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239:'manager' of the city pageants. Over a twenty-year period, payments are recorded to him for playing the part of God in the Drapers' Pageant, for making a hat for a "pharysye", and for mending and making other costumes and props, as well as for supplying new dialogue and for copying out the Shearmen and Tailors' Pageant in a version which Croo described as "newly correcte". Croo seems to have worked by adapting and editing older material, while adding his own rather ponderous and undistinguished verse.
420:
Mawdyke, who may be identifiable with a tailor of that name living in the St
Michael's parish of Coventry in the late 16th century, is thought to have made his additions as part of an unsuccessful attempt to revive the play cycle in the summer of 1591, though in the end the city authorities chose not
238:
The exact date of the text is unknown, though there are references to the
Coventry guild pageants from 1392 onwards. The single surviving text of the carol and the pageant containing it was edited by one Robert Croo, who dated his manuscript 14 March 1534. Croo, or Crowe, acted for some years as the
467:
uncovered an early shape note choral song from the 18th century which also includes some of the lyrics to the
Coventry Carol and has a tune at least marginally resembling Niles' variant. For this reason, Cohen argued that the Appalachian variant was likely to be authentic and that Crump et al. have
406:
The carol's music was added to Croo's manuscript at a later date by Thomas
Mawdyke, his additions being dated 13 May 1591. Mawdyke wrote out the music in three-part harmony, though whether he was responsible for its composition is debatable, and the music's style could be indicative of an earlier
250:
Thomas Sharp in 1817 as part of his detailed study of the city's mystery plays. Sharp published a second edition in 1825 which included the songs' music. Both printings were intended to be a facsimile of Croo's manuscript, copying both the orthography and layout; this proved fortunate as Croo's
385:
Sharp's publication of the text stimulated some renewed interest in the pageant and songs, particularly in
Coventry itself. Although the Coventry mystery play cycle was traditionally performed in summer, the lullaby has been in modern times regarded as a
407:
date. The three (alto, tenor and baritone) vocal parts confirm that, as was usual with mystery plays, the parts of the "mothers" singing the carol were invariably played by men. The original three-part version contains a "startling"
97:
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255:, was destroyed in a fire there in 1879. Sharp's transcriptions are therefore the only source; Sharp had a reputation as a careful scholar, and his copying of the text of the women's carol appears to be accurate.
203:. The author is unknown; the oldest known text was written down by Robert Croo in 1534, and the oldest known setting of the melody dates from 1591. There are alternative, modern settings of the carol by
95:
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459:, in June 1934 (from an "old lady with a gray hat", who according to Niles's notes insisted on remaining anonymous). Niles surmised that the carol had been transplanted from England via the
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Within the pageant, the carol is sung by three women of
Bethlehem, who enter on stage with their children immediately after Joseph is warned by an angel to take his family to Egypt:
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singing tradition, although this version of the carol has not been found elsewhere and there is reason to believe that Niles, a prolific composer, actually wrote it himself.
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Although the tune is quite different to that of the "Coventry Carol", the text is largely similar except for the addition of an extra verse (described by
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390:. It was brought to a wider audience after being featured in the BBC's Empire Broadcast at Christmas 1940, shortly after the
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been too quick to assume chicanery on Niles' part due to his proclivity for editing some of his collected material.
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to support the revival. The surviving pageants were revived in the
Cathedral from 1951 onwards.
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578:"Faith, Reason and the Prophets' dialogue in the Coventry Pageant of the Shearmen and Taylors"
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The carol is the second of three songs included in the
Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors, a
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Religious changes caused the plays' suppression during the later 16th century, but Croo's
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The slaying of the innocents: a relational treatise on composition and conducting
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A number of subsequent recorded versions have incorporated the fifth verse.
563:, Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 2000, p. 53
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247:
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690:
Why was the
Partridge in the Pear Tree?: The History of Christmas Carols
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Cutts, John P. (Spring 1957). "The Second
Coventry Carol and a Note on
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dating from the 16th century. The carol was traditionally performed in
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714:
Britten's Unquiet Pasts: Sound and Memory in Postwar Reconstruction
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original manuscript, which had passed into the collection of the
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584:. Themes in Drama. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–46.
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A variant of the carol was supposedly collected by folklorist
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at the Choral Public Domain Library. Accessed 2016-09-07.
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Minstrels Playing: Music in Early English Religious Drama
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Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
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665:. Vol. I. The Athenæum Press. pp. 151–152
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Christmas carol about the massacre of the innocents
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188:ordered all male infants under the age of two in
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783:, John Jacob-Niles, Tradition TLP 1023 (1957).
199:The music contains a well-known example of a
781:I Wonder as I Wander – Love Songs and Carols
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807:The Second Penguin Book of Christmas Carols
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196:sung by mothers of the doomed children.
796:, 3rd ed., McFarland, 2001, p. 154
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746:, volume 66, issues 21988–21989, p. 968
662:Specimens of the Pre-Shakesperean Drama
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306:This pore yongling for whom we do singe
165:The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors
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287:Lully, lullah, thou little tiny child,
274:Lully, lulla, thow littell tine child,
192:to be killed, and takes the form of a
103:Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus
825:for voice and SATB from Cantorion.org
730:A Performer's Guide to Medieval Music
692:. The History Press. pp. 44–49.
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375:For thy parting neither say nor sing,
362:For thi parting nether say nor singe,
319:This poor youngling for whom we sing,
231:, originally performed by the city's
716:, Cambridge University Press, p. 192
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417:in treble, F in tenor) at "by, by".
371:That woe is me, poor child, for thee
358:That wo is me, pore child, for thee,
647:The Hymnal 1982 Companion, Volume 1
484:Then smile as dreaming, little one,
424:A four-part setting of the tune by
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549:. Boydell and Brewer. p. 179.
334:His men of might in his owne sight
133:Problems playing these files? See
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14:
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561:The Coventry Corpus Christi plays
347:His men of might in his own sight
180:: the carol itself refers to the
835:(Thesis). Ball State University.
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330:Herod, the king, in his raging,
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480:And when the stars ingather do
343:Herod the king, in his raging,
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659:Manly, John Matthews (1897).
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336:All yonge children to slay,—
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349:All young children to slay.
315:O sisters too, how may we do
302:O sisters too, how may we do
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684:Lawson-Jones, Mark (2011).
580:. In Redmond, James (ed.).
521:The Christmas Carol Reader.
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829:Amman, Douglas D. (1986).
794:The Christmas Encyclopedia
377:"Bye bye, lully, lullay."
321:"Bye bye, lully, lullay"?
61:Robert Croo (oldest known)
870:Massacre of the Innocents
545:Rastall, Richard (2001).
482:In their far venture stay
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182:Massacre of the Innocents
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36:Massacre of the Innocents
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880:Songs inspired by deaths
875:Music based on the Bible
607:The Maydes Metamorphosis
576:King, Pamela M. (1990).
519:Studwell, W. E. (1995).
501:List of Christmas carols
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345:Chargèd he hath this day
332:Chargid he hath this day
317:For to preserve this day
304:For to preserve this day
293:Bye bye, lully, lullay.
278:thow littell tyne child,
110:Brass choral arrangement
486:By, by, lully, lullay.
438:download the audio file
291:Thou little tiny child,
289:Bye bye, lully, lullay.
253:Birmingham Free Library
168:. The play depicts the
523:Haworth Press. pp. 15
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373:And ever mourn and may
364:By by, lully, lullay.
360:And ever morne and may
308:By by, lully, lullay?
280:By by, lully, lullay!
229:Coventry Mystery Plays
82:
477:
457:Gatlinburg, Tennessee
447:"Appalachian" variant
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686:"The Coventry Carol"
582:Drama and Philosophy
276:By by, lully, lullay
267:Modernised spelling
227:that was one of the
40:Cornelis van Haarlem
559:King and Davidson,
475:as "regrettable"):
392:Bombing of Coventry
850:16th-century hymns
264:Original spelling
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699:978-0-7524-7750-3
591:978-0-521-38381-3
529:978-1-56023-872-0
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178:Gospel of Matthew
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219:History and text
205:Kenneth Leighton
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160:mystery play
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823:Sheet music
805:Poston, E.
669:20 December
248:antiquarian
244:prompt book
184:, in which
174:chapter two
172:story from
844:Categories
743:Gramophone
619:(1): 3–8.
507:References
465:Joel Cohen
461:shape note
135:media help
865:Lullabies
190:Bethlehem
170:Christmas
860:Coventry
728:Duffin,
495:See also
414:♯
152:Coventry
66:Language
633:2857697
194:lullaby
176:in the
162:called
156:England
69:English
696:
631:
588:
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473:Poston
233:guilds
42:, 1591
629:JSTOR
402:Music
186:Herod
142:The "
48:Genre
38:, by
694:ISBN
671:2014
586:ISBN
525:ISBN
211:and
125:MIDI
58:Text
621:doi
609:".
455:in
394:in
154:in
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568:^
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411:(F
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
