924:
between the cortex that send messages back through the coordinator and finally to the rest of the body. The brain's ability to function through loops and circuits is a good model to explain why
Tatiana consciously feels what Krista is physically experiencing. Additionally there is some level of synchronization between the two twins. Another study found that for craniopagus twins, their connection to each other is comparable to our normal appendages and that their bodies have obvious overlap physically and psychologically. Because most cases of craniopagus twins are unique, the research outlining general connections between craniopagus twins is limited. However, this example provides insight into the effects of a union between twins who essentially share the same sensory relay system in the thalamus.
877:
597:
260:
136:
22:
114:
629:, the canal that drains blood from the brain to the heart. This vessel was retained by Rodney Brodie. Both twins survived the surgery, although Roger did not regain consciousness and died 34 days later. Rodney recovered but suffered neurological damage; because his skull was never closed, he wore a helmet until his death at age 11. This was the first case where craniopagual twins were separated and one survived.
433:
480:. This means that two embryonic discs could only unite in locations where the ectoderm is absent. Moreover, the fusion occurs from neural folds of two separate, dorsally oriented embryonic discs, and the union can occur only after the ectoderm is disrupted to allow the neural and surface ectodermal layers to separate from each other.
932:
Conjoined twinning is one of the oldest known birth defects in history and examples with human's fascination with twins is extremely evident throughout historical literature. Although there are cases of conjoined twins dating back to as early as the 10th century, it was not until 1491 that the first
501:
procedures during a pregnancy. In part because treatment of conjoined twins varies largely, many parents make the decision to terminate pregnancy due to the prognosis and quality-of -life issues. If the parents choose to continue the pregnancy, mother and babies will be closely monitored. In almost
899:
Although there is not an overwhelming amount of research surrounding how the union between craniopagus twins leads to different personality, cognitive and motor traits, there have been some studies exploring what it actually means to share a brain. In the case of
Tatiana and Krista, it is possible
483:
The union in craniopagus twins may happen at any portion of the calvarium. The juncture can involve either the entire diameter of the head or any portion of the head and can be positioned at a multitude of rotational angles. In fact, craniopagus twins are rarely found in a symmetrical union. Apart
919:
that is when the patient is awake but not conscious. This study proved that the cortical activity on its own is not conscious and that all the activity between the loops of the thalamus, the cerebral cortex and the thalamus itself are all conscious actions. Another study of the thalamus reaffirms
923:
These loops actually may account for the relationship between
Tatiana and Krista. At the neuronal level, communication is dense network of neurons linked between themselves and the coordinator (in this case the thalamus) that finally sends a message to the cortex. On top of this, there are links
890:
covered a story of two craniopagus twin girls who share a brain and seem to show all different kinds of physiological and emotional responses due to their condition. Imagery revealed an attenuated line stretching between the two brains and forming a "thalamic bridge", a bridge connecting the two
410:
and vertical. Angular frontal junctions occur when the two twins are joined at any part of the forehead. Occipital twins are joined at the occipital lobe in the back of the head and vertical are joined on the top of the head and usually face opposite directions. The junctional diameter is often
267:
The first classification system was developed by O'Connell in 1976, where craniopagus twins were classified as total and partial. In the former, twins shared an "extensive surface area with widely connected cranial cavities", while in the latter, only a "limited, superficial surface area" was
227:
The condition is extremely rare, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 2.5 million live births. An estimated 50 craniopagus twins are born around the world every year as of 2021, with only 15 twins surviving beyond the first 30 days of life. Relatively few craniopagus twins survive the
759:
Maria
Ysadora and Maria Ysabelle, born in July 2016, were successfully separated on October 27, 2018, after a five-step surgery in São Paulo, Brazil by a multidisciplinary team of neurosurgeons and plastic surgeons led by Helio Machado, with consultation from the American James Tait
624:
Rodney and Roger Brodie were born in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1951. In
December 1952 a medical team led by neurosurgeon Oscar Sugar attempted to separate the 15-month old twins in a surgery that lasted 12 hours. During surgery, the doctors discovered that the twins shared the
958:, various types of "supernatural" twinning are illustrated and described as "monstrous and marvelous creatures that proceed from the judgment of God", suggesting that conjoined twins and specifically craniopagus twins were viewed as literal monsters in the 16th century.
287:
and present with pronounced brain compression, leading to distortion within the cranium. Stone and
Goodrich also defined two main subtypes, based on whether the long-axis angle between the twins was angular or vertical. The angular subtype has a higher rate of
1747:
946:
provides the true first account of craniopagus twins who happened to live for ten years, exceeding many expectations during that time. He describes the set of twins as being a unique malformation and a punishment from their mother's mistake. In French
484:
from this, the vertebral axes may have a straight line. Despite this, the angle of the vertebrae is the ultimate dictator in how the individuals heads actually face. The majority of twins face either the same way or the exact opposite direction.
895:
acts as a major control panel within the body, it is believed that the girls share part of this 'control panel' and so when one girl drinks the other one feels it. A more recent report on the twins was released in
November 2017.
911:, and then the cerebral cortex back to the thalamus. Because the thalamus is mainly responsible for relaying sensory messages from the body to the brain, it is possible that there is a lot of overlap between the twins'
620:
Emilie and
Elisabeth Stoll were born on January 17, 1912. Their parents exhibited them until their death in July 1912. Their cause of death is unknown, but they were probably weakened by the stress of travelling and
812:
in July 2016, were successfully separated after a 33-hour surgery in Dhaka, Bangladesh, by a medical team from a
Hungarian nonprofit called the Action for Defenseless People Foundation led by renowned neurosurgeon
2111:
423:
may interdigitate. Additionally, shared dural venous sinuses is usually absent, or, if it is present, negligible. These twins usually undergo successful separation and both twins may live to lead normal lives.
359:
with the axis of the twins forming an obtuse angle; this leads to a situation where the twins share the most veins, lobes, and neural circuitry and thus is often described as one brain shared by two individuals
302:: both children face in the same general directional axis so that the angle between twins is less than 40 degrees. These twins show relatively symmetric superior bi-parietal or vertex compressional flattening.
900:
that the twins shared some conscious thought. Studies of the thalamus' role in the brain provide neurological data that help explain these behavioral observations that these two twins experience.
364:
271:
In 2006, Stone and
Goodrich came up with a more nuanced classification system, which is the "most commonly used" system. Partial CPT was defined as "lacking substantial shared
383:. In total vertical craniopagus, the major cerebral arterial supply is usually confined to each respective twin and in some cases conjoined brain tissue may contain a larger
275:", whereas total CPT "share a large portion of their dural venous sinuses and present with pronounced brain compression, which leads to distortion within the cranium".
1791:
920:
that the thalamus does not answer yes/no questions but instead acts as a mediator between different parts of the cerebral cortex and systemic sensory reception.
855:
hospital. Seven surgeries were needed, the last of which alone took 27 hours. The operation was particularly notable in that Jeelani received assistance from
440:
The exact nature of how conjoined twins develop in utero remains unclear. Embryologists have traditionally attributed identical twinning as "splitting or
212:; the two brains are usually separate, but they may share some brain tissue. Conjoined twins are genetically identical and always share the same sex. The
794:
239:
However, 25% of craniopagus twins survive and may be considered for a surgical separation; several such attempts occur annually worldwide. Advances in
548:
Neuroimaging especially plays an important role because it is imperative in surgical planning to understand the shared vascular anatomy—including the
514:
After the twins are born, parents and doctors decide whether or not separation surgery is possible. The doctors also must consider the possibility of
32:
675:
were born in 2004 with the crown of Tatiana's head joined to the back of Anastasia's. Doctors determined in 2007 that they could not be separated.
821:
774:, were successfully separated by a team led by Dr. Jesse Taylor and Dr. Gregory Heuer at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia on June 6, 2017.
609:. The girls died at age 10; one sister died first, the second dying from an attempt to separate her from her dead twin. They were described by
1816:
915:
reception and the actual response it creates within the brain. One study examines this by studying the thalamus when it is at a persistent
472:. Furthermore, this secondary fusion of embryonic discs could implicate that intact skin will not fuse to other intact skin, including the
632:
Teresa (1956–2017) and Virginia Bunton of Tennessee, separated in 1956 and the first craniopagus pair to be separated with both surviving.
411:
smaller in partial forms and occasionally an incomplete layer of bone may be present between the twins. Each child maintains independent
1765:
1559:
1534:
705:
born in December 2006, joined on the tops of their skulls and sharing a small amount of brain tissue. In 2009, they were separated in
387:. Within this category there are three smaller subdivisions that basically outline the different rotational symmetry of the junction.
1693:
1486:
786:
1159:
605:
In 1495, a Munster reported seeing a pair of female craniopagus twins, conjoined at their foreheads, in the village Brisant near
1933:
93:
1059:
456:. However a new hypothesis suggests that cranial fusion occurs between two separate embryos before the end of the 4th week of
65:
452:. Some theorists suggested that conjoined twins develop as a result of the failed division (fission) of a single fertilized
1722:
314:: in this variety axial rotation is intermediate between the first two types with a rotation of being between 40 and 140.
72:
295:
Vertical craniopagus calvaria is continuous and is further subdivided on the basis of intertwin axial facial rotation:
1614:
1239:
820:
Two unnamed year-old twins conjoined at the back of their heads were separated successfully in a surgery performed by
1841:
51:
308:: both children face opposite directions so that the deformity shows an axial rotation between 140 and 180 degrees.
79:
1869:
236:
and an additional 33% die within the immediate perinatal period, usually from organ abnormalities and failure.
61:
1698:
1585:
698:
856:
735:
672:
208:. The union may occur on any portion of the cranium, but does not primarily involve either the face or the
1974:
681:, born on October 25, 2006. After a series of tests doctors determined these twins could not be separated.
1619:
1471:
886:
1750:[HC publishes image of twins after definitive separation surgery in Ribeirão Preto, São Paolo].
724:
691:, born in 1997, were separated successfully the same year in South Africa by a team of surgeons led by
581:
651:, who were born in Iran, were separated in 2003 at age 29, only to die 90 minutes apart after surgery.
753:
716:
642:
498:
181:
40:
1101:"Preoperative Evaluation of Craniopagus Twins: Anatomy, Imaging Techniques, and Surgical Management"
2142:
942:
745:
678:
645:, 1961–2024, are believed to have been the longest-surviving craniopagus twins in recorded history.
335:
529:
techniques, successful separation operations have become more common. Physical traits like joined
1450:
626:
36:
2012:
666:
648:
515:
469:
444:" of either the inner cell mass of pleuripotent cells or early embryonic disc at 13–14 days of
86:
1694:"Beautiful moment conjoined twins see each other for the first time since they were separated"
658:, were successfully separated in Dallas, Texas, in October 2003, when they were two years old.
825:
684:
639:
in 1951, were separated at age 6, with Lotti dying in surgery. Rosemarie survived until 2008.
1948:
876:
1641:
396:
380:
284:
272:
47:
1669:
937:
767:, on January 7, 2017, were separated in February 2019 during the third of three surgeries.
8:
2115:
1748:"HC divulga imagem de gêmeas após cirurgia de separação definitiva em Ribeirão Preto, SP"
1361:
Bucholz, Richard; Yoon, Kong-Woo; Shively, Raymond (1987). "Temporparietal Craniopagus".
569:
1098:
998:
518:
and the social and learning issues the twins may have to face after they are separated.
2040:
1846:
1425:
1322:"The Craniopagus Malformation: Classification and Implications for Surgical Separation"
1213:
1125:
1026:
814:
764:
2120:
1990:
1292:
1267:
2032:
1924:"Inseparable: A Year in the Life of Tatiana and Krista Hogan, BC's Craniopagus Twins"
1923:
1766:"Surgeons at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Separate Twin Girls Joined at Heads"
1417:
1378:
1343:
1297:
1205:
1130:
1031:
503:
441:
176:
148:
2044:
1510:
1429:
1217:
318:
Another classification system divides total craniopagus twins into four categories:
2024:
1986:
1409:
1370:
1333:
1287:
1279:
1197:
1120:
1112:
1021:
1013:
916:
912:
720:
553:
549:
449:
412:
356:
229:
161:
951:
395:
Stone and Goodrich define partial craniopagus twins as lacking substantial shared
2013:"Craniopagus twins: embryology, classification, surgical anatomy, and separation"
1895:
967:
908:
904:
864:
464:
is still open, which is responsible for the ultimate fusion and formation of the
363:
248:
201:
1183:
1374:
972:
948:
852:
798:
771:
723:
in 2000, were successfully separated by Dr. Chumpon Chan and his team from the
606:
406:
In partial craniopagus twins, the unions are usually frontal and less commonly
344:
221:
209:
2028:
1413:
1360:
1201:
669:
in Baltimore, Maryland. Tabea died of cardiac arrest an hour after separation.
497:
Conjoined twins, including craniopagus twins, can be diagnosed using standard
2136:
848:
610:
526:
371:
Having this kind of juncture means that there would be one common continuous
351:
205:
1397:
1185:
1099:
A.E. Goldman-Yassen; J.T. Goodrich; T.S. Miller; J.M. Farinhas (June 2020).
1017:
996:
596:
259:
2036:
1421:
1347:
1338:
1321:
1268:"Craniopagus twins: Surgical anatomy and embryology and their implications"
1209:
1134:
565:
530:
522:
244:
240:
157:
153:
1382:
1301:
1035:
867:, as well as the twins being the oldest craniopagus twins to be separated.
756:
in New York. Jadon appears to be healthy, but Anias is severely disabled.
749:
585:
326:
289:
2103:
2066:
1283:
1395:
1116:
1100:
809:
702:
692:
573:
561:
557:
542:
465:
416:
233:
50:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1184:
Samuel R. Browd; James T. Goodrich; Marion L. Walker (January 2008).
829:
790:
710:
706:
461:
457:
445:
325:: twins are facing each other with the axis of the bodies forming an
403:
or cranial defects. It is less common than total craniopagus twins.
1928:
1900:
892:
534:
506:
delivery is planned, often two to three weeks before the due date.
473:
247:
have demonstrated that a successful outcome is possible. Among all
135:
1589:
1240:"Conjoined twins: When parents have to make a difficult decision"
840:
739:
662:
636:
577:
407:
400:
372:
217:
860:
844:
833:
778:
688:
477:
384:
376:
213:
1870:"Hungarian doctors separate Bangladeshi twins joined at head"
1842:"Twins Born Conjoined at the Head Are Separated Successfully"
805:
782:
731:
655:
415:
convexities except at the common area of skull junction. The
2010:
1896:"Conjoined twins separated with the help of virtual reality"
399:, with limited surface area involvement, with either intact
1723:"For parents of separated twins, inspiration and heartache"
1487:"Teresa Bunton, one of famed Siamese twins, dies at age 60"
997:
A. B. Todorov; K. L. Cohen; V. Spilotro; E. Landau (1974).
977:
538:
453:
420:
432:
1472:"Gallery of Famous Craniopagus Twins - Doc Zone - CBC-TV"
1396:
James Tait Goodrich; David A. Staffenberg (August 2004).
1319:
419:
of both children may be intact or deficient and cortical
1157:
1792:"Jaga, Kalia return to Odisha 2 years after successful"
375:
housing four cerebral hemispheres. An incomplete dural
220:
are separate and each twin has their own umbilicus and
1817:"Conjoined twins: Kalia 'separated' from Jaga forever"
1398:"Craniopagus twins: clinical and surgical management"
2093:
1975:"The experience of body boundaries by Siamese twins"
1535:"Once-conjoined twins return to Dallas for checkups"
1451:"The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey"
797:
for monitoring. Kalia died on 25 November 2020 from
263:
Doctor performing an assessment on conjoined infants
1272:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1006:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
839:Bernado and Arthur Lima, three-year-old twins from
785:, were separated successfully in September 2017 at
1560:"Girl dies after separation surgery from her twin"
1746:Maciel, Benedito Carlos, ed. (November 5, 2018).
1160:"Twins Conjoined at the Head Separated in Israel"
903:Thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits are the looped
770:Erin and Abby Delaney, born on July 24, 2016, in
734:, were separated at 11 months old in 2011 at the
334:: joined immediately above the external auditory
283:Total craniopagus twins share a large portion of
251:, craniopagus twins account for a mere 2% to 6%.
2134:
588:are used to map the shared vascular structures.
1752:Journal Electrónico Complexo Acadêmico de Saúde
1237:
1177:
1158:Isabella Kwai; Myra Noveck (6 September 2021).
560:—because separating shared vessels can lead to
2011:Marion Walker; Samuel R. Browd (August 2004).
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
347:causing the twins to face away from each other
46:Please review the contents of the article and
1265:
748:were separated at 13 months old in 2016 in a
665:in 2003, were separated in September 2004 at
635:Lotti and Rosemarie Knaack, who were born in
2064:
654:Ahmed and Mohamed Ibrahim, who were born in
1940:
1389:
1077:
427:
232:; approximately 40% of conjoined twins are
1966:
1721:Drash, Wayne; Gupta, Sanjay (2019-01-01).
1720:
1608:
1606:
1261:
1259:
134:
1337:
1291:
1124:
1025:
752:operation costing $ 2.5 million (USD) at
1153:
1151:
875:
787:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences
595:
431:
362:
258:
2004:
1946:
1834:
1670:"The battle to separate Safa and Marwa"
1612:
1603:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1256:
509:
2135:
1972:
1947:Leonard, Abigail W. (17 August 2006).
1745:
1566:. Associated Press. September 17, 2004
1484:
1054:
1052:
990:
661:Lea and Tabea Block, who were born in
541:, as well as defects in the skull and
460:. This can happen because the cranial
1949:"Your Brain Boots Up Like a Computer"
1850:. The Associated Press. 2 August 2019
1664:
1662:
1615:"Could Conjoined Twins Share a Mind?"
1148:
871:
487:
2058:
1320:James Stone; James Goodrich (2006).
1308:
738:in London. As of 2019 they lived in
15:
1770:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
1190:Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics
1049:
545:complicate a separation operation.
13:
1798:. Press Trust of India. 2019-09-07
1659:
1105:American Journal of Neuroradiology
880:Lateral surface of cerebral cortex
847:, were separated by a team led by
379:typically separates the flattened
14:
2154:
2089:
1238:Jen Christensen (24 April 2014).
907:that connect the thalamus to the
804:Rabeya and Rukaya Islam, born in
254:
1973:Murray, Craig D. (August 2001).
1936:from the original on 2023-06-07.
112:
20:
1916:
1888:
1862:
1809:
1784:
1758:
1739:
1714:
1686:
1634:
1578:
1552:
1527:
1503:
1478:
1464:
1443:
1613:Dominus, Susan (29 May 2011).
1485:Hardin, Rozella (2017-02-27).
1453:. National Library of Medicine
1354:
1231:
48:add the appropriate references
1:
1991:10.1016/S0732-118X(00)00018-0
1511:"Teresa Bunton Obituary 2017"
983:
801:while Jaga continues to live.
763:Safa and Marwa Bibi, born in
343:: twins are connected in the
857:Great Ormond Street Hospital
736:Great Ormond Street Hospital
673:Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru
600:Munster's case, seen in 1495
492:
191:1 in 2.5 million live births
7:
1620:The New York Times Magazine
961:
887:The New York Times Magazine
777:Jaga and Kalia, twins from
730:Rital and Ritaj Gaboura of
292:than the vertical subtype.
33:reliable medical references
10:
2159:
1699:New Zealand Woman's Weekly
1515:Mountain City Funeral Home
1375:10.3171/jns.1987.66.1.0072
927:
891:thalami. Knowing that the
725:Singapore General Hospital
390:
2097:
2029:10.1007/s00381-004-0991-6
1414:10.1007/s00381-004-1001-8
1266:O'Connell, J. E. (1976).
717:Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta
643:Lori and George Schappell
615:Of Monsters and Prodigies
187:
182:Obstetric ultrasonography
175:
167:
147:
142:
133:
128:
39:or relies too heavily on
2071:Engines of Our Ingenuity
1772:. CHOP News. 5 June 2017
943:Cosmographia universalis
746:Jadon and Anias McDonald
679:Krista and Tatiana Hogan
591:
428:Gestation and embryology
278:
2073:. University of Houston
1979:New Ideas in Psychology
1796:Business Standard India
1539:San Diego Union-Tribune
1363:Journal of Neurosurgery
1018:10.1136/jnnp.37.12.1291
956:On Monsters and Marvels
627:superior sagittal sinus
576:. Technologies such as
525:, neuroanesthesia, and
243:, neuroanesthesia, and
2017:Child's Nervous System
1821:The New Indian Express
1648:. PBS. 8 February 2012
1402:Child's Nervous System
954:’s 16th-century book,
881:
667:Johns Hopkins Hospital
649:Ladan and Laleh Bijani
601:
516:reconstructive surgery
470:central nervous system
437:
368:
264:
1586:"Two Lives, Entwined"
1202:10.3171/PED-08/01/001
933:case was documented.
879:
826:Soroka Medical Center
685:Joseph and Luka Banda
599:
435:
366:
262:
204:who are fused at the
1541:. September 16, 2009
1339:10.1093/brain/awl065
836:, in September 2021.
510:Separation surgeries
397:dural venous sinuses
381:cerebral hemispheres
355:: twins fuse at the
285:dural venous sinuses
273:dural venous sinuses
1702:. November 23, 2016
1284:10.1136/jnnp.39.1.1
1186:"Craniopagus twins"
999:"Craniopagus twins"
795:SCB Medical College
754:Montefiore Hospital
699:Trishna and Krishna
570:cerebral infarction
521:Due to advances in
62:"Craniopagus twins"
2065:John H. Lienhard.
1847:The New York Times
1823:. 26 November 2020
1642:"Separating Twins"
1117:10.3174/ajnr.A6571
882:
872:Tatiana and Krista
765:Peshawar, Pakistan
602:
488:Medical procedures
438:
436:Dural venous sinus
369:
265:
2130:
2129:
2067:"Paré's Monsters"
1491:Elizabethton Star
1060:"Conjoined Twins"
1012:(12): 1291–1298.
938:Sebastian Münster
936:Apart from that,
822:Dr. Mickey Gideon
198:Craniopagus twins
195:
194:
177:Diagnostic method
143:Craniopagus twins
129:Craniopagus twins
123:Medical condition
121:
120:
97:
2150:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2023:(8–9): 554–566.
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1754:(in Portuguese).
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1588:. Archived from
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1408:(8–9): 618–624.
1393:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1128:
1096:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1003:
994:
917:vegetative state
721:Kathmandu, Nepal
550:brain parenchyma
450:primitive streak
448:just before the
230:perinatal period
162:medical genetics
138:
126:
125:
116:
115:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
24:
23:
16:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2143:Conjoined twins
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2106:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1904:. 2 August 2022
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1876:. 2 August 2019
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1394:
1390:
1359:
1355:
1318:
1309:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1097:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1001:
995:
991:
986:
968:Conjoined twins
964:
930:
909:cerebral cortex
905:neural pathways
874:
865:virtual reality
863:via the use of
594:
512:
495:
490:
430:
393:
332:Temporoparietal
281:
257:
249:conjoined twins
202:conjoined twins
124:
117:
113:
108:
102:
99:
56:
45:
41:primary sources
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:Classification
2091:
2090:External links
2088:
2085:
2084:
2057:
2003:
1985:(2): 117–130.
1965:
1939:
1915:
1887:
1874:Medical Xpress
1861:
1833:
1808:
1783:
1757:
1738:
1713:
1685:
1658:
1633:
1602:
1577:
1551:
1526:
1502:
1477:
1463:
1442:
1388:
1353:
1332:(5): 1084–95.
1307:
1255:
1230:
1176:
1164:New York Times
1147:
1111:(6): 951–959.
1076:
1048:
988:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
973:Parasitic twin
970:
963:
960:
949:barber surgeon
929:
926:
873:
870:
869:
868:
853:Rio de Janeiro
837:
818:
802:
799:cardiac arrest
775:
772:North Carolina
768:
761:
757:
743:
728:
714:
696:
682:
676:
670:
659:
652:
646:
640:
633:
630:
622:
618:
593:
590:
511:
508:
494:
491:
489:
486:
429:
426:
392:
389:
367:Occipital lobe
361:
360:
348:
345:occipital lobe
338:
329:
316:
315:
309:
303:
280:
277:
256:
255:Classification
253:
222:umbilical cord
210:foramen magnum
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
151:
145:
144:
140:
139:
131:
130:
122:
119:
118:
111:
109:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1592:on 2011-06-07
1591:
1587:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
993:
989:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:Ambroise Paré
950:
945:
944:
939:
934:
925:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
894:
889:
888:
878:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Owase Jeelani
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
815:András Csókay
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
694:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
623:
619:
616:
612:
611:Ambroise Pare
608:
604:
603:
598:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:neurosurgical
524:
519:
517:
507:
505:
502:all cases, a
500:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
434:
425:
422:
418:
414:
409:
404:
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
365:
358:
354:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
337:
333:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
290:comorbidities
286:
276:
274:
269:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
186:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
150:
146:
141:
137:
132:
127:
110:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
53:
49:
43:
42:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2110:
2075:. Retrieved
2070:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2020:
2016:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1982:
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1953:Live Science
1952:
1942:
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1751:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1706:November 27,
1704:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1618:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1405:
1401:
1391:
1369:(1): 72–79.
1366:
1362:
1356:
1329:
1325:
1275:
1271:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1193:
1189:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1138:. Retrieved
1108:
1104:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1039:. Retrieved
1009:
1005:
992:
955:
941:
935:
931:
922:
902:
898:
885:
883:
793:and kept at
614:
566:air embolism
547:
531:brain tissue
523:neuroimaging
520:
513:
496:
482:
439:
405:
394:
370:
350:
340:
331:
322:
317:
311:
305:
299:
294:
282:
270:
266:
245:neurosurgery
241:neuroimaging
238:
226:
197:
196:
158:neuroimaging
154:Neurosurgery
103:October 2016
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
37:verification
30:
2077:6 September
2050:6 September
1996:6 September
1958:6 September
1880:6 September
1854:6 September
1435:6 September
1278:(1): 1–22.
1223:6 September
1196:(1): 1–20.
1169:6 September
1140:6 September
1069:6 September
1064:Mayo Clinic
1041:6 September
750:crowdfunded
621:exhibition.
586:angiography
327:acute angle
268:connected.
168:Usual onset
31:needs more
1827:2021-01-23
1802:2021-01-23
1732:2023-06-17
1679:2019-07-17
1652:2014-08-03
1596:2012-11-19
1545:2024-06-08
1520:2023-06-17
1496:2023-06-17
1457:2023-12-15
1249:2022-02-09
984:References
810:Bangladesh
719:, born in
703:Bangladesh
693:Ben Carson
574:hemorrhage
562:thrombosis
558:dura mater
543:dura mater
499:ultrasound
466:brain stem
73:newspapers
884:In 2011,
830:Beersheba
791:New Delhi
760:Goodrich.
711:Australia
707:Melbourne
533:, shared
504:C-section
493:Diagnosis
462:neuropore
458:gestation
446:gestation
413:calvarial
408:occipital
341:Occipital
234:stillborn
188:Frequency
149:Specialty
2137:Category
2045:19702446
2037:15278385
1934:Archived
1929:CBC News
1908:2 August
1901:BBC News
1674:BBC News
1564:NBC News
1430:24176048
1422:15197566
1348:16597654
1218:21056359
1210:18352797
1135:32439641
962:See also
893:thalamus
727:in 2001.
578:CT scans
554:calvaria
535:arteries
474:ectoderm
352:Parietal
171:In utero
1776:27 July
1626:21 July
1570:18 June
1383:3783261
1302:1255206
1126:7342745
1036:4448993
1027:1083642
928:History
913:sensory
841:Roraima
824:at the
740:Ireland
663:Germany
637:Germany
476:of the
442:fission
391:Partial
373:cranium
323:Frontal
218:abdomen
206:cranium
87:scholar
52:removed
2043:
2035:
1428:
1420:
1381:
1346:
1300:
1293:492208
1290:
1216:
1208:
1133:
1123:
1034:
1024:
861:London
845:Brazil
834:Israel
779:Odisha
689:Zambia
584:, and
572:, and
556:, and
478:embryo
401:crania
385:artery
377:septum
357:vertex
336:meatus
312:Type 3
306:Type 2
300:Type 1
214:thorax
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
2121:759.4
2041:S2CID
1426:S2CID
1326:Brain
1214:S2CID
1002:(PDF)
851:in a
806:Pabna
783:India
732:Sudan
701:from
687:from
656:Egypt
607:Worms
592:Cases
539:veins
279:Total
94:JSTOR
80:books
2116:9-CM
2079:2021
2052:2021
2033:PMID
1998:2021
1960:2021
1910:2022
1882:2021
1856:2021
1778:2022
1708:2016
1646:NOVA
1628:2018
1572:2024
1437:2021
1418:PMID
1379:PMID
1344:PMID
1298:PMID
1225:2021
1206:PMID
1171:2021
1142:2021
1131:PMID
1071:2021
1043:2021
1032:PMID
978:Twin
582:MRIs
537:and
468:and
454:ovum
421:gyri
417:dura
216:and
200:are
66:news
35:for
2112:ICD
2025:doi
1987:doi
1727:CNN
1410:doi
1371:doi
1334:doi
1330:129
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1244:CNN
1198:doi
1121:PMC
1113:doi
1022:PMC
1014:doi
940:’s
859:in
828:in
789:in
613:in
2139::
2119::
2069:.
2039:.
2031:.
2021:20
2019:.
2015:.
1983:19
1981:.
1977:.
1951:.
1932:.
1926:.
1898:.
1872:.
1844:.
1819:.
1794:.
1768:.
1725:.
1696:.
1672:.
1661:^
1644:.
1617:.
1605:^
1562:.
1537:.
1513:.
1489:.
1424:.
1416:.
1406:20
1404:.
1400:.
1377:.
1367:66
1365:.
1342:.
1328:.
1324:.
1310:^
1296:.
1286:.
1276:39
1274:.
1270:.
1258:^
1242:.
1212:.
1204:.
1192:.
1188:.
1162:.
1150:^
1129:.
1119:.
1109:41
1107:.
1103:.
1079:^
1062:.
1051:^
1030:.
1020:.
1010:37
1008:.
1004:.
843:,
832:,
808:,
781:,
709:,
580:,
568:,
564:,
552:,
224:.
160:,
156:,
54:.
2114:-
2104:D
2081:.
2054:.
2027::
2000:.
1989::
1962:.
1912:.
1884:.
1858:.
1830:.
1805:.
1780:.
1735:.
1710:.
1682:.
1655:.
1630:.
1599:.
1574:.
1548:.
1523:.
1499:.
1474:.
1460:.
1439:.
1412::
1385:.
1373::
1350:.
1336::
1304:.
1282::
1252:.
1227:.
1200::
1194:1
1173:.
1144:.
1115::
1073:.
1045:.
1016::
817:.
742:.
713:.
695:.
617:.
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
44:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
