Coup d'état - Knowledge

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legitimacy and economic growth, while leaders who stay in power after failed coup attempts see it as a sign that they must enact meaningful reforms to remain in power. A 2014 study found that 40% of post-Cold War coups were successful. The authors argue that this may be due to the incentives created by international pressure. A 2016 study found that democracies were installed in 12% of Cold War coups and 40% of the post-Cold War coups. A 2020 study found that coups tended to lead to increases in state repression, not reductions.

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Another 2015 study shows that coups are the strongest predictor for the imposition of democratic sanctions. A third 2015 study finds that Western states react strongest against coups of possible democratic and human rights abuses. A 2016 study shows that the international donor community in the post-Cold War period penalizes coups by reducing foreign aid. The US has been inconsistent in applying aid sanctions against coups both during the Cold War and post-Cold War periods, a likely consequence of its geopolitical interests.

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d'etat Project by the Cline Center, the Colpus coup dataset, and the Coups and Agency Mechanism dataset. A 2023 study argued that major coup datasets tend to over-rely on international news sources to gather their information, potentially biasing the types of events included. Its findings show that while such a strategy is sufficient for gathering information on successful and failed coups, attempts to gather data on coup plots and rumors require a greater consultation of regional and local-specific sources.

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Middle East have experienced 13.1% and 15.8% of total global coups, respectively. Europe has experienced by far the fewest coup attempts: 2.6%." Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. From 1950 to 2010, a majority of coups failed in the Middle East and Latin America. They had a somewhat higher chance of success in Africa and Asia. Numbers of successful coups have decreased over time.

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military; and development of multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another. It may also involve frequent salary hikes and promotions for members of the military, and the deliberate use of diverse bureaucrats. Research shows that some coup-proofing strategies reduce the risk of coups occurring. However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness, and limits the

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social classes increases the likelihood of coups. A fifth 2016 study finds no evidence that coups are contagious; one coup in a region does not make other coups in the region likely to follow. One study found that coups are more likely to occur in states with small populations, as there are smaller coordination problems for coup-plotters.

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the army after a coup has been foiled. If it starts the mass killing of elements of the army, including officers who were not involved in the coup, this may trigger a "counter-coup" by soldiers who are afraid they will be next. To prevent such a desperate counter-coup that may be more successful than

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Autocratic incumbents invested in spatial rivalries need to strengthen the military in order to compete with a foreign adversary. The imperative of developing a strong army puts dictators in a paradoxical situation: to compete with a rival state, they must empower the very agency—the military—that is

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among coup plotters and make international actors less likely to punish coup leaders. A third 2016 study finds that coups become more likely in the wake of elections in autocracies when the results reveal electoral weakness for the incumbent autocrat. A fourth 2016 study finds that inequality between

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A coup d ́etat occurs whenever the incumbent ruling regime or regime leader is ousted from power (or a presumptive regime leader is prevented from taking power) as a result of concrete, observable, and unconstitutional actions by one or more civilian members of the incumbent ruling regime and/or one

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A 2014 study found that "coups promote democratization, particularly among states that are least likely to democratize otherwise". The authors argue that coup attempts can have this consequence because leaders of successful coups have incentives to democratize quickly in order to establish political

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Coups have been found to appear in environments that are heavily influenced by military powers. Multiple of the above factors are connected to military culture and power dynamics. These factors can be divided into multiple categories, with two of these categories being a threat to military interests

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According to Clayton Thyne and Jonathan Powell's coup data set, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, of which 227 (49.7%) were successful and 230 (50.3%) were unsuccessful. They find that coups have "been most common in Africa and the Americas (36.5% and 31.9%, respectively). Asia and the

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Many factors may lead to the occurrence of a coup, as well as determine the success or failure of a coup. Once a coup is underway, coup success is driven by coup-makers' ability to get others to believe that the coup attempt will be successful. The number of successful coups has decreased over time.

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The international community tends to react adversely to coups by reducing aid and imposing sanctions. A 2015 study finds that "coups against democracies, coups after the Cold War, and coups in states heavily integrated into the international community are all more likely to elicit global reaction."

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found that personalist dictatorships are more likely to take coup-proofing measures than other authoritarian regimes; the authors argue that this is because "personalists are characterized by weak institutions and narrow support bases, a lack of unifying ideologies and informal links to the ruler".

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A 2018 study found that "oil price shocks are seen to promote coups in onshore-intensive oil countries, while preventing them in offshore-intensive oil countries". The study argues that states which have onshore oil wealth tend to build up their military to protect the oil, whereas states do not do

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Some research suggests that increased repression and violence typically follow both successful and unsuccessful coup attempts. However, some tentative analysis by political scientist Jay Ulfelder finds no clear pattern of deterioration in human rights practices in wake of failed coups in post-Cold

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are more vulnerable to coups than very authoritarian states or democratic states. A 2021 study found that democratic regimes were not substantially more likely to experience coups. A 2015 study finds that terrorism is strongly associated with re-shuffling coups. A 2016 study finds that there is an

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Although the concept of a coup d'état has featured in politics since antiquity, the phrase is of relatively recent coinage. It did not appear within an English text before the 19th century except when used in the translation of a French source, there being no simple phrase in English to convey the

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In what is referred to as "coup-proofing", regimes create structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military and the fragmenting of military and security agencies.

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We have a set of categories including military coup, dissident coup, rebel coup, palace coup, foreign-backed coup, auto coup and others. So an attempted dissident coup is a coup initiated by a small group of discontents to include ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders,

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According to a 2020 study, "external reactions to coups play important roles in whether coup leaders move toward authoritarianism or democratic governance. When supported by external democratic actors, coup leaders have an incentive to push for elections to retain external support and consolidate

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regimes. New dictatorships launched by coups engage in higher levels of repression in the year after the coup than existed in the year before the coup. One-third of coups in dictatorships during the Cold War and 10% of later ones reshuffled the regime leadership. Democracies were installed in the

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To summarize, our definition of a coup attempt includes illegal and overt attempts by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive... Coups may be undertaken by any elite who is part of the state apparatus. These can include non-civilian members of the

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In what is referred to as "coup-proofing", regimes create structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military; creation of an armed force parallel to the regular

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A number of political science datasets document coup attempts around the world and over time, generally starting in the post-World War II period. Major examples include the Global Instances of Coups dataset, the Coups & Political Instability dataset by the Center of Systemic Peace, the Coup

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According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region. A 2017 study finds that countries' coup-proofing strategies are heavily influenced by other countries with similar

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A 2020 study found that elections had a two-sided impact on coup attempts, depending on the state of the economy. During periods of economic expansion, elections reduced the likelihood of coup attempts, whereas elections during economic crises increased the likelihood of coup attempts.

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ethnic component to coups: "When leaders attempt to build ethnic armies, or dismantle those created by their predecessors, they provoke violent resistance from military officers." Another 2016 study shows that protests increase the risk of coups, presumably because they ease

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There should be a strong presumption against forcibly removing a democratic regime. But that presumption might be overcome if the government in question poses a grave threat to human rights, or is likely to destroy democracy itself by shutting down future political

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and Lucan Way found that political-military fusion, where the ruling party is highly interlinked with the military and created the administrative structures of the military from its inception, is extremely effective at preventing military coups. For example, the

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members of legislatures, parliament and civilians, but does not include security forces or police as they're organized arms of the government. And certainly by using that label, I am not trying to categorize in any sense the politics of people who are involved.

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By one estimate, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, half of which were successful. Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. Coups occurring in the

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is usually started spontaneously by larger groups of uncoordinated people. The distinction between a revolution and a coup is not always clear. Sometimes, a coup is labelled as a revolution by its plotters to feign democratic legitimacy.

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A 2017 study found that autocratic leaders whose states were involved in international rivalries over disputed territory were more likely to be overthrown in a coup. The authors of the study provide the following logic for why this

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A 2019 study found that states that had recently signed civil war peace agreements were much more likely to experience coups, in particular when those agreements contained provisions that jeopardized the interests of the military.

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Failed coups in authoritarian systems are likely to strengthen the power of the authoritarian ruler. The cumulative number of coups is a strong predictor of future coups, a phenomenon referred to as the "coup trap".

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an entire sequence of elections may occur peacefully, with or without alternations, and then some exogenous event may lead to a coup, usurpation of power by the current incumbent, civil war, or some other constitutional

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In autocracies, the frequency of coups seems to be affected by the succession rules in place, with monarchies with a fixed succession rule being much less plagued by instability than less institutionalized autocracies.

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Oftentimes, military spending is an indicator of the likelihood of a coup taking place. Nordvik found that about 75% of coups that took place in many different countries rooted from military spending and oil windfalls.

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A 2023 study found that civilian elites are more likely to be associated with instigating military coups while civilians embedded in social networks are more likely to be associated with consolidating military coups.

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was promulgated in consequence of innumerable complaints and murmurs which have found their way to the ears of the Sovereign. Our merchants contend, that they experience the greatest difficulties in trading with the

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refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is

3228: 948:) or coup from the top, is a form of coup d'état in which a nation's head, having come to power through legal means, stays in power through illegal means. The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national 756: 1785:(OAS) have adopted anti-coup frameworks. Through the threat of sanctions, the organizations actively try to curb coups. A 2016 study finds that the AU has played a meaningful role in reducing African coups. 4577:

where a monarch who had not been directly running the country (in the sense that there was a prime minister and responsible government...) decides to assume all power. Yugoslavia in 1929 was an example of

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Prime Minister, Head of Government (under Tunisian Constitution, Shared Executive Power), Kais Saied Also Abolished the Parliament, which represents the Legislative Power in a representative Democracy)

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Other types of actual or attempted seizures of power are sometimes called "coups with adjectives". The appropriate term can be subjective and carries normative, analytical, and political implications.

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reduce the occurrence of coup attempts. Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting.

1500:. A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries found that the establishment of open political competition helps bring countries out of the coup trap and reduces cycles of political instability. 2508:

Nabiyev was forced to resign by government militia on 7 September 1992, with Emomali Rahmon assumed interim power in November. Emomali Rahmon was, at the time, known as Emomali Rahmonov (see

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The literature review in a 2016 study includes mentions of ethnic factionalism, supportive foreign governments, leader inexperience, slow growth, commodity price shocks, and poverty.

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is a coup in which one faction within the ruling group displaces another faction within a ruling group. Along with popular protests, palace coups are a major threat to dictators. The

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Brown, Cameron S.; Fariss, Christopher J.; McMahon, R. Blake (1 January 2016). "Recouping after Coup-Proofing: Compromised Military Effectiveness and Strategic Substitution".

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David Lane: 'The Orange Revolution: 'People's Revolution' or Revolutionary Coup?', The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (BJPIR): 2008 Vol. 10, 525–549

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A 2017 study found that negative international responses, especially from powerful actors, have a significant effect in shortening the duration of regimes created in coups.

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Escribà-Folch, Abel; Böhmelt, Tobias; Pilster, Ulrich (1 September 2020). "Authoritarian regimes and civil–military relations: Explaining counterbalancing in autocracies".

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in staunchly authoritarian regimes have become less likely to end in democracy over time, and that the positive influence has strengthened since the end of the Cold War.

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and support for military interests. If interests go in either direction, the military will find itself either capitalizing off that power or attempting to gain it back.

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Escribà-Folch, Abel; Böhmelt, Tobias; Pilster, Ulrich (9 April 2019). "Authoritarian regimes and civil–military relations: Explaining counterbalancing in autocracies".

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Bleck, Jaimie; Michelitch, Kristin (9 May 2017). "Capturing the Airwaves, Capturing the Nation? A Field Experiment on State-Run Media Effects in the Wake of a Coup".

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One early use within text translated from French was in 1785 in a printed translation of a letter from a French merchant, commenting on an arbitrary decree, or

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found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders. A 2019 study in

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Piplani, Varun; Talmadge, Caitlin (1 December 2016). "When War Helps Civil–military Relations Prolonged Interstate Conflict and the Reduced Risk of Coups".

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A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries in the 20th-century study found the legislative powers of the presidency does not influence coup frequency.

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Powell, Jonathan M., et al. "A Coup At the Capitol? Conceptualizing Coups and Other Antidemocratic Actions." International Studies Review 24.1 (2022)

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Dissident coup, in which the culprits are nominally protestors without backing from any military or police units (e.g. sometimes used to describe the

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Curtice, Travis B; Arnon, Daniel (14 May 2019). "Deterring threats and settling scores: How coups influence respect for physical integrity rights".

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Gassebner, Martin; Gutmann, Jerg; Voigt, Stefan (1 December 2016). "When to expect a coup d'état? An extreme bounds analysis of coup determinants".

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Miller, Michael K.; Joseph, Michael; Ohl, Dorothy (26 May 2016). "Are Coups Really Contagious? An Extreme Bounds Analysis of Political Diffusion".

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However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness as loyalty is prioritized over experience when filling key positions within the military.

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Johnson, Jaclyn; Thyne, Clayton L. (26 June 2016). "Squeaky Wheels and Troop Loyalty How Domestic Protests Influence Coups d'état, 1951–2005".

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A 2019 study found that when a country's politics is polarized and electoral competition is low, civilian-recruited coups become more likely.

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Harkness, Kristen A. (1 June 2016). "The Ethnic Army and the State Explaining Coup Traps and the Difficulties of Democratization in Africa".

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However, two 2016 studies found that leaders who were involved in militarized confrontations and conflicts were less likely to face a coup.

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for 'knock'), denotes the political-military actions of an unsuccessful minority reactionary coup. The term was initially coined for the

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Thyne, Clayton L.; Powell, Jonathan M. (1 April 2014). "Coup d'état or Coup d'Autocracy? How Coups Impact Democratization, 1950–2008".

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Leaders are arranged in chronological order by the dates they assumed power, and categorized by the continents their countries are in.

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A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries in the 20th century study found that coup frequency does not vary with development levels,

1346: 791:, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership. A 4669:

Ben Hammou, Salah; Powell, Jonathan; Sellers, Bailey (2023). "Sourcing and Bias in the Study of Coups: Lessons from the Middle East".

1240:('quarter' or 'barracks'), in which the mutiny of specific military garrisons sparks a larger military revolt against the government. 7563: 7559:

John J. Chin, David B. Carter & Joseph G. Wright. Dataset on all military and non-military coup attempts in the world since 1946.

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and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures may include annulling the nation's

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Arbatli, Cemal Eren; Arbatli, Ekim (2014). "External threats and political survival: Can dispute involvement deter coup attempts?".

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Shannon, Megan; Thyne, Clayton; Hayden, Sarah; Dugan, Amanda (1 October 2015). "The International Community's Reaction to Coups".

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Talmadge, Caitlin (2016). "Different Threats, Different Militaries:Explaining Organizational Practices in Authoritarian Armies".

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No regime change, as when a leader is illegally shuffled out of power without changing the ruling group or the type of government

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Hadi was forced to resign by Houthi rebels on 22 January 2015, but later renounced his resignation. The coup culminated into a

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A 2021 study found that oil wealthy nations see a pronounced risk of coup attempts but these coups are unlikely to succeed.

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n'Diaye, Boubacar (2016). "How Not to Institutionalize Civilian Control: Kenya's Coup Prevention Strategies, 1964–1997".

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Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset".

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Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset".

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the initial attempt, governments usually resort to firing prominent officers and replacing them with loyalists instead.

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is the formal declaration deposing the previous government and justifying the installation of the new government by the

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period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups, though coups still mostly perpetuate

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period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups, though coups still mostly perpetuate

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Leon, Gabriel (1 April 2014). "Soldiers or politicians? Institutions, conflict, and the military's role in politics".

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domestic legitimacy. When condemned, coup leaders are apt to trend toward authoritarianism to assure their survival."

39: 449: 8181: 7875: 6755:"Democratic versus Authoritarian Coups: The Influence of External Actors on States' Postcoup Political Trajectories" 6346: 2186: 8094: 7834: 7177:

Thyne, Clayton; Powell, Jonathan; Parrott, Sarah; VanMeter, Emily (15 January 2017). "Even Generals Need Friends".

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Frantz, Erica; Stein, Elizabeth A. (4 July 2016). "Countering Coups Leadership Succession Rules in Dictatorships".

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Woldense, Josef (2022). "What Happens When Coups Fail? The Problem of Identifying and Weakening the Enemy Within".

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Powell, Jonathan; Lasley, Trace; Schiel, Rebecca (7 January 2016). "Combating Coups d'état in Africa, 1950–2014".

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According to a 2020 study, coups increase the cost of borrowing and increase the likelihood of sovereign default.

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Casper, Brett Allen; Tyson, Scott A. (1 April 2014). "Popular Protest and Elite Coordination in a Coup d'état".

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Research suggests that protests spur coups, as they help elites within the state apparatus to coordinate coups.

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Hiroi, Taeko; Omori, Sawa (1 February 2013). "Causes and Triggers of Coups d'état: An Event History Analysis".

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The study found that about half of all coups in dictatorships—both during and after the Cold War—install new

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Kinney, Drew Holland (2019). "Politicians at Arms: Civilian recruitment of soldiers for Middle East Coups".

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Raphael Boleslavsky; Mehdi Shadmehr; Konstantin Sonin (June 2021). "Media Freedom in the Shadow of a Coup".

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Easton, Malcolm R.; Siverson, Randolph M. (2018). "Leader survival and purges after a failed coup d'état".

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is still used by Germans to describe the event, often with quotation marks as the 'so-called Röhm Putsch'.

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Lachapelle, Jean (21 November 2019). "No Easy Way Out: The Effect of Military Coups on State Repression".

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Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics".

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Londregan, John B.; Poole, Keith T. (1990). "Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power".

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is when a leader, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means.

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Royal coup, in which a monarch dismisses democratically elected leaders and seizes all power (e.g. the

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Aksoy, Deniz; Carter, David B.; Wright, Joseph (1 July 2015). "Terrorism and the Fate of Dictators".

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a coup to forcibly overthrow a democratic government might be sometimes justified. Commenting on the

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Narang, Vipin; Talmadge, Caitlin (31 January 2017). "Civil-military Pathologies and Defeat in War".

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Powell, Jonathan (1 December 2012). "Determinants of the Attempting and Outcome of Coups d'état".

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The accumulation of previous coups is a strong predictor of future coups, a phenomenon called the

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Between 1946 and the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in

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Nordvik, Frode Martin (1 April 2019). "Does Oil Promote or Prevent Coups? The Answer is Yes".

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Houle, Christian (1 September 2016). "Why class inequality breeds coups but not civil wars".

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A 2003 review of the academic literature found that the following factors influenced coups:

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White, Peter (2020). "The Perils of Peace: Civil War Peace Agreements and Military Coups".

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According to a 2019 study, coup attempts lead to a reduction in physical integrity rights.

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Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). "The constitutional economics of autocratic succession".

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Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990

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Przeworski, Adam; Alvarez, Michael E.; Cheibub, Jose Antonio; Limongi, Fernando (2000).

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Ousting of the dictatorship followed by democratization (also called "democratic coups")

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contextualized idea of a 'knockout blow to the existing administration within a state'.

345: 60: 7485: 7438: 7409: 7311: 7241: 7194: 7159: 7074: 6989: 6946: 6784: 6735: 6651: 6547: 6494: 6447: 6385: 6297: 6165: 6122: 6067: 5944: 5894: 5797: 5754: 5711: 5676: 5618: 5568: 5537: 5494: 5408: 5365: 5312: 5269: 5214: 5167: 5124: 5071: 4952: 4909: 4861: 4763: 4373: 4259: 4130: 4073: 3718: 3614: 3568: 3522: 3484: 3350: 3302: 3294: 3206: 3181:

Belkin, Aaron; Schofer, Evan (2003). "Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk".

3115: 2881: 2770: 2163: 1728: 1650: 957: 876: 652: 588: 538: 496: 466: 454: 392: 367: 355: 340: 325: 280: 170: 155: 52: 6669:

Derpanopoulos, George; Frantz, Erica; Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph (1 April 2017).

6034:

Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History

5859:

Nordvik, Frode Martin (2019). "Does Oil Promote or Prevent Coups? the Answer Is Yes".

5186: 3589:

Bausch, Andrew W. (2018). "Coup-proofing and Military Inefficiencies: An Experiment".

943: 910:, as butchering, or poisoning, or drowning, en masse, they are exclusively employed." 7489: 7442: 7413: 7381: 7330: 7315: 7245: 7233: 7198: 7163: 7151: 7066: 7024: 6993: 6981: 6950: 6938: 6788: 6776: 6739: 6727: 6692: 6643: 6608: 6570: 6551: 6539: 6498: 6451: 6439: 6377: 6301: 6289: 6251: 6206: 6157: 6126: 6114: 6071: 6059: 5998: 5948: 5936: 5898: 5886: 5838: 5801: 5789: 5758: 5746: 5715: 5668: 5622: 5610: 5572: 5541: 5529: 5498: 5486: 5439: 5412: 5400: 5369: 5357: 5316: 5304: 5273: 5261: 5206: 5171: 5159: 5116: 5075: 5063: 5028: 4987: 4956: 4944: 4913: 4853: 4804: 4767: 4755: 4704: 4566: 4460: 4323: 4263: 4251: 4232:"Feofan Prokopovich's Pravda voli monarshei as Fundamental Law of the Russian Empire" 4134: 4120: 4077: 4065: 3947: 3922: 3722: 3710: 3656: 3618: 3606: 3572: 3560: 3526: 3476: 3424: 3354: 3306: 3286: 3234: 3198: 3119: 3107: 3056: 3033: 2987: 2943: 2873: 2827: 2762: 2655: 2639: 2623: 2468: 2019: 1724: 1646: 1513: 1151: 1140: 1034: 859: 640: 610: 578: 518: 350: 245: 235: 165: 140: 7078: 7046: 6655: 6626:

Powell, Jonathan M. (3 July 2014). "An assessment of the 'democratic' coup theory".

6389: 6169: 5218: 5128: 4865: 4836:

Thyne, Clayton (25 March 2015). "The impact of coups d'état on civil war duration".

4343: 4188:

Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu

4036:"Coup with Adjectives: Conceptual Stretching or Innovation in Comparative Research?" 3210: 2885: 2375: 1758:

A 2017 study finds that the use of state broadcasting by the putschist regime after

1564:

A 2019 study found that regional rebellions made coups by the military more likely.

1085: 7477: 7452: 7430: 7401: 7303: 7225: 7186: 7143: 7120: 7116: 7058: 7016: 6973: 6930: 6766: 6719: 6682: 6635: 6600: 6529: 6521: 6486: 6431: 6369: 6361: 6281: 6243: 6196: 6149: 6106: 6049: 6041: 5990: 5928: 5876: 5868: 5828: 5781: 5738: 5703: 5680: 5660: 5602: 5560: 5521: 5476: 5468: 5431: 5392: 5347: 5339: 5296: 5253: 5198: 5151: 5106: 5098: 5055: 5018: 4979: 4936: 4899: 4891: 4845: 4747: 4678: 4405: 4243: 4169: 4112: 4055: 4047: 3914: 3702: 3648: 3598: 3552: 3514: 3488: 3468: 3342: 3278: 3190: 3097: 3089: 3023: 2977: 2933: 2865: 2819: 2774: 2754: 2603: 2332: 2066: 1926: 1402: 1093: 1030: 1022: 937: 890:, the phrase came to be used to describe the various murders by Napoleon's alleged 804: 721: 615: 533: 431: 399: 275: 7294:

Beeson, Mark (2008). "Civil–Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines".

6435: 5817:"War Makes the Regime: Regional Rebellions and Political Militarization Worldwide" 5606: 3602: 3556: 3472: 3078:"The Rush to Personalize: Power Concentration after Failed Coups in Dictatorships" 7564:

Powell, Jonathan & Clayton Thyne. Global Instances of Coups from 1950–Present

6639: 5435: 4657: 4319: 4159: 3941: 3890: 3418: 2696: 2294: 2088: 2043: 1921: 1876: 1671: 1633: 1173: 840: 767: 677: 605: 558: 474: 387: 3384: 2249: 1711:(2014), it is "fairly rare" for the prevailing existing government to violently 1534: 1259:, consistent with the constitution, often by exploiting loopholes or ambiguities 829:, literally meaning a 'stroke of state' or 'blow of state'. In French, the word 7940: 7481: 6373: 5587: 2650: 2428: 2211: 1841: 1836: 1143: 1077: 1049:

between 1725 and 1801 were either overthrown or usurped power in palace coups.

1026: 302: 203: 193: 7229: 7147: 6110: 6045: 5833: 5816: 5785: 5564: 5396: 5343: 5059: 4590: 3706: 3652: 3093: 2869: 2337: 1394:

wake of 12% of Cold War coups in dictatorships and 40% of post-Cold War ones.

8404: 7434: 7405: 7307: 7237: 7190: 7155: 7070: 7062: 7028: 6985: 6977: 6942: 6838: 6780: 6771: 6754: 6731: 6696: 6687: 6670: 6647: 6612: 6543: 6525: 6490: 6443: 6381: 6293: 6285: 6255: 6210: 6201: 6184: 6161: 6153: 6118: 6063: 6002: 5940: 5932: 5890: 5842: 5793: 5750: 5707: 5672: 5664: 5614: 5533: 5525: 5490: 5472: 5404: 5361: 5308: 5300: 5265: 5257: 5210: 5202: 5163: 5155: 5120: 5102: 5067: 5032: 5023: 5006: 4991: 4948: 4940: 4857: 4849: 4759: 4751: 4708: 4255: 4231: 4116: 4069: 4051: 3926: 3714: 3660: 3610: 3564: 3518: 3480: 3346: 3290: 3202: 3194: 3111: 3037: 2991: 2982: 2965: 2947: 2938: 2921: 2877: 2831: 2766: 2758: 2566: 2168: 2128: 1778: 1508: 1139:

has also been described as a putsch, mostly as a thematic parallel comparing

1129: 891: 887: 297: 230: 7421:

McGowan, Patrick J. (2016). "Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004".

7392:

McGowan, Patrick J. (2016). "Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004".

6567:

Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism

5994: 4376:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum (DHM), German Historical Museum. 3233:. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. 1630:

Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism

1288:

Medical coup, having a leader declared incapacitated by doctors, such as in

1112: 1076:

of 6 September 1839 in Switzerland. It was also used for attempted coups in

1071: 1025:

of the 12th century BC was one of the earliest. Palace coups were common in

7367: 4173: 3637:"Technology, civil-military relations, and warfare in the developing world" 2593: 2396: 1597: 1369: 1147: 1108: 1089: 1065: 953: 4682: 4557:

Barbara Geddes; Joseph George Wright; Joseph Wright; Erica Frantz (2018).

4247: 4007:"With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup" 3918: 2823: 6803:"Is the overthrow of a democratically elected government ever justified?" 6365: 6247: 5881: 4904: 2598: 2048: 1752: 1740: 1081: 971: 967: 949: 897: 625: 7533: 5352: 2459:

Head of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions

672: 6534: 6054: 5872: 5481: 4983: 4895: 4060: 3420:

The Dictator's Army: Battlefield Effectiveness in Authoritarian Regimes

3298: 3102: 2289: 1854: 1686: 1390: 1325: 647: 240: 79: 7020: 6604: 5111: 8377: 8356: 7604: 7599: 4192:

China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture

2645: 2633: 1964: 1329: 1279: 984: 933: 925: 792: 260: 198: 4877: 4875: 3282: 7558: 6934: 6723: 5742: 5187:"Cues to Coup Plotters Elections as Coup Triggers in Dictatorships" 4506: 4432: 4401:"Wagner putsch is symptomatic of Russia's ongoing imperial decline" 2628: 2419:

President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland

2254: 2181: 1611:

histories. Coup-proofing is more likely in former French colonies.

1398: 961: 864: 800: 292: 6345:

Böhmelt, Tobias; Ruggeri, Andrea; Pilster, Ulrich (1 April 2017).

4697:"Orderly transfers of power occur less often than you might think" 2795:

military and security services, or civilian members of government.

1364:

Successful coups are one method of regime change that thwarts the

30:"Counter-coup" and "Coup" redirect here. For the injury type, see 6028:

Sabaté, Oriol; Espuelas, Sergio; Herranz-Loncán, Alfonso (2021).

4872: 2307: 1939: 1405:. Coups that occur during civil wars shorten the war's duration. 255: 188: 7107:

Masaki, Takaaki (1 March 2016). "Coups d'État and Foreign Aid".

6183:

Braithwaite, Jessica Maves; Sudduth, Jun Koga (1 January 2016).

4277: 7547: 7274:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 June 2017. Archived from 6668: 6347:"Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects*" 4736:"Acquiring the Habit of Changing Governments Through Elections" 3226: 2915: 2856:

Marinov, Nikolay; Goemans, Hein (2014). "Coups and Democracy".

2350: 2061: 844:) is capitalized when it denotes a sovereign political entity. 250: 4927:

Bell, Curtis (17 February 2016). "Coup d'État and Democracy".

1794: 1368:. A 2016 study categorizes four possible outcomes to coups in 5977:

Powell, Jonathan; Schiel, Rebecca; Ben Hammou, Salah (2021).

5912:

Krishnarajan, Suthan; Rørbæk, Lasse Lykke (21 January 2020).

4190:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), p. 324; Charles O. Hucker, 3960: 2481: 2441: 2224: 2141: 1894: 1712: 1567: 1556: 1535:

Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts

1198: 1104: 1042: 1038: 745: 730: 7502:; scholars say coup is the ouster of the current government. 6027: 4559:

How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse

2740:"Global instances of coups from 1950 to 2010: A new dataset" 1262:

Counter-coup, a coup to repeal the result of a previous coup

7272:"Twenty Years Later: The Tajik Civil War And Its Aftermath" 6671:"Are coups good for democracy? A response to Miller (2016)" 6511: 5458: 3076:

Timoneda, Joan C.; Escribà-Folch, Abel; Chin, John (2023).

2267: 736: 287: 7355:

The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics

7176: 5426:

Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2004). "Autocratic Succession".

1234:

is another type of military revolt, from the Spanish term

3833:. Office québécois de la langue française. Archived from 3075: 2491: 2451: 2410: 2360: 2317: 2277: 2234: 2191: 2151: 2111: 2071: 2031: 1949: 1904: 1864: 1324:

While a coup is usually a conspiracy of a small group, a

7327:

How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution

7045:

Soest, Christian von; Wahman, Michael (1 January 2015).

7006: 5979:"Oil Wealth, Risk Acceptance, and the Seizure of Power" 4668: 4218:

Politics Or Markets? Essays on Haitian Underdevelopment

4034:

Marsteintredet, Leiv; Malamud, Andrés (November 2020).

2738:

Powell, Jonathan M.; Thyne, Clayton L. (1 March 2011).

6185:"Military purges and the recurrence of civil conflict" 5976: 5815:

Eibl, Ferdinand; Hertog, Steffen; Slater, Dan (2019).

4503:"Ask the 'Coupologists': Just What Was Jan. 6 Anyway?" 4203:

Patrick Milton, Michael Axworthy & Brendan Simms,

1069: 6344: 5329: 4236:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

4033: 3943:

Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule

3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 2837:

or more members of the military or security apparatus

1545:

most likely to threaten their own survival in office.

1045:

in the 19th to early 20th centuries. The majority of

727: 724: 7519:

Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups

5914:"The Two-sided Effect of Elections on Coup Attempts" 3053:

Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups

1709:

Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups

742: 733: 7507:Schiel, R., Powell, J., & Faulkner, C. (2020). 5007:"Political Institutions and Coups in Dictatorships" 3012:"Integrating the Civil–Military Relations Subfield" 739: 7133: 6834:"Why Turkey's coup failed, according to an expert" 6565:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (13 September 2022). 6316:"Will Turkey's coup attempt prompt others nearby?" 6182: 5911: 5185:Wig, Tore; Rød, Espen Geelmuyden (1 August 2016). 4485:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 3998: 3542: 3328: 3313: 1762:did not elevate explicit approval for the regime. 1382:Replacement of incumbent with another dictatorship 6418:Mehrl, Marius; Choulis, Ioannis (28 March 2021). 5425: 5382: 5045: 4306: 4282:DWDS – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache 1314:Slow-motion (or slow-moving or slow-rolling) coup 1157: 8402: 7136:Studies in Comparative International Development 6420:"The colonial roots of structural coup-proofing" 5814: 5005:Kim, Nam Kyu; Sudduth, Jun Koga (3 March 2021). 4622:"Change Caused by Revolutions, Coups & Wars" 4501:Zeitz, Joshua; Althaus, Scott (19 August 2022). 4428:"Russia's aborted Wagner putsch: How it evolved" 4399:Cashman, Richard; Ogryzko, Lesia (6 July 2023). 3904: 2809: 2200:Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council 7040: 7038: 6920: 5650: 5286: 4524: 3635:Biddle, Stephen; Zirkle, Robert (1 June 1996). 1702: 1503: 7324: 6831: 6476: 5693: 4398: 3933: 3504: 3329:Lehoucq, Fabrice; Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2014). 3268: 2855: 1653:) or the extreme political instability of the 1603:A 2016 study shows that the implementation of 7585: 5588:"Spatial Rivalry and Coups Against Dictators" 4727: 4534:. Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. 4318:] (in German) (second ed.). Berlin: 3898: 3180: 1278:Judicial coup, a "legal" coup, utilizing the 1235: 1229: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1181: 1164: 1158: 695: 7035: 6963: 6417: 5141: 4689: 4500: 4162:Journal of the European Economic Association 3872: 3849: 3634: 3264: 3262: 1917:Chairman of the State Administration Council 1202: 1116: 895: 852: 830: 824: 7467: 7044: 6594: 6564: 6271: 5771: 4366: 2966:"Reanalysis: Are coups good for democracy?" 2737: 1795:Current leaders who assumed power via coups 772: 7592: 7578: 6752: 6709: 5554: 5004: 4969: 4733: 4194:(Stanford University Press: 1975), p. 304. 3145:Habtom, Naman Karl-Thomas (21 July 2023). 2671:List of coups and coup attempts since 2010 2661:List of coups and coup attempts by country 1872:President of the Supreme Political Council 1568:Economy, development, and resource factors 1557:Popular opposition and regional rebellions 1347:List of coups and coup attempts by country 956:, suspending civil courts, and having the 702: 688: 7451: 7361: 6770: 6686: 6533: 6237: 6200: 6053: 5880: 5832: 5480: 5351: 5110: 5022: 4903: 4300: 4059: 3894:. Canterbury. 16 October 1804. p. 2. 3831:"Banque de dépannage linguistique – état" 3382: 3259: 3101: 3027: 2981: 2937: 1768: 1336: 1107:to eliminate opponents, particularly the 6096: 5088: 4619: 4207:(Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 104. 4205:Towards A Westphalia for the Middle East 4102: 4004: 3458: 3416: 3005: 3003: 3001: 1319: 46: 8338:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 7976:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 7420: 7391: 6753:Thyne, Clayton; Hitch, Kendall (2020). 5858: 4881: 4454: 4448: 4312:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen 4109:Routledge Handbook of State Recognition 4029: 4027: 3966: 2244:for the Salvation of the People of Mali 1707:According to Naunihal Singh, author of 1670:Research suggests that coups promoting 1445:collusion with a foreign military power 14: 8403: 7357:. London: Pall Mall Press. p. 98. 7293: 7211: 7106: 7102: 7100: 6625: 6399:from the original on 22 September 2017 6354:Political Science Research and Methods 6139: 5585: 5511: 5184: 3684: 3682: 3630: 3628: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3538: 3536: 3500: 3498: 3454: 3452: 3412: 3410: 3383:Quinlivan, James T. (1 January 2000). 3378: 3376: 3247:from the original on 24 September 2018 3222: 3220: 3147:"When Failed Coups Strengthen Leaders" 3144: 3009: 2963: 2916:Derpanopoulos, George; Frantz, Erica; 1270:January 6 United States Capitol attack 59:in Saint-Cloud, detail of painting by 7573: 7512:Conflict Management and Peace Science 7461:(in French). Paris: Éditions Grasset. 7352: 7325:Connor, Ken; Hebditch, David (2008). 6966:Conflict Management and Peace Science 6590: 6588: 6586: 6514:Conflict Management and Peace Science 6267: 6265: 6078:from the original on 18 February 2021 5854: 5852: 5728: 5696:Conflict Management and Peace Science 5461:Conflict Management and Peace Science 5243: 4838:Conflict Management and Peace Science 4835: 4796: 4354:from the original on 10 February 2021 4344:"Definition of putsch: Did you know?" 4229: 4084:from the original on 13 December 2022 3688: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3050: 3029:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060518-025407 2998: 2805: 2803: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2704:from the original on 29 November 2021 1622:Conflict Management and Peace Science 1448:military's national security doctrine 839: 766: 6902:from the original on 29 January 2017 6813:from the original on 9 February 2023 6326:from the original on 21 October 2019 6223: 6009:from the original on 13 January 2021 5821:British Journal of Political Science 4926: 4715:from the original on 12 January 2022 4632:from the original on 18 October 2022 4601:from the original on 8 November 2021 4538:from the original on 4 February 2021 4186:Anita M. Andrew & John A. Rapp, 4024: 3811:from the original on 11 January 2021 3789:from the original on 18 August 2017. 3395:from the original on 21 October 2019 3082:British Journal of Political Science 2959: 2957: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2858:British Journal of Political Science 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2534:Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017. 2403:September 2022 Burkinabé coup d'état 2368:President of the Patriotic Movement 1029:. They have also occurred among the 936:, also called an autocoup (from 7252:from the original on 4 January 2023 7214:"Coups d'état and the cost of debt" 7170: 7097: 7085:from the original on 4 January 2023 6876:from the original on 22 August 2016 6458:from the original on 4 January 2023 5430:. Vol. 103. pp. 358–362. 4774:from the original on 19 August 2021 4380:from the original on 11 August 2014 4288:from the original on 4 January 2023 3967:Tufekci, Zeynep (7 December 2020). 3939: 3741: 3679: 3625: 3579: 3533: 3495: 3449: 3407: 3373: 3217: 2609:List of protective service agencies 2325:Chairman of the National Committee 2242:Chairman of the National Committee 1733:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 1598:rents that an incumbent can extract 1436:contagion from other regional coups 24: 7378:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook. 7286: 7212:Balima, Hippolyte Weneyam (2020). 6583: 6262: 5983:Journal of Global Security Studies 5849: 5632:from the original on 14 March 2023 5225:from the original on 3 August 2023 4005:Nakamura, David (5 January 2021). 3667:from the original on 30 April 2020 3437:from the original on 3 August 2023 3169: 3016:Annual Review of Political Science 2800: 2716: 1723:Notable counter-coups include the 1587:, or the rate of economic growth. 1421:military organizational grievances 25: 8432: 7526: 7521:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 6846:from the original on 17 July 2016 5958:from the original on 11 June 2023 5428:The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 4734:Przeworski, Adam (January 2015). 4457:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook 4316:Etymological Dictionary of German 3729:from the original on 5 March 2022 3695:American Political Science Review 3157:from the original on 29 July 2023 3126:from the original on 31 July 2023 2954: 2892: 2842: 2588:Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook 2327:of Reconciliation and Development 1475:regime legitimacy and past coups. 1427:military attitudinal cohesiveness 8384: 8383: 7607:, and attempted coups since 1991 7546: 7532: 7264: 7218:Journal of Comparative Economics 7205: 7127: 7000: 6957: 6914: 6888: 6858: 6825: 6795: 6746: 6703: 4817:from the original on 20 May 2021 4141:from the original on 4 July 2021 3361:from the original on 4 July 2021 2784:from the original on 27 May 2022 2582:Civilian control of the military 2546: 2537: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2474: 2434: 2389: 2343: 2300: 2260: 2217: 2174: 2134: 2094: 2054: 2013: 1932: 1887: 1847: 1691:2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt 1590: 924:This section is an excerpt from 913: 720: 671: 86: 8223:Central African Republic (2021) 8117:Central African Republic (2013) 7931:Central African Republic (2003) 7911:Central African Republic (2001) 7617:List of coups and coup attempts 6866:"Are coups good for democracy?" 6832:Zack Beauchamp (16 July 2016). 6662: 6619: 6558: 6505: 6470: 6411: 6338: 6308: 6217: 6176: 6133: 6090: 6021: 5970: 5905: 5808: 5765: 5722: 5687: 5644: 5579: 5548: 5505: 5452: 5419: 5376: 5323: 5280: 5237: 5178: 5135: 5082: 5039: 4998: 4963: 4920: 4829: 4790: 4662: 4644: 4613: 4583: 4550: 4494: 4473: 4420: 4392: 4336: 4270: 4223: 4210: 4197: 4180: 4153: 4096: 3977:In political science, the term 3907:International Studies Quarterly 3881: 3862: 3823: 3793: 3771: 3331:"Breaking Out of the Coup Trap" 3138: 2922:"Are coups good for democracy?" 2812:International Studies Quarterly 2666:List of coups and coup attempts 2107:Republic of the Congo Civil War 1783:Organization of American States 1749:Coup d'état of December Twelfth 1343:List of coups and coup attempts 863:,1804, reporting the arrest by 7509:"Mutiny in Africa, 1950–2018". 7179:Journal of Conflict Resolution 7121:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.004 6759:Journal of Conflict Resolution 6569:. Princeton University Press. 6142:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5921:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5653:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5289:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5191:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5144:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5091:Journal of Conflict Resolution 4797:Varol, Ozan O. (20 May 2021). 3507:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3183:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3069: 3044: 2684: 2027:1979 Equatoguinean coup d'état 1573:that for offshore oil wealth. 1008: 13: 1: 7537:The dictionary definition of 6436:10.1080/03050629.2021.1898958 6274:Comparative Political Studies 6099:Comparative Political Studies 5607:10.1080/09636412.2017.1360072 5011:Comparative Political Studies 4929:Comparative Political Studies 4740:Comparative Political Studies 4284:(in German). 31 August 2022. 3603:10.1080/03050629.2017.1289938 3557:10.1080/03050629.2015.1046598 3473:10.1080/09636412.2016.1134192 3335:Comparative Political Studies 2677: 2370:for Safeguard and Restoration 2000:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1418:officers' personal grievances 1408: 997:, sometimes referred to as a 8288:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 7951:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 7790:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 7347:How to Prevent Coups d'État. 6640:10.1080/10246029.2014.926949 5436:10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_39 4671:International Studies Review 4487:, vol. 2, p. 305. New York: 4459:. Harvard University Press. 4105:"Recognition of governments" 3641:Journal of Strategic Studies 3423:. Cornell University Press. 2464:Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema 1703:Repression and counter-coups 1665: 1504:Regime type and polarization 1491: 1397:Coups occurring in the post- 1366:peaceful transition of power 978: 918: 818: 40:Coup d'état (disambiguation) 7: 7329:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. 4803:. Oxford University Press. 2964:Miller, Michael K. (2016). 2559: 2187:2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état 1725:Ottoman countercoup of 1909 1685:According to legal scholar 1466:officers' class composition 1451:officers' political culture 1359: 823:The term comes from French 10: 8437: 8416:Changes in political power 7482:10.1177/0095327X0202800406 7470:Armed Forces & Society 7423:Armed Forces & Society 7394:Armed Forces & Society 7380:Harvard University Press. 7296:Armed Forces & Society 6424:International Interactions 5557:Armed Forces & Society 5514:Armed Forces & Society 4800:The Democratic Coup d'État 4563:Cambridge University Press 4220:(Routledge, 2002), p. 321. 3946:. Transaction Publishers. 3591:International Interactions 3545:International Interactions 3417:Talmadge, Caitlin (2015). 2382:Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba 1962: 1777:Organizations such as the 1745:1971 Sudanese counter-coup 1737:1966 Nigerian counter-coup 1340: 1171: 982: 923: 29: 27:Deposition of a government 8351: 8210: 8054: 7868: 7637: 7612: 7362:Goodspeed, D. J. (1962). 7349:Cornell University Press. 7230:10.1016/j.jce.2020.04.001 7148:10.1007/s12116-015-9210-6 7051:Journal of Peace Research 6896:"Jay Ulfelder on Twitter" 6479:Journal of Peace Research 6111:10.1177/00104140211047402 6046:10.1017/S0212610920000270 5834:10.1017/S0007123419000528 5786:10.1017/S0022381613001485 5565:10.1177/0095327X231155667 5344:10.1007/s11127-016-0365-0 5246:Journal of Peace Research 5060:10.1017/S0043887115000118 3969:"This Must Be Your First" 3707:10.1017/S0003055422000089 3653:10.1080/01402399608437634 3094:10.1017/S0007123422000655 2920:; Wright, Joseph (2016). 2870:10.1017/S0007123413000264 2747:Journal of Peace Research 2487:2023 Gabonese coup d'état 2447:2023 Nigerien coup d'état 2230:2019 Sudanese coup d'état 2147:2013 Egyptian coup d'état 1958: 1729:1960 Laotian counter-coup 1660: 1617:Journal of Peace Research 1472:strength of civil society 1454:noninclusive institutions 1433:domestic political crisis 1309:Alexander I of Yugoslavia 1052: 896: 8421:Civil–military relations 7971:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 7517:Singh, Naunihal. (2014) 7458:Technique du Coup d'État 7435:10.1177/0095327X05277886 7406:10.1177/0095327X05277885 7308:10.1177/0095327X07303607 7191:10.1177/0022002716685611 7063:10.1177/0022343314551081 6978:10.1177/0738894219843240 6772:10.1177/0022002720935956 6688:10.1177/2053168017707355 6526:10.1177/0738894219836285 6491:10.1177/0022343318763713 6286:10.1177/0010414016655538 6202:10.1177/2053168016630730 6154:10.1177/0022002712445732 5933:10.1177/0022002719900001 5708:10.1177/0738894214545956 5665:10.1177/0022002714567950 5526:10.1177/0095327X18777983 5473:10.1177/0738894219836285 5301:10.1177/0022002716649232 5258:10.1177/0022343316652187 5203:10.1177/0022002714553106 5156:10.1177/0022002716654742 5103:10.1177/0022002714545332 5024:10.1177/0010414021997161 4941:10.1177/0010414015621081 4850:10.1177/0738894215570431 4752:10.1177/0010414014543614 4656:27 November 2022 at the 4455:Luttwak, Edward (1979). 4117:10.4324/9781351131759-16 4052:10.1177/0032321719888857 3519:10.1177/0022002716684627 3347:10.1177/0010414013488561 3195:10.1177/0022002703258197 3051:Singh, Naunihal (2014). 3010:Brooks, Risa A. (2019). 2983:10.1177/2053168016681908 2939:10.1177/2053168016630837 2759:10.1177/0022343310397436 2577:Civil-military relations 2356:2021 Guinean coup d'état 1945:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 1900:Houthi takeover in Yemen 1639:People's Liberation Army 1243: 1101:Night of the Long Knives 7376:Luttwak, Edward (1979) 7345:De Bruin, Erica (2020) 7009:Foreign Policy Analysis 6923:The Journal of Politics 6712:The Journal of Politics 6681:(2): 2053168017707355. 6675:Research & Politics 6628:African Security Review 6597:Foreign Policy Analysis 6195:(1): 2053168016630730. 6189:Research & Politics 5774:The Journal of Politics 5731:The Journal of Politics 5586:Florea, Adrian (2018). 5397:10.1023/A:1005078532251 4935:(9): 0010414015621081. 4844:(3): 0738894215570431. 4825:– via Amazon.com. 4595:Encyclopedia Britannica 4489:Charles Scribner's Sons 4479:Little-Siebold, Todd. " 4103:Peterson, M.J. (2019). 2976:(4): 2053168016681908. 2970:Research & Politics 2932:(1): 2053168016630837. 2926:Research & Politics 2313:2021 Tunisian self-coup 2273:2021 Malian coup d'état 2007:Francisco Macías Nguema 1802: 1741:1967 Greek counter-coup 1643:Chinese Communist Party 1632:, political scientists 1282:as the main instrument. 1228:A "barracks revolt" or 1070: 135:By other characteristic 8390:Plots and conspiracies 7891:Solomon Islands (2000) 6226:Oxford Economic Papers 4230:Erren, Lorenz (2016). 3873: 2572:Civilian-based defense 2207:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 1769:International response 1700: 1547: 1514:coordination obstacles 1337:Prevalence and history 1305:6 January Dictatorship 1236: 1230: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1182: 1165: 1159: 1137:Wagner Group rebellion 1117: 942: 853: 831: 825: 64: 34:. For other uses, see 32:Coup contrecoup injury 7755:Bophuthatswana (1994) 5995:10.1093/jogss/ogaa053 4972:Politics & Policy 4248:10.1353/kri.2016.0027 2614:Military dictatorship 2424:Abdourahamane Tchiani 1882:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi 1860:Tajikistani Civil War 1695: 1542: 1463:undiversified exports 1341:Further information: 1320:Revolution, rebellion 1201:origin for a type of 989:Nonviolent revolution 437:Bulgarian unification 113:Counter-revolutionary 50: 36:Coup (disambiguation) 8328:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 8283:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 8267:Burkina Faso (2022) 8102:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 8077:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 7946:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 7921:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 7896:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 7860:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 7845:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 7555:at Wikimedia Commons 7353:Finer, S.E. (1962). 6366:10.1017/psrm.2015.55 5861:The Economic Journal 4884:The Economic Journal 4174:10.1093/jeea/jvaa040 4111:. pp. 205–219. 3689:Paine, Jack (2022). 2619:Political corruption 2124:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 2084:Denis Sassou Nguesso 1614:A 2018 study in the 1460:economic development 1442:participation in war 898:Gens d'Armes d'Elite 209:Contentious politics 80:Political revolution 8323:Sierra Leone (2023) 8318:Burkina Faso (2023) 8172:Burkina Faso (2016) 8162:Burkina Faso (2015) 7926:Burkina Faso (2003) 7705:Sierra Leone (1992) 7670:Georgia (1991–1992) 7660:Soviet Union (1991) 6807:The Washington Post 6374:20.500.11850/130560 5559:: 0095327X2311556. 4683:10.1093/isr/viad031 4011:The Washington Post 3919:10.1093/isq/sqab058 3753:Oxford Dictionaries 2824:10.1093/isq/sqab058 1655:Cultural Revolution 1641:was created by the 1628:In their 2022 book 1585:economic inequality 1424:military popularity 1257:Constitutional coup 1207:. Specifically the 1132:also use the term. 1126:1961 Algiers putsch 1080:, such as the 1920 902:, who executed the 678:Politics portal 57:Coup of 18 Brumaire 8021:Philippines (2007) 7941:Philippines (2003) 6248:10.1093/oep/gpt024 5927:(7–8): 1279–1306. 5873:10.1111/ecoj.12604 5867:(619): 1425–1456. 4984:10.1111/polp.12001 4896:10.1111/ecoj.12604 4890:(619): 1425–1456. 3859:, 5 January 49 BC. 3857:Caesar's civil war 3759:on 6 November 2015 2164:Emmerson Mnangagwa 1651:Great Leap Forward 1297:Parliamentary coup 1253:Civil society coup 958:head of government 908:grand coups d'état 653:Second Arab Spring 65: 53:Napoleon Bonaparte 8398: 8397: 8082:Bangladesh (2011) 8067:Madagascar (2010) 8041:Madagascar (2009) 8031:Mauritania (2008) 8011:Madagascar (2006) 7996:Mauritania (2005) 7936:Mauritania (2003) 7825:Bangladesh (1996) 7780:Azerbaijan (1995) 7725:Azerbaijan (1993) 7674:Venezuela (1992) 7551:Media related to 7453:Malaparte, Curzio 7386:978-0-674-17547-1 7336:978-1-84832-503-6 7278:on 8 August 2017. 7109:World Development 7021:10.1111/fpa.12043 6765:(10): 1857–1884. 6605:10.1111/fpa.12046 5445:978-0-306-47828-4 4810:978-0-19-062602-0 4572:978-1-107-11582-8 4466:978-0-674-17547-1 4329:978-3-05-000626-0 4308:Pfeifer, Wolfgang 4126:978-1-351-13175-9 4040:Political Studies 3953:978-1-4128-4084-2 3869:Norfolk Chronicle 3430:978-1-5017-0175-7 3240:978-0-521-79379-7 3062:978-1-4214-1336-5 2656:Succession crisis 2640:Seven Days in May 2624:Political warfare 2497: 2496: 2469:Ali Bongo Ondimba 2411:30 September 2022 2020:Equatorial Guinea 1976:Post-coup leader 1955: 1954: 1814:Post-coup leader 1647:Chinese Civil War 1300:Presidential coup 1152:Yevgeny Prigozhin 1141:Russian President 1019:palace revolution 860:Morning Chronicle 712: 711: 246:Mass mobilization 236:Guerrilla warfare 16:(Redirected from 8428: 8387: 8386: 7916:Venezuela (2002) 7745:Lithuania (1993) 7720:Guatemala (1993) 7594: 7587: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7566:via Archive.org. 7550: 7536: 7493: 7462: 7446: 7417: 7371: 7364:Six Coups d'État 7358: 7340: 7319: 7280: 7279: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7185:(7): 1406–1432. 7174: 7168: 7167: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6898:. 16 July 2016. 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6774: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6718:(4): 1354–1372. 6707: 6701: 6700: 6690: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6592: 6581: 6580: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6537: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6351: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6241: 6239:10.1.1.1000.7058 6221: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6148:(6): 1017–1040. 6137: 6131: 6130: 6105:(7): 1236–1265. 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6057: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5957: 5918: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5884: 5856: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5659:(8): 1368–1394. 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5595:Security Studies 5592: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5484: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5355: 5338:(3–4): 293–313. 5327: 5321: 5320: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5114: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5026: 5017:(9): 1597–1628. 5002: 4996: 4995: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4666: 4660: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4406:Atlantic Council 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4168:(3): 1782–1815. 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4063: 4046:(4): 1014–1035. 4031: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3913:(4): 1040–1051. 3902: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3807:. 15 July 2016. 3797: 3791: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755:. 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2218: 2216: 2198: 2175: 2173: 2135: 2133: 2112:25 October 1997 2095: 2093: 2089:Pascal Lissouba 2072:29 January 1986 2055: 2053: 2044:Yoweri Museveni 2014: 2012: 2011: 1998: 1979:Deposed leader 1967: 1961: 1956: 1950:2 February 2021 1933: 1931: 1922:Min Aung Hlaing 1915: 1905:6 February 2015 1888: 1886: 1877:Mahdi al-Mashat 1848: 1846: 1817:Deposed leader 1805: 1797: 1771: 1705: 1672:democratization 1668: 1663: 1634:Steven Levitsky 1593: 1570: 1559: 1537: 1506: 1494: 1478: 1457:colonial legacy 1439:external threat 1411: 1362: 1349: 1339: 1322: 1317: 1290:Tunisia in 1987 1265:Democratic coup 1246: 1222:pronunciamiento 1216:golpe de estado 1210:pronunciamiento 1197:) is a term of 1194: 1191: 1188: 1183:Pronunciamiento 1178: 1175:Pronunciamiento 1170: 1160:Pronunciamiento 1146:to Hitler, and 1111:faction led by 1055: 1011: 991: 983:Main articles: 981: 976: 975: 929: 921: 916: 904:Duke of Enghien 836: 821: 787:), or simply a 784: 782:stroke of state 781: 778: 775: 763: 754: 753: 723: 719: 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7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7810:Burundi (1996) 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7770:Liberia (1994) 7767: 7765:Lesotho (1994) 7762: 7757: 7752: 7750:Nigeria (1993) 7747: 7742: 7740:Burundi (1993) 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7710:Algeria (1992) 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7650:Lesotho (1991) 7647: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7597: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7556: 7544: 7528: 7527:External links 7525: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7504: 7503: 7495: 7494: 7476:(4): 619–640. 7464: 7463: 7448: 7447: 7429:(2): 234–253. 7418: 7389: 7373: 7372: 7359: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7321: 7320: 7302:(3): 474–490. 7290: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7263: 7224:(3): 509–528. 7204: 7169: 7142:(4): 482–502. 7126: 7096: 7034: 7015:(4): 363–376. 6999: 6972:(6): 655–673. 6956: 6935:10.1086/690616 6929:(3): 873–889. 6913: 6887: 6857: 6824: 6794: 6745: 6724:10.1086/707309 6702: 6661: 6634:(3): 213–224. 6618: 6582: 6576:978-0691169521 6575: 6557: 6520:(5): 559–579. 6504: 6485:(5): 596–608. 6469: 6430:(4): 750–776. 6410: 6360:(2): 221–239. 6337: 6307: 6280:(7): 935–962. 6261: 6232:(2): 533–556. 6216: 6175: 6132: 6089: 6040:(2): 205–241. 6020: 5969: 5904: 5848: 5807: 5780:(2): 548–564. 5764: 5743:10.1086/705683 5721: 5702:(2): 115–152. 5686: 5643: 5578: 5547: 5520:(4): 681–701. 5504: 5467:(5): 559–579. 5451: 5444: 5418: 5391:(1/2): 63–84. 5375: 5322: 5295:(2): 410–441. 5279: 5252:(5): 680–695. 5236: 5197:(5): 787–812. 5177: 5150:(3): 597–625. 5134: 5097:(4): 587–616. 5081: 5054:(3): 423–468. 5048:World Politics 5038: 4997: 4962: 4919: 4871: 4828: 4809: 4789: 4746:(1): 101–129. 4726: 4688: 4661: 4643: 4620:Kevin Newton. 4612: 4582: 4571: 4549: 4523: 4493: 4472: 4465: 4447: 4436:. 26 June 2023 4419: 4391: 4365: 4335: 4328: 4299: 4269: 4242:(2): 333–360. 4222: 4216:Mats Lundahl, 4209: 4196: 4179: 4152: 4125: 4095: 4023: 3997: 3959: 3952: 3940:Kaufman, Edy. 3932: 3897: 3880: 3861: 3848: 3837:on 1 July 2012 3822: 3792: 3770: 3740: 3678: 3647:(2): 171–212. 3624: 3578: 3532: 3494: 3467:(1): 111–141. 3448: 3429: 3406: 3372: 3312: 3277:(2): 151–183. 3271:World Politics 3258: 3239: 3216: 3189:(5): 594–620. 3168: 3137: 3088:(3): 878–901. 3068: 3061: 3043: 3022:(1): 379–398. 2997: 2953: 2891: 2864:(4): 799–825. 2841: 2799: 2753:(2): 249–259. 2715: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2651:State collapse 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2514: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2492:30 August 2023 2489: 2484: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2431: 2429:Mohamed Bazoum 2426: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2386: 2378: 2376:Ibrahim Traoré 2373: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2235:21 August 2019 2232: 2227: 2214: 2212:Omar al-Bashir 2209: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2009: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1912:Prime Minister 1908: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1844: 1842:Rahmon Nabiyev 1839: 1837:Emomali Rahmon 1834: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1770: 1767: 1704: 1701: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1592: 1589: 1569: 1566: 1558: 1555: 1536: 1533: 1509:Hybrid regimes 1505: 1502: 1493: 1490: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1361: 1358: 1338: 1335: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1275:Electoral coup 1273: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1156: 1144:Vladimir Putin 1086:Küstrin Putsch 1078:Weimar Germany 1054: 1051: 1027:Imperial China 1010: 1007: 1003:bloodless coup 980: 977: 930: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 867:in France, of 820: 817: 710: 709: 707: 706: 699: 692: 684: 681: 680: 667: 666: 663: 662: 661: 660: 650: 645: 644: 643: 638: 633: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 505: 504: 499: 489: 488: 487: 482: 477: 469: 464: 459: 458: 457: 452: 444: 439: 434: 429: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 410:Italian states 402: 397: 396: 395: 390: 380: 375: 370: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 303:Tax resistance 300: 295: 290: 285: 284: 283: 278: 273: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 227: 226: 216: 211: 206: 204:Class conflict 201: 196: 194:Civil disorder 191: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 83: 82: 76: 75: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8433: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8391: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8298:Gambia (2022) 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252:Sudan (2021) 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Guinea (2021) 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Turkey (2016) 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8147:Gambia (2014) 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8036:Guinea (2008) 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:Zambia (1997) 7838: 7836: 7835:Turkey (1997) 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7795:Guinea (1996) 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7760:Gambia (1994) 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7730:Russia (1993) 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7543:at Wiktionary 7542: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7101: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5882:11250/2657360 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5385:Public Choice 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332:Public Choice 5326: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4905:11250/2657360 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4786: 4785:irregularity. 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701:The Economist 4698: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4591:"Coup D'etat" 4586: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4374:"Röhm-Putsch" 4369: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801:"Turkey Coup" 3796: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779:"Coup d'état" 3774: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:"Coup d'état" 3744: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3411: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3055:. JHU Press. 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2692:"coup d'état" 2687: 2683: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2567:Assassination 2565: 2564: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 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7645:Mali (1991) 6535:10230/46774 6055:2445/188798 5962:28 November 5827:(3): 1–22. 5737:: 104–118. 5482:10230/46774 4677:(3): 1–22. 4512:28 December 4358:16 February 4061:10451/40441 3841:12 December 3551:(1): 1–30. 3251:23 February 3103:10230/57138 2599:Kleptocracy 2338:Alpha Condé 2278:25 May 2021 2152:3 July 2013 2049:Tito Okello 1753:South Korea 1645:during the 1376:Failed coup 1285:Market coup 1204:coup d'état 1118:Röhm-Putsch 1082:Kapp Putsch 1015:palace coup 1009:Palace coup 999:silent coup 972:democracies 968:autocracies 962:dictatorial 950:legislature 826:coup d'État 716:coup d'état 626:Arab Spring 224:Human chain 214:Coup d'état 123:Proletarian 55:during the 8405:Categories 8382:See also: 7627:since 2010 7622:by country 7605:self-coups 6817:6 December 6013:5 February 5989:(4): 1–8. 5112:10023/9391 4821:24 October 4481:Cuartelazo 4440:29 January 4412:29 January 3815:5 February 3763:12 January 3399:20 January 2678:References 2290:Kais Saied 1963:See also: 1855:Tajikistan 1747:, and the 1687:Ilya Somin 1409:Predictors 1391:autocratic 1326:revolution 1231:cuartelazo 1166:cuartelazo 1113:Ernst Röhm 1072:Züriputsch 970:and 38 in 881:Bernadotte 648:Euromaidan 596:Bolivarian 544:Nicaraguan 524:Guatemalan 462:Young Turk 442:Philippine 271:Nonviolent 266:Resistance 241:Insurgency 151:Nonviolent 146:From above 118:Democratic 8378:self-coup 8357:Self-coup 8276:September 8256:September 7490:145783304 7443:144602647 7414:144318327 7316:144520194 7246:219428475 7238:0147-5967 7199:151393698 7164:155591291 7156:0039-3606 7115:: 51–68. 7071:0022-3433 7029:1743-8594 6994:182783295 6986:0738-8942 6951:157667393 6943:0022-3816 6789:222111312 6781:0022-0027 6740:222428308 6732:0022-3816 6697:2053-1680 6648:1024-6029 6613:1743-8594 6552:159416397 6544:0738-8942 6499:117585945 6452:233642733 6444:0305-0629 6382:2049-8470 6302:157014887 6294:0010-4140 6256:0030-7653 6234:CiteSeerX 6211:2053-1680 6162:0022-0027 6127:248921794 6119:0010-4140 6072:234382957 6064:0212-6109 6003:2057-3189 5949:212902955 5941:0022-0027 5899:158738285 5891:1468-0297 5843:0007-1234 5802:154715902 5794:0022-3816 5759:201358683 5751:0022-3816 5716:156930338 5673:0022-0027 5623:157425839 5615:0963-6412 5573:257268269 5542:149675838 5534:1556-0848 5499:159416397 5491:0738-8942 5413:154097838 5405:0048-5829 5370:157580604 5362:0048-5829 5317:148514914 5309:0022-0027 5274:113899326 5266:0022-3433 5211:0022-0027 5172:147707842 5164:0022-0027 5121:0022-0027 5076:154292179 5068:1086-3338 5033:0010-4140 4992:1747-1346 4957:155881388 4949:0010-4140 4914:158738285 4858:0738-8942 4768:154441890 4760:0010-4140 4709:0013-0613 4636:4 January 4626:study.com 4605:4 January 4292:4 January 4264:159803557 4256:1538-5000 4135:243704806 4088:4 January 4078:210147416 4070:0032-3217 4016:5 January 3992:autogolpe 3984:self-coup 3927:0020-8833 3878:English". 3723:247278896 3715:0003-0554 3661:0140-2390 3619:157891333 3611:0305-0629 3573:214653333 3565:0305-0629 3527:151897298 3481:0963-6412 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6656:58937153 6462:29 March 6456:Archived 6394:Archived 6390:56130442 6324:Archived 6170:54646102 6076:Archived 6007:Archived 5953:Archived 5627:Archived 5601:: 1–26. 5229:12 March 5223:Archived 5219:17684023 5129:54538341 4866:19036952 4815:Archived 4772:Archived 4713:Archived 4654:Archived 4630:Archived 4599:Archived 4536:Archived 4507:Politico 4433:Euractiv 4384:26 March 4378:Archived 4352:Archived 4310:(1993). 4286:Archived 4278:"Putsch" 4139:Archived 4082:Archived 3988:autocoup 3809:Archived 3787:Archived 3727:Archived 3671:31 March 3665:Archived 3435:Archived 3393:Archived 3359:Archived 3245:Archived 3211:40848052 3155:Archived 3124:Archived 2886:55915744 2779:Archived 2702:Archived 2629:Sabotage 2560:See also 2255:Bah Ndaw 2182:Zimbabwe 1982:Country 1820:Country 1399:Cold War 1360:Outcomes 1092:'s 1923 964:powers. 873:Berthier 865:Napoleon 801:Cold War 658:Sudanese 636:Egyptian 631:Tunisian 584:Romanian 485:Cultural 471:Chinese 446:Iranian 415:February 336:American 331:Atlantic 320:Examples 293:Samizdat 97:By class 72:a series 70:Part of 51:General 8367:attempt 8271:January 8261:October 6906:17 July 6880:17 July 6850:16 July 6599:: n/a. 6330:30 July 5681:3627631 4778:29 June 4719:29 June 4542:21 July 3888:"unk". 3855:Julius 3733:4 March 3489:3655994 3299:2010462 3161:21 July 3130:21 July 2788:20 June 2775:9066792 2708:4 April 2308:Tunisia 1940:Myanmar 1237:cuartel 1199:Spanish 1150:leader 1064:, from 960:assume 938:Spanish 886:In the 877:Masséna 837:French: 776: 764:French: 589:Singing 539:Rwandan 514:Spanish 509:Siamese 497:Russian 467:Mexican 393:Belgian 368:Serbian 356:Haitian 341:Brabant 326:English 256:Protest 189:Boycott 183:Methods 156:Passive 8388: 7500:online 7488: 7441: 7412: 7384: 7333: 7314: 7256:18 May 7244: 7236: 7197: 7162: 7154: 7077: 7069: 7027: 6992: 6984: 6949: 6941: 6787: 6779: 6738: 6730: 6695: 6654: 6646: 6611: 6573: 6550: 6542: 6497: 6450: 6442: 6403:4 July 6388: 6380: 6300: 6292: 6254: 6236: 6209: 6168: 6160: 6125: 6117: 6082:28 May 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