizon moves out, bringing new regions into view. Yet as a local observer sees such a region for the first time, it looks no different from any other region of space the local observer has already seen: Its background radiation is at nearly the same temperature as the background radiation of other regions, and its space-time curvature is evolving lock-step with the others. This presents a mystery: how did these new regions know what temperature and curvature they were supposed to have? They could not have learned it by getting signals, because they were not previously in communication with our past
2860:(and, presumably, annihilate) is three. Therefore, the most likely number of non-compact (large) spatial dimensions is three. Current work on this model centers on whether it can succeed in stabilizing the size of the compactified dimensions and produce the correct spectrum of primordial density perturbations. The original model did not "solve the entropy and flatness problems of standard cosmology", although Brandenburger and coauthors later argued that these problems can be eliminated by implementing string gas cosmology in the context of a bouncing-universe scenario.
2573:
physical volume. It has been shown that any inflationary theory with an unbounded potential is eternal. There are well-known theorems that this steady state cannot continue forever into the past. Inflationary spacetime, which is similar to de Sitter space, is incomplete without a contracting region. However, unlike de Sitter space, fluctuations in a contracting inflationary space collapse to form a gravitational singularity, a point where densities become infinite. Therefore, it is necessary to have a theory for the
Universe's initial conditions.
2950:"Not only is bad inflation more likely than good inflation, but no inflation is more likely than either ... Roger Penrose considered all the possible configurations of the inflaton and gravitational fields. Some of these configurations lead to inflation ... Other configurations lead to a uniform, flat universe directly â without inflation. Obtaining a flat universe is unlikely overall. Penrose's shocking conclusion, though, was that obtaining a flat universe without inflation is much more likely than with inflation â by a factor of
2005:(solid line) as a function of the linear expansion (scale factor) of the universe. During cosmological inflation, the Hubble radius is constant. The physical wavelength of a perturbation mode (dashed line) is also shown. The plot illustrates how the perturbation mode grows larger than the horizon during cosmological inflation before coming back inside the horizon, which grows rapidly during radiation domination. If cosmological inflation had never happened, and radiation domination continued back until a
2653:
perpetuates itself and quickly dominates the
Universe. However, Albrecht and Lorenzo Sorbo argued that the probability of an inflationary cosmos, consistent with today's observations, emerging by a random fluctuation from some pre-existent state is much higher than that of a non-inflationary cosmos. This is because the "seed" amount of non-gravitational energy required for the inflationary cosmos is so much less than that for a non-inflationary alternative, which outweighs any entropic considerations.
899:
1998:
9819:
1264:). During inflation, the energy density in the inflaton field is roughly constant. However, the energy density in everything else, including inhomogeneities, curvature, anisotropies, exotic particles, and standard-model particles is falling, and through sufficient inflation these all become negligible. This leaves the Universe flat and symmetric, and (apart from the homogeneous inflaton field) mostly empty, at the moment inflation ends and reheating begins.
572:
1630:âwater below the freezing temperature or above the boiling pointâa quantum field would need to nucleate a large enough bubble of the new vacuum, the new phase, in order to make a transition. Coleman found the most likely decay pathway for vacuum decay and calculated the inverse lifetime per unit volume. He eventually noted that gravitational effects would be significant, but he did not calculate these effects and did not apply the results to cosmology.
1685:. The solution to Einstein's equations in the presence of curvature squared terms, when the curvatures are large, leads to an effective cosmological constant. Therefore, he proposed that the early universe went through an inflationary de Sitter era. This resolved the cosmology problems and led to specific predictions for the corrections to the microwave background radiation, corrections that were then calculated in detail. Starobinsky used the action
49:
1351:. For example, molecules in a canister of gas are distributed homogeneously and isotropically because they are in thermal equilibrium: gas throughout the canister has had enough time to interact to dissipate inhomogeneities and anisotropies. The situation is quite different in the big bang model without inflation, because gravitational expansion does not give the early universe enough time to equilibrate. In a big bang with only the
9783:
2059:. Guth recognized that this model was problematic because the model did not reheat properly: when the bubbles nucleated, they did not generate radiation. Radiation could only be generated in collisions between bubble walls. But if inflation lasted long enough to solve the initial conditions problems, collisions between bubbles became exceedingly rare. In any one causal patch it is likely that only one bubble would nucleate.
2577:
inflation eventually ends as seen by any single pre-inflationary observer. Scientists disagree about how to assign a probability distribution to this hypothetical anthropic landscape. If the probability of different regions is counted by volume, one should expect that inflation will never end or applying boundary conditions that a local observer exists to observe it, that inflation will end as late as possible.
9807:
9759:
584:
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2565:, one of the original architects of the inflationary model, introduced the first example of eternal inflation in 1983. He showed that the inflation could proceed forever by producing bubbles of non-inflating space filled with hot matter and radiation surrounded by empty space that continues to inflate. The bubbles could not grow fast enough to keep up with the inflation. Later that same year,
2673:
inflation termination, while fluctuations in the latter would not affect the rate of expansion. Therefore, hybrid inflation is not eternal. When the second (slow-rolling) inflaton reaches the bottom of its potential, it changes the location of the minimum of the first inflaton's potential, which leads to a fast roll of the inflaton down its potential, leading to termination of inflation.
9771:
2808:; in Tolman's model, however, the total age of the Universe is necessarily finite, while in these models this is not necessarily so. Whether the correct spectrum of density fluctuations can be produced, and whether the Universe can successfully navigate the Big Bang/Big Crunch transition, remains a topic of controversy and current research. Ekpyrotic models avoid the
2173:, which is the basis of the standard model of physical cosmology: it accounts for the homogeneity and isotropy of the observable universe. In addition, it accounts for the observed flatness and absence of magnetic monopoles. Since Guth's early work, each of these observations has received further confirmation, most impressively by the detailed observations of the
2922:"There is something fundamentally misconceived about trying to explain the uniformity of the early universe as resulting from a thermalization process. ... For, if the thermalization is actually doing anything ... then it represents a definite increasing of the entropy. Thus, the universe would have been even more special before the thermalization than after."
2430:, the field that explains the mass of the elementary particles. It is now believed by some that the inflaton cannot be the Higgs field although the recent discovery of the Higgs boson has increased the number of works considering the Higgs field as inflaton. One problem of this identification is the current tension with experimental data at the
2669:, is an extension of new inflation. It introduces additional scalar fields, so that while one of the scalar fields is responsible for normal slow roll inflation, another triggers the end of inflation: when inflation has continued for sufficiently long, it becomes favorable to the second field to decay into a much lower energy state.
2905:
Since its introduction by Alan Guth in 1980, the inflationary paradigm has become widely accepted. Nevertheless, many physicists, mathematicians, and philosophers of science have voiced criticisms, claiming untestable predictions and a lack of serious empirical support. In 1999, John Earman and JesĂșs
2576:
In eternal inflation, regions with inflation have an exponentially growing volume, while regions that are not inflating do not. This suggests that the volume of the inflating part of the
Universe in the global picture is always unimaginably larger than the part that has stopped inflating, even though
2572:
Although new inflation is classically rolling down the potential, quantum fluctuations can sometimes lift it to previous levels. These regions in which the inflaton fluctuates upwards, expand much faster than regions in which the inflaton has a lower potential energy, and tend to dominate in terms of
2554:
In many models, the inflationary phase of the
Universe's expansion lasts forever in at least some regions of the Universe. This occurs because inflating regions expand very rapidly, reproducing themselves. Unless the rate of decay to the non-inflating phase is sufficiently fast, new inflating regions
1988:
In 1978, Zeldovich noted the magnetic monopole problem, which was an unambiguous quantitative version of the horizon problem, this time in a subfield of particle physics, which led to several speculative attempts to resolve it. In 1980, Alan Guth realized that false vacuum decay in the early universe
975:
In a space that expands exponentially (or nearly exponentially) with time, any pair of free-floating objects that are initially at rest will move apart from each other at an accelerating rate, at least as long as they are not bound together by any force. From the point of view of one such object, the
2762:
generates a spin-spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction averts the unphysical Big Bang singularity, replacing it with a cusp-like bounce at a finite minimum scale factor, before which the
Universe was contracting. The rapid expansion
2656:
Another problem that has occasionally been mentioned is the trans-Planckian problem or trans-Planckian effects. Since the energy scale of inflation and the Planck scale are relatively close, some of the quantum fluctuations that have made up the structure in our universe were smaller than the Planck
2592:
Some physicists have tried to avoid the initial conditions problem by proposing models for an eternally inflating universe with no origin. These models propose that while the
Universe, on the largest scales, expands exponentially it was, is and always will be, spatially infinite and has existed, and
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must be flat (compared to the large vacuum energy) and that the inflaton particles must have a small mass. New inflation requires the
Universe to have a scalar field with an especially flat potential and special initial conditions. However, explanations for these fine-tunings have been proposed. For
2302:
than should be necessary. As a physical model, however, inflation is most valuable in that it robustly predicts the initial conditions of the
Universe based on only two adjustable parameters: the spectral index (that can only change in a small range) and the amplitude of the perturbations. Except in
950:
As the inflationary field slowly relaxes to the vacuum, the cosmological constant goes to zero and space begins to expand normally. The new regions that come into view during the normal expansion phase are exactly the same regions that were pushed out of the horizon during inflation, and so they are
3633:
recent series of papers, we have shown how to construct the complete set of homogeneous classical cosmological solutions of the standard model coupled to gravity, in which the cosmic singularity is replaced by a bounce: the smooth transition from contraction and big crunch to big bang and expansion.
1272:
Inflation is a period of supercooled expansion, when the temperature drops by a factor of 100,000 or so. (The exact drop is model-dependent, but in the first models it was typically from 10 K down to 10 K.) This relatively low temperature is maintained during the inflationary phase. When
1251:
generally fall, or get diluted, as the volume of the
Universe increases. For example, the density of ordinary "cold" matter (dust) declines as the inverse of the volume: when linear dimensions double, the energy density declines by a factor of eight; the radiation energy density declines even more
3632:
In the standard big bang inflationary model, the cosmic singularity problem is left unresolved and the cosmology is geodesically incomplete. Consequently, the origin of space and time and the peculiar, exponentially fine-tuned initial conditions required to begin inflation are not explained. In a
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Hawking and Page later found ambiguous results when they attempted to compute the probability of inflation in the HartleâHawking initial state. Other authors have argued that, since inflation is eternal, the probability doesn't matter as long as it is not precisely zero: once it starts, inflation
1571:
In 1965, Erast Gliner proposed a unique assumption regarding the early
Universe's pressure in the context of the Einstein-Friedmann equations. According to his idea, the pressure was negatively proportional to the energy density. This relationship between pressure and energy density served as the
1516:
Monopoles are predicted to be copiously produced following Grand Unified Theories at high temperature, and they should have persisted to the present day, to such an extent that they would become the primary constituent of the Universe. Not only is that not the case, but all searches for them have
930:
of a much larger unobservable universe; other parts of the Universe cannot communicate with Earth yet. These parts of the Universe are outside our current cosmological horizon, which is believed to be 46 billion light years in all directions from Earth. In the standard hot big bang model, without
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initial conditions, which would be highly unlikely. According to them, rather than solving this problem, the inflation theory aggravates it â the reheating at the end of the inflation era increases entropy, making it necessary for the initial state of the Universe to be even more orderly than in
2672:
In hybrid inflation, one scalar field is responsible for most of the energy density (thus determining the rate of expansion), while another is responsible for the slow roll (thus determining the period of inflation and its termination). Thus fluctuations in the former inflaton would not affect
2657:
length before inflation. Therefore, there ought to be corrections from Planck-scale physics, in particular the unknown quantum theory of gravity. Some disagreement remains about the magnitude of this effect: about whether it is just on the threshold of detectability or completely undetectable.
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is expected to be 0 in the absence of inflation). However, on 19 June 2014, lowered confidence in confirming the findings was reported; on 19 September 2014, a further reduction in confidence was reported and, on 30 January 2015, even less confidence yet was reported. By 2018, additional data
2017:
Guth proposed inflation in January 1981 to explain the nonexistence of magnetic monopoles; it was Guth who coined the term "inflation". At the same time, Starobinsky argued that quantum corrections to gravity would replace the supposed initial singularity of the Universe with an exponentially
1246:
The "no-hair" theorem works essentially because the cosmological horizon is no different from a black-hole horizon, except for not testable disagreements about what is on the other side. The interpretation of the no-hair theorem is that the Universe (observable and unobservable) expands by an
2812:
problem as long as the temperature at the Big Crunch/Big Bang transition remains below the Grand Unified Scale, as this is the temperature required to produce magnetic monopoles in the first place. As things stand, there is no evidence of any 'slowing down' of the expansion, but this is not
2508:
should cause large corrections that could prevent inflation. This problem has not yet been resolved and some cosmologists argue that the small field models, in which inflation can occur at a much lower energy scale, are better models. While inflation depends on quantum field theory (and the
1520:
A period of inflation that occurs below the temperature where magnetic monopoles can be produced would offer a possible resolution of this problem: Monopoles would be separated from each other as the Universe around them expands, potentially lowering their observed density by many orders of
946:
is constant. With exponentially expanding space, two nearby observers are separated very quickly; so much so, that the distance between them quickly exceeds the limits of communication. The spatial slices are expanding very fast to cover huge volumes. Things are constantly moving beyond the
2127:
Eventually, it was shown that new inflation does not produce a perfectly symmetric universe, but that quantum fluctuations in the inflaton are created. These fluctuations form the primordial seeds for all structure created in the later universe. These fluctuations were first calculated by
2310:
data suggested that the spectrum might not be nearly scale-invariant, but might instead have a slight curvature. However, the third-year data revealed that the effect was a statistical anomaly. Another effect remarked upon since the first cosmic microwave background satellite, the
732:
mechanism responsible for inflation is unknown. The basic inflationary paradigm is accepted by most physicists, as a number of inflation model predictions have been confirmed by observation; however, a substantial minority of scientists dissent from this position. The hypothetical
2034:
abundance in Grand Unified Theories. Like Guth, they concluded that such a model not only required fine tuning of the cosmological constant, but also would likely lead to a much too granular universe, i.e., to large density variations resulting from bubble wall collisions.
967:, and the evidence supports this. More strikingly, inflation allows physicists to calculate the minute differences in temperature of different regions from quantum fluctuations during the inflationary era, and many of these quantitative predictions have been confirmed.
1367:. In the early Universe, it was not possible to send a light signal between the two regions. Because they have had no interaction, it is difficult to explain why they have the same temperature (are thermally equilibrated). Historically, proposed solutions included the
1329:, or "special" initial conditions at the Big Bang. Inflation attempts to resolve these problems by providing a dynamical mechanism that drives the Universe to this special state, thus making a universe like ours much more likely in the context of the Big Bang theory.
1567:
found a highly symmetric inflating universe, which described a universe with a cosmological constant that is otherwise empty. It was discovered that Einstein's universe is unstable, and that small fluctuations cause it to collapse or turn into a de Sitter universe.
980:âeach object is surrounded by a spherical event horizon. Once the other object has fallen through this horizon it can never return, and even light signals it sends will never reach the first object (at least so long as the space continues to expand exponentially).
1529:"Skeptics about exotic physics might not be hugely impressed by a theoretical argument to explain the absence of particles that are themselves only hypothetical. Preventive medicine can readily seem 100 percent effective against a disease that doesn't exist!"
954:
The theory of inflation thus explains why the temperatures and curvatures of different regions are so nearly equal. It also predicts that the total curvature of a space-slice at constant global time is zero. This prediction implies that the total ordinary matter,
2217:, which measures the slight deviation from scale invariance predicted by inflation (perfect scale invariance corresponds to the idealized de Sitter universe). The other free parameter is the tensor to scalar ratio. The simplest inflation models, those without
2946:, one of the founding fathers of inflationary cosmology, has recently become one of its sharpest critics. He calls 'bad inflation' a period of accelerated expansion whose outcome conflicts with observations, and 'good inflation' one compatible with them:
1148:
3548:
3622:
this is precisely the situation in effective field theory in which higher order terms would be expected to contribute and destroy the conditions for inflation. The absence of these higher order corrections can be seen as another sort of fine
2754:âSciamaâKibble theory of gravity, without needing an exotic form of matter or free parameters. This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the
2611:
Guth described the inflationary universe as the "ultimate free lunch": new universes, similar to our own, are continually produced in a vast inflating background. Gravitational interactions, in this case, circumvent (but do not violate) the
2732:
model has evolved that provides a possible mechanism for cosmological inflation. Loop quantum gravity assumes a quantized spacetime. If the energy density is larger than can be held by the quantized spacetime, it is thought to bounce back.
1900:
2767:
explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic. As the density of the Universe decreases, the effects of torsion weaken and the Universe smoothly enters the radiation-dominated era.
2749:
The big bounce hypothesis attempts to replace the cosmic singularity with a cosmic contraction and bounce, thereby explaining the initial conditions that led to the big bang. The flatness and horizon problems are naturally solved in the
3118:(usually called Gaussian) with mean zero. Different Fourier components are uncorrelated. The variance of a mode depends only on its wavelength in such a way that within any given volume each wavelength contributes an equal amount of
2132:
and G. V. Chibisov in analyzing Starobinsky's similar model. In the context of inflation, they were worked out independently of the work of Mukhanov and Chibisov at the three-week 1982 Nuffield Workshop on the Very Early Universe at
2558:
All models of eternal inflation produce an infinite, hypothetical multiverse, typically a fractal. The multiverse theory has created significant dissension in the scientific community about the viability of the inflationary model.
3248:
2323:. Some have claimed that this is a signature of non-Gaussianity and thus contradicts the simplest models of inflation. Others have suggested that the effect may be due to other new physics, foreground contamination, or even
1780:
1579:
noticed the flatness and horizon problems of Big Bang cosmology; before his work, cosmology was presumed to be symmetrical on purely philosophical grounds. In the Soviet Union, this and other considerations led Belinski and
814:. It can be understood as a consequence of an initial impulse, which sent the contents of the universe flying apart at such a rate that their mutual gravitational attraction has not reversed their increasing separation.
2471:
example, classically scale invariant field theories, where scale invariance is broken by quantum effects, provide an explanation of the flatness of inflationary potentials, as long as the theory can be studied through
3056:
In fact temperature anisotropies observed by the COBE satellite in 1992 exhibit nearly scale-invariant spectra as predicted by the inflationary paradigm. Recent observations of WMAP also show strong evidence for
2112:
rolling down a potential energy hill. When the field rolls very slowly compared to the expansion of the Universe, inflation occurs. However, when the hill becomes steeper, inflation ends and reheating can occur.
1979:
3388:
1321:, generate an exponential expansion of space. It was quickly realised that such an expansion would resolve many other long-standing problems. These problems arise from the observation that to look like it does
2523:
commented on fine-tuning in another situation. The amplitude of the primordial inhomogeneities produced in inflation is directly tied to the energy scale of inflation. This scale is suggested to be around 10
2038:
Guth proposed that as the early universe cooled, it was trapped in a false vacuum with a high energy density, which is much like a cosmological constant. As the very early universe cooled it was trapped in a
1186:
Inflation is typically not an exactly exponential expansion, but rather quasi- or near-exponential. In such a universe the horizon will slowly grow with time as the vacuum energy density gradually decreases.
3066:
Not only is inflation very effective at driving down the number density of magnetic monopoles, it is also effective at driving down the number density of every other type of particle, including photons.
6820:
Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (Planck Collaboration Team) (2016). "Planck intermediate results. XXX. The angular power spectrum of polarized dust emission at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes".
2260:. These experiments have shown that the one part in 100,000 inhomogeneities observed have exactly the form predicted by theory. There is evidence for a slight deviation from scale invariance. The
983:
In the approximation that the expansion is exactly exponential, the horizon is static and remains a fixed physical distance away. This patch of an inflating universe can be described by the following
798:; the more remote, the more shifted. This implies that the galaxies are receding from the Earth, with more distant galaxies receding more rapidly, such that galaxies also recede from each other. This
1387:. LemaĂźtre and Tolman proposed that a universe undergoing a number of cycles of contraction and expansion could come into thermal equilibrium. Their models failed, however, because of the buildup of
2684:
is broadly similar to inflation and is thought to be causing the expansion of the present-day universe to accelerate. However, the energy scale of dark energy is much lower, 10 GeV, roughly 27
4013:
1513:. These theories predict a number of heavy, stable particles that have not been observed in nature. The most notorious is the magnetic monopole, a kind of stable, heavy "charge" of magnetic field.
3294:
2856:
can only expand if the strings that wind around it can efficiently annihilate each other. Each string is a one-dimensional object, and the largest number of dimensions in which two strings will
2712:, is different from ordinary inflation. The dynamics are not completely understood. It appears that special conditions are necessary since inflation occurs in tunneling between two vacua in the
1195:
Because the accelerating expansion of space stretches out any initial variations in density or temperature to very large length scales, an essential feature of inflation is that it smooths out
5498:
1989:
would solve the problem, leading him to propose a scalar-driven inflation. Starobinsky's and Guth's scenarios both predicted an initial de Sitter phase, differing only in mechanistic details.
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formed), may measure the power spectrum with even greater resolution than the CMB and galaxy surveys, although it is not known if these measurements will be possible or if interference with
2488:
that begins in a chaotic, high energy state that has a scalar field with unbounded potential energy. However, in his model, the inflaton field necessarily takes values larger than one
7999:
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Some physicists believe this paradox can be resolved by weighting observers by their pre-inflationary volume. Others believe that there is no resolution to the paradox and that the
3457:
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is a critical flaw in the inflationary paradigm. Paul Steinhardt, who first introduced the eternal inflationary model, later became one of its most vocal critics for this reason.
993:
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2918:
from 1986 on, in order to work, inflation requires extremely specific initial conditions of its own, so that the problem (or pseudo-problem) of initial conditions is not solved:
2632:
problem). However, while there is consensus that this solves the initial conditions problem, some have disputed this, as it is much more likely that the Universe came about by a
6760:
1463:, for example). This problem is exacerbated by recent observations of the cosmic microwave background that have demonstrated that the Universe is flat to within a few percent.
6877:
2330:
An experimental program is underway to further test inflation with more precise CMB measurements. In particular, high precision measurements of the so-called "B-modes" of the
1451:, the contribution of spatial curvature to the expansion of the Universe could not be much greater than the contribution of matter. But as the Universe expands, the curvature
1165:
density that is constant in space and time and proportional to Î in the above metric. For the case of exactly exponential expansion, the vacuum energy has a negative pressure
6941:
942:. A space with a cosmological constant is qualitatively different: instead of moving outward, the cosmological horizon stays put. For any one observer, the distance to the
2840:. This raised the contingent question of why four space-time dimensions became large and the rest became unobservably small. An attempt to address this question, called
891:'s surface, marks the boundary of the part of the Universe that an observer can see. Light (or other radiation) emitted by objects beyond the cosmological horizon in an
1359:
known in the Standard Model, two widely separated regions of the observable universe cannot have equilibrated because they move apart from each other faster than the
1260:), in addition to the photons being dispersed by the expansion. When linear dimensions are doubled, the energy density in radiation falls by a factor of sixteen (see
2386:, although it is unclear if the signal will be visible, or if contamination from foreground sources will interfere. Other forthcoming measurements, such as those of
1791:
5810:
Linde, Andrei (1982). "A new inflationary universe scenario: A possible solution of the horizon, flatness, homogeneity, isotropy and primordial monopole problems".
3320:
173:
9284:. Post-Planck Cosmology: Ăcole de physique des Houches. Oxford, UK: Ecole d'Ă©tĂ© de physique thĂ©orique / Oxford University Press (published 2015). session C.
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Is the theory of cosmological inflation correct, and if so, what are the details of this epoch? What is the hypothetical inflaton field giving rise to inflation?
1289:
of the Universe. Because the nature of the inflaton field is not known, this process is still poorly understood, although it is believed to take place through a
2377:
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noted that quantum corrections to general relativity should be important for the early universe. These generically lead to curvature-squared corrections to the
2926:
The problem of specific or "fine-tuned" initial conditions would not have been solved; it would have gotten worse. At a conference in 2015, Penrose said that
2204:
of perturbations that were formed as quantum mechanical fluctuations in the inflationary epoch. The detailed form of the spectrum of perturbations, called a
1459:
problem because the contribution of curvature to the Universe must be exponentially small (sixteen orders of magnitude less than the density of radiation at
2540:. This is not usually considered to be a critical problem, however, because the scale of inflation corresponds naturally to the scale of gauge unification.
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of particle physics, which successfully describes how most known particles and forces behave. Interest in the Higgs is running hot this summer because
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are produced more rapidly than non-inflating regions. In such models, most of the volume of the Universe is continuously inflating at any given time.
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Blanco-Pillado, J. J.; Burgess, C. P.; Cline, J. M.; Escoda, C.; Gomez-Reino, M.; Kallosh, R.; Linde, A.; Quevedo, F. (2004). "Racetrack Inflation".
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Spergel, D.N.; et al. (2003). "First year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Determination of cosmological parameters".
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651:. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to
7002:"Measuring the small-scale power spectrum of cosmic density fluctuations through 21 cm tomography prior to the epoch of structure formation"
2881:
have been proposed to resolve the horizon problem of and provide an alternative to cosmic inflation. In the VSL models, the fundamental constant
2030:(another kind of exotic relic). In 1981, Einhorn and Sato published a model similar to Guth's and showed that it would resolve the puzzle of the
3164:, the lab in Geneva, Switzerland, that runs the LHC, has said it will announce highly anticipated findings regarding the particle in early July.
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modelling. As such, although predictions of inflation have been consistent with the results of observational tests, many open questions remain.
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2852:. This model focuses on the dynamics of the early universe considered as a hot gas of strings. Brandenberger and Vafa show that a dimension of
614:
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1908:
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Starobinsky, Alexei A. (1982). "Dynamics of phase transition in the new inflationary universe scenario and generation of perturbations".
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cosmology that were discovered in the 1970s. Inflation was first proposed by Alan Guth in 1979 while investigating the problem of why no
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a period of inflation, they would not be observed in nature, as they would be so rare that it is quite likely that there are none in the
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at the time. This would explain why such relics were not seen. It was quickly realized that such accelerated expansion would resolve the
2910:"we do not think that there are, as yet, good grounds for admitting any of the models of inflation into the standard core of cosmology."
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Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (BICEP2 Collaboration) (19 June 2014). "Detection of B-mode polarization at degree angular scales by BICEP2".
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to the spectrum of perturbations. Since the Fourier transform is in three dimensions, this means that the variance of a mode goes as 1/
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team announced B-mode CMB polarization confirming inflation had been demonstrated. The team announced the tensor-to-scalar power ratio
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in which he suggested that the conditions for inflation were actually satisfied quite generically. Inflation will occur in virtually
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A recurrent criticism of inflation is that the invoked inflaton field does not correspond to any known physical field, and that its
2716:. The process of tunneling between two vacua is a form of old inflation, but new inflation must then occur by some other mechanism.
1475:, sometimes called "the exotic-relics problem", says that if the early universe were very hot, a large number of very heavy, stable
698:
in the microscopic inflationary region, magnified to cosmic size, become the seeds for the growth of structure in the Universe (see
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the Big Bang, and then generate the required spectrum of primordial density perturbations during a contracting phase leading to a
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Einhorn, Martin B.; Sato, Katsuhiko (1981). "Monopole production in the very early universe, in a first-order phase transition".
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Dicke, Robert H.; Peebles, P.J.E. (1979). "The big bang cosmology â enigmas and nostrums". In Hawking, S.W.; Israel, W. (eds.).
5615:. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings Vol. 8. Springer Science & Business Media (published 2009). pp. 485â496.
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5767:
5646:
4800:
4683:
4631:
4600:
4374:
2697:
1391:
over several cycles. Misner made the (ultimately incorrect) conjecture that the Mixmaster mechanism, which made the Universe
1277:
or thermalization because the large potential energy of the inflaton field decays into particles and fills the Universe with
749:
690:"for pioneering the theory of cosmic inflation". It was developed further in the early 1980s. It explains the origin of the
5028:
Einhorn, Martin B.; Stein, D.L.; Toussaint, Doug (1980). "Are grand unified theories compatible with standard cosmology?".
3848:
2532:. The natural scale is naĂŻvely the Planck scale so this small value could be seen as another form of fine-tuning (called a
2416:
2307:
2298:
Various inflation theories have been proposed that make radically different predictions, but they generally have much more
2249:
348:
9703:
9511:
Lyth, David H.; Riotto, Antonio (1999). "Particle physics models of inflation and the cosmological density perturbation".
6526:
Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XX. Constraints on inflation".
2379:
is 0.06 or lower: Consistent with the null hypothesis, but still also consistent with many remaining models of inflation.
938:
Inflation answers this question by postulating that all the regions come from an earlier era with a big vacuum energy, or
9698:
9689:
7611:
2824:
requires that, in addition to the three observable spatial dimensions, additional dimensions exist that are curled up or
2338:
produced by inflation, and could also show whether the energy scale of inflation predicted by the simplest models (10~10
2295:
to scalar ratio that is less than 0.11 . These are considered an important confirmation of the theory of inflation.
2018:
expanding de Sitter phase. In October 1980, Demosthenes Kazanas suggested that exponential expansion could eliminate the
6644:
6216:
Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (1 October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters".
833:
state could represent such a fluid, and the resulting repulsion would set the universe into exponential expansion. This
7630:
5442:
4861:
4075:
3897:
5360:
Starobinskii, A.A. (December 1979). "Spectrum of relict gravitational radiation and the early state of the universe".
1347:
is the problem of determining why the universe appears statistically homogeneous and isotropic in accordance with the
7366:
6031:
5794:
5338:
Starobinsky, A.A. (December 1979). "Spectrum of relict gravitational radiation and the early state of the universe".
5224:
4703:
4430:
4411:
557:
3001:
2741:
Other models have been advanced that are claimed to explain some or all of the observations addressed by inflation.
3913:
706:). Many physicists also believe that inflation explains why the universe appears to be the same in all directions (
607:
9746:
6975:
Rosset, C.; et al. (PLANCK-HFI collaboration) (2005). "Systematic effects in CMB polarization measurements".
3086:, it is still a good feature of the inflation hypothesis that it is able to deal with these magnetic relics. See,
744:
In 2002, three of the original architects of the theory were recognized for their major contributions; physicists
5670:
Sato, K. (1981). "Cosmological baryon number domain structure and the first order phase transition of a vacuum".
3253:
3021:
190:
7628:
Carroll, Sean M.; Chen, Jennifer (2005). "Does inflation provide natural initial conditions for the universe?".
880:
9844:
9839:
9708:
8905:
8339:
7884:
7172:
2089:
2075:(1997), where he apologizes for not having referenced the work of Kazanas and of others, related to inflation.
951:
at nearly the same temperature and curvature, because they come from the same originally small patch of space.
895:
never reaches the observer, because the space in between the observer and the object is expanding too rapidly.
699:
691:
552:
276:
266:
4962:
2306:
Occasionally, effects are observed that appear to contradict the simplest models of inflation. The first-year
2071:. ... Guth himself did not refer to work of Kazanas until he published a book on the subject, under the title
7319:"What would we learn by detecting a gravitational wave signal in the cosmic microwave background anisotropy?"
4220:
1506:
1418:
1174:
1143:{\displaystyle ds^{2}=-(1-\Lambda r^{2})\,c^{2}dt^{2}+{1 \over 1-\Lambda r^{2}}\,dr^{2}+r^{2}\,d\Omega ^{2}.}
195:
118:
7072:
3581:
3543:{\displaystyle \ m_{\mathrm {\phi } }^{4}\left({\tfrac {\mathrm {\phi } }{m_{\mathsf {Plk}}}}\right)^{2}\ ,}
2934:
did a wonderful service by bringing all the inflation-ists out of their shell, and giving them a black eye."
9849:
6173:
3421:
2857:
2621:
2158:
1615:
1422:
964:
8540:
Bars, Itzhak; Steinhardt, Paul; Turok, Neil (2014). "Sailing through the big crunch-big bang transition".
7848:
3553:
3393:
6528:
6355:
Tegmark, Max; et al. (August 2006). "Cosmological constraints from the SDSS luminous red galaxies".
5390:
4118:
3959:
2613:
2319:
of the CMB is unexpectedly low and the other low multipoles appear to be preferentially aligned with the
2174:
2027:
1668:
711:
600:
576:
123:
5276:
3664:
658:
Inflation theory was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with notable contributions by several
9737:
9601:
8903:
Lashkari, Nima; Brandenberger, Robert H (17 September 2008). "Speed of sound in string gas cosmology".
8139:
Martin, Jerome; Brandenberger, Robert (2001). "The trans-Planckian problem of inflationary cosmology".
6176:(1983). "Spontaneous creation of almost scale-free density perturbations in an inflationary universe".
5362:
5283:
He, Dongshan; Gao, Dongfeng; Cai, Qing-yu (2014). "Spontaneous creation of the universe from nothing".
4403:
4195:
3156:
The virtue of so-called Higgs inflation models is that they might explain inflation within the current
2962:, he wrote articles claiming that the inflationary paradigm is in trouble in view of the data from the
2825:
2751:
2312:
2023:
683:
536:
342:
322:
130:
75:
24:
2273:
is one for a scale-invariant HarrisonâZel'dovich spectrum. The simplest inflation models predict that
2137:. The fluctuations were calculated by four groups working separately over the course of the workshop:
9725:
9313:
8791:
7683:
Aguirre, Anthony; Gratton, Steven (2003). "Inflation without a beginning: A null boundary proposal".
2708:
in the compactified geometry, usually towards a stack of anti-D-branes. This theory, governed by the
2013:
mechanism could have ensured that the universe was homogeneous on the scale of the perturbation mode.
2006:
1480:
1282:
874:
799:
781:
768:"for development of the concept of inflation in cosmology". In 2012, Guth and Linde were awarded the
644:
168:
8513:
8426:
5958:
Chibisov, Viatcheslav F.; Chibisov, G. V. (1981). "Quantum fluctuation and "nonsingular" universe".
5065:
Zel'dovich, Ya.; Khlopov, M. Yu. (1978). "On the concentration of relic monopoles in the universe".
4174:
9859:
9219:
8766:
6423:
5910:
2974:
2601:
2480:
2257:
1556:
1460:
655:
began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago).
337:
102:
19:"Inflation model" and "Inflation theory" redirect here. For a general rise in the price level, see
7073:"Could the Large Hadron Collider discover the particle underlying both mass and cosmic inflation?"
5527:
Starobinsky, Alexei A. (1980). "A new type of isotropic cosmological models without singularity".
4098:
943:
825:
with sufficiently negative pressure exerts gravitational repulsion in the cosmological context. A
9337:
7844:
7323:
7006:
6695:
6294:
6130:
5859:
5111:
4970:
4718:
4535:
Misner, Charles W.; Coley, A A; Ellis, G F R; Hancock, M (1968). "The isotropy of the universe".
4461:
4138:"Three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Implications for cosmology"
2878:
2872:
2829:
2640:
was an outspoken critic of inflation because of this anomaly. He stressed that the thermodynamic
2431:
2387:
2335:
2134:
2122:
1592:
attempted to use this chaotic behavior to solve the cosmological problems, with limited success.
1421:). It became known in the 1960s that the density of matter in the Universe was comparable to the
1286:
305:
185:
9632:
4623:
4617:
3889:
2211:
is very specific and has only two free parameters. One is the amplitude of the spectrum and the
8761:
8421:
4169:
3755:(2011). "The inflation debate: Is the theory at the heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?".
3174:
3126:
to compensate for the fact that within any volume, the number of modes with a given wavenumber
2729:
2501:
2201:
2170:
2067:
called this phase of the early Universe "de Sitter's phase". The name "inflation" was given by
1895:{\displaystyle \quad V(\phi )=\Lambda ^{4}\left(1-e^{-{\sqrt {2/3}}\phi /M_{p}^{2}}\right)^{2}}
1434:
1348:
1207:. This pushes the Universe into a very simple state in which it is completely dominated by the
846:
9730:
5608:
6292:(24 March 2006). "Inflationary Predictions for Scalar and Tensor Fluctuations Reconsidered".
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5570:
4537:
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2510:
2459:
2435:
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failed, placing stringent limits on the density of relic magnetic monopoles in the Universe.
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1448:
1290:
1204:
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939:
911:
510:
312:
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8194:
Martin, Jerome; Ringeval, Christophe (2004). "Superimposed Oscillations in the WMAP Data?".
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6887:
6843:
6770:
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6239:
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5884:
5413:
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contrived models, this is true regardless of how inflation is realized in particle physics.
2108:). In this model, instead of tunneling out of a false vacuum state, inflation occurred by a
2009:, then the mode would never have been inside the horizon in the very early universe, and no
1273:
inflation ends, the temperature returns to the pre-inflationary temperature; this is called
1235:. Together, these effects are called the inflationary "no-hair theorem" by analogy with the
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8991:
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8869:
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8753:
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8642:
Poplawski, N. J. (2012). "Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling".
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2442:. At present, while inflation is understood principally by its detailed predictions of the
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1623:
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523:
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cosmological horizon, which is a fixed distance away, and everything becomes homogeneous.
8:
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7488:
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5992:
5903:
4739:
3982:
3801:
Earman, John; MosterĂn, JesĂșs (March 1999). "A Critical Look at Inflationary Cosmology".
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3115:
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must be satisfied for inflation to occur. The slow-roll conditions say that the inflaton
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2010:
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at the time of decoupling sufficiently to account for the observed isotropy of the CMB.
2200:
Inflation predicts that the structures visible in the Universe today formed through the
1455:
away more slowly than matter and radiation. Extrapolated into the past, this presents a
807:
455:
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8800:
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8706:
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8653:
8606:
8595:
Poplawski, N. J. (2010). "Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation".
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Technically, this is because the inflaton potential is expressed as a Taylor series in
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40:
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6047:(1982). "The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe".
5388:
Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (2016). "Planck 2015 results. XX. Constraints on inflation".
3774:
1472:
1262:
the solution of the energy density continuity equation for an ultra-relativistic fluid
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9009:
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8968:"Creating spatial flatness by combining string gas cosmology and power law inflation"
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4596:
4566:
4558:
4508:
4496:
4459:
Kofman, Lev; Linde, Andrei; Starobinsky, Alexei (1994). "Reheating after inflation".
4426:
4417:
4407:
4370:
4276:
4239:
4071:
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3893:
3830:
3778:
2906:
MosterĂn published a thorough critical review of inflationary cosmology, concluding,
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2549:
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4285:
2596:
Other proposals attempt to describe the ex nihilo creation of the Universe based on
2043:
state (it was supercooled), which it could only decay out of through the process of
9763:
9660:
Covi, Laura (2003). "Status of observational cosmology and inflation". p. 67.
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4328:
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3026:
2942:
curve seems to be an ad hoc contrivance to accommodate almost any data obtainable.
2939:
2894:
2713:
2608:
for the initial creation of the Universe in which inflation comes about naturally.
2467:
2324:
2150:
2019:
1564:
1410:
1404:
1224:
854:
729:
588:
390:
226:
9639:
Andrew R Liddle (1999). "An introduction to cosmological inflation". p. 260.
8720:
7945:
7037:
6851:
6559:
6325:
6247:
5421:
2536:): The energy density given by the scalar potential is down by 10 compared to the
2517:) in an important way, it has not been completely reconciled with these theories.
400:
375:
9715:
9357:
9333:
9150:
9087:
8284:
8052:
7875:
7481:"Inflation Debate: Is the theory at the heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?"
6285:
6169:
6044:
5852:"Cosmology for Grand Unified Theories with Radiatively Induced Symmetry Breaking"
5638:
5464:"Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems"
5242:"Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences. Third paper"
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2837:
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2562:
2514:
2505:
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2351:
2154:
2138:
2093:
2055:
spontaneously form in the sea of false vacuum and rapidly begin expanding at the
1775:{\displaystyle S={\frac {1}{2}}\int d^{4}x\left(R+{\frac {R^{2}}{6M^{2}}}\right)}
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515:
450:
435:
420:
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395:
259:
156:
9004:
8967:
8084:
Albrecht, Andreas; Sorbo, Lorenzo (2004). "Can the universe afford inflation?".
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6937:
6873:
6756:
6388:
5316:
4999:
4963:"Phase transitions and magnetic monopole production in the very early universe"
4834:
Raby, Stuart (June 2006). "Grand Unified Theories". In Hoeneisen, Bruce (ed.).
4009:
3157:
3036:
2890:
2886:
2813:
surprising as each cycle is expected to last on the order of a trillion years.
2755:
2537:
2262:
2244:
perturbations). This structure for the perturbations has been confirmed by the
2213:
2056:
1607:
1490:, which propose that at high temperatures (such as in the early universe), the
1384:
1364:
1360:
1278:
1248:
1220:
500:
460:
8881:
8844:
Brandenberger, Robert H.; Nayeri, ALI; Patil, Subodh P.; Vafa, Cumrun (2007).
8822:
7661:
6444:
4332:
3722:
Tsujikawa, Shinji (28 April 2003). "Introductory review of cosmic inflation".
3243:{\displaystyle \ \epsilon ={\tfrac {1}{2}}\left({\tfrac {V'}{V}}\right)^{2}\ }
2284:
of the parameters related to energy. From Planck data it can be inferred that
841:
in 1979 because the exponential expansion could dilute exotic relics, such as
9833:
9577:
9038:
9027:
9013:
8944:
7995:
7879:
7820:
7465:
7099:
Salvio, Alberto (2013). "Higgs inflation at NNLO after the boson discovery".
6671:
6662:
6567:
6255:
5051:
4049:
3107:
3083:
3076:
2915:
2821:
2641:
2629:
2529:
2253:
2040:
2002:
1502:
984:
960:
822:
718:
485:
470:
370:
6199:
5493:
4929:
Polyakov, Alexander M. (1974). "Particle spectrum in quantum field theory".
4421:
1302:
9775:
9442:
9402:
9361:
9277:
9154:
9091:
7607:
7513:
7411:
7262:
Alabidi, Laila; Lyth, David H. (2006). "Inflation models and observation".
7045:
6734:
6421:
Steinhardt, Paul J. (2004). "Cosmological perturbations: Myths and facts".
6333:
5960:
5268:
5241:
4931:
4582:
4500:
3782:
2959:
2833:
2781:
2759:
2292:
2280:
is between 0.92 and 0.98 . This is the range that is possible without
2222:
2109:
2085:
2052:
1672:
1619:
1601:
1510:
1314:
830:
791:
679:
490:
465:
440:
425:
281:
9675:
Lyth, David H. (2003). "Which is the best inflation model?". p. 260.
8742:
Brandenberger, R.; Vafa, C. (1989). "Superstrings in the early universe".
8392:
Kachru, Shamit; et al. (2003). "Towards inflation in string theory".
2197:
percent, and that it is homogeneous and isotropic to one part in 100,000.
1997:
898:
9720:
9645:
9476:
8210:
7849:"Taming the multiverseâStephen Hawking's final theory about the big bang"
7758:
7393:
7278:
7020:
6985:
6605:
6487:
6371:
6308:
6125:
5212:
5173:
4156:
3642:
A googol is 10, hence Steinhardt is claiming the probability ratio is 10.
3460:
2849:
2681:
2489:
2458:
One of the most severe challenges for inflation arises from the need for
2427:
2146:
1581:
1522:
1162:
956:
687:
652:
238:
231:
8012:
Hawking, Stephen W.; Page, Don N. (1988). "How probable is inflation?".
7599:
5789:. Vol. 313. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 88â89.
4208:
WMAP ... confirms the basic tenets of the inflationary paradigm ...
2252:
spacecraft and other cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, and
9681:
9666:
9525:
9459:
9415:
9315:
The Inflationary Universe: The quest for a new theory of cosmic origins
8864:
8805:
8473:
8408:
8353:
8298:
8259:
8155:
8100:
8056:
7337:
6289:
5990:(1982). "The vacuum energy and large scale structure of the universe".
4844:
4475:
3884:
The Inflationary Universe: The quest for a new theory of cosmic origins
3728:
3111:
2951:
2793:
2764:
2581:
2485:
2044:
1649:
of metastable false vacuum causing an expanding bubble of true vacuum.
1240:
1200:
932:
480:
9818:
9222:; Nomura, Yasunori (2014). "Inflationary paradigm after Planck 2013".
7699:
7644:
6396:
5754:
The Inflationary Universe: The quest for a new theory of cosmic origin
5007:
4583:
Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald (1973).
3822:
2073:
The Inflationary Universe: The quest for a new theory of cosmic origin
9309:
9215:
7981:
7387:. 10th International Symposium on Particles, Strings, and Cosmology.
6121:
5747:
4958:
4915:
3877:
3011:
3006:
2970:
2853:
2777:
2234:
2142:
1611:
1425:
necessary for a flat universe (that is, a universe whose large scale
1356:
838:
745:
714:
707:
671:
430:
20:
8845:
7739:
7001:
3932:"Laureates of the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in 2012"
2758:, as a dynamical variable. The minimal coupling between torsion and
1974:{\displaystyle n_{s}=1-{\frac {2}{N}},\qquad r={\frac {12}{N^{2}}}.}
1633:
The universe could have been spontaneously created from nothing (no
8986:
8789:
Battefeld, Thorsten; Watson, Scott (2006). "String Gas Cosmology".
8697:
Lehners, Jean-Luc (2 June 2009). "Ekpyrotic and cyclic cosmology".
7898:
7853:
7563:
Ijjas, Anna; Steinhardt, Paul J.; Loeb, Abraham (17 January 2017).
6799:
6622:
6542:
6230:
5592:
5565:
5404:
4183:
3814:
3383:{\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {\mathrm {\phi } }{m_{\mathsf {Plk}}}}\ ,}
3144:
2797:
2600:
and the following inflation. Vilenkin put forth one such scenario.
2423:
2405:
2382:
Other potentially corroborating measurements are expected from the
1560:
1452:
1426:
1306:
1257:
1208:
915:
903:
817:
Inflation may have provided this initial impulse. According to the
795:
785:
753:
738:
648:
163:
65:
58:
9238:
9173:
9110:
8919:
8711:
8658:
8611:
8556:
7958:
Page, Don N. (1983). "Inflation does not explain time asymmetry".
7186:
7115:
6834:
6709:
5621:
5299:
4315:
4258:
2796:. The Universe passes through the Big Crunch and emerges in a hot
2784:
are also considered adjuncts to inflation. These models solve the
9032:
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe
8000:
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe
7797:
Hartle, J.; Hawking, S. (1983). "Wave function of the universe".
4398:. The Very Early Universe: Proceedings of the Nuffield Workshop,
4299:
Melia, Fulvio; et al. (2009). "The Cosmological Spacetime".
3031:
2705:
2645:
2625:
2390:(radiation emitted and absorbed from neutral hydrogen before the
1388:
884:
857:. These problems arise from the notion that to look like it does
8336:
7543:
Beyond the Big Bang: Competing Scenarios For An Eternal Universe
4693:
4047:
Crane, Leah (29 June 2024). "How big is the universe, really?".
3853:. Cosmic Microwave Background @50. Princeton, NJ. Archived from
2228:
Inflation predicts that the observed perturbations should be in
7842:
7545:(Unpublished manuscript). The Frontiers Collectuion. Springer.
7442:
Vilenkin, Alexander (1983). "Birth of Inflationary Universes".
6977:
Exploring the Universe: Contents and structures of the universe
5445:
seminar, "10 seconds after the Big Bang", 23 January 1980. See
4716:
Misner, Charles W.; Leach, P G L (1969). "Mixmaster universe".
2343:
1642:
1352:
1253:
772:
for their invention and development of inflationary cosmology.
9094:(2013). "Inflationary paradigm in trouble after Planck 2013".
8282:
Linde, Andrei; Fischler, W. (2005). "Prospects of Inflation".
8514:"Big Bang or Big Bounce?: New theory on the universe's birth"
2985:"cosmic inflation is on a stronger footing than ever before".
2438:(LHC). Other models of inflation relied on the properties of
1634:
1395:
chaotic, could lead to statistical homogeneity and isotropy.
1252:
rapidly as the Universe expands since the wavelength of each
1227:. If the Universe was only hot enough to form such particles
1215:. Inflation also dilutes exotic heavy particles, such as the
888:
8843:
6471:
Tegmark, Max (2005). "What does inflation really predict?".
5566:"Dynamics of the universe and spontaneous symmetry breaking"
3147:, because the spectrum has more power at longer wavelengths.
2700:
opened the way for reconciling inflation and string theory.
2446:
for the hot early universe, the particle physics is largely
1247:
enormous factor during inflation. In an expanding universe,
910:
are hypothesized to arise from cosmic inflation, a phase of
48:
7057:
6916:
4836:
Galapagos World Summit on Physics Beyond the Standard Model
4221:"Our baby universe likely expanded rapidly, study suggests"
3987:
3161:
1638:
9770:
7882:(20 April 2018). "A smooth exit from eternal inflation?".
6796:"Cosmic inflation: Confidence lowered for Big Bang signal"
5104:"Cosmological production of superheavy magnetic monopoles"
2334:
of the background radiation could provide evidence of the
2181:. This analysis shows that the Universe is flat to within
8457:
Dvali, Gia; Henry Tye, S. -H. (1998). "Brane Inflation".
6942:"Speck of interstellar dust obscures glimpse of Big Bang"
6128:(1982). "Fluctuations in the new inflationary universe".
5905:
Gravity: An introduction to Einstein's general relativity
5786:
Adventures in Order and Chaos: A scientific autobiography
2525:
2496:
models and the competing new inflation models are called
2339:
6913:"Gravitational waves from early universe remain elusive"
3867:â collated remarks from the third day of the conference.
2026:
suggested that an exponential expansion could eliminate
1905:
in the Einstein frame. This results in the observables:
1211:
field and the only significant inhomogeneities are tiny
8047:
8045:
6164:
5341:
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters
4838:. 2nd World Summit: Physics Beyond the Standard Model.
4534:
3954:
821:
that describe the dynamics of an expanding universe, a
5154:
5153:
Yao, W.-M.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2006).
4458:
3496:
3346:
3267:
3211:
3194:
2832:). Extra dimensions appear as a frequent component of
737:
thought to be responsible for inflation is called the
9735:
8902:
5064:
5027:
3584:
3556:
3469:
3424:
3396:
3341:
3302:
3256:
3183:
2719:
2365:
1911:
1794:
1694:
1505:
are not actually fundamental forces but arise due to
1479:
would have been produced if various theories that go
996:
9041:(1989). "Difficulties with Inflationary Cosmology".
8966:
Kamali, Vahid; Brandenberger, Robert (11 May 2020).
8042:
7414:; Hawking, Stephen W.; Siklos, S.T.C., eds. (1983).
7410:
6283:
4647:
LemaĂźtre, Georges (1933). "The expanding universe".
4390:
Guth, Alan (21 June â 9 July 1982) . Gibbons, G.W.;
1325:, the Universe would have to have started from very
865:, or "special", initial conditions at the Big Bang.
9704:
WMAP Bolsters Case for Cosmic Inflation, March 2006
9148:
9085:
8965:
8539:
8138:
7562:
7478:
4765:. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.
3710:
Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution
3322:is the potential, and the equations are written in
2893:than its present value, effectively increasing the
1153:This exponentially expanding spacetime is called a
9583:Many Worlds in One: The search for other universes
5849:
5751:
5359:
4383:
3924:
3881:
3708:Tyson, Neil deGrasse and Donald Goldsmith (2004),
3614:
3570:
3542:
3451:
3410:
3382:
3314:
3288:
3242:
2930:"inflation isn't falsifiable, it's falsified. ...
2704:suggests that inflation arises from the motion of
2422:In Guth's early proposal, it was thought that the
2371:
1973:
1894:
1774:
1142:
9409:. Contemporary Concepts in Physics. Vol. 5.
9157:(2014). "Inflationary schism after Planck 2013".
8741:
7472:
6660:Grant, Andrew (2019). "Five years after BICEP2".
5247:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4364:
4245:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3914:"The Medallists: A list of past Dirac Medallists"
3796:
3794:
3792:
3721:
3463:. While for a single term, such as the mass term
3143:This is known as a "red" spectrum, in analogy to
2691:
2649:other Big Bang theories with no inflation phase.
9831:
9633:Was Cosmic Inflation The 'Bang' Of The Big Bang?
9494:Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure
9214:
5957:
5609:"Cosmological Inflation: A Personal Perspective"
4793:Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe
4778:General Relativity: An Einstein centenary survey
4402:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
1313:are seen today; he found that a positive-energy
9638:
9079:
8788:
8051:
7418:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 251â66.
7416:"Natural Inflation," in The Very Early Universe
6999:
6761:"Astronomers hedge on Big Bang detection claim"
4649:Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles
4521:Much of the historical context is explained in
1572:initial theoretical prediction of dark energy.
794:discovered that light from remote galaxies was
9356:
8846:"String Gas Cosmology and Structure Formation"
8456:
8395:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
8193:
7868:
7836:
7737:
7682:
7406:
7404:
7265:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
7225:Linde, Andrei D. (1983). "Chaotic inflation".
6878:"Study confirms criticism of Big Bang finding"
6474:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
6022:for a popular description of the workshop, or
4882:"Magnetic monopoles in unified gauge theories"
4100:Using tiny particles to answer giant questions
3876:
3800:
3789:
3550:the slow roll conditions can be satisfied for
2771:
2500:models. In this situation, the predictions of
2398:on Earth and in the galaxy will be too great.
8281:
8248:
8083:
7874:
7796:
7492:. Vol. 304, no. 4. pp. 36â43.
7379:
7165:
6904:
6655:
6653:
4014:"Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang's Smoking Gun"
3983:"NASA Technology Views Birth of the Universe"
3974:
3761:. Vol. 304, no. 4. pp. 18â25.
3736:
2800:phase. In this sense they are reminiscent of
2724:When investigating the effects the theory of
2434:scale, which is currently under study at the
2022:and perhaps solve the horizon problem, while
1190:
608:
7437:
7435:
6930:
6866:
6813:
6787:
6749:
6686:
5850:Albrecht, Andreas; Steinhardt, Paul (1982).
4876:
4784:
4775:
4673:
4396:Phase transitions in the very early universe
4002:
2736:
1992:
1486:Stable magnetic monopoles are a problem for
1466:
686:. Starobinsky, Guth, and Linde won the 2014
9407:Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology
8011:
7627:
7401:
7261:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6083:
5845:
5843:
5782:
5706:
5611:. In Contopoulos, G.; Patsis, P.A. (eds.).
5526:
5337:
4715:
4143:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
3946:
3906:
3289:{\displaystyle \ \eta ={\tfrac {V''}{V}}\ }
3173:Technically, these conditions are that the
2407:
2169:Inflation is a mechanism for realizing the
2084:The bubble collision problem was solved by
1618:and collaborators to study the fate of the
883:, which, by analogy with the more familiar
861:, the Universe must have started from very
717:is distributed evenly, why the universe is
9510:
9491:
9447:Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement
9445:(2006). "Inflation and String Cosmology".
9382:
9044:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
7738:Aguirre, Anthony; Gratton, Steven (2002).
7533:
7153:
6650:
6645:cosmic microwave background#Low multipoles
6420:
5938:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLinde1990 (
5508:
5219:. New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 185.
4442:
4353:
3751:
3090:
2676:
2569:showed that eternal inflation is generic.
2492:: For this reason, these are often called
976:spacetime is something like an inside-out
615:
601:
47:
9680:
9665:
9644:
9524:
9458:
9414:
9237:
9172:
9109:
9034:. London, UK: Vintage Books. p. 755.
9003:
8985:
8918:
8863:
8851:International Journal of Modern Physics A
8804:
8765:
8710:
8657:
8641:
8610:
8594:
8555:
8472:
8425:
8407:
8352:
8297:
8258:
8251:A Status Review of Inflationary Cosmology
8209:
8154:
8099:
7897:
7757:
7698:
7643:
7432:
7392:
7336:
7277:
7185:
7114:
7019:
6984:
6833:
6708:
6604:
6541:
6486:
6416:
6414:
6370:
6307:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6229:
5742:
5740:
5620:
5591:
5492:
5403:
5298:
5267:
5239:
5172:
4843:
4676:Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology
4591:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. pp.
4474:
4358:
4314:
4302:International Journal of Modern Physics D
4275:
4257:
4173:
4155:
3940:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
3727:
3672:
2350:was between 0.15 and 0.27 (rejecting the
2116:
1563:with a uniform density of matter. Later,
1169:equal in magnitude to its energy density
1123:
1096:
1041:
770:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
9699:Guth's logbook showing the original idea
9576:
9557:
9282:Inflationary cosmology after Planck 2013
8511:
7441:
7218:
6459:
5986:
5945:
5909:(1st ed.). Addison Wesley. p.
5840:
5282:
5101:
4928:
4790:
4646:
4615:
4609:
4446:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4067:The Coded Universe: The path to eternity
3842:
3840:
1996:
1652:
897:
668:Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
9600:
9332:
9210:
9208:
9037:
9026:
8696:
6936:
6872:
6755:
6592:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
6588:
6470:
6354:
6043:
5606:
5563:
5514:
5457:
5455:
4957:
4522:
4135:
4008:
2816:
2164:
2064:
9832:
9383:Kolb, Edward; Turner, Michael (1988).
8391:
7098:
6974:
6910:
6411:
6270:
6120:
5900:
5894:
5737:
4578:
4576:
3980:
3846:
3615:{\displaystyle \ m_{\mathsf {Plk}}\ ,}
3600:
3597:
3594:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3365:
3362:
3359:
2453:
2079:
963:in the Universe have to add up to the
879:An expanding universe generally has a
9441:
9401:
9276:
8061:Endless Universe: Beyond the Big Bang
7385:Challenges for inflationary cosmology
7224:
6659:
6348:
6211:
6209:
6026:, eds Gibbon, Hawking, & Siklos,
5934:
5809:
5803:
5746:
5564:Kazanas, Demosthenes (October 1980).
4760:
4298:
4237:
4124:
4119:Faster than light#Universal expansion
4046:
3952:
3837:
3452:{\displaystyle \ m_{\mathsf {Plk}}\ }
2587:
2401:
2359:suggested, with 95% confidence, that
9674:
9659:
9492:Liddle, Andrew; Lyth, David (2000).
9308:
9205:
7957:
7617:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7552:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7523:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7316:
7070:
6793:
6019:
5669:
5504:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5461:
5452:
5446:
5436:
5211:
5142:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5017:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4833:
4791:Lightman, Alan P. (1 January 1993).
4389:
4103:(audio transcript). Science Friday.
4091:
4063:
3712:, W. W. Norton & Co., pp. 84â85.
3571:{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {\phi } \ }
3411:{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {\phi } \ }
3106:Perturbations can be represented by
3094:
2969:Counter-arguments were presented by
2543:
2068:
1219:predicted by many extensions to the
1157:, and to sustain it there must be a
7536:"The Cyclic Theory of the Universe"
6911:Clavin, Whitney (30 January 2015).
6819:
6692:
6525:
6215:
5613:Chaos in Astronomy: Conference 2007
5387:
5152:
4573:
4070:. Dorrance Publishing. p. 65.
2660:
2417:(more unsolved problems in physics)
2104:(Guth's model then became known as
1983:
1785:which corresponds to the potential
1398:
692:large-scale structure of the cosmos
13:
9709:NASA March 2006 WMAP press release
9065:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb50513.x
7631:General Relativity and Gravitation
7479:Steinhardt, Paul J. (April 2011).
7000:Loeb, A.; Zaldarriaga, M. (2004).
6206:
2720:Inflation and loop quantum gravity
2688:less than the scale of inflation.
2665:Another kind of inflation, called
2232:with each other (these are called
1812:
1521:magnitude. Though, as cosmologist
1332:
1128:
1080:
1025:
343:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
16:Theory of rapid universe expansion
14:
9871:
9626:
9560:Physical Foundations of Cosmology
8512:Bojowald, Martin (October 2008).
8316:10.1238/Physica.Topical.117a00056
8249:Brandenberger, Robert H. (2001).
7592:10.1038/scientificamerican0217-32
7506:10.1038/scientificamerican0411-36
6979:. XXXIXth Rencontres de Moriond.
3981:Clavin, Whitney (17 March 2014).
3847:HloĆŸek, RenĂ©e (10â12 June 2015).
3775:10.1038/scientificamerican0411-36
3032:Three-torus model of the universe
2478:Linde proposed a theory known as
2342:) is correct. In March 2014, the
1371:of Georges LemaĂźtre, the related
837:phase was originally proposed by
558:Timeline of cosmological theories
323:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
9817:
9805:
9793:
9781:
9769:
9757:
9745:
9607:Principles of Physical Cosmology
9270:
9142:
9020:
8959:
8896:
8837:
8782:
8735:
8690:
8635:
8588:
8533:
8505:
8450:
8385:
8330:
8275:
8242:
8187:
8132:
8077:
8005:
7951:
7939:
7930:
7790:
7740:"Steady-State Eternal Inflation"
7731:
7676:
7621:
7556:
7527:
7373:
7310:
7255:
7159:
4817:"WMAP â Content of the Universe"
4698:Reissued (1987) New York: Dover
4277:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12499.x
3662:"First Second of the Big Bang".
3636:
3626:
3329:
3002:Conservation of angular momentum
2877:Cosmological models employing a
2788:through an expanding epoch well
2225:to scalar ratio near 0.1 .
1588:in General Relativity. Misner's
970:
582:
571:
570:
7147:
7092:
7064:
6993:
6968:
6794:Amos, Jonathan (19 June 2014).
6637:
6582:
6519:
6158:
6114:
6077:
6037:
6012:
5980:
5951:
5927:
5776:
5700:
5663:
5600:
5557:
5520:
5381:
5331:
5233:
5205:
5146:
5095:
5058:
5021:
4951:
4922:
4870:
4827:
4809:
4769:
4754:
4709:
4667:
4640:
4528:
4515:
4452:
4435:
4347:
4292:
4231:
4213:
4111:
4057:
4040:
3167:
3150:
3137:
3100:
3069:
3060:
3022:Non-minimally coupled inflation
2836:models and other approaches to
1944:
1795:
1595:
1413:is sometimes called one of the
338:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
191:Future of an expanding universe
9855:Physical cosmological concepts
9610:. Princeton University Press.
9562:. Cambridge University Press.
9558:Mukhanov, Viatcheslav (2005).
9368:. Cambridge University Press.
9256:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.03.020
9191:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.07.012
9128:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.05.023
8906:Journal of High Energy Physics
8629:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056
8340:Journal of High Energy Physics
7885:Journal of High Energy Physics
7173:Journal of High Energy Physics
7133:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.10.042
7071:Choi, Charles (29 June 2012).
6727:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.241101
4740:10.1088/1751-8113/41/15/155201
3870:
3715:
3702:
3655:
3050:
2692:Inflation and string cosmology
2504:are thought to be invalid, as
1805:
1799:
1363:and thus have never come into
1296:
1038:
1016:
700:galaxy formation and evolution
553:History of the Big Bang theory
349:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
9543:10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00128-8
8937:10.1088/1126-6708/2008/09/082
8721:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.06.001
8491:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00132-X
8436:10.1088/1475-7516/2003/10/013
8371:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/11/063
7296:10.1088/1475-7516/2006/05/016
7170:(17 March 2014). "Agravity".
7038:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.211301
6505:10.1088/1475-7516/2005/04/001
6326:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.111301
6034:, for a more detailed report.
5607:Kazanas, Demosthenes (2007).
4780:. Cambridge University Press.
3955:"BICEP2 2014 Results Release"
3649:
2958:Together with Anna Ijjas and
2900:
2889:in vacuum, is greater in the
2744:
2315:is that the amplitude of the
1626:. Like a metastable phase in
1538:
1507:spontaneous symmetry breaking
1447:Therefore, regardless of the
1419:cosmological constant problem
1417:coincidences (along with the
643:, is a theory of exponential
545:Discovery of cosmic microwave
196:Ultimate fate of the universe
8776:10.1016/0550-3213(89)90037-0
8036:10.1016/0550-3213(88)90008-9
7534:Steinhardt, Paul J. (2011).
7249:10.1016/0370-2693(83)90837-7
6822:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6529:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6218:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6108:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90541-X
6071:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2
5834:10.1016/0370-2693(82)91219-9
5783:Contopoulos, George (2004).
5731:10.1016/0550-3213(81)90057-2
5694:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90805-4
5639:10.1007/978-3-540-75826-6_49
5551:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90670-X
5391:Astronomy & Astrophysics
5155:"Review of Particle Physics"
5089:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90232-0
4908:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90486-6
4795:. Harvard University Press.
4763:Gravitation and the Universe
3680:"2014 Astrophysics Citation"
2863:
2622:second law of thermodynamics
1267:
802:was previously predicted by
7:
9005:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.103512
7355:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1861
6852:10.1051/0004-6361/201425034
6647:for details and references.
6560:10.1051/0004-6361/201525898
6248:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830
6152:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1110
5881:10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1220
5422:10.1051/0004-6361/201525898
5133:10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.1365
4678:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4406:(published 29 March 1985).
3960:National Science Foundation
2989:
2772:Ekpyrotic and cyclic models
2728:would have on cosmology, a
2614:first law of thermodynamics
2511:semiclassical approximation
2408:Unsolved problem in physics
2175:cosmic microwave background
1301:Inflation tries to resolve
887:caused by the curvature of
775:
712:cosmic microwave background
313:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
10:
9876:
9301:
9280:(8 July â 2 August 2013).
8676:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.107502
8574:10.1103/PhysRevD.89.061302
8228:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.083515
8173:10.1103/PhysRevD.63.123501
8118:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.063528
7833:; See also Hawking (1998).
7776:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.083507
7717:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.083515
6389:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.123507
5363:Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.
5317:10.1103/PhysRevD.89.083510
5240:de Sitter, Willem (1917).
5191:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001
5000:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.631
4559:10.1088/0264-9381/15/2/008
4365:Barbara Sue Ryden (2003).
3668:. 2014. Discovery Science.
2981:and by Linde, saying that
2870:
2547:
2313:Cosmic Background Explorer
2120:
1656:
1599:
1533:
1402:
1336:
1191:Few inhomogeneities remain
872:
779:
684:Lebedev Physical Institute
76:Chronology of the universe
25:Inflation (disambiguation)
18:
9726:Our Mathematical Universe
8882:10.1142/S0217751X07037159
8823:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.435
8792:Reviews of Modern Physics
7662:10.1007/s10714-005-0148-2
6445:10.1142/S0217732304014252
4761:Dicke, Robert H. (1970).
4619:Gravitation and Cosmology
4616:Weinberg, Steven (1971).
4493:10.1088/0264-9381/3/5/011
4394:; Siklos, S.T.C. (eds.).
4367:Introduction to cosmology
4333:10.1142/s0218271809015746
2737:Alternatives and adjuncts
2256:, especially the ongoing
2007:gravitational singularity
2001:The physical size of the
1993:Early inflationary models
1481:beyond the Standard Model
1473:magnetic monopole problem
1467:Magnetic-monopole problem
1287:radiation dominated phase
1283:electromagnetic radiation
875:Expansion of the universe
868:
845:, that were predicted by
800:expansion of the universe
782:Expansion of the universe
169:Expansion of the universe
9714:22 November 2013 at the
9620:– via archive.org.
9596:– via archive.org.
7821:10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960
7466:10.1103/PhysRevD.27.2848
7381:Brandenberger, Robert H.
7154:Liddle & Lyth (2000)
6672:10.1063/PT.6.3.20190326a
6431:(13 & 16): 967â982.
6424:Modern Physics Letters A
5988:Mukhanov, Viatcheslav F.
5923:– via archive.org.
5772:– via archive.org.
5052:10.1103/PhysRevD.21.3295
4443:Kolb & Turner (1988)
4354:Kolb & Turner (1988)
3888:. Basic Books. pp.
3665:How The Universe Works 3
3091:Kolb & Turner (1988)
3043:
2710:DiracâBornâInfeld action
2462:. In new inflation, the
2258:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
1614:techniques developed by
1561:three-dimensional sphere
1461:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
978:Schwarzschild black hole
333:Planck space observatory
119:Gravitational wave (GWB)
9690:The Growth of Inflation
9366:The Very Early Universe
9339:A Brief History of Time
7936:Hawking (1998), p. 129.
7916:10.1007/JHEP04(2018)147
7845:University of Cambridge
7565:"Pop Goes the Universe"
7541:. In Vaas, Rudy (ed.).
7324:Physical Review Letters
7317:Lyth, David H. (1997).
7204:10.1007/JHEP06(2014)080
7007:Physical Review Letters
6844:2016A&A...586A.133P
6696:Physical Review Letters
6552:2016A&A...594A..20P
6295:Physical Review Letters
6240:2016A&A...594A..13P
6200:10.1103/PhysRevD.28.679
6131:Physical Review Letters
6024:The Very Early Universe
5860:Physical Review Letters
5494:10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347
5414:2016A&A...594A..20P
5112:Physical Review Letters
5102:Preskill, John (1979).
4978:(10): 631â635, Erratum
4971:Physical Review Letters
4719:Physical Review Letters
4622:. John Wiley. pp.
4462:Physical Review Letters
4136:Spergel, D. N. (2007).
3953:Staff (17 March 2014).
3114:. Each Fourier mode is
2879:variable speed of light
2873:Variable speed of light
2677:Relation to dark energy
2388:21 centimeter radiation
2336:gravitational radiation
2123:Primordial fluctuations
1669:EinsteinâHilbert action
1584:to analyze the chaotic
186:Inhomogeneous cosmology
9731:"Chapter 5: Inflation"
5462:Guth, Alan H. (1981).
4238:Melia, Fulvio (2008).
3616:
3572:
3544:
3453:
3412:
3384:
3316:
3296:are both small, where
3290:
3250:and second derivative
3244:
3175:logarithmic derivative
2763:immediately after the
2730:loop quantum cosmology
2698:flux compactifications
2502:effective field theory
2440:Grand Unified Theories
2373:
2291:=0.968 ± 0.006, and a
2206:nearly-scale-invariant
2202:gravitational collapse
2171:cosmological principle
2117:Effects of asymmetries
2077:
2014:
1975:
1896:
1776:
1488:Grand Unified Theories
1349:cosmological principle
1144:
919:
847:grand unified theories
660:theoretical physicists
637:cosmological inflation
23:. For other uses, see
9845:Concepts in astronomy
9840:Inflation (cosmology)
6876:(22 September 2014).
5901:Hartle, J.B. (2003).
5571:Astrophysical Journal
4674:R. C. Tolman (1934).
4538:Astrophysical Journal
4105:National Public Radio
4064:Saul, Ernest (2013).
3936:breakthroughprize.org
3803:Philosophy of Science
3617:
3573:
3545:
3454:
3413:
3385:
3317:
3315:{\displaystyle \ V\ }
3291:
3245:
2871:Further information:
2858:generically intersect
2593:will exist, forever.
2436:Large Hadron Collider
2374:
2209:Gaussian random field
2088:and independently by
2061:
2000:
1976:
1897:
1777:
1663:In the Soviet Union,
1659:Starobinsky inflation
1653:Starobinsky inflation
1628:statistical mechanics
1553:cosmological constant
1543:In the early days of
1492:electromagnetic force
1449:shape of the universe
1281:particles, including
1159:cosmological constant
1145:
940:cosmological constant
912:accelerated expansion
901:
893:accelerating universe
829:in a positive-energy
277:Large-scale structure
255:Shape of the universe
9635:, by Alan Guth, 1997
9477:10.1143/PTPS.163.295
5269:10.1093/mnras/78.1.3
5217:Before the Beginning
5160:Journal of Physics G
4240:"The Cosmic Horizon"
4198:on 24 September 2010
3684:The Kavli Foundation
3582:
3554:
3467:
3422:
3418:is the inflaton and
3394:
3339:
3324:reduced Planck units
3300:
3254:
3181:
3116:normally distributed
3080:Grand Unified Theory
2846:Robert Brandenberger
2842:string gas cosmology
2817:String gas cosmology
2806:oscillatory universe
2802:Richard Chace Tolman
2726:loop quantum gravity
2606:no-boundary proposal
2464:slow-roll conditions
2363:
2165:Observational status
2135:Cambridge University
2130:Viatcheslav Mukhanov
1909:
1792:
1692:
1647:quantum fluctuations
1624:quantum field theory
1575:In the early 1970s,
1377:Richard Chase Tolman
1373:oscillatory universe
1317:would, according to
1291:parametric resonance
1213:quantum fluctuations
994:
944:cosmological horizon
881:cosmological horizon
725:have been observed.
696:Quantum fluctuations
589:Astronomy portal
547:background radiation
524:List of cosmologists
9850:Astronomical events
9535:1999PhR...314....1L
9469:2006PThPS.163..295L
9425:2005hep.th....3203L
9248:2014PhLB..733..112G
9183:2014PhLB..736..142I
9151:Steinhardt, Paul J.
9120:2013PhLB..723..261I
9088:Steinhardt, Paul J.
9057:1989NYASA.571..249P
8996:2020PhRvD.101j3512K
8929:2008JHEP...09..082L
8874:2007IJMPA..22.3621B
8815:2006RvMP...78..435B
8758:1989NuPhB.316..391B
8668:2012PhRvD..85j7502P
8621:2010PhLB..694..181P
8566:2014PhRvD..89f1302B
8519:Scientific American
8483:1999PhLB..450...72D
8418:2003JCAP...10..013K
8363:2004JHEP...11..063B
8308:2005PhST..116...56B
8269:2001hep.ph....1119B
8220:2004PhRvD..69h3515M
8165:2001PhRvD..63l3501M
8110:2004PhRvD..70f3528A
8053:Steinhardt, Paul J.
8028:1988NuPhB.298..789H
7974:1983Natur.304...39P
7908:2018JHEP...04..147H
7813:1983PhRvD..28.2960H
7768:2002PhRvD..65h3507A
7709:2003PhRvD..67h3515A
7654:2005GReGr..37.1671C
7584:2017SciAm.316b..32I
7572:Scientific American
7498:2011SciAm.304d..36S
7489:Scientific American
7458:1983PhRvD..27.2848V
7347:1997PhRvL..78.1861L
7288:2006JCAP...05..016A
7241:1983PhLB..129..177L
7196:2014JHEP...06..080S
7168:Strumia, Alessandro
7125:2013PhLB..727..234S
7078:Scientific American
7030:2004PhRvL..92u1301L
6940:(30 January 2015).
6719:2014PhRvL.112x1101B
6615:2003ApJS..148..175S
6497:2005JCAP...04..001T
6437:2004MPLA...19..967S
6381:2006PhRvD..74l3507T
6318:2006PhRvL..96k1301B
6286:Steinhardt, Paul J.
6192:1983PhRvD..28..679B
6170:Steinhardt, Paul J.
6144:1982PhRvL..49.1110G
6100:1982PhLB..117..175S
6063:1982PhLB..115..295H
6006:1982JETP...56..258M
5993:Soviet Physics JETP
5974:1981JETPL..33..532M
5890:on 30 January 2012.
5873:1982PhRvL..48.1220A
5826:1982PhLB..108..389L
5723:1981NuPhB.180..385E
5686:1981PhLB...99...66S
5631:2009ASSP....8..485K
5584:1980ApJ...241L..59K
5543:1980PhLB...91...99S
5485:1981PhRvD..23..347G
5375:1979ZhPmR..30..719S
5354:1979JETPL..30..682S
5309:2014PhRvD..89h3510H
5260:1917MNRAS..78....3D
5183:2006JPhG...33....1Y
5125:1979PhRvL..43.1365P
5081:1978PhLB...79..239Z
5044:1980PhRvD..21.3295E
4992:1980PhRvL..44..631G
4945:1974JETPL..20..194P
4900:1974NuPhB..79..276T
4854:2006hep.ph....8183R
4732:2008JPhA...41o5201A
4551:1998CQGra..15..331W
4485:1986CQGra...3..811K
4325:2009IJMPD..18.1889M
4268:2007MNRAS.382.1917M
4227:. 28 February 2012.
4166:2007ApJS..170..377S
3857:on 19 December 2017
3767:2011SciAm.304d..36S
3758:Scientific American
3753:Steinhardt, Paul J.
3489:
2830:KaluzaâKlein theory
2686:orders of magnitude
2634:quantum fluctuation
2618:energy conservation
2473:perturbation theory
2454:Fine-tuning problem
2230:thermal equilibrium
2102:slow-roll inflation
2080:Slow-roll inflation
1878:
1606:In the late 1970s,
1233:observable universe
924:observable universe
908:gravitational waves
819:Friedmann equations
810:from the theory of
804:Alexander Friedmann
704:structure formation
289:Structure formation
181:Friedmann equations
71:Age of the universe
35:Part of a series on
9387:. Addison-Wesley.
9385:The Early Universe
8063:. Broadway Books.
6947:The New York Times
6883:The New York Times
6766:The New York Times
6284:Boyle, Latham A.;
6174:Turner, Michael S.
4961:; Tye, S. (1980).
4369:. Addison-Wesley.
4019:The New York Times
3612:
3578:much greater than
3568:
3540:
3522:
3473:
3449:
3408:
3380:
3372:
3312:
3286:
3281:
3240:
3225:
3203:
3177:of the potential,
2914:As pointed out by
2844:, was proposed by
2602:Hartle and Hawking
2588:Initial conditions
2567:Alexander Vilenkin
2444:initial conditions
2402:Theoretical status
2369:
2015:
1971:
1892:
1864:
1772:
1665:Alexei Starobinsky
1616:Alexander Polyakov
1590:Mixmaster universe
1545:General Relativity
1477:magnetic monopoles
1442:spherical geometry
1431:Euclidean geometry
1381:Mixmaster universe
1319:general relativity
1311:magnetic monopoles
1217:magnetic monopoles
1205:curvature of space
1203:, and reduces the
1140:
920:
843:magnetic monopoles
812:general relativity
752:, Andrei Linde of
723:magnetic monopoles
676:Cornell University
664:Alexei Starobinsky
647:in the very early
645:expansion of space
629:physical cosmology
328:Dark Energy Survey
272:Large quasar group
41:Physical cosmology
9617:978-0-691-01933-8
9593:978-0-8090-9523-0
9586:. Hill and Wang.
9569:978-0-521-56398-7
9503:978-0-521-57598-0
9434:978-3-7186-0490-6
9394:978-0-201-11604-5
9375:978-0-521-31677-4
9349:978-0-553-38016-3
9325:978-0-201-32840-0
9291:978-0-19-872885-6
9225:Physics Letters B
9160:Physics Letters B
9097:Physics Letters B
8973:Physical Review D
8858:(21): 3621â3642.
8745:Nuclear Physics B
8645:Physical Review D
8598:Physics Letters B
8543:Physical Review D
8460:Physics Letters B
8197:Physical Review D
8142:Physical Review D
8087:Physical Review D
8070:978-0-7679-1501-4
8015:Nuclear Physics B
7807:(12): 2960â2975.
7800:Physical Review D
7745:Physical Review D
7686:Physical Review D
7452:(12): 2848â2855.
7445:Physical Review D
7425:978-0-521-31677-4
7383:(November 2004).
7331:(10): 1861â1863.
7228:Physics Letters B
7166:Salvio, Alberto;
7102:Physics Letters B
6956:on 1 January 2022
6915:(Press release).
6892:on 1 January 2022
6775:on 1 January 2022
6358:Physical Review D
6179:Physical Review D
6166:Bardeen, James M.
6138:(15): 1110â1113.
6087:Physics Letters B
6050:Physics Letters B
5920:978-0-8053-8662-2
5867:(17): 1220â1223.
5813:Physics Letters B
5769:978-0-201-14942-5
5710:Nuclear Physics B
5673:Physics Letters B
5648:978-3-540-75825-9
5530:Physics Letters B
5472:Physical Review D
5286:Physical Review D
5119:(19): 1365â1368.
5068:Physics Letters B
5038:(12): 3295â3298.
5031:Physical Review D
4887:Nuclear Physics B
4802:978-0-674-03363-4
4685:978-0-486-65383-9
4633:978-0-471-92567-5
4602:978-0-7167-0344-0
4376:978-0-8053-8912-8
4309:(12): 1889â1901.
4028:on 1 January 2022
4012:(17 March 2014).
3608:
3587:
3567:
3559:
3536:
3521:
3472:
3448:
3427:
3407:
3399:
3376:
3371:
3344:
3311:
3305:
3285:
3280:
3259:
3239:
3224:
3202:
3186:
2810:magnetic monopole
2696:The discovery of
2644:necessitates low
2598:quantum cosmology
2550:Eternal inflation
2544:Eternal inflation
2534:hierarchy problem
2481:chaotic inflation
2384:Planck spacecraft
2372:{\displaystyle r}
2317:quadrupole moment
2246:Planck spacecraft
2179:Planck spacecraft
2096:in a model named
2049:quantum tunneling
2045:bubble nucleation
2032:magnetic monopole
1966:
1939:
1854:
1765:
1709:
1175:equation of state
1094:
625:
624:
296:
295:
138:
137:
9867:
9822:
9821:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9774:
9773:
9762:
9761:
9760:
9750:
9749:
9741:
9686:
9684:
9671:
9669:
9656:by Andrew Liddle
9650:
9648:
9646:astro-ph/9901124
9621:
9597:
9573:
9554:
9528:
9507:
9488:
9462:
9438:
9418:
9398:
9379:
9358:Hawking, Stephen
9353:
9334:Hawking, Stephen
9329:
9296:
9295:
9274:
9268:
9267:
9241:
9220:Kaiser, David I.
9212:
9203:
9202:
9176:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9113:
9104:(4â5): 261â266.
9083:
9077:
9076:
9035:
9024:
9018:
9017:
9007:
8989:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8922:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8867:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8808:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8769:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8714:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8661:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8614:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8559:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8476:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8429:
8411:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8356:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8301:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8262:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8213:
8211:astro-ph/0310382
8191:
8185:
8184:
8158:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8103:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8009:
8003:
7993:
7982:10.1038/304039a0
7955:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7901:
7876:Hawking, Stephen
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7847:) (2 May 2018).
7840:
7834:
7832:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7761:
7759:astro-ph/0111191
7735:
7729:
7728:
7702:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7647:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7569:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7540:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7485:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7412:Gibbons, Gary W.
7408:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:astro-ph/0411671
7377:
7371:
7370:
7369:on 29 June 2012.
7365:. Archived from
7340:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7281:
7279:astro-ph/0510441
7259:
7253:
7252:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7189:
7163:
7157:
7156:, pp. 42â43
7151:
7145:
7144:
7118:
7109:(1â3): 234â239.
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7023:
7021:astro-ph/0312134
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:astro-ph/0502188
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6955:
6950:. Archived from
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6886:. Archived from
6870:
6864:
6863:
6837:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6769:. Archived from
6759:(19 June 2014).
6753:
6747:
6746:
6712:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6657:
6648:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6608:
6606:astro-ph/0302209
6586:
6580:
6579:
6545:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6490:
6488:astro-ph/0410281
6468:
6457:
6456:
6418:
6409:
6408:
6374:
6372:astro-ph/0608632
6352:
6346:
6345:
6311:
6309:astro-ph/0507455
6281:
6268:
6267:
6233:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6094:(3â4): 175â178.
6081:
6075:
6074:
6041:
6035:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5908:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5883:. Archived from
5856:
5847:
5838:
5837:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5757:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5624:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5496:
5468:
5459:
5450:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5407:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5357:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5302:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5176:
5174:astro-ph/0601168
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5108:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
4967:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4878:'t Hooft, Gerard
4874:
4868:
4867:
4847:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4713:
4707:
4697:
4671:
4665:
4656:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4590:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4532:
4526:
4525:, ch 15â17.
4519:
4513:
4512:
4478:
4469:(5): 3195â3198.
4456:
4450:
4439:
4433:
4425:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4362:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4318:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4261:
4252:(4): 1917â1921.
4235:
4229:
4228:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4194:. Archived from
4177:
4159:
4157:astro-ph/0603449
4133:
4122:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4022:. Archived from
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3887:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3850:CMB@50 day three
3844:
3835:
3834:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3749:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3686:. Archived from
3676:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3585:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3502:
3497:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3184:
3171:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3104:
3098:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3027:Nonlinear optics
2964:Planck satellite
2952:10 to the googol
2940:potential energy
2895:particle horizon
2714:string landscape
2667:hybrid inflation
2661:Hybrid inflation
2528:or 10 times the
2409:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2357:
2349:
2325:publication bias
2287:
2276:
2269:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2090:Andreas Albrecht
2020:particle horizon
1984:Monopole problem
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1820:
1819:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1702:
1683:modified gravity
1682:
1565:Willem de Sitter
1433:, rather than a
1423:critical density
1411:flatness problem
1405:Flatness problem
1399:Flatness problem
1369:Phoenix universe
1303:several problems
1249:energy densities
1225:particle physics
1182:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1009:
1008:
965:critical density
855:flatness problem
808:Georges LemaĂźtre
730:particle physics
633:cosmic inflation
617:
610:
603:
587:
586:
585:
574:
573:
267:Galaxy formation
227:Lambda-CDM model
216:
215:
208:Components
90:
89:
51:
32:
31:
9875:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9860:1980 in science
9830:
9829:
9828:
9816:
9806:
9804:
9794:
9792:
9782:
9780:
9768:
9758:
9756:
9744:
9736:
9716:Wayback Machine
9695:, December 2004
9629:
9624:
9618:
9602:Peebles, P.J.E.
9594:
9570:
9513:Physics Reports
9504:
9435:
9395:
9376:
9350:
9326:
9304:
9299:
9292:
9275:
9271:
9213:
9206:
9147:
9143:
9084:
9080:
9036:
9025:
9021:
8964:
8960:
8901:
8897:
8842:
8838:
8787:
8783:
8740:
8736:
8699:Physics Reports
8695:
8691:
8640:
8636:
8593:
8589:
8538:
8534:
8524:
8522:
8510:
8506:
8467:(1999): 72â82.
8455:
8451:
8427:10.1.1.264.3396
8390:
8386:
8335:
8331:
8292:(T117): 40â48.
8285:Physica Scripta
8280:
8276:
8247:
8243:
8192:
8188:
8137:
8133:
8082:
8078:
8071:
8050:
8043:
8010:
8006:
7968:(5921): 39â41.
7956:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7931:
7873:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7841:
7837:
7795:
7791:
7736:
7732:
7681:
7677:
7626:
7622:
7614:
7567:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7538:
7532:
7528:
7520:
7483:
7477:
7473:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7409:
7402:
7378:
7374:
7315:
7311:
7260:
7256:
7223:
7219:
7164:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7069:
7065:
6998:
6994:
6973:
6969:
6959:
6957:
6938:Overbye, Dennis
6935:
6931:
6921:
6919:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6874:Overbye, Dennis
6871:
6867:
6818:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6757:Overbye, Dennis
6754:
6750:
6691:
6687:
6658:
6651:
6642:
6638:
6587:
6583:
6524:
6520:
6469:
6460:
6419:
6412:
6353:
6349:
6282:
6271:
6214:
6207:
6163:
6159:
6119:
6115:
6082:
6078:
6042:
6038:
6017:
6013:
5985:
5981:
5956:
5952:
5946:Mukhanov (2005)
5937:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5899:
5895:
5887:
5854:
5848:
5841:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5745:
5738:
5705:
5701:
5668:
5664:
5649:
5605:
5601:
5562:
5558:
5525:
5521:
5513:
5509:
5501:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5441:
5437:
5386:
5382:
5358:
5336:
5332:
5281:
5277:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5210:
5206:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5063:
5059:
5026:
5022:
5014:
4965:
4956:
4952:
4927:
4923:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4832:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4770:
4759:
4755:
4726:(15): 1071â74.
4714:
4710:
4686:
4672:
4668:
4664::641â680, 1997.
4659:Gen. Rel. Grav.
4645:
4641:
4634:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4595:â490, 525â526.
4581:
4574:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4457:
4453:
4447:Mukhanov (2005)
4440:
4436:
4414:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4348:
4297:
4293:
4236:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4201:
4199:
4175:10.1.1.472.2550
4134:
4125:
4116:
4112:
4107:. 3 April 2009.
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4062:
4058:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4010:Overbye, Dennis
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3951:
3947:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3845:
3838:
3799:
3790:
3750:
3737:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3690:on 14 July 2014
3678:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3528:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3269:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3231:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3105:
3101:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
2997:Brane cosmology
2992:
2979:Yasunori Nomura
2944:Paul Steinhardt
2903:
2885:, denoting the
2875:
2869:
2838:quantum gravity
2819:
2786:horizon problem
2774:
2752:EinsteinâCartan
2747:
2739:
2722:
2702:Brane inflation
2694:
2679:
2663:
2590:
2563:Paul Steinhardt
2552:
2546:
2515:quantum gravity
2506:renormalization
2456:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2352:null hypothesis
2347:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2141:; Starobinsky;
2139:Stephen Hawking
2125:
2119:
2094:Paul Steinhardt
2082:
1995:
1986:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1673:
1661:
1655:
1604:
1598:
1586:BKL singularity
1557:static solution
1551:introduced the
1549:Albert Einstein
1541:
1536:
1469:
1407:
1401:
1345:horizon problem
1341:
1339:Horizon problem
1335:
1333:Horizon problem
1299:
1285:, starting the
1270:
1237:no hair theorem
1197:inhomogeneities
1193:
1178:
1155:de Sitter space
1131:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
991:
973:
914:just after the
902:History of the
877:
871:
851:horizon problem
788:
780:Main articles:
778:
758:Paul Steinhardt
621:
583:
581:
563:
562:
549:
546:
539:
537:Subject history
529:
528:
520:
365:
357:
356:
353:
350:
308:
298:
297:
260:Galaxy filament
213:
201:
200:
152:
147:Expansion
140:
139:
124:Microwave (CMB)
103:Nucleosynthesis
87:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9873:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9827:
9826:
9814:
9802:
9790:
9778:
9766:
9754:
9734:
9733:
9718:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9687:
9682:hep-th/0311040
9672:
9667:hep-ph/0309238
9657:
9651:
9636:
9628:
9627:External links
9625:
9623:
9622:
9616:
9598:
9592:
9578:Vilenkin, Alex
9574:
9568:
9555:
9526:hep-ph/9807278
9519:(1â2): 1â146.
9508:
9502:
9489:
9460:hep-th/0503195
9439:
9433:
9416:hep-th/0503203
9399:
9393:
9380:
9374:
9354:
9348:
9330:
9324:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9290:
9269:
9204:
9141:
9078:
9039:Penrose, Roger
9028:Penrose, Roger
9019:
8980:(10): 103512.
8958:
8895:
8865:hep-th/0608121
8836:
8806:hep-th/0510022
8799:(2): 435â454.
8781:
8767:10.1.1.56.2356
8752:(2): 391â410.
8734:
8705:(6): 223â263.
8689:
8652:(10): 107502.
8634:
8605:(3): 181â185.
8587:
8532:
8504:
8474:hep-ph/9812483
8449:
8409:hep-th/0308055
8384:
8354:hep-th/0406230
8329:
8299:hep-th/0402051
8274:
8260:hep-ph/0101119
8241:
8186:
8156:hep-th/0005209
8149:(12): 123501.
8131:
8101:hep-th/0405270
8076:
8069:
8041:
8022:(4): 789â809.
8004:
7950:
7938:
7929:
7880:Hertog, Thomas
7867:
7835:
7789:
7730:
7675:
7638:(10): 1671â4.
7620:
7555:
7526:
7471:
7431:
7424:
7400:
7372:
7338:hep-ph/9606387
7309:
7254:
7217:
7158:
7146:
7091:
7063:
7014:(21): 211301.
6992:
6967:
6929:
6903:
6865:
6812:
6786:
6748:
6703:(24): 241101.
6685:
6649:
6636:
6623:10.1086/377226
6599:(1): 175â194.
6581:
6518:
6458:
6410:
6365:(12): 123507.
6347:
6302:(11): 111301.
6269:
6205:
6157:
6113:
6076:
6057:(4): 295â297.
6036:
6011:
6000:(2): 258â265.
5979:
5950:
5926:
5919:
5893:
5839:
5820:(6): 389â393.
5802:
5795:
5775:
5768:
5760:AddisonâWesley
5736:
5717:(3): 385â404.
5699:
5662:
5647:
5599:
5593:10.1086/183361
5556:
5519:
5515:Peebles (1993)
5507:
5479:(2): 347â356.
5451:
5435:
5380:
5330:
5275:
5232:
5225:
5204:
5145:
5094:
5057:
5020:
4950:
4921:
4869:
4863:978-9978680254
4862:
4845:hep-ph/0608183
4826:
4808:
4801:
4783:
4768:
4753:
4708:
4684:
4666:
4639:
4632:
4608:
4601:
4572:
4527:
4523:Peebles (1993)
4514:
4476:hep-th/9405187
4451:
4434:
4412:
4404:Cambridge U.P.
4382:
4375:
4357:
4346:
4291:
4230:
4212:
4184:10.1086/513700
4150:(2): 377â408.
4123:
4110:
4090:
4077:978-1434969057
4076:
4056:
4039:
4001:
3973:
3945:
3923:
3905:
3899:978-0201328400
3898:
3869:
3836:
3815:10.1086/392675
3788:
3735:
3729:hep-ph/0304257
3714:
3701:
3671:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3625:
3611:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3563:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3403:
3379:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3328:
3308:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3166:
3158:Standard Model
3149:
3136:
3099:
3082:is built into
3077:supersymmetric
3068:
3059:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3037:Warm inflation
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2891:early universe
2887:speed of light
2868:
2862:
2818:
2815:
2773:
2770:
2756:torsion tensor
2746:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2721:
2718:
2693:
2690:
2678:
2675:
2662:
2659:
2589:
2586:
2548:Main article:
2545:
2542:
2538:Planck density
2455:
2452:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2368:
2321:ecliptic plane
2288:
2277:
2270:
2263:spectral index
2254:galaxy surveys
2214:spectral index
2166:
2163:
2121:Main article:
2118:
2115:
2081:
2078:
2065:Kazanas (1980)
2057:speed of light
2024:Katsuhiko Sato
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1671:and a form of
1657:Main article:
1654:
1651:
1608:Sidney Coleman
1600:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1559:, which was a
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1509:from a single
1503:nuclear forces
1468:
1465:
1403:Main article:
1400:
1397:
1385:Charles Misner
1365:causal contact
1361:speed of light
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1298:
1295:
1279:Standard Model
1269:
1266:
1256:is stretched (
1221:Standard Model
1192:
1189:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
972:
969:
870:
867:
777:
774:
623:
622:
620:
619:
612:
605:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:
579:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
543:
540:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
347:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
304:
303:
300:
299:
294:
293:
292:
291:
279:
274:
269:
257:
249:
248:
244:
243:
242:
241:
229:
221:
220:
214:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
171:
166:
153:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
135:
134:
133:
131:Neutrino (CNB)
121:
113:
112:
108:
107:
106:
105:
88:
86:Early universe
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
68:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9872:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9813:
9803:
9801:
9791:
9789:
9779:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9765:
9755:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9742:
9739:
9732:
9728:
9727:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9655:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9619:
9613:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9589:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9496:. Cambridge.
9495:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9443:Linde, Andrei
9440:
9436:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9403:Linde, Andrei
9400:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9381:
9377:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9362:Gibbons, Gary
9359:
9355:
9351:
9345:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9321:
9317:
9316:
9311:
9307:
9306:
9293:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9278:Linde, Andrei
9273:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9216:Guth, Alan H.
9211:
9209:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9155:Loeb, Abraham
9152:
9149:Ijjas, Anna;
9145:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9092:Loeb, Abraham
9089:
9086:Ijjas, Anna;
9082:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9015:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8969:
8962:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8899:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8785:
8777:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8746:
8738:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8693:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8646:
8638:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8591:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8550:(6): 061302.
8549:
8545:
8544:
8536:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8388:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8333:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8278:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8252:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8204:(8): 083515.
8203:
8199:
8198:
8190:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8094:(6): 063528.
8093:
8089:
8088:
8080:
8072:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8008:
8001:
7997:
7996:Roger Penrose
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7962:
7954:
7947:
7942:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7752:(8): 083507.
7751:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7734:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7701:
7700:gr-qc/0301042
7696:
7693:(8): 083515.
7692:
7688:
7687:
7679:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7646:
7645:gr-qc/0505037
7641:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7624:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7490:
7482:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7438:
7436:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7405:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7235:(3): 171â81.
7234:
7230:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7095:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6996:
6987:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6954:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6828:(133): A133.
6827:
6823:
6816:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6689:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6663:Physics Today
6656:
6654:
6646:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6417:
6415:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6210:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6122:Guth, Alan H.
6117:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6045:Hawking, S.W.
6040:
6033:
6032:0-521-31677-4
6029:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5897:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5846:
5844:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5806:
5798:
5796:9781402030406
5792:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5537:(1): 99â102.
5536:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5516:
5511:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5449:, p. 186
5448:
5444:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5293:(8): 083510.
5292:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5226:0-201-15142-1
5222:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5167:(1): 1â1232.
5166:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:(3): 239â41.
5074:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5024:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:(2): 276â84.
4893:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4704:0-486-65383-8
4701:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4657:, English in
4654:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4431:0-521-31677-4
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4413:9780521316774
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4053:. p. 31.
4052:
4051:
4050:New Scientist
4043:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3878:Guth, Alan H.
3873:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3639:
3629:
3609:
3589:
3561:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3429:
3401:
3377:
3354:
3349:
3332:
3325:
3306:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:Fourier modes
3103:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:string theory
3081:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3053:
3049:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:Roger Penrose
2909:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:String theory
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:cyclic models
2779:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2760:Dirac spinors
2757:
2753:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:arrow of time
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:arrow of time
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:Planck energy
2527:
2522:
2521:Brandenberger
2518:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2399:
2397:
2396:radio sources
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2366:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:old inflation
2103:
2099:
2098:new inflation
2095:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:. Bubbles of
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:Hubble radius
1999:
1990:
1981:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:has written,
1524:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:non-Euclidean
1432:
1429:is the usual
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:vacuum energy
1160:
1156:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
989:
988:
986:
981:
979:
971:Space expands
968:
966:
962:
961:vacuum energy
959:and residual
958:
952:
948:
945:
941:
936:
934:
929:
925:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:Around 1930,
787:
783:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
728:The detailed
726:
724:
721:, and why no
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
596:
595:
590:
580:
578:
569:
568:
567:
566:
559:
556:
554:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
533:
532:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
361:
360:
352:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
302:
301:
290:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
246:
245:
240:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
218:
217:
211:
205:
204:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
144:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
110:
109:
104:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
83:
82:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
9812:Solar System
9724:
9692:
9606:
9582:
9559:
9516:
9512:
9493:
9450:
9446:
9406:
9384:
9365:
9338:
9314:
9281:
9272:
9229:
9223:
9164:
9158:
9144:
9101:
9095:
9081:
9048:
9042:
9031:
9022:
8977:
8971:
8961:
8910:
8904:
8898:
8855:
8849:
8839:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8649:
8643:
8637:
8602:
8596:
8590:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8523:. Retrieved
8517:
8507:
8464:
8458:
8452:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8344:
8338:
8332:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8250:
8244:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8060:
8019:
8013:
8007:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7941:
7932:
7889:
7883:
7870:
7858:. Retrieved
7852:
7838:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7749:
7743:
7733:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7578:(2): 32â39.
7575:
7571:
7558:
7542:
7529:
7487:
7474:
7449:
7443:
7415:
7384:
7375:
7367:the original
7328:
7322:
7312:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7177:
7171:
7161:
7149:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7082:. Retrieved
7076:
7066:
7056:– via
7011:
7005:
6995:
6976:
6970:
6958:. Retrieved
6953:the original
6945:
6932:
6920:. Retrieved
6906:
6896:22 September
6894:. Retrieved
6889:the original
6881:
6868:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6803:. Retrieved
6789:
6777:. Retrieved
6772:the original
6764:
6751:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6661:
6639:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6478:
6472:
6428:
6422:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6299:
6293:
6221:
6217:
6183:
6177:
6160:
6135:
6129:
6126:Pi, So-Young
6116:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6054:
6048:
6039:
6023:
6014:
5997:
5991:
5982:
5965:
5961:JETP Letters
5959:
5953:
5935:Linde (1990)
5929:
5904:
5896:
5885:the original
5864:
5858:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5785:
5778:
5753:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5680:(1): 66â70.
5677:
5671:
5665:
5612:
5602:
5575:
5569:
5559:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5517:, ch 17
5510:
5476:
5470:
5438:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5366:
5361:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5251:
5245:
5235:
5216:
5213:Rees, Martin
5207:
5164:
5158:
5148:
5116:
5110:
5097:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5035:
5029:
5023:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4953:
4936:
4932:JETP Letters
4930:
4924:
4891:
4885:
4872:
4835:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4792:
4786:
4777:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4675:
4669:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4618:
4611:
4586:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4517:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4437:
4395:
4385:
4366:
4360:
4349:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4249:
4243:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4207:
4200:. Retrieved
4196:the original
4147:
4141:
4113:
4099:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4066:
4059:
4048:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4025:the original
4017:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3986:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3958:
3948:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3883:
3872:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:the original
3849:
3806:
3802:
3756:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3688:the original
3683:
3674:
3663:
3657:
3638:
3628:
3331:
3169:
3152:
3139:
3102:
3087:
3071:
3062:
3052:
3017:Hubble's law
2975:David Kaiser
2968:
2960:Abraham Loeb
2957:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2904:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2841:
2834:supergravity
2826:compactified
2820:
2789:
2775:
2748:
2740:
2723:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2610:
2604:offered the
2595:
2591:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2519:
2497:
2493:
2486:any universe
2479:
2477:
2463:
2457:
2447:
2421:
2381:
2332:polarization
2329:
2305:
2297:
2261:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:, predict a
2212:
2199:
2177:made by the
2168:
2126:
2110:scalar field
2105:
2101:
2097:
2083:
2072:
2062:
2037:
2028:domain walls
2016:
1987:
1904:
1784:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1632:
1620:false vacuum
1610:applied the
1605:
1602:False vacuum
1596:False vacuum
1574:
1570:
1542:
1519:
1515:
1511:gauge theory
1485:
1470:
1446:
1408:
1392:
1368:
1342:
1327:finely tuned
1322:
1315:false vacuum
1300:
1274:
1271:
1245:
1228:
1201:anisotropies
1194:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1152:
982:
974:
953:
949:
937:
928:causal patch
927:
921:
878:
863:finely tuned
858:
834:
831:false vacuum
816:
792:Edwin Hubble
789:
743:
727:
680:Andrei Linde
662:, including
657:
640:
636:
632:
626:
351:Probe (WMAP)
285:
282:Reionization
263:
235:
209:
177:
160:
157:Hubble's law
148:
127:
99:
95:
62:
29:
9800:Outer space
9788:Spaceflight
9721:Max Tegmark
9654:update 2004
9453:: 295â322.
9318:. Perseus.
9232:: 112â119.
9167:: 142â146.
9051:: 249â264.
8402:(10): 013.
8347:(11): 063.
8057:Turok, Neil
7994:; see also
6290:Turok, Neil
6186:: 679â693.
6020:Guth (1997)
5968:: 532â535.
5447:Guth (1997)
4939:: 194â195.
4587:Gravitation
4392:Hawking, S.
3809:(1): 1â49.
3461:Planck mass
3095:Raby (2006)
2850:Cumrun Vafa
2682:Dark energy
2498:small field
2494:large field
2490:Planck unit
2460:fine tuning
2432:electroweak
2428:Higgs field
2392:first stars
2300:fine-tuning
2282:fine-tuning
2219:fine-tuning
2147:So-Young Pi
2069:Guth (1981)
2053:true vacuum
1582:Khalatnikov
1555:to allow a
1523:Martin Rees
1457:fine-tuning
1297:Motivations
1241:black holes
957:dark matter
766:Dirac Prize
764:shared the
710:), why the
688:Kavli Prize
653:dark energy
306:Experiments
239:Dark matter
232:Dark energy
174:FLRW metric
111:Backgrounds
9834:Categories
9342:. Bantam.
9310:Guth, Alan
8987:2002.09771
8913:(9): 082.
7899:1707.07702
7892:(4): 147.
7272:(5): 016.
6960:31 January
6922:30 January
6543:1502.02114
6481:(4): 001.
6397:1811/48518
6231:1502.01589
5748:Guth, Alan
5578:: L59â63.
5405:1502.02114
4959:Guth, Alan
4545:(2): 431.
4202:10 October
3650:References
3112:wavelength
3057:inflation.
2901:Criticisms
2828:(see also
2794:Big Crunch
2765:Big Bounce
2745:Big bounce
2620:) and the
2582:multiverse
2241:isentropic
2155:Steinhardt
2041:metastable
1539:Precursors
1483:are true.
1438:hyperbolic
1379:, and the
1258:redshifted
933:light cone
873:See also:
796:redshifted
639:, or just
386:Copernicus
364:Scientists
219:Components
9764:Astronomy
9551:119517140
9485:119410403
9239:1312.7619
9199:119096427
9174:1402.6980
9111:1304.2785
9073:122383812
9014:2470-0010
8953:119184258
8945:1029-8479
8920:0806.4358
8762:CiteSeerX
8712:0806.1245
8684:118434253
8659:1111.4595
8612:1007.0587
8557:1312.0739
8525:31 August
8499:118930228
8422:CiteSeerX
8236:118889842
8181:119329384
8126:119465499
7946:Wikiquote
7829:121947045
7784:118974302
7670:120566514
7363:119470003
7304:119373837
7212:256010671
7187:1403.4226
7180:(6): 80.
7116:1308.2244
6835:1409.5738
6710:1403.3985
6680:241938983
6576:119284788
6568:0004-6361
6264:119262962
6256:0004-6361
5750:(1997b).
5622:0803.2080
5430:119284788
5325:118371273
5300:1404.1207
5199:262936640
4916:1874/4686
4748:119588491
4567:250853141
4509:250890807
4400:Cambridge
4316:0907.5394
4259:0711.4181
4225:Space.com
4170:CiteSeerX
4117:See also
3880:(1997a).
3831:120393154
3562:ϕ
3500:ϕ
3480:ϕ
3402:ϕ
3350:ϕ
3261:η
3188:ϵ
3012:Dark flow
3007:Cosmology
2971:Alan Guth
2854:spacetime
2778:ekpyrotic
2468:potential
2235:adiabatic
1929:−
1857:ϕ
1839:−
1831:−
1813:Λ
1803:ϕ
1712:∫
1612:instanton
1577:Zeldovich
1453:redshifts
1357:radiation
1275:reheating
1268:Reheating
1129:Ω
1081:Λ
1078:−
1026:Λ
1023:−
1014:−
839:Alan Guth
835:inflation
762:Princeton
746:Alan Guth
715:radiation
708:isotropic
672:Alan Guth
641:inflation
516:Zeldovich
416:Friedmann
391:de Sitter
318:BOOMERanG
247:Structure
212:Structure
96:Inflation
21:Inflation
9729:(2014),
9712:Archived
9693:Symmetry
9604:(1993).
9580:(2006).
9405:(2005).
9364:(1983).
9336:(1998).
9312:(1997).
9264:16669993
9136:14875751
9030:(2004).
8729:17534907
8379:12461702
8324:17779961
8059:(2007).
7998:'s book
7924:13745992
7854:Phys.org
7725:37260723
7612:Archived
7608:28118351
7600:26047449
7547:Archived
7518:Archived
7514:21495480
7141:56544999
7054:30510359
7046:15245272
6800:BBC News
6743:22780831
6735:24996078
6631:10794058
6513:17250080
6453:42066874
6342:10424288
6334:16605810
5657:14520885
5499:Archived
5254:: 3â28.
5215:(1998).
5137:Archived
5012:Archived
4880:(1974).
4821:nasa.gov
4694:34032023
4624:740, 815
4501:10057315
4422:14137101
4286:17372406
4032:17 March
3994:17 March
3966:18 March
3783:21495480
3274:″
3218:′
3145:redshift
3130:goes as
2990:See also
2864:Varying
2798:Big Bang
2706:D-branes
2638:Don Page
2628:and the
2426:was the
2424:inflaton
1427:geometry
1307:Big Bang
1209:inflaton
916:Big Bang
904:Universe
853:and the
786:Inflaton
776:Overview
754:Stanford
739:inflaton
649:universe
577:Category
496:Suntzeff
456:LemaĂźtre
406:Einstein
371:Aaronson
164:Redshift
66:Universe
59:Big Bang
9824:Science
9752:Physics
9738:Portals
9531:Bibcode
9465:Bibcode
9421:Bibcode
9302:Sources
9244:Bibcode
9179:Bibcode
9116:Bibcode
9053:Bibcode
8992:Bibcode
8925:Bibcode
8890:5899352
8870:Bibcode
8831:2246186
8811:Bibcode
8754:Bibcode
8664:Bibcode
8617:Bibcode
8582:2961922
8562:Bibcode
8479:Bibcode
8444:5951592
8414:Bibcode
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8106:Bibcode
8024:Bibcode
7990:4315730
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7843:Staff (
7809:Bibcode
7764:Bibcode
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7650:Bibcode
7580:Bibcode
7494:Bibcode
7454:Bibcode
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7284:Bibcode
7237:Bibcode
7192:Bibcode
7121:Bibcode
7084:25 June
7026:Bibcode
6860:9857299
6840:Bibcode
6805:20 June
6779:20 June
6715:Bibcode
6611:Bibcode
6548:Bibcode
6536:: A20.
6493:Bibcode
6433:Bibcode
6405:1368964
6377:Bibcode
6314:Bibcode
6236:Bibcode
6224:: A13.
6188:Bibcode
6140:Bibcode
6096:Bibcode
6059:Bibcode
6002:Bibcode
5970:Bibcode
5869:Bibcode
5822:Bibcode
5719:Bibcode
5682:Bibcode
5627:Bibcode
5580:Bibcode
5539:Bibcode
5481:Bibcode
5410:Bibcode
5371:Bibcode
5369:: 719.
5350:Bibcode
5348:: 682.
5305:Bibcode
5256:Bibcode
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5121:Bibcode
5077:Bibcode
5040:Bibcode
5008:1447535
4988:Bibcode
4986:p 963.
4982:(1980)
4941:Bibcode
4896:Bibcode
4850:Bibcode
4728:Bibcode
4547:Bibcode
4481:Bibcode
4341:6565101
4321:Bibcode
4264:Bibcode
4192:1386346
4162:Bibcode
4083:14 July
3918:ictp.it
3861:15 July
3763:Bibcode
3694:27 July
3623:tuning.
3459:is the
2954:power!"
2646:entropy
2626:entropy
2195:
2183:
2151:Bardeen
1534:History
1389:entropy
926:is one
885:horizon
501:Sunyaev
486:Schmidt
476:Penzias
471:Penrose
446:Huygens
436:Hawking
421:Galileo
9614:
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2977:, and
2790:before
2448:ad hoc
2344:BICEP2
2293:tensor
2223:tensor
2159:Turner
2149:; and
2011:causal
1643:matter
1641:, nor
1498:, and
1496:strong
1353:matter
1254:photon
1229:before
1173:; the
985:metric
869:Theory
756:, and
750:M.I.T.
678:, and
575:
511:Wilson
506:Tolman
466:Newton
461:Mather
451:Kepler
441:Hubble
401:Ehlers
381:Alpher
376:Alfvén
284:
262:
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176:
159:
151:Future
126:
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9776:Stars
9677:arXiv
9662:arXiv
9641:arXiv
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9521:arXiv
9481:S2CID
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9411:arXiv
9260:S2CID
9234:arXiv
9195:S2CID
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9069:S2CID
8982:arXiv
8949:S2CID
8915:arXiv
8886:S2CID
8860:arXiv
8827:S2CID
8801:arXiv
8725:S2CID
8707:arXiv
8680:S2CID
8654:arXiv
8607:arXiv
8578:S2CID
8552:arXiv
8495:S2CID
8469:arXiv
8440:S2CID
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8375:S2CID
8349:arXiv
8320:S2CID
8294:arXiv
8255:arXiv
8232:S2CID
8206:arXiv
8177:S2CID
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8122:S2CID
8096:arXiv
7986:S2CID
7920:S2CID
7894:arXiv
7860:2 May
7825:S2CID
7780:S2CID
7754:arXiv
7721:S2CID
7695:arXiv
7666:S2CID
7640:arXiv
7615:(PDF)
7596:JSTOR
7568:(PDF)
7550:(PDF)
7539:(PDF)
7521:(PDF)
7484:(PDF)
7389:arXiv
7359:S2CID
7333:arXiv
7300:S2CID
7274:arXiv
7208:S2CID
7182:arXiv
7137:S2CID
7111:arXiv
7050:S2CID
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6856:S2CID
6830:arXiv
6739:S2CID
6705:arXiv
6676:S2CID
6666:(3).
6627:S2CID
6601:arXiv
6572:S2CID
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6509:S2CID
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6401:S2CID
6367:arXiv
6338:S2CID
6304:arXiv
6260:S2CID
6226:arXiv
5888:(PDF)
5855:(PDF)
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5617:arXiv
5502:(PDF)
5467:(PDF)
5426:S2CID
5400:arXiv
5321:S2CID
5295:arXiv
5195:S2CID
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4311:arXiv
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4152:arXiv
3827:S2CID
3819:JSTOR
3724:arXiv
3120:power
3110:of a
3044:Notes
2932:BICEP
2086:Linde
1645:) by
1635:space
1415:Dicke
1323:today
889:Earth
859:today
827:field
823:fluid
735:field
491:Smoot
481:Rubin
426:Gamow
411:Ellis
396:Dicke
9612:ISBN
9588:ISBN
9564:ISBN
9498:ISBN
9429:ISBN
9389:ISBN
9370:ISBN
9344:ISBN
9320:ISBN
9286:ISBN
9010:ISSN
8941:ISSN
8911:2008
8527:2015
8400:2003
8345:2004
8065:ISBN
7890:2018
7862:2018
7604:PMID
7510:PMID
7420:ISBN
7270:2006
7178:2014
7086:2014
7058:CERN
7042:PMID
6962:2015
6924:2015
6917:NASA
6898:2014
6807:2014
6781:2014
6731:PMID
6643:See
6564:ISSN
6479:2005
6330:PMID
6252:ISSN
6028:ISBN
6018:See
5944:and
5940:help
5933:See
5915:ISBN
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5764:ISBN
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5443:SLAC
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5004:OSTI
4858:ISBN
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4680:ISBN
4628:ISBN
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4497:PMID
4441:See
4427:ISBN
4418:OCLC
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4204:2006
4085:2019
4072:ISBN
4034:2014
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3968:2014
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3863:2015
3779:PMID
3696:2014
3162:CERN
3093:and
3088:e.g.
2848:and
2780:and
2776:The
2308:WMAP
2250:WMAP
2157:and
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2143:Guth
2092:and
2063:...
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1500:weak
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