81:
22:
695:
135:
for violating the license because a school had used its services to mass-produce photocopies of the work, thus commercially exploiting the works. A U.S. judge dismissed the case in
February 2017, ruling that FedEx was an intermediary, and that the provision of the license "does not limit a licensee's
127:
Lessig responded that the current copyright regime also harms compatibility and that authors can lessen this incompatibility by choosing the least restrictive license. Additionally, the non-commercial license is useful for preventing someone else from capitalizing on an author's work when the author
123:
raised concerns about the use of
Creative Commons' non-commercial license. Works distributed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license are not compatible with many open-content sites, including Knowledge, which explicitly allow and encourage some commercial uses. Möller explained that "the
88:
In
September 2009 Creative Commons published a report titled, "Defining 'Noncommercial'". The report featured survey data, analysis, and expert opinions on what "noncommercial" means, how it applied to contemporary media, and how people who share media interpret the term. The report found that in
148:
We hold that, in view of the absence of any clear license language to the contrary, licensees may use thirdâparty agents such as commercial reproduction services in furtherance of their own permitted noncommercial uses. Because FedEx acted as the mere agent of licensee school districts when it
149:
reproduced Great Minds' materials, and because there is no dispute that the school districts themselves sought to use Great Minds' materials for permissible purposes, we conclude that FedEx's activities did not breach the license or violate Great Minds' copyright.
116:
An examination of media use in biodiversity research publications reported that people both offering and reusing biodiversity media with the noncommercial license have a variety of conflicting understandings about what this should mean.
107:
Various bloggers commented that the ambiguity which the report exposed provided supporting evidence of the need to establish clarification and certainty into what it means to apply the license and reuse media under the license.
104:
magazine repeated the report's claim that two-thirds of
Creative Commons usage was with noncommercial licenses and that there was public confusion about how people should reuse such content.
140:
later that year. The 2nd
Circuit upheld the lower court's decision in March 2018, concluding that FedEx neither infringed copyrights nor violated the license. One of circuit judges
124:
people who are likely to be hurt by an -NC license are not large corporations, but small publications like weblogs, advertising-funded radio stations, or local newspapers."
128:
still plans to do so in the future. The non-commercial licenses have also been criticized for being too vague about which uses count as "commercial" and "non-commercial".
89:
some aspects there was public agreement on the meaning of "noncommercial", but for other aspects, there is wide variation in expectation of what the term means.
137:
461:
222:
93:
488:
49:
which a copyright holder can apply to their media to give public permission for anyone to reuse that media only for noncommercial activities.
679:
662:
289:
Hagedorn, Gregor; Mietchen, Daniel; Morris, Robert; Agosti, Donat; Penev, Lyubomir; Berendsohn, Walter; Hobern, Donald (28 November 2011).
627:
96:
commented that creators and re-users have their own biases and tend to interpret "noncommercial" in a way that favors their own use.
271:
667:
227:
25:"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial", also called "CC BY-NC", is the basic noncommercial license from Creative Commons.
515:
337:
541:
684:
410:
848:
291:"Creative Commons licenses and the non-commercial condition: Implications for the re-use of biodiversity information"
329:
198:
571:
620:
387:
217:
136:
ability to use third parties in exercising the rights granted ." Great Minds appealed the decision to the
439:
383:
167:
352:
350:
853:
613:
84:"Defining 'Noncommercial'", a 2009 report from Creative Commons on the concept of noncommercial media
54:
650:
347:
218:"An Issue for Open Education: Interpreting the Non-Commercial Clause in Creative Commons Licensing"
46:
843:
593:
131:
Great Minds, a non-profit educational publisher that released works under an -NC license, sued
80:
822:
242:
769:
8:
719:
674:
313:
290:
774:
318:
256:
247:
100:
759:
709:
636:
308:
298:
50:
587:
792:
729:
357:
141:
361:
72:
A challenge with using these licenses is determining what noncommercial use is.
435:
120:
837:
462:"Odd lawsuit fails to ding FedEx for allowing copies of CC-licensed material"
303:
817:
813:
322:
338:"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License"
734:
749:
724:
57:, and the "noncommercial" licenses are a subset of these. Unlike the
764:
739:
714:
605:
66:
797:
754:
694:
489:"Open Ed. Provider Appealing Decision in Closely Watched Lawsuit"
243:"FEATURE: Creative Commons: Copyright Tools for the 21st Century"
21:
744:
411:"Does the Noncommercial Creative Commons license make sense?"
132:
62:
288:
414:
588:
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
599:
542:"Second Circuit Clears FedEx in Education Copyright Case"
58:
272:"Creative Commons Posts "Defining Noncommercial" Report"
384:"On Free, and the Differences between Culture and Code"
192:
190:
188:
69:
licenses, the CC BY-NC license is considered non-free.
516:"2nd Circ. Upholds FedEx Win in Textbook Copying Suit"
362:"CC in Review: Lawrence Lessig on Important Freedoms"
138:
United States Court of
Appeals for the Second Circuit
75:
567:
Great Minds v. FedEx Office and Print
Services, Inc.
185:
223:
Conference on
College Composition and Communication
94:
Conference on
College Composition and Communication
602:, plaintiff in a 2017 lawsuit involving NC license
590:, the basic Creative Commons noncommercial license
835:
434:
53:is an organization which develops a variety of
16:Set of licenses allowing free noncommercial use
454:
390:. 2006. google video docid=7661663613180520595
240:
621:
335:
440:"Use cases for NonCommercial license clause"
408:
628:
614:
312:
302:
199:"Defining Noncommercial report published"
539:
486:
270:Allen, Christopher (14 September 2009).
79:
20:
228:National Council of Teachers of English
836:
570: (2d Cir. 21 March 2018),
495:. Editorial Projects in Education, Inc
356:
241:Gordon-Murnane, Laura (January 2010).
31:Creative Commons NonCommercial license
609:
269:
635:
513:
215:
196:
168:"Understanding Free Cultural Works"
13:
14:
865:
581:
409:Haff, Gordon (26 November 2007).
693:
540:Klasfeld, Adam (21 March 2018).
559:
533:
507:
487:Cavanagh, Sean (20 July 2017).
480:
428:
402:
144:argued in the court statement:
376:
282:
263:
234:
209:
160:
1:
216:Lowe, Charles (6 June 2018).
153:
111:
596:at the Creative Commons wiki
594:NonCommercial interpretation
7:
10:
870:
514:Vogt, RJ (21 March 2018).
442:. cc-licenses mailing list
197:mike (14 September 2009).
849:Public copyright licenses
806:
785:
702:
691:
643:
55:public copyright licenses
304:10.3897/zookeys.150.2189
276:www.lifewithalacrity.com
76:Defining "Noncommercial"
47:Creative Commons license
760:Newgrounds Audio portal
546:Courthouse News Service
388:23C3 Who can you trust?
343:. Open Source Jahrbuch.
336:Moeller, Erik (2006).
151:
85:
26:
823:Free culture movement
656:NonCommercial license
146:
83:
24:
278:. Christopher Allen.
680:Content directories
493:EdWeek Market Brief
720:Free Music Archive
685:Jurisdiction ports
675:Public Domain Mark
644:Works and projects
468:. 27 February 2017
364:. Creative Commons
86:
27:
831:
830:
703:Major directories
438:(19 April 2005).
257:Information Today
861:
854:Creative Commons
710:Creative Commons
697:
637:Creative Commons
630:
623:
616:
607:
606:
575:
569:
563:
557:
556:
554:
552:
537:
531:
530:
528:
526:
511:
505:
504:
502:
500:
484:
478:
477:
475:
473:
458:
452:
451:
449:
447:
432:
426:
425:
423:
421:
406:
400:
399:
397:
395:
380:
374:
373:
371:
369:
358:Lessig, Lawrence
354:
345:
344:
342:
333:
327:
326:
316:
306:
297:(150): 127â149.
286:
280:
279:
267:
261:
260:
238:
232:
231:
213:
207:
206:
203:Creative Commons
194:
183:
182:
180:
178:
172:Creative Commons
164:
51:Creative Commons
869:
868:
864:
863:
862:
860:
859:
858:
834:
833:
832:
827:
802:
793:Lawrence Lessig
781:
730:OpenGameArt.org
698:
689:
639:
634:
584:
579:
578:
565:
564:
560:
550:
548:
538:
534:
524:
522:
512:
508:
498:
496:
485:
481:
471:
469:
460:
459:
455:
445:
443:
436:Prodromou, Evan
433:
429:
419:
417:
407:
403:
393:
391:
382:
381:
377:
367:
365:
355:
348:
340:
334:
330:
287:
283:
268:
264:
239:
235:
214:
210:
195:
186:
176:
174:
166:
165:
161:
156:
142:Susan L. Carney
114:
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
867:
857:
856:
851:
846:
844:Non-commercial
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
810:
808:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
789:
787:
783:
782:
780:
779:
778:
777:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
704:
700:
699:
692:
690:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
671:
670:
663:Licensed works
660:
659:
658:
647:
645:
641:
640:
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
604:
603:
597:
591:
583:
582:External links
580:
577:
576:
558:
532:
506:
479:
453:
427:
401:
375:
346:
328:
281:
262:
233:
208:
184:
158:
157:
155:
152:
113:
110:
77:
74:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
866:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
824:
821:
819:
815:
812:
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
784:
776:
773:
772:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
701:
696:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
648:
646:
642:
638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
608:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
573:
568:
562:
547:
543:
536:
521:
517:
510:
494:
490:
483:
467:
463:
457:
441:
437:
431:
416:
412:
405:
389:
385:
379:
363:
359:
353:
351:
339:
332:
324:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
296:
292:
285:
277:
273:
266:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
237:
229:
225:
224:
219:
212:
204:
200:
193:
191:
189:
173:
169:
163:
159:
150:
145:
143:
139:
134:
129:
125:
122:
118:
109:
105:
103:
102:
97:
95:
90:
82:
73:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
818:open content
655:
566:
561:
549:. Retrieved
545:
535:
523:. Retrieved
519:
509:
497:. Retrieved
492:
482:
470:. Retrieved
466:Ars Technica
465:
456:
444:. Retrieved
430:
418:. Retrieved
404:
392:. Retrieved
378:
366:. Retrieved
331:
294:
284:
275:
265:
252:
246:
236:
221:
211:
202:
175:. Retrieved
171:
162:
147:
130:
126:
119:
115:
106:
99:
98:
91:
87:
71:
42:
38:
34:
30:
28:
18:
735:Openclipart
600:Great Minds
472:27 February
446:22 February
420:22 February
121:Erik Möller
838:Categories
750:Electrobel
394:7 February
368:20 October
154:References
112:Commentary
43:NC license
770:Wikimedia
725:Freesound
386:(video).
807:See also
765:Scripped
740:Dogmazic
715:ccMixter
668:Category
651:Licenses
551:23 March
525:23 March
499:23 March
360:(2005).
323:22207810
67:CC BY-SA
39:CC BY-NC
798:Joi Ito
775:Commons
755:Jamendo
314:3234435
295:ZooKeys
177:15 June
45:) is a
786:People
520:Law360
321:
311:
248:Online
101:Online
65:, and
745:Phlow
341:(PDF)
255:(1).
133:FedEx
63:CC BY
35:CC NC
816:and
814:Free
572:Text
553:2018
527:2018
501:2018
474:2017
448:2015
422:2015
415:CNET
396:2014
370:2015
319:PMID
179:2020
92:The
309:PMC
299:doi
59:CC0
41:or
840::
544:.
518:.
491:.
464:.
413:.
349:^
317:.
307:.
293:.
274:.
253:34
251:.
245:.
226:.
220:.
201:.
187:^
170:.
61:,
37:,
29:A
629:e
622:t
615:v
574:.
555:.
529:.
503:.
476:.
450:.
424:.
398:.
372:.
325:.
301::
259:.
230:.
205:.
181:.
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
