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570:, which was part of the governing coalition in the Legislative Assembly and had voted to annul the presidential elections. Figueres' rebels rapidly defeated the government forces and their Communist allies, forcing President Picado to step down and leave the country along with former president Calderón Guardia. About 2,000 people are believed to have died during the war, making it the bloodiest event in 20th-century
823:'s second-largest city, located only 12 miles from the capital, Figueres' forces met considerable military opposition; however, the limited forces and supplies of the governmental forces quickly ran out, and Cartago was captured by the rebels on April 12. Costa Rican President Picado, realizing that defeat was inevitable, sent notice to Figueres that he was willing to compromise.
694:
Calderón claimed that this result had been obtained by fraud and petitioned
Congress, where the coalition of his own party and the Popular Vanguard Party held a majority, to void the results and call for a new election. When Congress granted this request, the country erupted in chaos, as both sides accused the other of vote tampering and
714:
The annulment of the election results in 1948 and the killing of
Valverde on the same day seemed to give Figueres the evidence that he needed that the government had no intention of peacefully accepting the popular will, thus justifying a violent insurrection. On March 11, Figueres made the call that
693:
After a highly contentious electoral process plagued by violence and irregularities concluded on
February 8, 1948, the independent electoral tribunal, by a split vote of 2 to 1, declared that opposition candidate Otilio Ulate of the National Union Party, had been elected president. The ruling party's
835:
The day after the fall of
Cartago, Picado—low on supplies and without any other source of support—sent a letter to Mora and Calderón stating that "the attempt to hold San José would be futile and catastrophic." Mora, facing the reality that now the United States was ready to act against him as well,
826:
Picado's long-time political ally, Manuel Mora of the communist
Popular Vanguard Party, had no intention of negotiating with Figueres. Mora's forces had sealed themselves up inside the capital of San José, and were determined not to capitulate as quickly as Picado. As the target of many of Figueres'
771:
intelligentsia which sought to strengthen the new welfare state while ensuring democratic transparency. After their victory this alliance quickly fell apart. The right-wing faction, led by the junta's
Minister of Public Safety, Édgar Cardona, attempted to overthrow Figueres and was excluded from the
639:
that stalled commerce in Costa Rica for seven days. Pro-Calderón and communist demonstrators began to sack businesses that participated in the strike; Picado's government intimidated participating merchants and professionals and threatened workers with dismissal and military service. By the end of
812:, capturing small but important cities and ports with relative ease. The official army, which was then led by Picado's brother, was unable to organize an effective resistance to Figueres' National Liberation Army. Figueres also contended against the communist militias commanded by congressman
731:
Costa Rican politics have traditionally been guided by personal allegiances far more than by ideological consistency, and the Civil War of 1948 provides a striking example of this. Calderón had been elected president in 1940 as the candidate of the right, closely allied with the
628:, was allied to Picado's government and contributed to the unrest by deploying its militia against the opposition. As the violence grew, supporters of the opposition began to carry guns, and the police began to threaten the use of firearms rather than just beating demonstrators.
615:
The Picado administration resorted several times to military force to keep the peace, and pro-Calderón elements within the military institution often become involved in street violence, which helped to sully the image of the military in the minds of the people. The Costa Rican
669:
on April 12, 1942, after he strongly criticized the Calderón regime during a radio broadcast. Figueres returned to Costa Rica after the election of Picado. Before the elections of 1948, Figueres had already been planning for a war. Unlike Ulate, former president
1139:(3). Benjamin Welles, Daniela Spenser, Friedrich E. Schuler, Maria Emilia Paz, Michael L. Krenn, Michael D. Gambone, Kyle Longley, James G. Blight, Peter Kornbluh, Lars Schoultz, Gilbert M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand, Ricardo D. Salvatore (eds.): 155.
705:
was and
Figueres had been only moments before. Shots rang out, and Valverde fell dead on his doorstep. Ulate escaped but was later captured and imprisoned, all of which helped to paint an especially distasteful image of the military.
685:. U.S. officials followed the Legion's activities with concern, especially after Figueres carried out terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that were meant to incite a general strike. The people did not respond.
766:
The rebel forces led by
Figueres were a mix of anti-communist right-wingers, economically conservative elements weary of the welfare state (represented by the winner of the 1948 election himself, Otilio Ulate), and a
779:
This lack of ideological consistency is further underscored by the fact that during the Civil War, the government forces, despite being allied to the Costa Rican communists, enjoyed the support of right-wing
848:. On 24 April, Figueres' forces entered San José, almost six weeks after beginning their revolt in southern Costa Rica. On 8 May the provisional junta presided by Figueres formally took over the government.
839:
On April 19, Picado and Father Benjamín Núñez, an eminent labor leader within Costa Rica, signed the so-called Pact of the
Mexican Embassy, ending the armed uprising. Picado resigned the next day, leaving
643:
Calderón returned as the ruling party's candidate for the election of 1948 and there were widespread fears that the government would intervene to ensure his triumph against his main opponent, journalist
2125:
715:
brought in the arms and military leaders he needed for a successful military campaign. On March 12, his
National Liberation Army exchanged fire with government forces, and the war began.
763:. Mora's communist militias provided important armed support for the government, both during the tense years of Picado's administration (1944–48) and during the Civil War itself.
1424:
701:
On the day that the government annulled the elections, police surrounded the home of Dr. Carlos Luis Valverde, the acting campaign manager for Union National, where
648:. To assuage these fears, Picado's government for the first time in Costa Rican history placed the election under the control of an independent electoral tribunal.
776:(PLN). The economically conservative groups under Ulate ended up allying themselves in the 1950s with Calderón's supporters to form a broad anti-PLN coalition.
1862:
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criticisms about Costa Rica, Mora and his party were worried that a Figueres-led takeover might well lead to their expulsion from politics.
111:
1733:
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Calderón then created a different political base by allying himself with the Costa Rican communists (the Popular Vanguard Party), led by
674:, and the other members of the Costa Rican opposition, Figueres believed that Calderón would never allow a fair election to take place.
755:, and with the socially progressive Catholic Archbishop of San José, Víctor Manuel Sanabria, in order to pass legislation guaranteeing
681:, an irregular force of 700. Hoping to use Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned to move against other authoritarian governments in
1986:
772:
government thereafter. Figueres himself became closely identified with the social democratic faction, which later dominated his own
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In the 1940s, the Costa Rican political scene came to be dominated by Rafael Ángel Calderón, a medical doctor who served as
2135:
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1703:
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Rifle and helmet used during the Costa Rican civil war of 1948. Temporary exhibition in the National Museum of Costa Rica.
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The uprising was resisted by the small, ill-equipped Costa Rican army and, more significantly, by the militias of the
552:, and on 1 March, the legislature voted to annul the results of the election. This triggered an armed uprising led by
440:
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After the war, Figueres toppled the army and ruled the country for 18 months as head of a provisional government
475:
380:
2115:
1939:
1801:
1615:
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Costa Rica has since experienced some riots, but no political violence reaching the severity of the civil war.
501:
360:
2049:
2004:
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589:, after which the junta was dissolved and power was handed to Ulate as the new constitutional president.
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2019:
2009:
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the strike, police and military forces patrolled the streets, and San José appeared as if under siege.
586:
465:
430:
249:
123:
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337:
1890:
1818:
682:
2160:
1966:
1913:
1633:
1028:
Høivik, Tord; Aas, Solveig (December 1981). "Demilitarization in Costa Rica: A Farewell to Arms?".
609:
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Monument in memory of those who died in the Civil War of 1948, located in Ernesto Zumbado park in
1981:
1971:
1956:
1920:
1840:
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816:
and against Nicaraguan soldiers who had been sent by Somoza to help the government retain power.
671:
601:
1588:
662:
553:
269:
106:
2034:
1976:
1747:
1728:
797:
737:
578:
556:, a businessman who had not participated in the elections, against the government of President
102:
1196:
841:
808:
The National Liberation Army, as the rebel army called itself, slowly worked their way up the
47:
2073:
1996:
1908:
1878:
1769:
1597:
733:
369:
2014:
1373:
The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres
809:
1895:
1304:
Fallas-Santana, Agustín (2006). "Don José Figueres Ferrer y el Desarrollo de Costa Rica".
1228:
988:
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8:
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2029:
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844:
as interim president. Picado and former president Calderón Guardia went into exile in
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Disgust with the government's violent reprisals against the opposition led to the
695:
549:
1397:
788:, while Figueres's rebels, who as anti-communists were tacitly supported by the
1464:
1041:
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from 1940 to 1944. The Constitution forbade consecutive reelection, so for the
1145:
1129:"Inter-American Relations and Encounters: Recent Directions in the Literature"
1128:
2109:
1643:
1317:
1154:
1110:
1049:
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612:, a law professor who was perceived as a weak figure controlled by Calderón.
450:
202:
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community in Costa Rica, caused that elite to withdraw its support for him.
19:
This article is about the civil war of 1948. For the civil war of 1823, see
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744:, and especially his punitive measures against the rich and influential
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took place from 12 March to 24 April 1948. The conflict followed the
400:
190:
1488:
1099:"Jose Figueres Ferrer Is Dead at 83; Led Costa Ricans to Democracy"
39:
736:
and with the business elite, but his enthusiastic support for the
745:
999:
Don Pepe: A political biography of José Figueres of Costa Ricas
666:
2126:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
1348:
Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America
665:, a Costa Rican businessman, had been forced into exile in
1432:
1306:
Revista Parlamentaria, Asamblea Legislativa, Costa Rica
1303:
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544:. The pro-government representatives who dominated the
994:
1522:
1198:
Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution - Page 129
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959:"Jose Figueres, 82; Former Costa Rican President"
608:, Calderón's National Republican Party nominated
2107:
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1418:
1370:
1329:. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
1069:. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
879:(B.A.). University of Florida. Archived from
509:
1126:
585:in December. That Assembly adopted the new
70:(1 month, 1 week and 5 days)
1567:
1553:
1425:
1411:
1201:. University of Texas Press. p. 135.
516:
502:
130:Provisional government transfers power to
46:
1262:Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution
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1027:
872:
709:
534:presidential elections of 8 February 1948
124:A new Constitution is created and enacted
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792:, received significant aid from leftist
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1127:Delpar, Helen; Perez, Louis A. (2000).
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548:alleged that that Ulate's victory was
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583:election of a Constitutional Assembly
461:Founding Junta of the Second Republic
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446:Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers
416:Federal Republic of Central America
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1398:Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution
1327:Costa Rica: Historia de Costa Rica
1229:"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"
1067:Costa Rica: Historia de Costa Rica
1003:. University of New Mexico Press.
989:"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"
901:"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"
876:The Presidency of Calderón Guardia
803:
119:Constitutional assembly is elected
105:led by the transitional president
14:
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1289:. Seven Hills Book Distributors.
1285:Costa Rica: The Unarmed Democracy
652:Figueres and the Caribbean Legion
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536:, in which opposition candidate
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1375:. University of Alabama Press.
476:COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica
2131:Civil wars of the 20th century
2121:Military history of Costa Rica
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1133:Latin American Research Review
995:Ameringer, Charles D. (1978).
929:"Costa Rica's Fierce Pacifist"
112:Costa Rican military abolished
1:
1471:Barrios' War of Reunification
1325:Jiménez, Iván Molina (1997).
1266:. University of Texas Press.
1065:Jiménez, Iván Molina (1997).
851:
595:
542:Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
856:
677:Figueres began training the
540:defeated the ruling party's
7:
2136:Revolution-based civil wars
1987:Water supply and sanitation
1507:Nicaraguan invasion attempt
1258:Bell, John Patrick (1971).
1195:Bell, John Patrick (2014).
957:Oliver, Myrna (June 1990).
620:movement, organized in the
16:1948 conflict in Costa Rica
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1639:First Costa Rican Republic
1433:Armed conflicts involving
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1042:10.1177/002234338101800403
836:gave in to Picado's plea.
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456:1948 Costa Rican Civil War
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1995:
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1938:
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1483:Anti-Tinoquista rebellion
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1344:La Feber, Walter (1993).
1146:10.1017/S0023879100018689
1030:Journal of Peace Research
774:National Liberation Party
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250:Nicaraguan National Guard
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2156:Wars involving Nicaragua
1760:Administrative divisions
1634:Free State of Costa Rica
1352:. Norton Press. p.
1097:Pace, Eric (June 1990).
633:Huelga de Brazos Caídos,
421:Free State of Costa Rica
304:Teodoro Picado Michalski
216:Government of Costa Rica
159:National Liberation Army
96:Teodoro Picado Michalski
68:12 March – 24 April 1948
23:. For that of 1835, see
873:Holzhauer, Ian (2004).
602:President of Costa Rica
568:People's Vanguard Party
239:People's Vanguard Party
1792:International rankings
1443:listed chronologically
1371:Longley, Kyle (1997).
1281:Bird, Leonard (1984).
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710:Beginning of civil war
622:Popular Vanguard Party
281:Frank Marshall Jiménez
256:Commanders and leaders
103:provisional government
2116:Costa Rican Civil War
1606:Pre-Columbian history
1501:Costa Rican Civil War
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656:Further information:
530:Costa Rican Civil War
391:Pre-Columbian History
344:Casualties and losses
33:Costa Rican Civil War
1797:Legislative Assembly
1734:World Heritage Sites
810:Pan American Highway
581:, which oversaw the
554:José Figueres Ferrer
546:Legislative Assembly
349:approx. 2,000 killed
270:José Figueres Ferrer
107:José Figueres Ferrer
1513:Dominican Civil War
842:Santos León Herrera
831:Surrender of Picado
821:Cartago, Costa Rica
759:and establishing a
727:Ideological context
624:led by congressman
291:Otilio Ulate Blanco
54:Santa María de Dota
2146:1948 in Costa Rica
1904:Telecommunications
1616:Captaincy General
1103:The New York Times
933:The New York Times
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1363:978-0-393-03434-9
1336:978-9977-67-411-7
1296:978-0-900661-37-2
1273:978-0-292-70147-2
1076:978-9977-67-411-7
1010:978-0-8263-0480-3
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2020:Coat of arms
2010:Architecture
1952:Demographics
1814:Human rights
1679:Conservation
1657:Reform State
1648:
1624:Mexican rule
1618:(Guatemalan)
1500:
1495:World War II
1453:Ochomogo War
1372:
1347:
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1309:
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1240:Jiménez 1997
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
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885:. Retrieved
881:the original
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757:labor rights
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742:World War II
730:
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538:Otilio Ulate
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406:Independence
295:
261:
207:
178:
150:
149:
144:Belligerents
132:Otilio Ulate
90:
38:Part of the
21:Ochomogo War
1891:Agriculture
1689:Earthquakes
1611:New Granada
1515:(1965–1966)
1497:(1941–1945)
1477:World War I
1467:(1855–1857)
753:Manuel Mora
672:León Cortés
626:Manuel Mora
572:Costa Rican
370:History of
327:Manuel Mora
2110:Categories
2035:Literature
1914:Ecotourism
1898:(currency)
1863:Presidents
1724:Waterfalls
1649:Civil War
1576:Costa Rica
1459:League War
1435:Costa Rica
1214:3 December
887:2023-02-04
852:References
796:president
794:Guatemalan
782:Nicaraguan
596:Background
574:history.
550:fraudulent
426:League War
372:Costa Rica
80:Costa Rica
25:League War
1982:Squatting
1972:Languages
1957:Education
1921:Transport
1841:President
1802:Deputies
1782:Elections
1775:Districts
1765:Provinces
1714:Volcanoes
1699:Mountains
1667:Geography
1591:(capital)
1318:1409-0007
1235:Bell 1971
1171:252740729
1155:0023-8791
1111:0362-4331
1058:110377590
1050:0022-3433
1023:Bell 1971
1018:Bird 1984
971:0458-3035
941:0362-4331
912:Bird 1984
907:Bell 1971
857:Citations
846:Nicaragua
784:dictator
618:communist
565:Communist
401:New Spain
191:Guatemala
2090:Category
1977:Religion
1831:Military
1748:Politics
1729:Wildlife
1589:San José
1580:articles
1489:Coto War
1231:citing:
991:citing:
903:citing:
361:a series
359:Part of
75:Location
40:Cold War
2074:Outline
2025:Cuisine
1997:Culture
1940:Society
1909:Tourism
1879:Economy
1807:History
1770:Cantons
1694:Islands
1598:History
1251:Sources
1163:2692045
740:during
98:toppled
2095:Portal
2015:Cinema
2005:Anthem
1967:Health
1926:Unions
1896:Colón
1826:Mayors
1709:Rivers
1651:(1948)
1578:
1509:(1955)
1503:(1948)
1491:(1921)
1485:(1919)
1479:(1918)
1473:(1885)
1461:(1835)
1455:(1823)
1379:
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1153:
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1007:
969:
939:
746:German
738:Allies
667:Mexico
637:strike
363:on the
200:
188:
87:Result
2081:Index
2055:Sport
2045:Music
2040:Media
1167:S2CID
1159:JSTOR
1054:S2CID
703:Ulate
579:junta
2030:Flag
1846:list
1819:LGBT
1377:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1314:ISSN
1291:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1216:2022
1203:ISBN
1151:ISSN
1107:ISSN
1071:ISBN
1046:ISSN
1005:ISBN
967:ISSN
937:ISSN
528:The
65:Date
1354:103
1141:doi
1038:doi
819:In
560:.
2112::
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1165:.
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27:.
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