81:
1116:: "Les documents qui éclairent les origines du prélat — documents diplomatiques faux ou suspects, sources narratives très tardives — sont loin d’offrir toutes les garanties. Nous estimons cependant que leur témoignage se fait l’écho d’une tradition basée sur la réalité." Vaes, following Baerten, emphasizes that in 1031, Bishop Reginard, Balderic II's successor, describes a grant made in the previous generation where Gislebert was named as both brother to Balderic and count of Loon. Kupper says that this document is also a false copy, though probably based on an older real act. "Cet acte est un faux qui se base probablement sur un document de 1026-1028"
492:
627:, but they do not give exact relationships. The only medieval source to mention a parent for Count Giselbert is the chronicle of the Abbey of St Truiden, which names his father as Otto. However this was written centuries later and is not considered reliable. Not only is the parentage of Giselbert, Arnulf and Balderic uncertain, but also their connection to the next two count brothers, Emmo and Otto, is considered uncertain. They may be the sons of either Giselbert or Arnulf.
479:
806:, which was nearby. However, in 1830, Belgium was created, splitting the Kingdom, and the position of Limburg and Luxemburg became a cause of conflict between the two resulting Kingdoms. In 1839, under international arbitration, it was finally decided to split Limburg and Luxemburg into their two modern parts. The western part of Limburg, corresponds roughly to the old County of Loon, and became part of Belgium. Both parts kept their new name of Limburg.
67:
593:, the forerunners of later France and Germany, contested for control, together with the local magnates. By the year 1000, the area was under lasting control of the eastern kingdom, and royal power in the Haspengouw region was partly in the hands of the prince bishops of Liège, who had been enfeoffed by the emperor of at least two significant Haspengouw counties,
1111:
Although all of the charters which describe the brothers as siblings of bishop
Balderic II of Liège are later forgeries, there is considered to be enough evidence to be accept this relationship. There are many mentions of the relationship, and medieval forgeries were often wholly or partly based on
584:
Like many of counties in the region, records mentioning counts of Loon begin in the early 11th century, but these give almost no indication of how the county came to be and what its original boundaries and institutions it encompassed. The immediately preceding generations had seen many rebellions,
575:
All three of these components can be found in the modern province of
Limburg. However, the early county did not have a simple geographical form. The counts excerised a changing bundle of rights and duties in scattered locations which extended outside the core area, while other landholders also had
380:, and by 1190 the count had come under the bishop's overlordship. In the fourteenth century the male line ended for a second time, at which point the prince-bishops themselves took over the county directly. Loon approximately represented the Dutch-speaking (archaic
656:
Count Arnold (or Arnulf) I, the son of Emmo, is according to
Baerten (1969 p. 40), the first Count of Loon for whom we can discuss any political activity. In 1106 he was able to strengthen his position, when he acquired the possessions of the extinct
1095:
634:
land in key places in the County of Loon. Her possessions cannot be explained by her proposed ancestry, or her known husband, and so it has long been suggested that she must have first married a Count Arnold, because he is presumed to have had no heirs.
758:
in 1227, and brought the main line of the counts of Loon to the high point of its territorial expansion. The comital male line became extinct with the death of Louis IV of Loon in 1336 and the Loon and Chiny estates were at first inherited by the noble
80:
616:) of Loon was the 11th century Giselbert (modern English and French "Gilbert"). He had two brothers, Count Arnulf, who appears to have been the last secular count of Haspinga, and bishop Balderic II of Liège.
723:
in 1179. In 1193 he also acquired the county of Duras and advocacy of the abbey of Sint-Truiden, but had to accept
Brabant's suzerainty over those lands. This area gave power over abbey lands in
601:. A third one, "Haspinga", came into the hands of the bishop in 1040. There is no consensus over what territory it encompassed, and it may have even included lordship over all or part of Loon.
707:
Count Gerard (sometimes incorrectly called Gerard "II"), the next count of Loon and
Rieneck, fortified Brustem and Kolmont, and moved the capital of the county to Kuringen. There he founded
818:(doubted). Named as count of Loon in a much later St Truiden Abbey account of his son Baldric II's installation as Bishop of Liège in 1008. His existence is doubted, for example by Baerten.
653:, perhaps through his wife Oda. The county of Duras was inherited by Otto's son Giselbert, and in turn by his son Otto. It eventually became part of Loon, under Count Gerard in the 1190s.
482:
This map shows the medieval County of Loon in red, with modern provincial (grey) and national borders (black). The light red zones were under Loon and another lord jointly.
838:
was ancestor of the counts of Duras, but the brothers were collectively called counts of Loon in this generation. It is uncertain who the parents of the two brothers was.
293:
268:
824:(count at least 1015-1036), he and his brother Arnold were both referred to as counts in Haspengouw, and Giselbert was specifically referred to as count of Loon.
1086:
Haspengouw", which had been the possession of count Arnold, understood to be the brother of Count
Giselbert of Loon, also known as Arnulf. With this charter
768:
630:
Another important charter in discussions about the origins of the County of Loon is the 1078 grant by
Countess Ermengarde to the Bishop of Liège, of
643:
In the generation after the 3 brothers
Balderic, Gilbert, and Arnulf, Count Emmo became the next count of Loon while his brother Count Otto was
1267:
Jongbloed, Hein H (2009), "Listige Immo en
Herswind. Een politieke wildebras in het Maasdal (938-960) en zijn in Thorn rustende dochter",
1441:
1446:
1185:
513:
From the earliest mentions, the counts of Loon exercised power in three distinct geographical areas, with different medieval names.
94:
1238:"Immed "von Kleve" (um 950) : Das erste Klevische Grafenhaus (ca, 885 - ca. 1015) als Vorstufe des geldrischen Fürstentums"
1216:
1180:
1091:
1466:
1025:
1015:
997:
589:
had been part of a separate "middle" kingdom, but it no longer had a king. The eastern and western kingdoms of the old
388:) part of the princedom. All of the Dutch-speaking towns in the Prince-Bishopric, with the status of being so-called "
1374:
1301:
1053:
799:
468:
802:
in 1815, and received its modern name of
Limburg as a way for the kingdom to preserve the old title of the medieval
1451:
1397:
927:
955:
715:
rule. In Loon, the enduring conflict with his Liège overlords culminated in an 1179 campaign by Prince-Bishop
1018:(1361–1362), nephew, son of John of Heinsberg, married Philippa, daughter of Count William V of Jülich, also
985:
471:. In 1839, the old territory of Loon became the approximate basis of a new province, Limburg, within the new
459:. Loon and other Liège lordships only joined their neighbours when they all became part of France during the
782:
in 1795, the county of Loon was also disbanded and an adjusted version of the territory became part of the
214:
620:
936:(1227–1273), another grandson of Gerard and son of Count Gerard of Rieneck, married Joanna, daughter of
875:
1311:
893:
879:
619:
Medieval records note that Giselbert and his brothers were related by blood to local nobility, such as
1385:
Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuidnederlandsche Maatschappij voor Taal- en Letterkunde en Geschiednis
1461:
909:
1383:
Verhelst, Karel (1984), "Een nieuwe visie op de omvang en indeling van de pagus Hasbania (part 1)",
735:, effectively defining what is today still the southwestern border of Belgian Limburg. Gerard's son
440:
377:
933:
923:
917:
889:
855:
748:
744:
740:
666:
778:) within Liège, whose prince-bishops assumed the comital title. When the bishopric was annexed by
704:(now in St Truiden), which came under threat as a Loon enclave surrounded by the County of Duras.
1436:
977:
964:
885:
841:
736:
662:
900:
1203 - 1207, followed by his brothers as guardians of his minor nephews Louis III and Arnold IV:
1456:
865:
849:
624:
1130:
716:
1199:
951:
835:
791:
783:
779:
231:
903:
743:. The counties of Rieneck and Loon were re-united eventually under Gerard of Rieneck's son
1350:
66:
8:
815:
590:
329:
122:
844:(count at least 1090-1125), son of Emmo, married Agnes, daughter and heiress of Gerard,
787:
286:
1256:
1237:
852:. (His contemporary, another Giselbert, the son of his uncle Otto, was count in Duras.)
821:
771:
nevertheless seized Loon and finally incorporated it into the Liège territory in 1366.
472:
464:
1200:"Les origines des comtes de Looz et la formation territoriale du comté (suite et fin)"
1370:
1297:
1260:
1087:
1029:
1001:
972:
937:
930:, also Count of Rieneck 1221 - 1243, renounced Loon in favour of his younger brother.
913:
760:
700:. He strengthened the fort there and gave the city freedoms. He also did the same in
658:
586:
460:
401:
358:
354:
175:
132:
98:
551:
The southern part was mainly within the Dutch-speaking part of the fertile hills of
365:. During the middle ages the counts moved their court to a more central position in
1326:
1287:
1248:
1065:
See for example Vaes p.119. The Dutch speaking cities were specifically called the
897:
803:
708:
552:
491:
1252:
1082:, p. 248). A charter dated 24 Jan 1040 mentions a "county of Haspinga in the
959:
1033:
1019:
1009:
981:
968:
945:
650:
556:
537:
393:
381:
361:. It was named after the original seat of its count, Loon, which is today called
344:
48:
859:
830:(d.1078), clearly called "count of Loon" in own lifetime. His brother Otto, an
677:
564:
433:
324:
314:
34:
1430:
1412:
1399:
827:
594:
444:
429:
409:
1292:
868:(1139–1171), son of Arnold II, married Agnes, daughter of Count Folmar V of
1330:
732:
724:
517:
A northeastern part of Loon was in or near the Maas river valley, north of
421:
413:
1281:
712:
598:
505:
478:
452:
389:
152:
1052:
Count Gerard of Loon declared himself to hold Loon of the Bishop, in an
1181:"Les origines des comtes de Looz et la formation territoriale du comté"
693:
518:
500:
357:, which corresponded approximately with the modern Belgian province of
1005:
831:
764:
645:
545:
201:
754:
By marriage, Count Arnold IV acquired the French-speaking County of
1338:
1135:
845:
795:
720:
366:
362:
339:
273:
108:
1312:"La donation de la comtesse Ermengarde à l'Église de Liège (1078)"
649:
of the Abbey of St Truiden, and the ancestor of the first line of
443:, Loon never formally became part of the unified lordship of the "
701:
689:
532:
455:, and continued to unite almost all of today's Belgium under the
448:
425:
417:
370:
112:
697:
692:, both in modern Germany. He increased Loon's territory adding
523:
405:
400:), were in Loon, and are in Belgian Limburg today. These were
142:
1358:
La formation territoriale des principautés belges au Moyen Age
439:
Like other areas which eventually came under the power of the
984:(as Louis VI) since 1313, married Margaret, daughter of Duke
941:
755:
747:, but he then divided them again, giving Loon to his brother
728:
685:
631:
188:
1100:
comitatum Arnoldi comitis nomine Haspinga in pago Haspingowi
1069:, where "thioise" is an old word related to English "Dutch".
767:
with the consent of the Liège bishop. In 1362 Prince-Bishop
1000:(or Diederik, or Thierry), (1336–1361) son of Gottfried of
869:
1269:
Jaarboek. Limburgs Geschied- en Oudheidkundig Genootschap
376:
From its beginnings, Loon was associated with the nearby
1125:
Baerten, ‘Origines’, pp. 459-60. The primary record is
1036:(as Arnold IV), claimant, renounced in favour of Liege,
544:), which was often still referred to by the Roman term
878:(1171–1191), son, married Adelaide, daughter of Count
665:
which was at Borgloon during the middle ages. His son
1336:
1141:
1008:
and Mechtild of Loon, sister of Count Louis IV, also
1245:
Annalen des historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein
585:
confiscations, and expulsions. The larger region of
1153:For example by Vanderkindere, Baerten, and Kupper.
719:, whose troops devastated the county's capital at
1319:Bulletin de la Commission royale d'Histoire Année
1022:and Lord of Heinsberg, sold the comital title to:
661:through his marriage. He also probably built the
1428:
1283:Liège et l'Église impériale aux XIe-XIIe siècles
1228:Jongbloed (2008), "Flamenses in de elfde eeuw",
1127:Gestorum Abbatem Trudonensium Continuatio Tertia
954:(1273–1279), son, married Matilda, daughter of
906:(1218), another son of Gerard, died soon after.
672:The son and heir of Arnold II was Louis (Dutch
530:The northwestern part of Loon was in the sandy
680:by charter dated 1135, and was count of Loon,
1348:
1094:in Liège. (It can be seen at MGH DD H III 35
794:to the east of the Maas. After the defeat of
85:The Low Countries around 1250, Loon in yellow
40:
739:was heir, but Rieneck went to another son,
26:
1367:De Graven van Loon. Loons, Luiks, Limburgs
858:(count in 1135), son of Arnold I. Founded
604:The first generally accepted count (Dutch
79:
16:State of the Holy Roman Empire (1040–1795)
1291:
1266:
1235:
1227:
912:(1218–1221), another son of Gerard, also
798:, the département became part of the new
1382:
1079:
926:(1221–1227), grandson of Gerard, son of
490:
477:
1214:
1204:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire
1197:
1186:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire
1178:
774:The county remained a separate entity (
1429:
1309:
1279:
1218:Het Graafschap Loon (11de - 14de eeuw)
1154:
1113:
916:, married Adelaide, daughter of Duke
467:, they remained connected in the new
338:
323:
1364:
711:, for women living according to the
495:Map of the Bishopric of Liège with '
1286:, Presses universitaires de Liège,
13:
1442:Former states in the Low Countries
14:
1478:
1447:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
1142:Souvereyns & Bijsterveld 2008
971:1299 - 1313, married Margaret of
809:
800:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
669:, founded the Abbey of Averbode.
571:) which includes Borgloon itself.
527:. This included Maaseik and Bree.
469:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
447:" which united almost all of the
1369:, Davidsfonds/Clauwaert V.Z.W.,
1343:Limburg - Het Oude Land van Loon
1337:Souvereyns; Bijsterveld (2008),
992:Male line extinct, succeeded by:
696:(now in Tongeren) together with
291:
266:
65:
1230:Bijdragen en Mededelingen Gelre
1157:discusses this grant in detail.
1160:
1147:
1119:
1105:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1:
1253:10.7788/annalen.2006.209.1.13
1172:
1349:Vanderkindere, Léon (1902),
1339:"Deel 1: De graven van Loon"
369:, which today forms part of
7:
1310:Kupper, Jean-Louis (2013),
1280:Kupper, Jean-Louis (1981),
1236:Jongbloed, Hein H. (2006),
1090:granted this county to the
956:William IV, Count of Jülich
621:Lambert I, Count of Louvain
486:
373:, capital of the province.
10:
1483:
1467:History of Belgian Limburg
1360:, vol. 2, p. 128
1092:Cathedral of Saint-Lambert
888:(1191–1218), son, married
769:Engelbert III of the Marck
638:
579:
576:rights within that area.
325:[ˈɣraːfsxɑpˈloːn]
245:
241:
224:
211:
198:
185:
172:
162:
158:
148:
138:
128:
118:
104:
90:
78:
62:
57:
21:
1040:
928:Gerard, Count of Rieneck
741:Gerard, Count of Rieneck
667:Arnold II, Count of Loon
340:[ˈɣʀaːfʃɑpˈluən]
1293:10.4000/books.pulg.1472
986:Theobald II of Lorraine
980:(1323–1336), son, also
967:(1279–1323), son, also
958:, secondly Isabelle de
663:motte-and-bailey castle
213:• Incorporated by
164:• First mentioned
1452:1795 disestablishments
1331:10.3406/bcrh.2013.4098
1215:Baerten, Jean (1969),
1112:older real documents.
1012:and Lord of Heinsberg.
625:Arnulf of Valenciennes
568:
560:
541:
510:
483:
441:Prince Bishop of Liège
397:
385:
378:Prince-bishop of Liège
353:) was a county in the
348:
333:
318:
41:
27:
836:Abbey of Sint-Truiden
494:
481:
119:Common languages
938:Louis IV the Younger
892:, daughter of Count
780:Revolutionary France
1409: /
1056:. See Vaes pp.32-3.
894:Dirk VII of Holland
880:Henry I of Guelders
717:Rudolf of Zähringen
591:Carolingian dynasty
1365:Vaes, Jan (2016),
1032:(1362–1366), also
918:Henry I of Brabant
784:French département
511:
484:
473:Kingdom of Belgium
465:Battle of Waterloo
229:
1088:Emperor Henry III
761:House of Sponheim
745:Louis III of Loon
659:Counts of Rieneck
587:Lower Lotharingia
461:French Revolution
355:Holy Roman Empire
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
279:
278:
226:• Annexed by
133:Roman Catholicism
99:Holy Roman Empire
1474:
1462:Belgian nobility
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:50.800°N 5.350°E
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1391:
1379:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1333:
1316:
1306:
1295:
1276:
1263:
1242:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1198:Baerten (1965),
1194:
1179:Baerten (1965),
1167:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1129:1007, MGH SS X,
1123:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1078:See for example
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1050:
914:Count of Rieneck
898:Count of Holland
804:Duchy of Limburg
788:Meuse-Inférieure
709:Herkenrode Abbey
676:) I. He founded
342:
327:
295:
294:
287:Meuse-Inférieure
283:
282:
270:
269:
263:
262:
247:
246:
230:
187:• Acquired
83:
69:
52:
44:
38:
30:
19:
18:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1353:
1314:
1304:
1240:
1221:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1106:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1043:
812:
688:, and count of
651:counts of Duras
641:
582:
521:, the Frankish
497:t Land van Loen
489:
335:Graafsjap Loeën
320:Graafschap Loon
292:
267:
234:
228:
227:
217:
204:
191:
178:
165:
111:
86:
74:
73:
70:
53:
46:
39:
32:
28:Graafschap Loon
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:County of Loon
1393:
1392:
1380:
1375:
1362:
1346:
1334:
1307:
1302:
1277:
1264:
1233:
1225:
1212:
1195:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1146:
1144:, p. 116.
1134:
1118:
1104:
1080:Verhelst (1984
1071:
1067:cités thioises
1058:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:Count of Chiny
1023:
1020:Count of Chiny
1013:
1010:Count of Chiny
989:
988:
982:Count of Chiny
975:
969:Count of Chiny
962:
949:
948:(as Arnold II)
946:Count of Chiny
931:
921:
907:
901:
883:
873:
863:
860:Averbode Abbey
853:
839:
825:
819:
811:
810:Counts of Loon
808:
678:Averbode Abbey
640:
637:
581:
578:
573:
572:
549:
528:
488:
485:
311:County of Loon
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
280:
277:
276:
271:
259:
258:
253:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
225:
222:
221:
218:
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
174:• Gained
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
150:
149:Historical era
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
106:
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
71:
64:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
25:
23:County of Loon
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:House of Loon
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1418:50.800; 5.350
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1376:9789059087651
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1303:9782821828681
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1156:
1155:Kupper (2013)
1150:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1114:Kupper (1981)
1108:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1054:Imperial Diet
1049:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:
987:
983:
979:
976:
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445:Low Countries
442:
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42:Comté de Looz
36:
29:
20:
1394:
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1190:
1184:
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1149:
1137:
1126:
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1107:
1099:
1083:
1074:
1066:
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1048:
991:
990:
775:
773:
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733:Herk de Stad
725:Sint-Truiden
706:
681:
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629:
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613:
609:
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583:
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531:
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496:
463:. After the
456:
451:in the late
438:
422:Herk-de-Stad
408:, Borgloon,
375:
349:
334:
319:
310:
308:
256:Succeeded by
255:
250:
72:Coat of arms
1416: /
940:, Count of
599:Brunengeruz
506:Atlas Maior
453:Middle Ages
390:Good Cities
251:Preceded by
153:Middle Ages
1431:Categories
1173:References
1166:Vaes p.129
1004:, Lord of
910:Arnold III
816:Count Otto
713:Cistercian
553:Haspengouw
519:Maastricht
501:Joan Blaeu
330:Limburgish
200:• To
139:Government
123:Limburgish
1261:180819126
1026:Arnold VI
1016:Gottfried
1006:Heinsberg
998:Theodoric
934:Arnold IV
924:Louis III
856:Arnold II
822:Giselbert
765:Heinsberg
749:Arnold IV
682:Stadtgraf
646:advocatus
612:, French
546:Texandria
202:Heinsberg
129:Religion
58:1040–1795
1325:: 5–50,
1193:(2): 468
1002:Sponheim
978:Louis IV
965:Arnold V
886:Louis II
846:Burgrave
842:Arnold I
832:advocate
796:Napoleon
776:quartier
737:Louis II
721:Borgloon
674:Lodewijk
632:allodial
608:, Latin
569:Hasbania
536:region (
487:Location
402:Beringen
367:Kuringen
363:Borgloon
274:Hasbania
109:Borgloon
1401:50°48′N
1030:Rumigny
973:Vianden
944:, also
896:, also
866:Louis I
834:of the
702:Brustem
694:Kolmont
690:Rieneck
639:History
580:Origins
561:Hesbaye
542:Campine
449:Benelux
434:Stokkem
426:Maaseik
418:Hasselt
371:Hasselt
359:Limburg
176:Rieneck
113:Hasselt
105:Capital
97:of the
1404:5°21′E
1373:
1300:
1275:: 9–67
1259:
952:John I
876:Gerard
731:, and
698:Bilzen
623:, and
597:, and
557:French
538:French
533:Kempen
524:Maasau
509:, 1645
414:Hamont
406:Bilzen
394:French
386:thiois
382:French
345:French
232:France
143:County
91:Status
49:French
45:
31:
1354:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1257:S2CID
1241:(PDF)
1222:(PDF)
1131:p.382
1084:pagus
1041:Notes
960:Condé
942:Chiny
904:Henry
850:Mainz
828:Emmon
756:Chiny
729:Halen
686:Mainz
614:comte
610:comes
606:graaf
565:Latin
315:Dutch
215:Liège
189:Chiny
95:State
35:Dutch
1371:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1096:p.45
870:Metz
432:and
430:Peer
410:Bree
309:The
237:1795
220:1366
207:1336
194:1227
181:1106
168:1040
1351:"9"
1327:doi
1323:179
1288:doi
1273:145
1249:doi
1210:(4)
1028:of
890:Ada
848:of
786:of
763:at
684:of
595:Huy
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317::
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872:.
862:.
555:(
548:.
313:(
51:)
47:(
37:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
