473:
555:. Tortures that were applied included whipping with "the stick" and the "bladder" (a sun-dried muscle), the use of the stocks in two variants; the high that left the feet in suspense causing cuts in the neck and wrists and sometimes death, and the low that caused exhaustion due to the awkward position. In addition, the cells were in subhuman conditions; dirty, poorly ventilated, wet, full of rats, cockroaches and bedbugs, and a particular type of cell known as "the cloister" where the prisoner could not sit and died from exhaustion. These torments were reserved for political opponents and undisciplined prisoners.
610:
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37:
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and was composed of Costa Ricans and
Nicaraguan and Honduran volunteers. The first battle is fought in the Jobo with a huge numerical disadvantage because they are about 800 against the Tinoquist forces that mobilized around 5000 men. The rebels were defeated and the prisoners (mostly young boys) are
720:
it has been controversial. It is practically the only dictatorship that Costa Ricans remember despite the existence of other previous authoritarian governments especially in the nineteenth century (Samuel Stone says that only two governments could be considered genuinely dictatorships in Costa Rica;
576:
where he denounces the facts to the press. Flamenco would return to the country with other young people to try a bad insurrection that failed in the so-called Battle of the
Arriete on July 19, 1919, and would be macheted, dragged still alive by a horse and sprayed with kerosene before being burned
621:
The 1919 student civic movement was a series of protests and civic struggles that took place in San José, Costa Rica, in June 1919, led by teachers, professors and high school students from the Liceo de Costa Rica, the
Colegio Superior de Señoritas and the Colegio Seminario, and supported by the
393:
that taxed 15 % of the large capital, the
Cadastre Law that sought to properly value the value of the properties and its veto to the Pinto-Greulich oil concession signed between the Secretary of Development Enrique Pinto and the American tycoon Leo Greulich that would allow his company West
397:
The popular discontent over the economic crisis and the fury on the part of the powerful classes allowed
Gonzalez' Minister of the Navy, Federico Tinoco to carry out a coup on January 27, 1917 with full support (at least originally) of the oligarchy, the Church and the Army.
388:
González also applied a series of progressive measures that generated the wrath of the powerful Costa Rican business oligarchy, including the creation of the first public bank (banking was a private monopoly of the oligarchy) the
International Bank of Costa Rica, a
567:
and the intellectual
Rogelio Fernández Güell attempted armed insurrections against Tinoco in the south of the country that were defeated. Güell was killed along with Carlos Sanchos, Jeremías Garbanzo, Ricardo Rivera, Salvador Jiménez and Joaquín Porras in
657:
led the armed anti-Tinoco opposition which, together with popular protests, led to the murder of José Joaquín Tinoco and Pelico Tinoco's escape together with his family and close friends and collaborators. Tinoco would die in exile on
December 7, 1937.
427:
Having finished this process and promulgated the new constitution, the regime called elections to fill the newly created Senate and
Chamber of Deputies of Costa Rica, although again the elections took place in an environment of political
715:
Tinoco's figure became synonymous of authoritarianism and dictatorship in Costa Rica and became something like the villain of Costa Rican history, to the point that even the presence of his portrait in the
Presidents Hall of the
686:
The Tinochist constitution was repealed by restoring the Costa Rican Political Constitution of 1871 and calls for general elections that were easily won by the leader of the anti-Tinoco opposition Julio Acosta García of the
887:
914:
737:
is not usually considered a dictatorship because it handed over power 18 months later as agreed. Tinoco became the only dictator of Costa Rican history throughout the twentieth century, something unusual in
342:
on August 13, 1919 three days after the murder of his brother and after a series of armed insurrections and massive civil protests known as the Sapoá Revolution and the 1919 student civic movement.
601:
After the death due to natural causes of Volio, Julio Acosta leads future incursions, which, together with the popular and student protests, lead to the collapse of the regime, assumes leadership.
424:. He also convened a Constituent Assembly that discussed a new constitution drafted by a board made up of prominent former presidents (although not all former presidents agreed to participate).
532:
The first anti-Tinoquist demonstrations took place between November 12 and 13, 1918 amid the commemorations for the end of the war. The opponent Stewart Johnson even compares the defeat of the
544:
The Tinochist regime was particularly repressive. In addition to the closure of opposition-owned press and the imprisonment of others, torture and extrajudicial executions were carried out.
1816:
490:
refused to recognize the coup government and even blocked Costa Rica's participation in the First World War with which Tinoco unsuccessfully sought to ingratiate himself with Washington.
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1681:
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After the coup, Tinoco tried to give legitimacy to his government by calling the presidential elections of 1917, although with him as a single candidate and his party, the
493:
However, the US blockade and the Wilson administration's support for the anti-Tinocist opposition, in addition to the declaration of war that Costa Rica made to the
857:
536:
with the imminent defeat of Tinoco and cries of "Death to Tinoco!" And "Down with the government!" were heard. The police violently repressed the demonstrations.
1416:
17:
1674:
758:, the Tinoco dictatorship and its events are not thoroughly studied or commemorated in Costa Rican society, perhaps because of its remoteness in time.
630:, which led to a severe repression by the regime and in turn, accelerated the fall of the last military government in the history of Costa Rica.
298:
743:
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began to subtract support from the regime. Until then the opposition had managed to make itself heard through opposition newspapers such as
964:
622:
people of San José, against the dictatorship. The civic student movement culminated in the burning of the government-supporting newspapers
1287:
1120:
464:"the minions", the Tinoquist agents had the task of identifying and arresting opponents, applying torture and in some cases executions.
108:
1540:
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472:
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took over, who was still not recognized by Washington as Quirós was still a member of the Tinoquist regime. Alfredo Gonzalez'
730:
358:
243:
1515:
1345:
1257:
315:, also Tinochist or Peliquist (as Federico Tinoco was nicknamed "Pelico") Dictatorship, or Tinoco regime is the period of
1763:
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1159:
291:
228:
198:
173:
1836:
1350:
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717:
193:
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In memory of this civic day, San José's 9th Street, located in front of the square of the La Soledad Church, is named
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218:
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1457:
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481:
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637:. In 2016, a monument by the Costa Rican sculptor Édgar Zúñiga was inaugurated to commemorate the events of 1919.
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was called to take the presidency as the legitimate appointee of the pre-coup order as Washington requested.
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965:"El gobierno de Federico Tinoco (inicio de la "liberalización" del régimen republicano autoritario)"
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and his brother José Joaquín Tinoco Granados as Minister of War was in place. It began after the
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by the esbirros. Salvadoran teacher Marcelino García Flamenco witnesses the crime and flees to
654:
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was used by Tinoco to repress the opposition and terrorize the civilian population. Nicknamed
36:
1757:
1627:
1550:
1462:
1432:
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1202:
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726:
476:
Citizens of San Jose, Costa Rica, fleeing before the troops of President Tinoco - August 1919
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due to Costa Rican dependence on the export of products to the great powers now at war.
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whose candidacy had no chance but was allowed to give legitimacy to Acosta's election.
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and Tinoco). Although there was a further rupture of the constitution order with the
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274:
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Cien años de política costarricense: 1902-2002, de Ascensión Esquivel a Abel Pacheco
338:
on January 27, 1917, and culminated with the departure of Tinoco from Costa Rica to
916:
COSTA RICA.- 12 de agosto de 1919: es derrocada la dictadura de los hermanos Tinoco
429:
417:
80:
734:
722:
1039:
989:
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1721:
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The presentation of two controversial bills by Tinoco; the restoration of the
1805:
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739:
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after the political agreement between the candidates who participated in the
233:
123:
707:
1751:
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1210:
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691:. His opponent was the Tinoquista doctor and brother of former president
593:
The rebellion was organized in Nicaragua by the ex-priest and politician
578:
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378:
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alive by the Tinoquists. His heroic death is still commemorated both in
1715:
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killed after torture, including Salvadorian Marcelino García Flamenco.
390:
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269:
208:
1098:
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1745:
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that were closed down by the regime increasing popular animosity.
328:
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José Joaquín Tinoco's house, where he was murdered in the corner.
573:
339:
1817:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
501:
and imprison hundreds of opponents without habeas corpus.
1689:
1021:"Notas sobre la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1949"
377:. Shortly after his government began on May 8, 1917,
1779:
394:
India Oil Company to exploit Costa Rican oil wells.
420:(formed to sustain the regime and legal only) as a
984:
742:. However, unlike other dictatorships such as the
1803:
1075:
653:Marcelino's murder set fire to public outrage.
617:newspaper, which was set on fire by protesters.
1037:
962:
497:, served Tinoco to justify the application of
1675:
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1079:Recordando la historia de mi pueblo San Ramón
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56:27 January 1917 – 12 August 1919
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613:Maroy Building, where once was located
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756:Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay
214:First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)
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1019:Arce Goméz, Celín (May–August 2011).
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909:
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661:
547:The main opponents' prisons were the
244:Founding Junta of the Second Republic
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856:Bonilla, Alejandro (22 March 2009).
780:
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1183:Federal Republic of Central America
1062:
888:"A 100 años de la última dictadura"
872:
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313:Dictatorship of the Tinoco brothers
229:Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers
199:Federal Republic of Central America
24:
18:Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers
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718:Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
25:
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1076:Quesada Alvarado, Angela (1995).
668:1919 Costa Rican general election
467:
408:1917 Costa Rican general election
1782:
1038:Rodríguez Vega, Eugenio (2004).
963:Arroyo Álvarez, Wilbert (2011).
412:Costa Rican Constitution of 1917
268:
162:
122:
752:National Reorganization Process
443:
259:COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica
1812:Military history of Costa Rica
744:military dictatorship of Chile
731:subsequent de facto government
581:and Costa Rica, especially in
13:
1:
1728:Barrios' War of Reunification
1041:Costa Rica en el siglo veinte
1025:Revista de Ciencias Jurídicas
886:Soto, Carlos (8 April 2019).
774:
345:
51:Presidency of Federico Tinoco
558:
336:1917 Costa Rican coup d'état
7:
1764:Nicaraguan invasion attempt
1541:Water supply and sanitation
986:Oconitrillo García, Eduardo
761:
702:
674:Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
513:and the elimination of the
61:
10:
1858:
1690:Armed conflicts involving
1193:First Costa Rican Republic
711:Tinoco's official portrait
681:Francisco Aguilar Barquero
665:
405:
363:Constitution then in force
239:1948 Costa Rican Civil War
130:Coat of arms of Costa Rica
1837:Wars involving Costa Rica
1777:
1740:Anti-Tinoquista rebellion
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672:Once Tinoco was deposed,
563:The brothers Alfredo and
371:Máximo Fernández Alvarado
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1314:Administrative divisions
1188:Free State of Costa Rica
635:Paseo de los Estudiantes
432:and without opposition.
381:began causing a serious
325:Federico Tinoco Granados
204:Free State of Costa Rica
70:Federico Tinoco Granados
27:Costa Rican dictatorship
798:Dictadura de los Tinoco
640:
549:Bellavista Headquarters
540:Human rights violations
359:Constitutional Congress
355:president of Costa Rica
351:Alfredo González Flores
104:Alfredo González Flores
1842:Military dictatorships
1700:listed chronologically
1346:International rankings
712:
697:José María Soto Alfaro
650:
618:
605:Civic student movement
477:
440:
1758:Costa Rican Civil War
1160:Pre-Columbian history
858:"La última dictadura"
768:Costa Rican Civil War
710:
648:
612:
475:
454:Cleto González Víquez
438:
361:as stipulated in the
321:military dictatorship
174:Pre-Columbian History
1351:Legislative Assembly
1288:World Heritage Sites
693:Bernardo Soto Alfaro
689:Constitutional Party
553:Central Penitentiary
519:Diario de Costa Rica
402:Legitimation efforts
109:Juan Bautista Quirós
1770:Dominican Civil War
748:Guatemalan genocide
655:Julio Acosta García
595:Jorge Volio Jiménez
375:Carlos Durán Cartín
1832:1919 in Costa Rica
1827:1918 in Costa Rica
1822:1917 in Costa Rica
1458:Telecommunications
1170:Captaincy General
713:
662:Democracy restored
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480:The government of
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1790:Costa Rica portal
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1390:Political parties
1341:Foreign relations
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727:Civil War of 1948
505:Opposition begins
458:internal security
309:
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275:Costa Rica Portal
249:1949 Constitution
234:The Liberal State
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16:(Redirected from
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972:Revista Judicial
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919:. 10 August 2018
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589:Sapoá Revolution
430:authoritarianism
418:Peliquista Party
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254:The Reform State
224:1917 coup d'état
219:1870 coup d'état
179:Spanish Conquest
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81:Peliquista Party
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1604:Public holidays
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1423:
1407:Public finances
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1273:Water resources
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1027:. Nº125: 31–78.
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624:La Prensa Libre
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383:economic crisis
357:by the vote of
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194:Mexican Control
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678:Vice President
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615:La Información
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583:La Cruz Canton
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488:Woodrow Wilson
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1516:Ethnic groups
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735:José Figueres
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1752:World War II
1710:Ochomogo War
1574:Coat of arms
1564:Architecture
1506:Demographics
1368:Human rights
1233:Conservation
1211:Reform State
1178:Mexican rule
1172:(Guatemalan)
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921:. Retrieved
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422:single party
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189:Independence
49:
29:
1772:(1965–1966)
1754:(1941–1945)
1734:World War I
1724:(1855–1857)
1445:Agriculture
1243:Earthquakes
1165:New Granada
941:|work=
890:. La Nación
860:. La Nación
822:|work=
579:El Salvador
565:Jorge Volio
515:direct vote
499:martial law
452:created by
379:World War I
153:History of
1806:Categories
1716:League War
1692:Costa Rica
1589:Literature
1468:Ecotourism
1452:(currency)
1417:Presidents
1278:Waterfalls
1203:Civil War
1130:Costa Rica
775:References
666:See also:
527:El Liberal
482:Democratic
406:See also:
391:tax reform
346:Background
317:Costa Rica
209:League War
155:Costa Rica
1536:Squatting
1526:Languages
1511:Education
1475:Transport
1395:President
1356:Deputies
1336:Elections
1329:Districts
1319:Provinces
1268:Volcanoes
1253:Mountains
1221:Geography
1145:(capital)
943:ignored (
933:cite book
824:ignored (
814:cite book
559:Uprisings
485:President
332:president
184:New Spain
63:President
1746:Coto War
1644:Category
1531:Religion
1385:Military
1302:Politics
1283:Wildlife
1143:San José
1134:articles
1082:. UNED.
988:(2004).
762:See also
754:and the
703:Analysis
551:and the
329:de facto
144:a series
142:Part of
93:San José
1628:Outline
1579:Cuisine
1551:Culture
1494:Society
1463:Tourism
1433:Economy
1361:History
1324:Cantons
1248:Islands
1152:History
923:25 July
894:25 July
864:25 July
804:25 July
323:led by
1766:(1955)
1760:(1948)
1748:(1921)
1742:(1919)
1736:(1918)
1730:(1885)
1718:(1835)
1712:(1823)
1649:Portal
1569:Cinema
1559:Anthem
1521:Health
1480:Unions
1450:Colón
1380:Mayors
1263:Rivers
1205:(1948)
1132:
1086:
1052:
1002:
770:– 1948
750:, the
746:, the
729:, the
574:Panama
340:France
146:on the
1635:Index
1609:Sport
1599:Music
1594:Media
1046:EUNED
996:EUNED
974:(99).
968:(PDF)
77:Party
1584:Flag
1400:list
1373:LGBT
1084:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1000:ISBN
945:help
925:2019
896:2019
866:2019
826:help
806:2019
641:Fall
626:and
525:and
456:for
448:The
410:and
373:and
311:The
88:Seat
733:of
327:as
1808::
1064:^
1048:.
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998:.
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970:.
953:^
937::
935:}}
931:{{
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808:.
300:e
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286:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
