2439:- "The revolutionary wave effect produced by the fall of Saigon in 1975 was far more significant than the regional domino effect in Southeast Asia proper. Mark N. Katz has identified a 'Marxist-Leninist revolutionary wave' that peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, along with an 'Arab nationalist revolutionary wave' that began with the Iranian Revolution. Samuel P. Huntington has identified a 'democratic wave' that began with the defeat of the Soviet bloc in the Cold War. The Marxist-Leninist revolutionary wave associated with the Vietnam War saw 'affiliate Marxist-Leninist revolutions' come to power outside of Indochina in the Congo (1964, 1968), Benin (1972), Ethiopia and Guinea-Bissau (1974), Madagascar, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Angola (1975), Afghanistan (1978), and Grenada and Nicaragua (1979)."
91:
1155:
2130:, "The most precious thing… in the sharp ebb and flow of the revolutionary waves is the proletariat's spiritual growth. The advance, by leaps and bounds, of the intellectual stature of the proletariat affords an inviolable guarantee of its further progress in the inevitable economic and political struggles ahead." The need for a world-wide socialist revolutionary wave for the survival of a socialist state has and continues to be a topic of controversy between Marxists, most notably between
955:
676:
25:
729:
occurring in various locations within a particular timespan. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves have inspired current ones, or an initial revolution has inspired other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims. The causes of revolutionary waves have become the subjects
2145:
Mark Katz theorises that
Buddhism (in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indochina, Burma, Tibet) and Confucianism (to replace Marxism in China and promote unity with Chinese in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia) might be the revolutionary waves of the future. In the past, these religions have been passively
941:
There is no consensus on a complete list of revolutionary waves. In particular, scholars disagree on how similar the ideologies of different events should be in order for them to be grouped as part of a single wave, and over what period a wave can be considered to be taking place – for example,
1424:
movement: revolutions occurred in Egypt, 1952; Syria, 1958; Iraq, 1958; Algeria, 1962; North Yemen, 1962; Sudan and Libya, 1969. The central regime in this case was Egypt, inspired especially by
1459:
was forced out of power in favor of a new, more independent-minded
Communist leadership. Pro-reform movements in Hungary, inspired in part by the Polish upheavals, soon erupted into the
2855:
1406:
2318:*Colin J. Beck, Dissertation submitted to Stanford University Department of Sociology graduate Ph.D program, March 2009, "Ideological roots of waves of revolution," ProQuest, 2009,
2101:. Central themes in many of these protests include economic and racial equality and widespread resentment against the economic and political elite, as well as the opposition to the
946:
discussed a "Marxist-Leninist wave" lasting from 1917 to 1991, and a "fascist wave" from 1922 to 1945, but limits an "anti-communist wave" to just the 1989 to 1991 period.
3074:
1478:
organized successful protests against government and private discrimination. Continuing unrest in
African-American communities led to the multi-city riots during the "
1502:
90:
3731:
3067:
2367:, January 28, 2011 - "The revolutionary wave now sweeping the world will not exempt America, in spite of the myth of 'American exceptionalism.'".
3342:
3322:
3138:
704:
3357:
3060:
3691:
2058:
412:
1852:
859:
1642:
2319:
1944:
3555:
3297:
2937:
2809:
2619:
2436:
2401:
2307:
2050:
1888:
1059:
1055:
363:
1924:
1900:
1884:
1541:
603:
3716:
3550:
2153:(in Turkey, Central Asia, Xinjiang, parts of Russia), 'Pan-native Americanism' (in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay) and
1896:
2421:
2385:
2042:
1860:
1464:
1130:
504:
3332:
3198:
2893:
2578:
2535:
2428:
2393:
2342:
2327:
2299:
1960:
1876:
1463:, a major popular uprising against the Soviet-backed regime in Budapest that was brutally crushed. There was also a
1180:
452:
3772:
3746:
3019:
1880:
1062:
of 1810–1826 were often seen as inspired at least in part by the
American and French Revolutions in terms of their
697:
3803:
3701:
3643:
3158:
1928:
1661:
1456:
970:
765:, have used the phrase "revolutionary wave" to describe discrete revolutions happening within a short time-span.
3412:
2381:
2074:
2046:
2034:
1994:
1856:
1360:
422:
3618:
3505:
3307:
2404:
Chapter 3: A Revolutionary
Generation: The 1840s and the Revolutions of 1848 - "A rising revolutionary wave?"
2002:
1587:
800:
1318:
3798:
3793:
3686:
3515:
3470:
3407:
3263:
3238:
3203:
2978:
2973:
2942:
2859:
2664:
Colin A. Beck, "The World-Cultural
Origins of Revolutionary Waves: Five Centuries of European Contention",
2182:
2038:
1920:
1868:
1864:
1591:
1460:
1275:
1227:
1176:
576:
531:
494:
482:
427:
2777:
2291:
3402:
3036:
2217:
2022:
1892:
1579:
1522:
1506:
690:
638:
2360:
3671:
3613:
2781:
2570:
2018:
1595:
1279:
516:
511:
1948:
1154:
993:
3500:
3417:
3223:
2233:
2177:
2062:
2030:
1904:
1872:
1583:
1196:
1119:
1085:
997:
986:
933:
etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is often necessary to decide on the direction taken.
623:
417:
375:
3565:
3525:
2167:
2026:
1599:
1560:
1483:
1479:
1367:
1287:
1231:
787:
3741:
3392:
3108:
3026:
2988:
2527:
Ancient Cities: The
Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome
1537:
1530:
1414:
1259:
1041:
566:
221:
1444:
870:
Central and subordinate revolutions may support each other militarily, as for example the USSR,
3560:
3248:
3208:
3163:
2866:
2611:
2098:
2014:
2010:
1908:
1801:
1491:
1487:
1138:
226:
125:
822:
began with urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by rural revolution, followed by the
3736:
3540:
3480:
3218:
3123:
2886:
2566:
2418:
Vietnam, the
Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict
2082:
2006:
1998:
1753:
1545:
1475:
1390:
1192:
1184:
735:
598:
546:
526:
464:
444:
439:
273:
153:
148:
120:
115:
3312:
46:
3721:
3628:
3585:
3545:
3457:
3233:
3128:
2957:
2921:
2226:
2135:
1513:
inspired protest and revolution in the communist world and capitalist world, including the
1471:
1375:
1348:
1142:
1126:
1066:
1063:
1021:
1010:
731:
556:
551:
333:
310:
211:
163:
110:
105:
74:
8:
3638:
3490:
3372:
3337:
3317:
3273:
3268:
3133:
2993:
2952:
2947:
2202:
2078:
2054:
1657:
1603:
1571:
1518:
1337:
1115:
1092:
1073:
1037:
1025:
978:
958:
660:
633:
586:
571:
487:
407:
385:
380:
338:
268:
348:
3751:
3575:
3447:
3387:
3377:
3193:
3103:
2604:
2108:
2102:
1932:
1837:
1567:
1425:
1235:
1200:
1172:
1168:
1104:
1033:
826:
819:
793:
655:
591:
541:
499:
469:
457:
395:
370:
358:
343:
328:
283:
158:
3052:
2799:
1439:" denouncing Stalin in February 1956, a wave of political upheavals swept through the
3681:
3633:
3475:
3442:
3382:
3347:
3243:
3178:
3118:
3009:
2916:
2805:
2615:
2584:
2574:
2531:
2432:
2424:
2397:
2389:
2338:
2323:
2303:
2295:
2240:
2187:
1983:
1952:
1833:
1685:
1619:
1432:
1410:
1333:
1322:
1212:
1204:
1108:
1077:
1029:
643:
613:
581:
521:
353:
248:
238:
168:
143:
1382:
216:
3756:
3676:
3653:
3580:
3465:
3427:
3283:
3253:
2983:
2879:
2123:
1975:
1498:
1421:
1299:
982:
974:
751:
618:
536:
434:
402:
278:
3726:
3278:
3148:
3031:
2525:
2356:
2272:
2150:
2094:
1956:
1912:
1646:
1615:
1402:
1329:
1239:
1096:
902:
758:
680:
608:
561:
477:
390:
3570:
3535:
3352:
3213:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3143:
2765:
2524:
Gates, Charles (2003). "19: Rome from its origins to the end of the
Republic".
2251:
2212:
2207:
2127:
1936:
1809:
1757:
1448:
1356:
1344:
1317:
The
Fascist Revolutionary wave, beginning in Italy in 1922, also including the
1271:
1263:
1134:
966:
906:
305:
206:
196:
16:
Series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time span
2695:
2588:
3787:
3711:
3530:
3432:
3422:
3327:
2192:
1819:
1664:
by the end of 1991, which ended the Marxist revolutionary wave, resulting in
1526:
1514:
1436:
1295:
1255:
1220:
1216:
1014:
954:
743:
739:
300:
233:
3648:
3590:
3397:
3362:
3258:
2736:
2507:
1979:
1761:
1713:
1626:
1440:
1379:
1321:
in Portugal, Japan from 1931, Germany from 1933, Greece from 1936, and the
943:
898:
842:
838:
811:
804:
773:
762:
50:
1836:
were various related movements that developed in several societies in the
3623:
3595:
3367:
3168:
3113:
3014:
2558:
2364:
2172:
2154:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1848:
1793:
1729:
1575:
1549:
1303:
1291:
1208:
1159:
930:
834:
747:
628:
675:
3605:
3485:
3153:
2773:
2246:
2131:
2086:
1940:
1805:
1797:
1777:
1721:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1673:
1564:
1267:
1188:
1069:
ideology and aims, are counted as the second part of the Atlantic Wave.
922:
823:
726:
650:
243:
82:
2871:
1847:
Between 2009 and 2014, there were revolutions or mass protests in the
889:
A further dimension to Katz's typology is that revolutions are either
3706:
3696:
3520:
3510:
3437:
3041:
2197:
2090:
1815:
1725:
1701:
1668:
and 14 countries declaring their independence from the Soviet Union:
1553:
1452:
1352:
1311:
1247:
926:
910:
883:
263:
201:
39:
2146:
acquiescent to secular authority; but so was Islam, until recently.
2085:
in various European countries. The causes are varied, spanning from
1916:
2361:"The Revolutionary Wave: Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen – is the West next?"
2157:(in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) could also form revolutionary waves.
2066:
1773:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1634:
1623:
1510:
1398:
1307:
1283:
1003:
894:
879:
295:
35:
1993:
Late 2019 and 2020 saw a significant wave of protest movements in
3093:
2778:"Rosa Luxemburg, 1905 and the classic account of the mass strike"
2119:
1841:
1789:
1785:
1769:
1733:
1717:
1705:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1650:
1386:
1251:
918:
258:
191:
829:
in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows;
3663:
2726:
The Imaginary Revolution: Parisian Students and Workers in 1968
2288:
Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran
1781:
1737:
1697:
1665:
1371:
1243:
1100:
1081:
875:
253:
837:, which play a leading role in a Revolutionary wave; e.g. the
1741:
1638:
1611:
1607:
1394:
1274:
and independent Poland and Austria; the first protest of the
863:
3495:
1649:
was founded in Pakistan in 1987. The modern version of the
871:
846:
290:
2070:
1630:
852:
Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
2510:, "Cycles, waves and diffusion", in: Jack A. Goldstone,
1024:
occurring at the end of the 18th century, including the
3082:
886:
and other Marxist regimes did in the 1970s and 1980s.
799:
revolution from without, e.g. the allied invasions of
1503:
opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
2705:
2606:
Aristotle and Hamilton on Commerce and Statesmanship
1328:
World War II Revolutions (1943–1949), including the
1000:
and the Second and Third Wars of Religion in France.
2530:. London: Routledge (published 2013). p. 318.
1167:The Revolutions of 1905–11 in the aftermath of the
1013:(1618–1648), including Calvinist uprisings and the
2603:
1563:revolutions, mostly from 1977-1987, including the
1728:soon was abandoned by other countries, including
818:These categories are not mutually exclusive; the
3785:
3732:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
2140:
2601:
3068:
2887:
2335:The Ideological Roots of Waves of Revolution,
2149:Katz also suggests that nationalisms such as
1501:saw youth movements worldwide supporting the
698:
2804:. Internet Archive. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2122:see revolutionary waves as evidence that a
3075:
3061:
2894:
2880:
1505:and other left wing causes, the worldwide
705:
691:
3692:The East wind prevails over the West wind
2788:, vol. 2, no. 29 (Summer 1985), pp. 3-61.
2671:
2512:The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions
1970:is a violent mass reaction following the
1254:revolutionary wave), the collapse of the
2660:
2658:
2610:. University of Missouri Press. p.
2551:
1633:, in India, founded 1977. In the 1980s,
1153:
953:
810:revolution by osmosis, e.g. the gradual
2901:
2856:Can Tunisia Spark a Revolutionary Wave?
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
1643:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen
1374:, cresting in the 1970s, including the
1223:targeting autocracy and traditionalism.
3786:
2694:Laurence Cox and Alf Gunvald Nilson, "
2412:
2410:
2378:A history of modern Germany since 1815
2277:, Palgrave Macmillan (October 1, 1999)
1484:1968 riots following the assassination
1465:nascent pro-reform movement in Romania
1238:and the emergence of an international
1006:in Western Africa in the 16th century.
3056:
2938:Spanish American wars of independence
2875:
2523:
1622:movements, mostly in the US, and the
1060:Spanish American wars of independence
2797:
2756:, St Martin's Press, 1997, chapter 4
2635:
2557:
2494:
776:identified six forms of revolution;
18:
3083:Marxist phraseology and terminology
2839:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2826:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2801:Socialism in one country, 1924-1926
2754:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2713:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2602:Michael D. Chan (1 December 2006).
2489:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2476:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2463:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2450:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2407:
2290:, Cambridge University Press, 2011
1111:against the Russian rule in Poland.
1056:Latin American wars of independence
949:
13:
2274:Revolution and Revolutionary Waves
1812:also collapsed in the early 1990s.
1582:and other Islamist movements like
792:revolution from above, e.g. Mao's
14:
3815:
3333:Commanding heights of the economy
3199:Primitive accumulation of capital
2867:Is revolution back on the agenda?
2862:analysis brief, January 18, 2011.
2848:
1548:and leftist popular uprisings in
1451:later that year, as the longtime
1314:uprisings and protests worldwide.
1181:Persian Constitutional Revolution
1118:throughout Europe, following the
855:subordinate or puppet revolutions
757:Writers and activists, including
3747:Revolution is not a dinner party
3717:Whole-process people's democracy
2841:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p 139
2828:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p 138
936:
674:
89:
23:
3644:Uneven and combined development
3159:Dictatorship of the proletariat
2831:
2818:
2791:
2759:
2746:
2730:
2718:
2715:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p 22
2595:
2517:
2481:
2478:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p 86
2333:Note: Colin J. Beck also wrote
1826:
1822:starting in 1999 to late 2000s.
1662:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1149:
1048:
3413:Socially necessary labour time
2743:, IB Tauris, 2000, chapter one
2491:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p12
2468:
2465:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p13
2455:
2442:
2382:University of California Press
2370:
2350:
2312:
2280:
2265:
1361:Indonesian National Revolution
38:format but may read better as
1:
3773:People's Multiparty Democracy
3323:Capitalist mode of production
3308:Critique of political economy
3139:Capitalist mode of production
2798:Carr, Edward Hallett (1900).
2772:(Collected Works), quoted in
2452:, St Martin's Press, 1997, p4
2258:
2141:Potential revolutionary waves
2114:
1578:, the re-introduction of the
3687:Continuous revolution theory
3408:Socialist mode of production
3264:Workers of the world, unite!
3239:Socialist mode of production
3204:Proletarian internationalism
2860:Council on Foreign Relations
2183:Proletarian internationalism
1592:1977 Pakistani military coup
1461:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1457:Polish United Workers' Party
1370:were waves of revolution in
1276:Indian independence movement
1177:Argentine Revolution of 1905
833:Central; countries, usually
7:
3403:Simple commodity production
2420:, Simon and Schuster, 2002
2160:
1974:characterized by resurgent
1955:. This period also saw the
1580:Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
1523:May 1968 protests in France
1507:counterculture of the 1960s
1445:workers' uprising in Poznań
996:(1566–1609), including the
768:
730:of study by historians and
10:
3820:
3672:Antagonistic contradiction
3619:Degenerated workers' state
2668:, vol.35, no.2, pp.167-207
2571:Princeton University Press
2292:pp. 74, 83, 87, 90, 94, 96
1614:government in Israel; the
1602:, the implemention of the
1286:revolution in Turkey; the
1280:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
1266:and resultant founding of
1173:Russian Revolution of 1905
820:Russian revolution of 1917
3765:
3662:
3604:
3516:People's democratic state
3501:General line of the party
3456:
3292:
3224:Revolutionary spontaneity
3088:
3002:
2966:
2930:
2909:
2782:"Patterns of mass strike"
2234:The Anatomy of Revolution
2178:Revolutionary nationalism
1959:form in the West and the
1197:5 October 1910 revolution
1086:Greek War of Independence
998:Revolt of the Netherlands
3566:Socialism in one country
3526:Political rehabilitation
2979:Strike wave of 1945–1946
2974:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2696:What Makes a Revolution?
2168:Exporting the revolution
1645:, founded 1981 or 1985;
1600:Islamization of Pakistan
1561:religious fundamentalist
1525:; the latter led to the
1480:Long, hot summer of 1967
1368:decolonisation of Africa
1288:1919 Egyptian Revolution
1232:aftermath of World War I
1228:Revolutions of 1917–1923
1162:in Vienna, Austria, 1968
1058:, including the various
858:rival revolutions, e.g.
3742:Revolutionary base area
3702:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
3614:Deformed workers' state
3393:Relations of production
3313:Accumulation of capital
3293:Sociology and economics
3109:Base and superstructure
3089:Philosophy and politics
3037:2018–2022 Arab protests
3027:Anti-austerity movement
2989:Central American crisis
2786:International Socialism
2563:The Athenian Revolution
1844:during the early 2000s.
1596:Pakistan People's Party
1594:ending the rule of the
1538:Central American crisis
1531:European monetary union
1449:major political changes
1415:Portuguese Colonial War
1401:, and the fight of the
1319:28 May 1926 coup d'Ă©tat
1260:Austro-Hungarian empire
1042:Irish Rebellion of 1798
138:By other characteristic
47:converting this article
3804:Revolution terminology
3561:Socialist accumulation
3209:Proletarian revolution
3164:Historical materialism
2666:Social Science History
2099:democratic backsliding
1802:Apartheid South Africa
1584:al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
1492:Black Power Revolution
1488:Martin Luther King Jr.
1250:(the beginning of the
1163:
1139:Razlovtsi insurrection
961:
732:political philosophers
3481:Democratic centralism
3124:Bourgeois nationalism
2105:and related measures.
2083:Yellow Vests Movement
1610:, and the 1977 first
1588:Corrective Revolution
1546:Nicaraguan Revolution
1476:civil rights movement
1376:communist revolutions
1349:communist revolutions
1193:Monegasque Revolution
1185:Young Turk Revolution
1158:Protests against the
1157:
957:
814:of several countries.
736:Robert Roswell Palmer
440:Bulgarian unification
116:Counter-revolutionary
3722:One Divides Into Two
3629:Permanent revolution
3586:Democracy in Marxism
3546:Revolutionary terror
3343:Commodity production
3328:Crisis of capitalism
3234:Scientific socialism
3129:Bourgeois revolution
3020:Concurrent incidents
2958:Great Eastern Crisis
2922:Atlantic Revolutions
2724:Michael M. Seidman,
2337:BiblioBazaar, 2011,
2227:The Anatomy of Power
1472:Black Power movement
1467:that was suppressed.
1131:Herzegovina uprising
1127:Great Eastern Crisis
1022:Atlantic Revolutions
965:Republican waves in
860:communist Yugoslavia
723:revolutionary decade
212:Contentious politics
83:Political revolution
3799:Marxist terminology
3794:Revolutionary waves
3639:Transitional demand
3506:National liberation
3491:Enemy of the people
3373:Means of production
3134:Bourgeois socialism
3119:Bourgeois democracy
2994:Revolutions of 1989
2953:Revolutions of 1848
2948:Revolutions of 1830
2943:Revolutions of 1820
2903:Revolutionary waves
2702:, 30 September 2014
2203:Social cycle theory
1838:former Soviet Union
1658:Revolutions of 1989
1604:September 1983 Laws
1572:revisionist Zionism
1519:Cultural Revolution
1338:Yugoslav Resistance
1302:; as well as other
1120:February Revolution
1116:Revolutions of 1848
1093:Revolutions of 1830
1074:Revolutions of 1820
1038:Batavian Revolution
1026:American Revolution
959:Revolutions of 1848
681:Politics portal
3752:Social imperialism
3576:Social imperialism
3448:Worker cooperative
3388:Production for use
3378:Mode of production
3229:Revolutionary wave
3194:Petite bourgeoisie
3104:Barracks communism
3010:Colour revolutions
2573:. pp. 32–52.
2126:is possible. For
2109:Second Arab Spring
2103:COVID-19 lockdowns
1834:colour revolutions
1598:and beginning the
1568:Iranian revolution
1544:take power in the
1542:socialist movement
1521:in China, and the
1482:" and the various
1426:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1236:Russian Revolution
1207:in China involved
1201:Mexican Revolution
1169:Russo-Japanese War
1164:
1105:Belgian Revolution
1034:Haitian Revolution
994:Second Reformation
962:
794:Great Leap Forward
786:Coup d'Ă©tat, e.g.
719:revolutionary wave
656:Second Arab Spring
49:, if appropriate.
3781:
3780:
3682:Capitalist roader
3634:Social revolution
3476:Central Committee
3383:Productive forces
3348:Dominant ideology
3244:Super-imperialism
3179:Lumpenproletariat
3050:
3049:
2917:Age of Revolution
2811:978-0-14-021040-8
2621:978-0-8262-6516-6
2437:978-0-684-87027-4
2402:978-0-520-24049-0
2376:Frank B. Tipton,
2330:, 9781109076554.
2308:978-0-521-19829-5
2241:The True Believer
2188:Cycle of violence
2136:Marxist-Leninist.
2097:, inequality and
1984:Islamic extremism
1754:Congo-Brazzaville
1620:Christian Zionism
1455:old guard of the
1433:Nikita Khrushchev
1411:Portuguese Empire
1403:communist parties
1391:Congo-Brazzaville
1334:French Resistance
1323:Spanish Civil War
1213:constitutionalism
1205:Xinhai Revolution
1199:in Portugal, the
1109:November Uprising
1078:Decembrist revolt
1030:French Revolution
1011:Thirty Years' War
725:) is a series of
715:
714:
249:Mass mobilization
239:Guerrilla warfare
68:
67:
3811:
3757:Struggle session
3677:Anti-revisionism
3654:World revolution
3581:Soviet democracy
3466:Anti-revisionism
3458:Marxist–Leninist
3428:Subject of labor
3358:Free association
3301:
3284:World revolution
3274:Workers' control
3269:Workers' council
3254:Two-stage theory
3097:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3054:
3053:
2984:Protests of 1968
2896:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2854:Deborah Jerome,
2842:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2770:Gesammelte Werke
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2692:
2669:
2662:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2521:
2515:
2505:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2414:
2405:
2374:
2368:
2354:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2124:world revolution
1976:authoritarianism
1641:, founded 1987;
1637:, founded 1988;
1499:Protests of 1968
1490:In Trinidad the
1422:Arab nationalist
1300:Irish Free State
1242:alliance in the
1234:, including the
1171:, including the
1129:, including the
950:Pre-19th century
783:urban revolution
780:rural revolution
752:Jacques Godechot
707:
700:
693:
679:
678:
532:Hungarian (1956)
364:Spanish American
93:
70:
69:
63:
60:
54:
45:You can help by
27:
26:
19:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3761:
3658:
3600:
3452:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3279:World communism
3149:Commodification
3091:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3051:
3046:
3032:Occupy movement
2998:
2962:
2926:
2905:
2900:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2796:
2792:
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2760:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2710:
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2693:
2672:
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2636:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2600:
2596:
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2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
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2522:
2518:
2506:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2415:
2408:
2375:
2371:
2357:Justin Raimondo
2355:
2351:
2345:, 9781243608567
2317:
2313:
2286:Nader Sohrabi,
2285:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2163:
2151:Pan-Turanianism
2143:
2117:
2095:electoral fraud
1957:Occupy movement
1829:
1647:Lashkar-e-Taiba
1616:Christian right
1494:was successful.
1443:. In Poland, a
1330:Greek Civil War
1240:communist party
1152:
1097:July Revolution
1051:
1040:(1795) and the
952:
939:
903:anti-capitalist
771:
759:Justin Raimondo
711:
673:
668:
667:
324:
316:
315:
187:
179:
178:
139:
131:
130:
101:
64:
58:
55:
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3801:
3796:
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3763:
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3759:
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3699:
3694:
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3657:
3656:
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3636:
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3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Social fascism
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Self-criticism
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Real socialism
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
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3454:
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3445:
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3435:
3430:
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3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Exchange value
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3290:
3289:
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3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Pure communism
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Metabolic rift
3186:
3184:Means of labor
3181:
3176:
3174:Liquidationism
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Class struggle
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3080:
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2907:
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2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2850:
2849:External links
2847:
2844:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2810:
2790:
2766:Rosa Luxemburg
2758:
2745:
2729:
2717:
2704:
2670:
2634:
2620:
2594:
2579:
2550:
2536:
2516:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2416:Michael Lind,
2406:
2369:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2311:
2279:
2271:Mark N. Katz,
2263:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2252:Economic Cycle
2249:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2219:Power Politics
2215:
2213:Power politics
2210:
2208:State collapse
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2142:
2139:
2128:Rosa Luxemburg
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
1991:
1964:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1810:Czechoslovakia
1758:Czechoslovakia
1654:
1653:began in 1994.
1557:
1534:
1495:
1468:
1429:
1418:
1383:military coups
1364:
1359:including the
1357:Southeast Asia
1345:Indochina Wars
1341:
1326:
1315:
1272:Czechoslovakia
1264:Ottoman empire
1224:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1135:April Uprising
1123:
1112:
1095:, such as the
1089:
1070:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1018:
1007:
1001:
990:
951:
948:
938:
935:
907:anti-communist
868:
867:
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853:
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816:
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797:
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413:Italian states
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306:Tax resistance
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207:Class conflict
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197:Civil disorder
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3715:
3713:
3712:New Democracy
3710:
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3698:
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3534:
3532:
3531:Popular front
3529:
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3517:
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3444:
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3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Surplus value
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Social murder
3421:
3419:
3418:Socialization
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
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3021:
3018:
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2908:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2890:
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2883:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:Mark Kosman,
2864:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2783:
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2775:
2771:
2767:
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2755:
2749:
2742:
2738:
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2727:
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2714:
2708:
2701:
2697:
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2689:
2687:
2685:
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2580:9780691217970
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2539:
2537:9781134676620
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2514:, pp. 126-127
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2487:Mark N Katz,
2484:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2461:Mark N Katz,
2458:
2451:
2448:Mark N Katz,
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:0-684-87027-4
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:0-520-24049-9
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2343:1-243-60856-0
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:1-109-07655-X
2325:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:0-521-19829-1
2297:
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2250:
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2220:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Domino theory
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2134:and mainline
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:United States
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:dictatorships
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
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1846:
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1831:
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1821:
1820:Latin America
1817:
1814:
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1807:
1803:
1799:
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1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:Werner Report
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Prague Spring
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Secret Speech
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:allied under
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
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1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Easter rising
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:organized by
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:German Empire
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:republicanism
1218:
1217:modernization
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1143:Cretan Revolt
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:Enlightenment
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:Huguenot Wars
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:Jihadist wars
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
960:
956:
947:
945:
937:Periodisation
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
830:
828:
825:
821:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
789:
785:
782:
779:
778:
777:
775:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:Hannah Arendt
741:
740:Crane Brinton
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:
708:
703:
701:
696:
694:
689:
688:
686:
685:
682:
677:
672:
671:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Strike action
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Direct action
232:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:Demonstration
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
97:
96:
92:
88:
87:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
62:
53:is available.
52:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3727:People's war
3649:United front
3591:United front
3398:Ruling class
3363:Law of value
3259:Wage slavery
3249:Theoretician
3228:
3003:21st century
2967:20th century
2931:19th century
2910:18th century
2902:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2737:Ahmed Rashid
2732:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2665:
2625:. Retrieved
2605:
2597:
2562:
2559:Ober, Josiah
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2526:
2519:
2511:
2508:Mark N. Katz
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2417:
2377:
2372:
2352:
2334:
2314:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2221:(Wight book)
2218:
2148:
2144:
2118:
1961:autodefensas
1949:Burkina Faso
1827:21st century
1762:East Germany
1714:Turkmenistan
1629:, later the
1627:Janata party
1559:A decade of
1441:Eastern Bloc
1409:against the
1187:, the Greek
1150:20th century
1049:19th century
1036:(1791), the
1032:(1789), the
1028:(1776), the
944:Mark N. Katz
940:
914:
890:
888:
869:
843:Nazi Germany
835:Great powers
817:
812:Islamization
774:Mark N. Katz
772:
763:Michael Lind
756:
734:, including
722:
718:
716:
567:People Power
284:Disobedience
173:
56:
51:Editing help
33:
3737:Revisionism
3624:French Turn
3596:Vanguardism
3551:Secretariat
3541:Revisionism
3368:Materialism
3219:Revisionism
3169:Imperialism
3114:Bourgeoisie
3015:Arab Spring
2837:Mark Katz,
2824:Mark Katz,
2752:Mark Katz,
2711:Mark Katz,
2474:Mark Katz,
2365:Antiwar.com
2173:Nationalism
2155:Pan-Slavism
2132:Trotskyists
1990:since 2014.
1988:Middle East
1972:Arab Spring
1968:Arab Winter
1794:South Yemen
1730:Afghanistan
1586:during the
1576:neo-Zionism
1550:El Salvador
1304:nationalist
1292:Arab revolt
1209:nationalism
1160:Vietnam War
1080:of 1825 in
1076:, also the
931:nationalism
899:dictatorial
849:since 1979.
803:, 1944 and
788:Egypt, 1952
748:Eric Hoffer
727:revolutions
721:(sometimes
629:Arab Spring
227:Human chain
217:Coup d'Ă©tat
126:Proletarian
3788:Categories
3606:Trotskyist
3486:Dual power
3154:Dialectics
2774:Tony Cliff
2589:1241099836
2543:17 January
2259:References
2247:War cycles
2115:In Marxism
2087:corruption
2081:, and the
2063:Kyrgyzstan
2031:Montenegro
1963:in Mexico.
1905:Azerbaijan
1893:California
1873:Kyrgyzstan
1857:Madagascar
1849:Arab world
1806:Yugoslavia
1798:Yugoslavia
1778:Mozambique
1722:Uzbekistan
1710:Tajikistan
1694:Kyrgyzstan
1690:Kazakhstan
1674:Azerbaijan
1565:Shia Islam
1431:Following
1268:Yugoslavia
1203:, and the
1189:Goudi coup
1122:in France.
1017:in France.
923:liberalism
911:democratic
866:after 1969
651:Euromaidan
599:Bolivarian
547:Nicaraguan
527:Guatemalan
465:Young Turk
445:Philippine
274:Nonviolent
269:Resistance
244:Insurgency
154:Nonviolent
149:From above
121:Democratic
3707:Mass line
3697:Four Olds
3521:Politburo
3511:New class
3438:Use value
3338:Commodity
3042:Coup Belt
2700:Ceasefire
2567:Princeton
2198:Ideocracy
2091:austerity
2071:Argentina
2055:Venezuela
2043:Indonesia
1999:Catalonia
1995:Hong Kong
1953:Hong Kong
1945:Venezuela
1816:Pink Tide
1726:Communism
1702:Lithuania
1570:of 1979,
1554:Guatemala
1453:Stalinist
1353:East Asia
1312:socialist
1248:Comintern
1219:, and/or
927:communism
884:Nicaragua
824:Bolshevik
604:Bulldozer
557:Carnation
552:Argentine
495:1917–1923
483:Communist
428:Hungarian
264:Rebellion
202:Civil war
164:Permanent
111:Communist
106:Bourgeois
59:July 2018
2561:(1996).
2384:, 2003,
2161:See also
2120:Marxists
2039:Bulgaria
1889:Maldives
1869:Thailand
1840:and the
1774:Mongolia
1766:Ethiopia
1750:Cambodia
1746:Bulgaria
1660:and the
1635:Al Qaeda
1624:Hindutva
1517:, Mao's
1511:New Left
1509:and the
1474:and the
1399:Ethiopia
1378:and pro-
1363:in 1945.
1308:populist
1284:Kemalist
1141:and the
1103:and the
1084:and the
983:Carthage
895:monarchy
880:Ethiopia
769:Typology
661:Sudanese
639:Egyptian
634:Tunisian
587:Romanian
488:Cultural
474:Chinese
449:Iranian
418:February
339:American
334:Atlantic
323:Examples
296:Samizdat
100:By class
75:a series
73:Part of
3318:Capital
3298:Marxian
3094:Marxist
2741:Taliban
2627:1 March
2320:pp. 1-5
2067:Nigeria
2047:Albania
2027:Ecuador
2015:Bolivia
2011:Algeria
2003:Lebanon
1986:in the
1941:Ukraine
1929:Romania
1909:Armenia
1861:Ireland
1853:Iceland
1842:Balkans
1790:Somalia
1786:Romania
1770:Hungary
1734:Albania
1718:Ukraine
1706:Moldova
1686:Georgia
1682:Estonia
1678:Belarus
1670:Armenia
1651:Taliban
1447:led to
1413:in the
1387:Somalia
1252:Marxist
1230:in the
1064:liberal
987:480 BCE
981:), and
979:508 BCE
971:509 BCE
919:fascism
909:, anti-
897:, anti-
891:against
807:, 1945.
805:Germany
796:of 1958
592:Singing
542:Rwandan
517:Spanish
512:Siamese
500:Russian
470:Mexican
396:Belgian
371:Serbian
359:Haitian
344:Brabant
329:English
259:Protest
192:Boycott
186:Methods
159:Passive
3664:Maoist
2808:
2618:
2587:
2577:
2534:
2435:
2427:
2400:
2392:
2341:
2326:
2306:
2298:
2057:, the
2035:Serbia
1982:, and
1937:France
1933:Turkey
1923:, the
1921:Canada
1917:Mexico
1913:Rojava
1901:Israel
1887:, the
1877:Greece
1808:, and
1796:, and
1782:Poland
1738:Angola
1720:, and
1698:Latvia
1666:Russia
1590:, the
1540:saw a
1389:, the
1380:Soviet
1372:Africa
1294:, the
1290:, the
1282:, the
1244:Soviet
1195:, the
1191:, the
1183:, the
1179:, the
1175:, the
1101:France
1082:Russia
975:Athens
929:, pro-
925:, pro-
921:, pro-
893:(anti-
876:Angola
862:, and
750:, and
644:Yemeni
624:Kyrgyz
614:Orange
582:Velvet
577:Yogurt
522:August
505:German
478:Xinhai
458:Second
435:Eureka
423:German
354:French
311:Terror
254:Mutiny
169:Social
144:Colour
34:is in
3766:Other
3471:Cadre
3443:Value
2386:p. 82
2051:Sudan
2019:Haiti
2007:Chile
1897:China
1885:Chile
1881:Spain
1742:Benin
1639:Hamas
1612:Likud
1608:Sudan
1407:CONCP
1395:Benin
1347:were
1246:-led
917:(pro-
913:) or
864:China
801:Italy
619:Tulip
537:Cuban
453:First
403:Texas
376:Greek
349:Liège
279:Civil
40:prose
3496:Foco
2806:ISBN
2629:2013
2616:ISBN
2585:OCLC
2575:ISBN
2545:2018
2532:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2422:p 37
2398:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2079:Cuba
2075:Iran
2023:Iraq
1966:The
1951:and
1865:Iran
1832:The
1656:The
1618:and
1574:and
1552:and
1536:The
1497:The
1470:The
1435:'s "
1420:The
1397:and
1366:The
1355:and
1343:The
1336:and
1310:and
1298:and
1262:and
1226:The
1125:The
1114:The
1091:The
1072:The
1054:The
1020:The
1009:The
992:The
967:Rome
872:Cuba
847:Iran
839:USSR
827:coup
761:and
609:Rose
572:1989
562:Saur
408:1848
391:July
386:1830
381:1820
291:Riot
174:Wave
36:list
2780:in
2698:",
1818:in
1631:BJP
1606:in
1529:on
1486:of
1385:in
1351:in
1107:or
1099:in
973:),
915:for
3790::
2858:,
2784:,
2776:,
2768:,
2739:,
2673:^
2637:^
2614:.
2612:47
2583:.
2569::
2565:.
2496:^
2431:,
2409:^
2396:,
2388:,
2380:,
2363:,
2359:,
2322:,
2302:,
2294:,
2093:,
2089:,
2077:,
2073:,
2069:,
2065:,
2061:,
2053:,
2049:,
2045:,
2041:,
2037:,
2033:,
2029:,
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
2013:,
2009:,
2005:,
2001:,
1997:,
1978:,
1947:,
1943:,
1939:,
1935:,
1931:,
1927:,
1925:UK
1919:,
1915:,
1911:,
1907:,
1903:,
1899:,
1895:,
1891:,
1883:,
1879:,
1875:,
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1855:,
1851:,
1804:,
1800:.
1792:,
1788:,
1784:,
1780:,
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1760:,
1756:,
1752:,
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1736:,
1732:,
1724:.
1716:,
1712:,
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1393:,
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754:.
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717:A
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3300:)
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2631:.
2591:.
2547:.
1556:.
1533:.
1428:.
1417:.
1340:.
1325:.
1145:.
1088:.
1044:.
985:(
977:(
969:(
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57:(
43:.
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