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indigenous societies of Nicoya on the
Pacific North coast was the conquest's first stage. Its second phase began with fruitless attempts to consolidate a Spanish settlement on the country's Caribbean side. In the process, Spaniards reduced the indigenous population to the point of extinction through disease, war, reprisals, relocation and brutal exploitation. The Native American population stood at about 120,000 in 1569 and had fallen to 10,000 by 1611.
418:
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as well as other computer-related products. Tourism is growing at an accelerated pace, and many believe that income from this tourism may soon become the major contributor to the nation's GDP. Traditional agriculture, particularly coffee and bananas, continues to be an important part of Costa Rica's
993:
drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections with universal suffrage and the abolition of the military. Figueres became a national hero, winning the first election under the new constitution in 1953. Since then Costa Rica has been one of the few democracies to operate without a standing army.
659:
During the time of conquest, as many as twenty distinct indigenous societies, numbering in the hundreds of thousands and speaking many different languages, inhabited the area. The
Spanish conquest of Costa Rica lasted more than half a century after it started 1510. The genocidal enslavement of the
655:
and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the
Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an
687:'s occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. In New Spain, all of the fighting by those seeking independence was done in the center of that area from 1810 to 1821, what today is central Mexico. Once the Viceroy was defeated in the capital city—today
656:
autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the
Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.
769:
was the official name given to this monarchical regime from 1821 to 1823. The territory of the
Mexican Empire included the continental intendancies and provinces of New Spain proper (including those of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala) (See:
638:, resulted in Costa Rica attracting few inhabitants. It was a poor, isolated, and sparsely inhabited region within the Spanish Empire. A Spanish governor in 1719 described Costa Rica as "the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America."
1018:
and coffee. In 1978, coffee prices dropped, and its revenues declined. In 1979, the price of oil, a main imported item, increased sharply and rapidly, plunging the country into crisis. In order to help improve the economy, President
263:
in 1524. For the next 300 years, Costa Rica was a colony of Spain. As a result, Costa Rica's culture has been greatly influenced by the culture of Spain. During this period, Costa Rica remained sparsely developed and impoverished.
754:, would also be Emperor of New Spain, but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for a member of the
1601:. n.p.: Waterloo, Ont. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2004 (Baltimore, Md. : Project MUSE 2012) (Baltimore, Md. : Project MUSE, 2014), 2012. Louisiana State University. Web. 19 February 2015.
717:. There were many ideas on what to do upon gaining independence, such as joining Mexico, joining Guatemala or Nueva Granada (today Colombia). A group was declared (Junta de Legados), which created the temporary
1013:
Costa Rica's economy went under a transformation in 1978. The country went from being "an economic development success story" to entering a severe socio-economic crisis. Costa Rica relied on the exportation of
789:
As early as then, Costa Ricans already had overseas impact since Costa Ricans were one of the Latin
American nationalities that had soldiers and officers in the Philippines who supported their Emperor,
718:
364:, etc. These became extinct about 8,000 years before the modern era. The first settlers had to adapt to hunting smaller animals and develop appropriate strategies to adjust to the new conditions.
836:. The Intendancies took the new name of States. The United Provinces federation, not strongly united to begin with, rapidly disintegrated under the pressures of intra-provincial rivalries.
758:
to accede to the New Spain throne. Ferdinand VII did not recognize the colony's independence and said that Spain would not allow any other
European prince to take the throne of New Spain.
2384:
516:
The indigenous people have influenced modern Costa Rican culture to a relatively small degree. In the years soon after
European encounter, many of the people died due to
1038:
income is technology-based. Microsoft, Motorola, Intel and other technology-related firms have established operations in Costa Rica. Local companies create and export
707:
1642:
Johanson, Erik N., Sally P. Horn, and Chad S. Lane. "Pre-Columbian agriculture, fire, and
Spanish contact: a 4200-year record from Laguna Los Mangos, Costa Rica."
1786:
1561:
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in 1823, before gaining full independence in 1828. Its economy struggled due to lack of connections with
European suppliers. In 1856, Costa Rica resisted
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178:
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Independence from Spain was acknowledged and ratified on October 29, 1821, by the colonial authorities. It was then ratified in the cities of
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1990:
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on September 18, 1502. Numerous subsequent Spanish expeditions followed, eventually leading to the first Spanish colony in Costa Rica,
1621:
Gudmundson, Lowell. "Black into white in nineteenth century Spanish America: Afro‐American assimilation in Argentina and Costa Rica."
962:
An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1869 with elections. Costa Rica has avoided much of the violence that has plagued
2243:
2337:
1975:
1836:
1220:
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caused problems in transportation: the coffee-growing areas were mainly in the Central Valley and had access only to the port of
348:
The people of this era were nomadic. They were organized in family-based bands of about 20 to 30 members. Their diet consisted of
2627:
2092:
1777:
1134:
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After the declaration of independence, the New Spain parliament intended to establish a commonwealth whereby the King of Spain,
2114:
2063:
2016:
696:
68:
1707:
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890:, which had been abolished. He intended to expand into Costa Rica and after he entered that territory, the country declared
123:
1796:
2607:
2218:
2048:
1960:
1702:
Shin, Gi-Wook, and Gary Hytrek. "Social conflict and regime formation: A comparative study of South Korea and Costa Rica."
1565:
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while, "the clouds clear up" ("Mientras se aclaraban los nublados del día"), was a famous phrase of the events of the day.
691:—in 1821, the news of independence was sent to all the territories of New Spain, including the Intendencies of the former
645:, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large
1885:
1862:
926:
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276:
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78:
53:
2053:
1880:
1759:
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297:, guaranteeing universal suffrage and the dismantling of the military. Today, Costa Rica is a democracy that relies on
73:
967:
103:
98:
2447:
1980:
1945:
1670:
Olien, Michael D. "Black and part-Black populations in colonial Costa Rica: Ethnohistorical resources and problems."
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Once a largely agricultural country, Costa Rica has transformed to relying on technology industry and services, and
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2160:
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1955:
1764:
1523:
1498:
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966:. Since the late nineteenth century, only two brief periods of violence have marred its republican development. In
828:. A new Mexican congress voted to allow the Central American Intendancies to decide their own fate. That year, the
695:. Costa Rica joined the other Central American Intendancies in a joint declaration of independence from Spain, the
450:
252:
211:
199:
2043:
1970:
1816:
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has declined since the turn of the 21st century, economic problems still exist. Costa Rica is facing problems of
138:
898:, the filibusters were defeated and forced out of the country. Costa Rican forces followed the filibusters into
863:
in order to get to the Pacific Coast. In 1843, the country established a trade route to Europe with the help of
675:
was the most notable political chief of the province of Costa Rica, leading republican forces victorious in the
43:
2653:
2512:
2407:
2196:
2058:
1872:
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resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in twentieth-century Costa Rican history." The victorious
985:
led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election. "With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day
692:
599:
256:
164:
23:
2597:
1482:"Filipinos In Mexico’s History 4 (The Mexican Connection – The Cultural Cargo Of The Manila-Acapulco Galleons)
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who preferred to remain independent. The Republicans won and the capital was moved from Cartago to San José.
2562:
2306:
2261:
2109:
1950:
922:
2517:
2311:
2082:
1965:
941:
403:
1940:
902:, where in a final battle, William Walker and his forces were finally pushed back. In this final battle,
875:
390:
268:
1745:
337:, at sites called Guardiria and Florence, with matching quarry and workshop areas with presence of type
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2182:
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2070:
1935:
1895:
1867:
1809:
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culture flourished from 700 CE to 1530 CE and were well known for their crafts in metal and stonework.
128:
93:
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2147:
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1729:
1002:, right-wing former finance minister, was sworn in for a four-year presidential term. He had won the
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on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The central and southern portions of the country belonged to the
2612:
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2223:
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1890:
1007:
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83:
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2038:
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1923:
910:, lost his life torching the filibusters' stronghold. He is today remembered as a national hero.
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2004:
1985:
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Goldwork and Chibchan Identity:Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo-Colombian Area
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940:'s symbolic act of the army's abolition on December 1st, 1948 at Cuartel Bellavista, today the
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1905:
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The company they kept: migrants and the politics of gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870-1960
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is associated with the arrival of groups of hunter-gatherers about 10,000 to 19,000 years
8:
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Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for
618:, its legal prohibition under Spanish law against trading with its southern neighbors in
517:
1769:
833:
651:. For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the
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influences, as these were part of territories occupied predominantly by speakers of the
345:. All this suggests the possibility that in this area two different cultures coexisted.
2552:
2547:
2477:
2457:
2286:
1658:
Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States during the Rise of José Figueres
1649:
Jones, Geoffrey, and Andrew Spadafora. "Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000."
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563:
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1697:
Threatening Others: Nicaraguans and the Formation of National Identities in Costa Rica
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The Costa Rican Catholic Church, Social Justice, And The Rights Of Workers, 1979–1996.
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1760:
History of the Republic of Costa Rica from "Costa Rica Handbook" by Christopher Baker
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During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the
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against his forces. Led by Commander in Chief of the Army of Costa Rica, President
755:
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736:
552:
477:
1715:
Costa Rica: Politics, Economics, and Democracy: Politics, Economics and Democracy.
1135:"Greater Nicoya Culture - Precolumbian culture of Costa Rica and Nicaragua Nicoya"
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continued to borrow money internationally. This led the country into further
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528:, which were endemic among the Europeans but to which they had no immunity.
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1913:
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Costa Rica before coffee: Society and economy on the eve of the export boom
1377:
Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states
856:
466:
294:
133:
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480:, was the southernmost point of Mesoamerican cultural influence when the
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1581:"Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves takes office as president | DW | 08.05.2022"
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The nation has held 17 successive presidential elections, all peaceful,
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765:, was proclaimed emperor of New Spain, which was renamed Mexico. The
615:
610:). In practice it operated as a largely autonomous entity within the
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63:
1468:
Mi Patria, Fascículo #5, "Acta de la Independencia de Costa Rica",
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was formed of the five Central American Intendancies under General
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who wanted to join the Mexican Empire and republican forces led by
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886:, he proclaimed himself as president of Nicaragua and re-instated
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Costa Rica History, Map, Flag, Climate, Population, & Facts
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Following full independence in 1838, Costa Rica had no regular
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After 1869, Costa Rica established a democratic government.
1663:
Mount, Graeme S. "Costa Rica and the Cold War, 1948–1990."
1434:
Palmer, eds, Steven; Molina, eds, Ivan (October 29, 2004).
631:
1635:
Hall, Carolyn, Héctor Pérez Brignoli, and John V. Cotter.
1222:
Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
882:, began incursions into Central America. After landing in
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was fought between imperialist forces from Cartago led by
1316:
569:
Violent uprising of Indians in Talamanca region, 1709 CE.
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
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By request of Parliament, the president of the regency,
706:, and an emergency meeting was called upon by Governor
271:(1810–1821), Costa Rica became part of the independent
1433:
820:
was featured in the first postal stamp issued in 1862.
283:
settlers from mounting a take-over of the government.
1420:
1219:
Quilter, Jeffrey and John W. Hoopes, editors (2003).
925:
formally declared Costa Rica as independent from the
313:, foreign and internal debt, and a trade deficiency.
1050:
1740:. Vol. 2. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co.
1436:The Costa Rican Reader: History, Culture, Politics
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1236:
1683:The Costa Rica Reader: History, Culture, Politics
2645:
1201:
1199:
1197:
555:. The church was built between 1686 and 1693 CE.
225:arrived, Costa Rica was divided in two distinct
1685:Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004.
1349:"A Brief History of Costa Rica: Colonial Times"
824:In 1823, a revolution in Mexico ousted Emperor
580:reached the eastern coast of Costa Rica on his
1727:
1578:
702:On October 13, 1821, the documents arrived at
247:first dropped anchor in Costa Rica in 1503 at
2378:
1817:
1194:
859:opened, ships from Europe had to sail around
172:
2392:
614:. Costa Rica's distance from the capital in
1405:. Costarica.com. 2009-05-22. Archived from
367:
321:The oldest evidence of human occupation in
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2371:
1824:
1810:
1562:"YFU Costa Rica - Democracy in Costa Rica"
1395:
1381:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
1209:(2014): 1p. 1.; accessed 19 February 2015.
1207:Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia
1164:Hoopes, John W.; Oscar Fonseca Z. (2003).
1159:
1157:
1155:
998:. In May 2022, Costa Rica's new president
663:
179:
165:
1274:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1083:José Antonio Lacayo de Briones y Palacios
255:. He incorporated the territory into the
1129:
1127:
1125:
932:
917:
811:
719:Junta Superior Gubernativa de Costa Rica
667:
461:due to its geographical location in the
329:, with ancient archaeological evidence (
229:due to its geographical location in the
190:
1831:
1152:
531:
2646:
293:in 1948, the government drafted a new
94:First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)
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1805:
1692:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2002).
1122:
630:), and the lack of resources such as
551:historical site in the Orosí Valley,
124:Founding Junta of the Second Republic
1660:(University of Alabama Press, 1997).
1292:. Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino
1282:
1110:Spanish colonization of the Americas
794:in his failed revolt against Spain.
275:in 1821. Costa Rica was part of the
241:, with influences of both cultures.
1886:Federal Republic of Central America
1637:Historical Atlas of Central America
927:Federal Republic of Central America
830:United Provinces of Central America
487:came in the sixteenth century. The
374:Pre-Columbian history of Costa Rica
316:
277:Federal Republic of Central America
109:Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers
79:Federal Republic of Central America
13:
1608:
1225:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
1173:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
797:
772:Central America under Mexican rule
602:, which was nominally part of the
476:The northwest of the country, the
14:
2665:
1753:
1717:(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998).
1520:"The Biography of William Walker"
855:on the Pacific coast. Before the
2508:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1681:Palmer, Steven and Iván Molina.
1088:List of presidents of Costa Rica
1067:
1053:
1006:runoff against former president
562:
540:
431:
423:Pre-Columbian ceramics from the
416:
402:
382:
212:indigenous peoples of Costa Rica
148:
42:
1770:Brief History of Costa rica.com
1616:Costa Rica: quest for democracy
1591:
1572:
1554:
1537:
1512:
1487:
1475:
1462:
1034:. Costa Rica's major source of
576:The colonial period began when
139:COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica
1721:
1699:(Ohio University Press, 2004).
1579:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
1366:
1341:
1324:
1304:
1212:
693:Captaincy General of Guatemala
600:Captaincy General of Guatemala
499:Isthmo-Colombian cultural area
257:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1:
1115:
847:to European markets. Lack of
2633:United States Virgin Islands
1728:Charles Knight, ed. (1866).
1639:(U of Oklahoma Press, 2003).
942:Museo Nacional de Costa Rica
843:established to export their
341:and South American inspired
7:
2244:Water supply and sanitation
1775:Early History of Costa Rica
1665:Canadian Journal of History
1373:Shafer, D. Michael (1994).
1046:
913:
683:In the early 19th century,
438:Diquis human effigy pendant
269:Mexican War of Independence
10:
2670:
1896:First Costa Rican Republic
1548:November 17, 2013, at the
1312:"The Story Of... Smallpox"
1242:(Online text reproduction)
1188:(Online text reproduction)
1105:History of Central America
950:First Costa Rican Republic
947:
801:
743:on November 11, 1821, and
624:Viceroyalty of New Granada
371:
305:for its economy. Although
251:. His forces overcame the
195:Typical settlement of the
119:1948 Costa Rican Civil War
2608:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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2012:
2003:
1931:
1922:
1853:
1843:
2628:Turks and Caicos Islands
2394:History of North America
2017:Administrative divisions
1891:Free State of Costa Rica
1730:"Republic of Costa Rica"
1651:Enterprise & Society
1646:29.11 (2019): 1743–1757.
1438:. Duke University Press.
996:the latest being in 2022
972:Federico Tinoco Granados
923:José María Castro Madriz
871:merchant and shipowner.
804:Free State of Costa Rica
739:on November 3, 1821, at
735:on November 1, 1821, at
697:1821 Act of Independence
604:Viceroyalty of New Spain
368:Pre-Columbian Costa Rica
84:Free State of Costa Rica
1787:Democracy in Costa Rica
1765:Costa Rican Archaeology
1746:2027/nyp.33433000064794
1704:International sociology
1495:"history of costa rica"
896:Juan Rafael Mora Porras
774:). On 5 April 1823 the
664:Independence from Spain
2558:British Virgin Islands
2049:International rankings
1403:"Costa Rica – Cartago"
1093:Politics of Costa Rica
945:
930:
821:
747:on November 25, 1821.
680:
409:Ceramic incense burner
207:
202:before the arrival of
2654:History of Costa Rica
2498:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1863:Pre-Columbian history
1706:17.4 (2002): 459–480
1667:50.2 (2015): 290–316.
1653:18.1 (2017): 146–183.
1623:Slavery and Abolition
1355:on September 22, 2007
987:Costa Rican Civil War
936:
921:
906:, a drummer boy from
818:national coat of arms
815:
784:Gregorio José Ramírez
673:Gregorio José Ramírez
671:
291:Costa Rican Civil War
216:hunters and gatherers
194:
54:Pre-Columbian History
2054:Legislative Assembly
1991:World Heritage Sites
1792:Costa Rica Civil War
1628:Gudmundson, Lowell.
1335:May 1, 2013, at the
983:José Figueres Ferrer
938:José Figueres Ferrer
708:Juan Manuel de Cañas
578:Christopher Columbus
532:Spanish colonization
457:were divided in two
245:Christopher Columbus
2513:Trinidad and Tobago
2408:Antigua and Barbuda
1738:English Cyclopaedia
1472:, September 4, 2013
1008:Jose María Figueres
826:Agustín de Iturbide
780:Joaquín de Oreamuno
763:Agustín de Iturbide
622:, then part of the
595:, founded in 1524.
518:infectious diseases
2448:Dominican Republic
2161:Telecommunications
1873:Captaincy General
1780:2013-10-12 at the
1695:Sandoval, Carlos.
1632:(LSU Press, 1999).
1625:5.1 (1984): 34–49.
1618:(Routledge, 2018).
1454:has generic name (
1267:has generic name (
958:Olympus Generation
946:
931:
865:William Le Lacheur
822:
776:Battle of Ochomogo
681:
677:Battle of Ochomogo
507:Chibchan languages
473:cultural regions.
208:
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2530:other territories
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2093:Political parties
2044:Foreign relations
1999:
1998:
1713:Wilson, Bruce M.
1597:Sawchuk, Dana M.
1484:By Carlos Quirino
1061:Costa Rica portal
463:Intermediate Area
339:clovis spearheads
333:) located in the
331:stone tool making
259:as a province of
253:indigenous people
231:Intermediate Area
200:indigenous people
189:
188:
155:Costa Rica Portal
129:1949 Constitution
114:The Liberal State
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2598:Saint Barthélemy
2528:Dependencies and
2401:Sovereign states
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1558:
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1491:
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900:Rivas, Nicaragua
834:Manuel José Arce
756:House of Bourbon
727:
716:
594:
566:
553:Cartago province
544:
491:was the largest
478:Nicoya Peninsula
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352:, such as giant
335:Turrialba Valley
317:Hunter-gatherers
181:
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104:1917 coup d'état
99:1870 coup d'état
59:Spanish Conquest
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2187:
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1995:
1976:Water resources
1918:
1907:
1874:
1849:
1839:
1830:
1782:Wayback Machine
1756:
1724:
1656:Longley, Kyle.
1614:Booth, John A.
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1609:Further reading
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1754:External links
1752:
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1688:Putnam, Lara.
1686:
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1000:Rodrigo Chaves
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876:William Walker
849:infrastructure
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2623:Sint Maarten
2603:Saint Martin
2432:
2277:Coat of arms
2267:Architecture
2209:Demographics
2071:Human rights
1936:Conservation
1914:Reform State
1881:Mexican rule
1875:(Guatemalan)
1854:
1733:
1714:
1703:
1696:
1689:
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1672:Ethnohistory
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1644:The Holocene
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1574:
1566:the original
1556:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1489:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1452:|last1=
1435:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1397:
1376:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1343:
1326:
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1284:
1246:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1221:
1214:
1206:
1185:the original
1166:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1098:
1097:
1029:
1012:
980:
961:
873:
857:Panama Canal
841:trade routes
838:
823:
788:
760:
749:
730:
701:
682:
658:
646:
643:forced labor
640:
597:
575:
515:
501:with strong
492:
475:
467:Mesoamerican
444:
393:made by the
347:
320:
295:constitution
288:
285:
266:
243:
235:Mesoamerican
209:
69:Independence
32:
15:
2593:Puerto Rico
2503:Saint Lucia
2453:El Salvador
2148:Agriculture
1946:Earthquakes
1868:New Granada
1722:Older books
1032:eco-tourism
974:ruled as a
722: [
711: [
689:Mexico City
589: [
449:times, the
303:eco-tourism
33:History of
2588:Montserrat
2583:Martinique
2578:Guadeloupe
2433:Costa Rica
2292:Literature
2171:Ecotourism
2155:(currency)
2120:Presidents
1981:Waterfalls
1906:Civil War
1833:Costa Rica
1530:2012-05-22
1505:2012-05-22
1413:2010-06-26
1359:2007-12-21
1248:2019-09-08
1145:2012-05-22
1116:References
948:See also:
880:filibuster
853:Puntarenas
808:League War
802:See also:
520:, such as
485:conquerors
455:Costa Rica
354:armadillos
323:Costa Rica
299:technology
289:After the
249:Isla Uvita
233:, between
223:conquerors
210:The first
89:League War
35:Costa Rica
2573:Greenland
2488:Nicaragua
2463:Guatemala
2239:Squatting
2229:Languages
2214:Education
2178:Transport
2098:President
2059:Deputies
2039:Elections
2032:Districts
2022:Provinces
1971:Volcanoes
1956:Mountains
1924:Geography
1848:(capital)
1734:Geography
1470:La Nación
1444:cite book
1257:cite book
1043:exports.
981:In 1948,
884:Nicaragua
874:In 1856,
861:Cape Horn
816:The 1849
648:haciendas
616:Guatemala
494:cacicazgo
362:mastodons
350:megafauna
261:New Spain
64:New Spain
2648:Category
2538:Anguilla
2473:Honduras
2443:Dominica
2418:Barbados
2347:Category
2234:Religion
2088:Military
2005:Politics
1986:Wildlife
1846:San José
1837:articles
1778:Archived
1546:Archived
1333:Archived
1296:25 March
1290:"Diquís"
1099:General:
1047:See also
1040:software
1004:election
976:dictator
929:in 1848.
914:Republic
908:Alajuela
869:Guernsey
745:Alajuela
733:San José
685:Napoleon
628:Colombia
526:smallpox
469:and the
237:and the
204:Columbus
24:a series
22:Part of
2568:Curaçao
2553:Bonaire
2548:Bermuda
2478:Jamaica
2458:Grenada
2413:Bahamas
2331:Outline
2282:Cuisine
2254:Culture
2197:Society
2166:Tourism
2136:Economy
2064:History
2027:Cantons
1951:Islands
1855:History
1016:bananas
968:1917–19
888:slavery
741:Heredia
737:Cartago
704:Cartago
626:(i.e.,
606:(i.e.,
549:Ujarrás
522:measles
482:Spanish
397:culture
307:poverty
220:Spanish
2493:Panama
2483:Mexico
2428:Canada
2423:Belize
2352:Portal
2272:Cinema
2262:Anthem
2224:Health
2183:Unions
2153:Colón
2083:Mayors
1966:Rivers
1908:(1948)
1835:
1708:online
1676:online
1585:DW.COM
1385:
1229:
1177:
1036:export
956:, and
845:coffee
636:silver
620:Panama
608:Mexico
511:Diquis
509:. The
503:Muisca
471:Andean
395:Diquis
358:sloths
343:arrows
197:Diquis
26:on the
2543:Aruba
2468:Haiti
2338:Index
2312:Sport
2302:Music
2297:Media
1171:(PDF)
991:junta
726:]
715:]
593:]
214:were
2613:Saba
2438:Cuba
2287:Flag
2103:list
2076:LGBT
1456:help
1383:ISBN
1298:2012
1276:link
1269:help
1227:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1025:debt
867:, a
806:and
634:and
632:gold
547:The
524:and
356:and
301:and
1742:hdl
1317:PBS
892:war
445:In
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724:es
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591:es
360:,
327:BC
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180:e
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