932:, six thousand Turks attacked one hundred ninety-seven men and three hundred forty-three women and also children. The Turks had twenty-six cannons and two howitzers, the Greeks had two hundred forty rifles. The battle lasted two days and two nights; the convent had twelve hundred holes found in it from cannon fire; one wall crumbled, the Turks entered, the Greeks continued the fight, one hundred fifty rifles were down and out and yet the struggle continued for another six hours in the cells and the stairways, and at the end there were two thousand corpses in the courtyard. Finally, the last resistance was broken through; the masses of the Turks took the convent. There only remained one barricaded room that held the powder and, in this room, next to the altar, at the center of a group of children and mothers, a man of eighty years, a priest, the higumen Gabriel, in prayer...the door, battered by axes, gave and fell. The old man put a candle on the altar, took a look at the children and the women and lit the powder and spared them. A terrible intervention, the explosion, rescued the defeated...and this heroic monastery, that had been defended like a fortress, ended like a volcano.
2352:
817:
Tradition holds that he was among those killed by the explosion of the barrels of powder, but it is more likely that he was killed on the first day of combat. Ottoman losses were estimated at 1500. Their bodies were buried without memorials and some were thrown in the neighboring gorges. The remains of numerous Cretan
Christians were collected and placed in the windmill, which was made into a reliquary in homage to the defenders of Arkadi. Among the Ottoman troops, a group of Coptic Egyptians were found on the hills outside the monastery. These Christians had refused to kill other Christians. They were executed by the Ottoman troops, and their ammunition cases left behind.
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576:, which served as the headquarters of the rebellion. In addition to its 259 defenders, over 700 women and children had taken refuge in the monastery. After a few days of hard fighting, the Ottomans broke into the monastery. At that point, the rebel Kostis Giaboudakis set fire to the gunpowder stored in the monastery's vaults, causing the death of most of the rebels and the women and children sheltered there. As reported by the American writer and consul
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464:, though nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, was a regional power in its own right). In 1840, Crete was returned to direct Ottoman rule, followed by an unsuccessful 1841 uprising in support of Union with independent Greece. Another uprising in 1858 secured some privileges, such as the right to bear arms, equality of Christian and Muslim worship, and the establishment of Christian councils of elders with jurisdiction over education and
536:
524:, which guaranteed civil and religious equality to Christians and Muslims. The Ottoman authorities in Crete were reluctant to implement any reform. Before the majority of Muslim conversions (the majority of the former Christians had converted to Islam and then recanted), the Empire tried to recant on liberty of conscience. The institution of new taxes and a curfew also added to the discontent. In April 1858, 5,000 Cretans met at
746:
793:
48:
627:, Kallinikos Nikoletakis. The letter demanded that the higumen dissemble the revolutionary assembly or the monastery would be destroyed by Ottoman troops. In the month of July 1866, Ismail Pasha sent his army to capture the insurgents, but the members of the committee fled before his troops arrived. The Ottomans left again after destroying
761:
Cretans were relatively protected by the walls of the monastery, while the
Ottomans, vulnerable to the insurgents' gunfire, suffered numerous losses. Seven Cretans took their position within the windmill of the monastery. This building was quickly captured by the Ottomans, who set it on fire, killing the Cretan warriors inside.
954:, arrived in the island in October 1867 and remained there for four months. A'ali set in progress a low profile district by district reconquest of the island followed by the construction of blockhouses or local fortresses across the whole of it. These were the basis of continued Ottoman military rule until the
808:
In the powder room, where the majority of the women and children hid, Konstantinos
Giaboudakis gathered the people hiding in the neighbouring rooms together. When the Ottomans arrived at the door of the powder room, Giaboudakis set the barrels of powder on fire and the resulting explosion resulted in
736:
removed
Shaheen Pasha from the command of the Egyptian forces and replaced him by a more experienced officer, Emirliva Ismail Sadiq Pasha that proved his officership skills and professionality than Shaheen Pasha, where on 6 October 1867 he could successfully defeat the Cretan rebels in their capital.
500:
As tensions ran high in the island, and several petitions to the Sultan went unanswered, armed bands were formed, and the uprising was officially proclaimed on 21 August 1866. The revolt caused immediate sympathy in Greece, but also elsewhere in Europe. The rebels initially managed to gain control of
961:
More importantly, he designed an
Organic Law which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. He thus gained the minimum of political cooperation needed to retain control of the island by early 1869 and almost all the
658:
to the post of commander of the garrison of the monastery, Koronaios left. At his departure, numerous local residents, mostly women and children, took refuge in the monastery, bringing their valuables in hopes of saving them from the
Ottomans. By 7 November 1866, the monastery sheltered 964 people:
936:
Not finding the necessary solution from the big
European powers, the Cretans sought aid from the United States. At this time, the Americans tried to establish a presence in the Mediterranean and showed support for Crete. The relationship grew as they looked for a port in the Mediterranean and they
804:
The women and children inside the monastery were hiding in the powder room. The last Cretan fighters were finally defeated and hid within the monastery. Thirty-six insurgents found refuge in the refectory, near the ammunitions. Discovered by the
Ottomans, who forced the door, they were massacred.
783:
Combat began again in the evening of 9 November. The cannons destroyed the doors and the
Ottomans made it into the building, where they suffered more serious losses. At the same time, the Cretans were running out of ammunition and many among them were forced to battle with only bayonets or other
555:
of Crete, in an internal quarrel about the organization of the Cretan monasteries. Several laymen recommended that the goods of the monasteries come under the control of a council of elders and that they be used to create schools, but they were opposed by the bishops. Ismail Pasha intervened and
824:
where they were subjected to numerous humiliations from the officers responsible for their transport, but also by the Muslim population who arrived to throw stones and insults when they entered the city. The women and children were imprisoned for a week in the church of the
Presentation of the
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The assault was begun by the Ottoman forces. Their primary objective was the main door of the monastery on the western face. The battle lasted all day without the Ottomans infiltrating the building. The besieged had barricaded the door and, from the beginning, taking it would be difficult. The
941:
or Port Island. The American public was sympathetic. The American philhellenes arrived to advocate for the idea of Cretan independence, and in 1868, a question of recognition of independent Crete was addressed in the House of Representatives, but it was decided by a vote to follow a policy of
816:
Of the 964 people present at the start of the assault, 864 were killed in combat or at the moment of the explosion. 114 men and women were captured, but three or four managed to escape, including one of the messengers who had gone for reinforcements. The hegumen Gabriel was among the victims.
780:. Two Cretans left by way of the windows by ropes and, disguised as Muslims, crossed the Ottoman lines. The messengers returned later in the night with the news that it was now impossible for reinforcements to arrive in time because all of the access roads had been blocked by the Ottomans.
871:
The Ottomans considered taking Arkadi a big victory and celebrated it with cannon fire. However, the events at Arkadi provoked indignation among the Cretans, but also in Greece and abroad. The tragedy of Arkadi turned world opinion on the conflict. The event recalled the
724:(Egypt's Khedive) sent an Egyptian Military contingent to aid the Ottoman Empire during the rebellion which was made up of 16,000 infantry troops under the command of Emirliva (major-general) Ismail Shaheen Pasha and where transported and protected by sea by the
711:
on 5 November, where he met Ottoman and Egyptian reinforcements. The Ottoman troops reached the monastery during the night of 7–8 November. Mustafa, although he had accompanied his troops to a site relatively close, camped with his staff in the village of Messi.
825:
Virgin. The men were imprisoned for a year in difficult conditions. The Russian consulate had to intervene to require Mustafa Pasha to keep basic hygienic conditions and provide clothing to the prisoners. After one year, the prisoners were released.
508:
By the mid-19th century, the Ottomans had ruled Crete for more than 220 years since Crete had been captured from Venetians, despite frequent bloody uprisings by Cretan rebels. While the Cretans rose against the Ottoman occupation during the
732:'s siege plan, guns and equipment were easily smuggled to the Cretan rebels from Greece by the sea, which subsequently increased the period of the siege of Cretan capital and unexpected casualties on the Egyptian side. In mid-1867, Khedive
699:. From Episkopi, Mustafa sent a new letter to the revolutionary committee at Arkadi, ordering them to surrender and informing them that he would arrive at the monastery in the following days. The Ottoman army then turned toward
898:, in his letters, praised the patriotism of the Cretans and their wish to gain their independence. Numerous Garibaldians, moved by an ardent philhellenism, came to Crete and participated in several battles. Letters written by
556:
designated several people to decide the subject and annulled the election of "undesirable" members, imprisoning the members of the committee that had been charged with going to Constantinople for presenting the subject to the
812:
In another room of the monastery holding an equal number of powder barrels, insurgents made the same gesture. But the powder was humid and only exploded partially, so it only destroyed part of the northwest wall of the room.
888:, enlisted and arrived in Crete by the end of 1866. He formed a small group of philhellenists with three other Frenchmen, an Englishman, an American, an Italian and a Hungarian. This group published a brochure on
910:, which contributed to the worldwide reaction. The letters gave encouragement to the Cretans and told them that their cause would succeed. He emphasized that the drama of Arkadi was no different than the
928:
One knows this word, Arkadian, but one hardly understands what it means. And here are some of the precise details that have been neglected. In Arkadia, the monastery on Mount Ida, founded by
528:. Finally an imperial decree on 7 July 1858 guaranteed them privileges in religious, judicial and financial matters. One of the major motivations of the revolt of 1866 was the breach of the
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and the monks disagreed and Koronaios conceded to them, but advised the destruction of the stables so that they could not be used by the Ottomans. This plan was ignored. After having named
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and others over the recently introduced telegraph, this event caused enormous shock in the rest of Europe and in North America and decreased the perceived legitimacy of Ottoman rule.
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waited in the Messi. Suleyman, positioned on the hill of Kore to the north of the monastery sent a last request for surrender. He received only gunfire in response.
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892:, contacted French politicians and organized conferences in France and in Athens. The Cretans named him a deputy at the assembly, but he turned the position down.
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a new threat of destroying the monastery if the assembly did not yield. The assembly decided to implement a system of defense for the monastery. On 24 September,
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On the morning of 8 November, 1866, an army of 15,000 Ottoman soldiers and 30 cannons, directed by Suleyman, arrived on the hills of the monastery while
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Kallivretakis, Leonidas (2006). "A Century of Revolutions: The Cretan Question between European and Near East Politics". In P. Kitromilides (ed.).
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In the spring of 1866, meetings took place in several villages. On 14 May an assembly was held in the Aghia Kyriaki monastery in Boutsounaria near
2804:
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Because the loss of Crete might have been the prelude to a much more serious loss of Ottoman territory in the Balkans, the Ottoman Grand Vizier,
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596:. At the time of the first meetings of the revolutionary committees, the representatives were elected by province and the representative of the
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1007:. In this work, the explosion of the monastery is attributed to the actions of a relative of the novel's protagonist, Captain Michalis.
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to provide "4,000 lb. weight of gold" to the rebels. This passage clearly indicates the sympathy of Verne to the rebels' cause.
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703:, where Mustafa spent the night in the monastery of the prophet Elie, while his army camped in the villages of Roustika and
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444:, but despite successes in the countryside, the Ottomans held out in the four fortified towns of the northern coast (
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1973:
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1933:
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most of the hinterland although as always the four fortified towns of the north coast and the southern town of
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772:. They placed them in the stables. On the side of the insurgents, a war council decided to ask for help from
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1943:
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of the world were in favor of Crete. Volunteers from Serbia, Hungary and Italy arrived on the island.
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476:, though Christians pressed for more, while maintaining their ultimate aim of union with Greece.
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280:
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Grecs et Ottomans, 1453–1923: de la chute de Constantinople à la disparition de l'empire ottoman
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3481:
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One particular event caused strong reactions among the liberal circles of western Europe, the
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3176:
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region. A career military man, Koronaios believed that the monastery was not defensible. The
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2647:
922:
In writing these lines, I am obeying an order from on high; an order that comes from agony.
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3160:
3024:
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2245:
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1968:
1817:
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911:
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248:
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8:
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560:. This intervention provoked violent reactions from the Christian population of Crete.
548:
293:
170:
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3184:
3144:
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2014:
1745:
1701:
1630:
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1498:
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1425:
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460:) and the island was eventually reconquered by 1828, becoming an Egyptian province (
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2255:
2250:
1953:
1812:
1620:
1590:
1570:
1478:
999:
989:
881:
733:
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646:. He marched to Arkadi, where he was made commander-in-chief of the revolt for the
573:
275:
252:
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200:
60:
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2727:
2631:
2623:
2129:
2114:
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rebel leaders had submitted to Ottoman rule though some, notably the pro-Russian
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639:
239:
187:
1023:
The summit of the hill is approximately 500 meters to the north of the monastery
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The battle stopped with nightfall. The Ottomans received two heavy cannons from
3248:
3240:
3128:
2359:
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2069:
1988:
1938:
1686:
489:
473:
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420:
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159:
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3200:
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2019:
1978:
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1807:
1769:
1654:
1603:
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691:. The monastery refused to surrender, so Mustafa Pasha marched his troops on
572:. The event occurred in November 1866, as a large Ottoman force besieged the
465:
429:
83:
1091:
619:
At the announcement of these nominations Ismail Pasha sent a message to the
496:, Freedom or Death", and the cross with the inscription "Jesus Christ Wins."
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2775:
2719:
2074:
1681:
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440:
The Christian Cretans had risen up together with the rest of Greece in the
410:
399:
592:. They sent a petition to the Sultan and the consuls of the big powers in
3416:
2527:
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1898:
1764:
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899:
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On 30 March 1856, the Treaty of Paris obligated the Sultan to apply the
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and were particularly concentrated in the fortresses around the bay of
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dictated that the island could not be a part of the new Greek state.
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A second cause of the insurrection of 1866 was the interference of
449:
1467:
May, Arthur J. (1944). "Crete and the United States, 1866–1869".
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651:
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53:
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325 men, of which 259 were armed, the rest women and children.
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1524:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 11–35.
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and other sacred objects that they found in the monastery.
820:
Some 114 survivors were taken prisoner and transported to
2349:
800:
Gabriel gathering the besieged near the powder magazine
488:
Flag used during the siege of Arkadi. Inspired by the
1518:
Eleftherios Venizelos: the trials of statesmanship, A
890:
The question of the Orient and the Cretan Renaissance
837:
Konstantinos Giaboudakis preparing the powder barrels
683:, the majority of the Ottoman army was stationed in
671:
Route taken by Mustafa Pasha of Apokoronas to Arkadi
984:, written while the revolt was going on. Verne's
398:in 1830 and the establishment of the independent
3448:
492:, it featured the initials of the motto "Crete,
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1297:
1284:
1282:
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1267:
1254:
1252:
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1164:
1162:
784:sharp objects. The Ottomans had the advantage.
2151:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
1123:
1081:
1079:
695:. First, he stopped and sacked the village of
2335:
1730:
1555:
1514:
1321:
1294:
1279:
1264:
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1237:
1225:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1159:
937:thought, among others, to buy the island of
3487:Greek rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
1147:
1135:
1111:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1041:
1039:
390:rule, the third and largest in a series of
377:
2342:
2328:
1737:
1723:
1562:
1548:
1505:
1457:
1327:
1309:
1303:
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1273:
1258:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1101:
662:
27:Rebellion against Ottoman rule (1866–1869)
1438:
1117:
1085:
1070:
1058:
866:
809:the deaths of numerous Ottoman soldiers.
472:. These concessions were resented by the
414:Map of the distribution in Crete in 1861
1036:
791:
744:
715:
666:
610:
534:
483:
409:
1419:
1315:
1105:
14:
3449:
2226:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
2211:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
981:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
945:
918:. He described the tragedy of Arkadi:
3401:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
2323:
1744:
1718:
1543:
997:The revolt is mentioned in the novel
942:non-intervention in Ottoman affairs.
1569:
1333:
988:is mentioned as using his submarine
728:. Due to the ineffectiveness of the
634:In September, Ismail Pasha sent the
1466:
1462:. Rethymnon: Mediterraneo Editions.
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1097:
974:The Cretan revolt is referenced in
24:
3113:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
3081:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
2387:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
25:
3563:
1894:Politically Independent Alignment
675:Since the mid-October victory of
2350:
1838:Northern Epirus Liberation Front
1596:Classical and Hellenistic period
902:were published in the newspaper
854:
849:The explosion of the powder room
842:
830:
348:
341:
306:
297:
288:
279:
270:
261:
243:
234:
217:
208:
191:
182:
165:
154:
141:
128:
74:21 August 1866 – 20 January 1869
46:
3492:Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
1506:Provatakis, Theocharis (1980).
1412:
1394:
1017:
966:, remained in exile in Greece.
642:arrived in Crete and landed at
382:) was a three-year uprising in
3233:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
3217:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
2196:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
1439:Detorakis, Theocharis (1994).
787:
13:
1:
3527:History of Greece (1863–1909)
3329:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
2520:Expeditions against the Druze
2459:Expeditions against the Druze
2236:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
1030:
969:
405:
3097:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
2536:Expedition against the Druze
2528:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
2507:Expedition against the Druze
2499:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
1402:20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
776:and other Cretan leaders in
7:
2050:Constantine Paparrigopoulos
1924:United Nationalist Movement
1828:National Youth Organisation
1458:Kalogeraki, Stella (2002).
505:remained in Ottoman hands.
370:Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866
10:
3568:
3547:1869 in the Ottoman Empire
3542:1868 in the Ottoman Empire
3537:1867 in the Ottoman Empire
3532:1866 in the Ottoman Empire
2379:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
1984:National Unity Association
1760:Modern Greek Enlightenment
1424:(in French). l'Harmattan.
916:Third Siege of Missolonghi
874:Third Siege of Missolonghi
768:, one of which was called
583:
362:Cretan revolt of 1866–1869
59:gathering the besieged at
3377:Raid on the Sublime Porte
3276:
3153:1878 Macedonian rebellion
2929:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
2881:Greek War of Independence
2833:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
2803:
2784:Koča's frontier rebellion
2707:
2486:
2475:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
2414:
2366:
2304:Geographical name changes
2291:
2231:Greece during World War I
2221:Greece in the Balkan Wars
2191:1878 Macedonian rebellion
2176:Cretan revolt (1866–1869)
2171:1867 Macedonian rebellion
2166:1854 Macedonian rebellion
2156:Greek War of Independence
2138:
2007:
1999:Greeks for the Fatherland
1914:National Democratic Union
1856:
1800:
1752:
1581:
1470:Journal of Modern History
956:final crisis of 1896–1898
740:
563:
511:War of Greek Independence
479:
396:Greek War of Independence
379:Μεγάλη Κρητική Επανάσταση
378:
369:
353:1,333 killed and wounded
332:
317:
176:
122:
112:Suppression of the revolt
66:
45:
37:
32:
3129:Bulgarian April uprising
3041:Uprising of Dervish Cara
2889:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
2849:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
2435:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
2278:1974 Cypriot coup d'état
2262:Cyprus crisis of 1963–64
2201:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2060:Alexandros Koumoundouros
1934:National Political Union
1904:National Party of Greece
1420:Dalègre, Joëlle (2002).
1010:
861:Konstantinos Giaboudakis
442:Greek Revolution of 1821
223:Konstantinos Giaboudakis
3477:19th-century rebellions
3361:Albanian revolt of 1912
3345:Albanian revolt of 1910
2937:Second Mašići Rebellion
2857:Second Serbian Uprising
2792:Tripolitanian civil war
2760:Patrona Halil Rebellion
2680:Second Tarnovo Uprising
2309:Greek language question
2267:Bloody Christmas (1963)
1959:National Front (Greece)
1665:Great Cretan Revolution
1626:Second Byzantine period
663:Arrival of the Ottomans
515:London Protocol of 1830
394:between the end of the
374:Great Cretan Revolution
33:Great Cretan Revolution
18:Cretan Revolt (1866–69)
3321:Hauran Druze Rebellion
3169:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
3137:Razlovtsi insurrection
2993:Belogradchik Rebellion
2825:First Serbian Uprising
2736:The Great Insurrection
2592:First Tarnovo Uprising
2443:Nasir al-Din rebellion
2395:Skanderbeg's rebellion
2055:Aristotelis Valaoritis
2040:Theodoros Kolokotronis
1964:Popular Orthodox Rally
1616:First Byzantine period
934:
867:International reaction
801:
750:
672:
616:
544:
497:
437:
177:Commanders and leaders
3289:Young Turk Revolution
2945:Syrian Peasant Revolt
2467:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
2186:Epirus Revolt of 1878
2161:Epirus Revolt of 1854
2120:Georgios Papadopoulos
2085:Eleftherios Venizelos
2065:Theodoros Diligiannis
1636:Revolt of Saint Titus
920:
795:
748:
716:Egyptian Intervention
707:. Mustafa arrived in
670:
614:
570:"Holocaust of Arkadi"
538:
487:
413:
333:Casualties and losses
134:Greek Revolutionaries
3552:Rebellions in Greece
3257:Mesopotamia uprising
3121:Herzegovina Uprising
3065:Herzegovina Uprising
2985:Berkovitsa Rebellion
2953:Tripolitanian revolt
2672:Druze power struggle
2515:Revolts of 1565–1572
2283:1990 Komotini events
2246:4th of August Regime
2181:Cretan revolt (1878)
2030:Ioannis Kapodistrias
2025:Alexander Ypsilantis
1818:Macedonian Committee
1047:Histoire de la Crète
912:Destruction of Psara
656:Ioannis Dimakopoulos
615:Ioannis Dimakopoulos
462:Muhammad Ali's Egypt
249:Ioannis Dimakopoulos
108:Ottoman-led victory
3409:Uprising in Karbala
3385:Euphrates rebellion
3305:Al-Bejat Revolution
2865:Wallachian Uprising
2752:Uprising in Vučitrn
2696:Karposh's rebellion
2688:Chiprovtsi uprising
2403:Buçuktepe rebellion
2206:Macedonian Struggle
2125:Dimitrios Ioannidis
1909:4th of August Party
1889:Freethinkers' Party
1609:Crete and Cyrenaica
1508:Monastery of Arkadi
946:Aftermath of Arkadi
884:, a teacher at the
705:Aghios Konstantinos
267:Mustafa Naili Pasha
214:Ioannis Zymvrakakis
3353:Malissori uprising
3297:Hamawand rebellion
2961:Posavina Rebellion
2841:Jančić's Rebellion
2664:Abaza Hasan Revolt
2648:Atmeydanı Incident
2600:Thessaly Rebellion
2299:Aromanian question
2241:1931 Cyprus revolt
2146:Greco-Persian Wars
2105:Alexandros Papagos
2100:Angelos Sikelianos
2090:Nikolaos Plastiras
1949:Patriotic Alliance
1929:Party of Hellenism
1919:National Alignment
1510:. Athens: Toubi's.
1367:, pp. 290–291
896:Giuseppe Garibaldi
802:
751:
673:
623:via the Bishop of
617:
549:Hekim Ismail Pasha
545:
498:
438:
312:Ahmed Rashid Pasha
294:Ismail Selim Pasha
3497:Cretan rebellions
3472:Conflicts in 1869
3467:Conflicts in 1868
3462:Conflicts in 1867
3457:Conflicts in 1866
3444:
3443:
3433:Koçgiri rebellion
3425:Uprising in Hilla
3313:31 March Incident
3145:Kumanovo Uprising
2921:Shkodër Rebellion
2568:Uprising in Banat
2560:Celali rebellions
2451:Celali rebellions
2427:Şahkulu Rebellion
2317:
2316:
2139:Historical events
2045:Dionysios Solomos
2035:Athanasios Diakos
2015:Adamantios Korais
1869:Nationalist Party
1857:Political parties
1746:Greek nationalism
1712:
1711:
1406:, by Jules Verne.
1328:Kalogeraki (2002)
1304:Kalogeraki (2002)
1289:Kalogeraki (2002)
1274:Provatakis (1980)
1259:Provatakis (1980)
1244:Provatakis (1980)
1232:Provatakis (1980)
1220:Kalogeraki (2002)
1205:Kalogeraki (2002)
1193:Kalogeraki (2002)
1181:Kalogeraki (2002)
1169:Provatakis (1980)
1154:Provatakis (1980)
1142:Provatakis (1980)
1130:Provatakis (1980)
1005:Nikos Kazantzakis
1000:Freedom and Death
886:Collège de France
876:and the numerous
606:Gabriel Marinakis
358:
357:
197:Gavriil Marinakis
147:Kingdom of Greece
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
3559:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3193:Ulcinj rebellion
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2905:Bilmez Rebellion
2901:
2897:Bosnian uprising
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2808:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2744:Karamanli revolt
2740:
2732:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2632:Abaza rebellions
2628:
2620:
2612:
2608:Mamluk Rebellion
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2552:Beylerbeyi Event
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2511:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2371:
2354:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2256:Cyprus Emergency
2251:Greek resistance
1954:Political Spring
1879:New Party (1947)
1874:New Party (1873)
1813:Ethniki Etaireia
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1675:1897–1898 revolt
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:978-0-74867126-7
1523:
1511:
1502:
1463:
1454:
1441:History of Crete
1435:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1132:, pp. 65–66
1127:
1121:
1118:Detorakis (1994)
1115:
1109:
1095:
1089:
1086:Detorakis (1994)
1083:
1074:
1071:Detorakis (1994)
1068:
1062:
1059:Detorakis (1994)
1056:
1050:
1043:
1024:
1021:
882:Gustave Flourens
858:
846:
834:
749:The Turks attack
578:William Stillman
574:Arkadi Monastery
427:
418:
381:
380:
371:
352:
345:
328:20,000 Egyptians
326:15,000 Ottomans
310:
301:
292:
283:
276:Osman Nuri Pasha
274:
265:
257:
247:
238:
231:
221:
212:
205:
195:
186:
169:
158:
145:
132:
68:
67:
61:Arkadi Monastery
50:
30:
29:
21:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3393:Bitlis uprising
3387:
3379:
3371:
3369:Savior Officers
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3265:Bitlis uprising
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3185:Thessaly Revolt
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3057:Albanian Revolt
3051:
3049:Albanian Revolt
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3017:Diber Rebellion
3011:
3003:
3001:Vlora Rebellion
2995:
2987:
2979:
2977:Pirot Rebellion
2971:
2969:Livno Rebellion
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2728:Naousa uprising
2722:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2640:Druze rebellion
2634:
2626:
2624:Druze rebellion
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2544:Cairo Rebellion
2538:
2530:
2522:
2509:
2501:
2489:
2488:Transformation
2482:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2369:
2362:
2348:
2318:
2313:
2287:
2134:
2130:Antonis Samaras
2115:Georgios Grivas
2110:Napoleon Zervas
2095:Ioannis Metaxas
2003:
1852:
1823:Military League
1796:
1748:
1743:
1713:
1708:
1697:Battle of Crete
1648:Siege of Candia
1631:Venetian period
1591:Mycenean period
1577:
1568:
1538:
1532:
1521:
1451:
1432:
1415:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1102:Kalogeraki 2002
1096:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
972:
948:
925:
869:
862:
859:
850:
847:
838:
835:
790:
774:Panos Koronaios
743:
718:
665:
640:Panos Koronaios
600:region was the
586:
566:
530:Hatti-Houmayoun
522:Hatti-Houmayoun
482:
436:
425:
423:
416:
408:
354:
347:
327:
305:
296:
287:
278:
269:
253:
242:
240:Panos Koronaios
233:
227:
216:
207:
201:
190:
188:Michail Korakas
164:
140:
136:
99:
84:Eyalet of Crete
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:1869 in Greece
3519:
3517:1868 in Greece
3514:
3512:1867 in Greece
3509:
3507:1866 in Greece
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3249:Theriso revolt
3246:
3241:Shoubak revolt
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3089:Doljani Revolt
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2656:Çınar Incident
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2416:Classical Age
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2360:Ottoman Empire
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Theriso revolt
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Kostis Palamas
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Greek Solution
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Hellenic Front
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:Theriso revolt
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1655:Ottoman period
1652:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1512:
1503:
1483:10.1086/236846
1477:(4): 286–293.
1464:
1455:
1449:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1341:Correspondance
1332:
1320:
1316:Dalègre (2002)
1308:
1293:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1108:, p. 196.
1104:, p. 36;
1090:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
978:'s 1870 novel
971:
968:
964:Hadjimichaelis
947:
944:
878:Philhellenists
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
853:
851:
848:
841:
839:
836:
829:
789:
786:
742:
739:
717:
714:
664:
661:
585:
582:
565:
562:
481:
478:
474:Cretan Muslims
458:Agios Nikolaos
424:
421:Greek Orthodox
415:
407:
404:
392:Cretan revolts
356:
355:
339:
335:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
315:
314:
259:
179:
178:
174:
173:
163:
162:
160:Ottoman Empire
151:
149:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
105:
101:
100:
88:Ottoman Empire
82:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
43:
42:
40:Cretan revolts
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3564:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Ottoman Crete
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3225:Cretan Revolt
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3209:Cretan Revolt
3207:
3202:
3201:Brsjak Revolt
3199:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3177:Epirus Revolt
3175:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3161:Cretan Revolt
3159:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3105:Cretan Revolt
3103:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3073:Epirus Revolt
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3033:Niš Rebellion
3031:
3026:
3025:Cretan Revolt
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2913:Laz rebellion
2911:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2873:Niš Rebellion
2871:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2768:Serb Uprising
2766:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2616:Epirus revolt
2614:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2584:Serb Uprising
2582:
2577:
2576:Himara Revolt
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Ion Dragoumis
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Rigas Feraios
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:ELAM (Cyprus)
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Liberal Party
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Filiki Eteria
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:Organizations
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:Hellenization
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:World War II
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Cretan League
1602:
1601:
1600:Roman period
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Minoan period
1584:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1391:, p. 293
1390:
1385:
1379:, p. 292
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1355:, p. 286
1354:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1318:, p. 196
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1120:, p. 331
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1088:, p. 330
1087:
1082:
1080:
1073:, p. 329
1072:
1067:
1061:, p. 328
1060:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
992:
987:
983:
982:
977:
967:
965:
959:
957:
953:
943:
940:
933:
931:
926:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
828:
827:
826:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
794:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
756:
755:Mustafa Pasha
747:
738:
735:
734:Isma'il Pasha
731:
727:
726:Egyptian Navy
723:
722:Isma'il Pasha
720:In late 1866
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:'s troops at
678:
677:Mustafa Pasha
669:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
581:
579:
575:
571:
561:
559:
554:
550:
542:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
506:
504:
495:
491:
486:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
431:
430:Cretan Muslim
422:
412:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
367:
363:
351:
344:
340:
337:
336:
331:
325:
323:Few thousands
322:
321:
316:
313:
309:
304:
303:Shaheen Pasha
300:
295:
291:
286:
282:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
258:
256:
250:
246:
241:
237:
232:
230:
224:
220:
215:
211:
206:
204:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
180:
175:
172:
168:
161:
157:
153:
152:
150:
148:
144:
139:
138:Supported by:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3337:Karak revolt
3278:Dissolution
3104:
3009:Druze revolt
2818:in Belgrade
2776:Orlov Revolt
2720:Edirne event
2635:(1624, 1627)
2175:
2075:Pavlos Melas
1864:Napist Party
1682:Cretan State
1664:
1517:
1507:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1443:. Iraklion.
1440:
1421:
1413:Bibliography
1401:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1343:, t. 3, 1867
1340:
1335:
1330:, p. 36
1323:
1311:
1306:, p. 33
1291:, p. 32
1276:, p. 76
1261:, p. 75
1246:, p. 71
1239:
1234:, p. 70
1227:
1222:, p. 28
1207:, p. 27
1200:
1195:, p. 24
1188:
1183:, p. 23
1176:
1171:, p. 68
1156:, p. 67
1149:
1144:, p. 66
1137:
1125:
1113:
1106:Dalègre 2002
1093:
1066:
1054:
1046:
1019:
998:
996:
990:
986:Captain Nemo
979:
973:
960:
949:
935:
927:
924:
921:
903:
894:
889:
870:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
782:
769:
763:
759:
752:
730:Ottoman Navy
719:
674:
633:
618:
587:
569:
567:
546:
539:Bust of the
529:
526:Boutsounaria
521:
519:
507:
499:
439:
400:Cretan State
373:
361:
359:
254:
228:
202:
137:
123:Belligerents
107:
38:Part of the
3502:Jules Verne
3417:Arab Revolt
3280:(1908–1922)
2956:(1835–1858)
2807:(1789–1908)
2795:(1793–1795)
2711:(1700–1789)
2709:Old Regime
2675:(1658–1667)
2667:(1658–1659)
2563:(1590–1610)
2523:(1574–1576)
2490:(1550–1700)
2462:(1523–1524)
2418:(1453–1550)
2370:(1299–1453)
2272:Greek junta
1969:Golden Dawn
1899:Greek Rally
1765:Megali Idea
1670:1878 revolt
1660:1841 revolt
1621:Arab period
1045:J. Tulard,
976:Jules Verne
900:Victor Hugo
788:Destruction
604:of Arkadi,
3451:Categories
2356:Rebellions
1944:Front Line
1782:Venizelism
1702:Resistance
1643:Cretan War
1450:9602207124
1431:2747521621
1389:May (1944)
1377:May (1944)
1365:May (1944)
1353:May (1944)
1031:References
970:In fiction
770:Koutsahila
685:Apokoronas
490:Greek flag
470:family law
406:Background
285:Omar Pasha
3420:(1916–18)
3404:(1914–18)
3300:(1908–10)
3228:(1897–98)
3220:(1896–97)
3212:(1896–97)
3204:(1880–81)
3172:(1878–79)
3124:(1875–77)
3116:(1866–67)
3108:(1866–69)
3068:(1852–62)
3044:(1843–44)
3020:(1838–39)
2948:(1834-35)
2916:(1832–34)
2908:(1832–33)
2900:(1831–33)
2884:(1821–29)
2860:(1815-17)
2828:(1804–13)
2820:(1801–04)
2771:(1737–39)
2739:(1707–11)
2587:(1596–97)
2502:(1564–65)
2398:(1443–68)
2390:(1404–18)
2382:(1416–20)
2274:(1967–74)
2258:(1955–59)
1499:143090564
1404:, p.251/3
1339:V. Hugo,
1049:, p. 114.
952:Âli Pasha
930:Heraclius
558:Patriarch
503:Ierapetra
466:customary
402:in 1898.
2805:Decline
2292:Policies
1974:Spartans
1787:Metaxism
1775:Grecoman
1753:Ideology
1098:May 1944
991:Nautilus
914:and the
822:Rethymno
766:Rethymno
709:Rethymno
701:Roustika
697:Episkopi
648:Rethymno
625:Rethymno
598:Rethymno
454:Irakleio
450:Rethymno
386:against
346:Unknown
318:Strength
79:Location
2358:in the
1571:History
1491:1871034
908:Trieste
798:hegumen
652:hegumen
636:hegumen
621:hegumen
602:hegumen
584:Context
543:Gabriel
434:Turkish
388:Ottoman
338:Unknown
255:†
229:†
203:†
57:Gavriil
54:hegumen
3436:(1921)
3428:(1916)
3412:(1915)
3396:(1914)
3388:(1913)
3380:(1913)
3372:(1912)
3364:(1912)
3356:(1911)
3348:(1910)
3340:(1910)
3332:(1910)
3324:(1909)
3316:(1909)
3308:(1909)
3292:(1908)
3268:(1907)
3260:(1906)
3252:(1905)
3244:(1905)
3236:(1903)
3196:(1878)
3188:(1878)
3180:(1878)
3164:(1878)
3156:(1878)
3148:(1878)
3140:(1876)
3132:(1876)
3100:(1860)
3092:(1858)
3084:(1854)
3076:(1854)
3060:(1847)
3052:(1845)
3036:(1841)
3028:(1841)
3012:(1838)
3004:(1836)
2996:(1836)
2988:(1836)
2980:(1836)
2972:(1836)
2964:(1836)
2940:(1834)
2932:(1834)
2924:(1833)
2892:(1830)
2876:(1821)
2868:(1821)
2852:(1814)
2844:(1809)
2836:(1807)
2816:Dahije
2787:(1788)
2779:(1770)
2763:(1730)
2755:(1717)
2747:(1711)
2731:(1705)
2723:(1703)
2699:(1689)
2691:(1688)
2683:(1686)
2659:(1656)
2651:(1648)
2643:(1642)
2627:(1623)
2619:(1611)
2611:(1609)
2603:(1600)
2595:(1598)
2579:(1596)
2571:(1594)
2555:(1589)
2547:(1586)
2539:(1585)
2531:(1585)
2510:(1565)
2478:(1527)
2470:(1526)
2454:(1519)
2446:(1518)
2438:(1512)
2430:(1511)
2406:(1446)
2008:People
1848:EOKA B
1792:Enosis
1528:
1497:
1489:
1460:Arkadi
1447:
1428:
741:Attack
693:Arkadi
594:Chania
590:Chania
564:Arkadi
541:igumen
513:, the
494:Enosis
480:Revolt
446:Chania
428:
426:
419:
417:
251:
225:
199:
104:Result
96:Greece
2368:Rise
1994:LEPEN
1575:Crete
1522:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
1487:JSTOR
1011:Notes
904:Kleio
778:Amari
689:Souda
681:Vafes
629:icons
384:Crete
372:) or
366:Greek
171:Egypt
92:Crete
90:(now
1843:EOKA
1833:EDES
1526:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1426:ISBN
939:Milo
796:The
644:Bali
553:wāli
468:and
456:and
360:The
71:Date
52:The
1573:of
1479:doi
1003:by
906:in
3453::
1493:.
1485:.
1475:16
1473:.
1296:^
1281:^
1266:^
1251:^
1212:^
1161:^
1100:;
1078:^
1038:^
958:.
608:.
551:,
532:.
452:,
448:,
368::
94:,
86:,
2343:e
2336:t
2329:v
1738:e
1731:t
1724:v
1563:e
1556:t
1549:v
1534:.
1501:.
1481::
1453:.
1434:.
432:/
376:(
364:(
98:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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