1144:. The fine's popularity stems from the 1983 Financial Penalties Act (FPA), which stresses the use of the fine over that of incarceration. Dutch courts imposed the fine in 51,280 cases, representing approximately one-third of all sanctions. Section 24 of the FPA stresses that a court should consider an offender's ability to pay and the nature of the crime when deciding on an appropriate amount of the fine. Despite the fine's popularity in the Dutch system, a substantial number of fines go unpaid every year. Similarly, transactions play a large role in the sentencing protocol of the Netherlands. A transaction is a sanction whereby the offender is required to pay a fine or assume certain financial conditions. Transactions are popular in the Netherlands because they provide an alternative sanction to punish offenders without congesting the jails. Specifically, transactions permit an offender to pay a fine to avoid further prosecution. Prosecutors have tremendous discretion to dispose of crimes through the use of transactions. However, transactions can only be offered in cases where the maximum statutory prison sentence is less than six years. Approximately 90% of crimes can be appropriately disposed of via a transaction. Yet, in practice, roughly 30% of all cases are settled through the use of a transaction, with prosecutorial guidelines established to minimise arbitrariness. Transactions provide an opportunity for offenders to forgo the stigmatisation that results from the more traditional disposition of cases. Critics however allege that transactions coerce the arrested to forgo the procedural safeguards required by trials. As a result, they contend arrested individuals may plead to crimes they did not commit because the risk of conviction outweighs the transaction fee.
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prisons on the basis of a criminal law decision has been decreasing to 8,806 in 2016. Incarceration rates alone, particularly in the
Netherlands, are a poor indicator of a country's purported move towards more punitive sentencing. Measuring changes in prison capacity alone is an insufficient measure of punitiveness in the Netherlands because these numbers do not accurately represent the incarceration needs of the Dutch. Notably, in the 1970s Dutch prisons operated at full capacity. Incarceration rates were kept artificially low in this era because the Dutch declined to construct the required number of prisons to suit the demands imposed by their criminal justice system. This problem was alleviated on the front-end by dismissing three-quarters of all recorded offences. Furthermore, there was no guarantee the convicted would ever spend any time in prison, even when prosecutors did not dismiss the offence and the offender was subsequently convicted and sentenced to prison. Individuals were still sent to prison even in the absence of capacity. To remedy this shortfall in capacity, the Netherlands established
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incarceration capacity was a direct result of criticism emanating from burgeoning prison waitlists. The far severer sentencing of offenders also increased the need for additional prison capacity. Approximately 13,000 unsuspended prison sentences were imposed totaling 2,100 detention years in 1970. Yet, in 2000, while the number of unsuspended prison sentences doubled, the number of detention years imposed increased nearly eightfold to 16,000. Following the prison construction boom of the 1980s, prison capacity increased from 3,300 occupants to approximately 12,800. In the 1990s, capacity was further increased by an additional 3,500 individuals, bringing the total prison capacity to approximately 16,300 persons. This trend is likely to continue into the future. At least one commentator has noted that the enactment of a “
1269:. Fines are an available alternative, but judges do not typically impose fines on juveniles; they are not considered an appropriate sanction because juveniles rarely end up paying the fines themselves. Only three percent of juvenile incarceration is unconditional. Juvenile detentions are typically conditional and coincide with community service orders. The community service order was implemented for juveniles after its successful introduction into adult penology. In 1998, seventy percent of all juvenile cases disposed of in court resulted in an alternative sentence (community service, training order, or reparations). Juveniles between the ages of 12 and 16 can be sentenced up to twelve months, whereas individuals between 16 and 18 years old can be sentenced up to 24 months.
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in the last decade, concerns for human dignity became subservient to crime control policies. As a result, Dutch penal policy was amended to permit more than one prisoner in a cell in 2003. This change notwithstanding, the Dutch incarceration philosophy stresses the need to minimise the hardships on the prisoner. This philosophy emphasises maximising prisoner contacts with family and the preservation of community ties. Prisoners are able to enjoy many of the benefits of life on the outside. For example, inmates can receive visitors once a week, talk on the phone, and participate in sports. Rehabilitative measures, however, such as the procurement of education to prisoners, have been severely curtailed in recent years.
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like viewing a film or drawing a picture. Besides programs like HALT and STOP, a number of additional rehabilitative trends have emerged. First, the
Netherlands has reintroduced youth police, to specifically deal with juveniles. Additionally, many police departments employ a social worker to counsel on juvenile matters. Second, the Netherlands has seen an upsurge in financial investments in institutional treatment directed towards youth. Treatment is not exclusively focused on in-case intervention; follow-up procedures play a significant role in providing continuous observational treatment.
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the family. However, when children moved out of the home and into the factory, the state asserted a greater interest in their well-being. As the state's interest in youths grew, Dutch society implemented an educational and rehabilitative system to nurture that interest. From the late 19th century to early 20th century, a variety of practices were created to stress a rehabilitative model for juveniles. The 1901 Penal
Children's Act highlighted this trend by requiring the rehabilitation of delinquent children. Consequently, youth was now perceived as a mitigating factor in sentencing, and the
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higher at 9.7%. Juveniles make up only 0.2% of the prison population in the
Netherlands. The prison administration of the Netherlands is called the National Agency of Correctional Institutions, or NACI. The Netherlands’ prison population has been steadily declining since 2006. They have so much extra room that they take in prisoners from other countries. In fact, 19.1% of their prisoners are foreigners. In the U.S., this number is only 5.2%. Not only can prisons in the Netherlands house all of their prisoners comfortably, but they can also help out with overcrowding in other countries.
1074:. Nineteenth century Dutch prisons did not distinguish between adult and juvenile offenders; offenders regularly resided in common quarters. Subsequent to Dutch independence, these practices grew out of favour as they failed to conform to the Dutch conception of punishment. A group of concerned citizens assembled the Dutch Association for the Moral Improvement of Prisoners to combat the frequently harsh prison environment. The organisation's focus was to make prisons more humane by advocating training for offenders, specifically that of a religious and educational nature. These
1127:. These retributive principles marked a sharp divergence from the rehabilitative and therapeutic philosophies that preceded them. This sharp ideological divergence transformed Dutch prosecutorial charging guidelines. Prior to Gault, prosecutors typically dropped charges in cases of petty offences. In fact, historically, three-quarters of all recorded offences in the Netherlands were eventually dismissed. After the United States Supreme Court's 1967 decision however, the Dutch reversed course; prosecutors dramatically decreased the number of routine dismissals.
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1228:” has the potential to raise the Dutch incarceration rate to that of American levels. For 2002, the incarceration rate was 93 inmates per 100,000 citizens. Prosecutors’ prior widespread discretion over cases has declined since the enactment of new penological guidelines. Guidelines previously imposed a presumption in favour of dismissal, whereas now the guidelines impose a presumption to not dismiss cases.
1094:, to ensure the proper civilisation of its youth. This new system infringed on the once unfettered access parents had to raise their children. For example, now, parental abuse and maltreatment of children could result in the temporary elimination of their rights. Actions taken by the criminal justice system were charged to be “in the best interest of the child.”
1157:. Critics lamented their overuse, and argued the Dutch rehabilitative philosophy permitted any offence to be sanctioned by a TBR order. A shift in penological philosophy over the next two decades dramatically decreased the use of TBR orders; by 1970, only one-tenth of all incarcerated prisoners occupied mental institutions.
1966:“Netherlands.” World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 1 Jan. 1970, www.prisonstudies.org/country/netherlands. “United States of America.” United States of America | World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 1 Jan. 1970, www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america.
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Currently, the police exercise largely discretionary powers over juvenile matters. Police have three options available when confronted with a juvenile matter: take no further action, dismiss the case after speaking with the child's guardians, or direct the matter to the prosecutor. Juvenile offenders
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The
Netherlands has a much lower prison population rate than The United States. America's prison occupancy level is at an extreme 103.9%, while the Netherlands prison occupancy is a mere 68.1%. The Netherlands has a relatively low prison population rate compared to that of the U.S., at 59 per 100,000
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established advisory body to the government, which consists of members of the royal family and Crown-appointed members generally having political, commercial, diplomatic, or military experience. The
Council of State must be consulted by the cabinet on proposed legislation before a law is submitted to
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surveys nor hospital records show an increase in violent crime over the last decade. This increase may be because police have become less tolerant of violent acts, and the public has become more vigilant in reporting these offences. Therefore, like the adult system, it is impossible to know whether
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explained, "e know that ordinary citizens base their opinions on what they know about crime from the mass media and as a result that they regard heinous crimes and bizarre sanctions as the norms. They believe sentences are much softer than they are, and they believe crime rates are rising when they
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A number of sanctions have been introduced for children under the age of 12. The Dutch system does not regard these children as criminally responsible for their actions, and rehabilitative programs have been developed to tend to their delinquency. Two notable programs, HALT and STOP, were developed
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One of the most expressive features of the Dutch criminal justice system eliminated in this new movement towards retributivism was the one-cell policy. Dutch penal policy historically permitted only one prisoner per cell out of a concern for basic dignity. However, as the Dutch crime rate sextupled
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The relatively open borders and easy international mobility of the
Netherlands makes it an attractive destination for immigrants. As a result, the Dutch have also encountered a substantial increase in the infiltration of illegal immigration. In fact, after the prison construction boom in the 1990s,
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Beginning in 1975 however, this trend changed. Between 1975 and 2005, the incarceration rate in the
Netherlands has consistently increased. In 2005, the number of people that were in Dutch prisons on the basis of a criminal law decision was 15,206. Since 2005, the number of people that are in Dutch
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The origins of Dutch juvenile penology lay in the extensive welfare system developed in the 16th century. In preindustrial Dutch society, child upbringing was the responsibility of the parents, not the state. This meant that the state did not intervene in issues classified as the responsibility of
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in a region is the force administrator. The chief public prosecutor and the force administrator have the ultimate responsibility for the administration of the police force. The regional chief of police however, is vested with the day-to-day management of the police force. When investigating crime,
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The judiciary comprises eleven district courts, four courts of appeal, two administrative courts (Centrale Raad van Beroep and the
College van beroep voor het bedrijfsleven) and a Supreme Court that has 41 judges. All judicial appointments are made by the government. Judges are nominally appointed
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to confront the onset of delinquency. Under the programs, police officers who encounter minor juvenile indiscretions can contact the offender's parents, or may propose action to be undertaken by social workers. Sanctions include restorative measures such as apologising, or rehabilitative measures
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and its democratic and social values…Our highest policy priority is, of necessity, to combat crime by preventive and repressive means…” In response to the concerns of the populace, a substantial increase in the construction of prisons was undertaken in the 1980s and again in the 1990s. Increased
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A semi-indeterminate detention of offender (TBR order) is a sanction ordering the placement of an offender in a secure clinic for an indeterminate period of time. The frequent use of these TBR orders exemplified the rehabilitative culture of the
Netherlands following World War II. In 1955 alone,
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Basic police work includes responsibility for maintaining a visible presence on the street, on foot, or in a marked car. Police are also responsible for basic detective work, such as investigating thefts and burglaries. Police frequently deal with traffic issues, including those of surveillance,
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Breaking these numbers down into smaller categories, the World Prison Brief website shows that pre-trial detainees make up 20.3% of the prison population in the Netherlands. According to World Prison Brief, female prisoners make up 5.4% of the prison population. In the U.S., this number is much
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for prisons. If the prison incarcerated more perilous offenders than the convicted, then the convict was placed on a waitlist until their crime was deemed sufficiently severe. The reason behind these waitlists was purely practical: the Dutch simply did not have enough available space in their
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rates have been remarkably stable. A similar trend however is not apparent in the level of juvenile violence over the past twenty years. In the mid 1990s, violence-related offences surged sixty percent. Most citizens, including those most intimately involved in the criminal justice
911:. The Public Prosecution Service, under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice, is responsible for maintaining order. Police traditionally carry a baton, handcuffs, and a firearm; regulations are in place restricting the use of violence in general and firearms in particular.
891:." The uniformed policemen on the street are those of the patrol service. Surveillance is frequently done from patrol cars, horses, and motorbikes. Since the early 1990s several police regions have been working with neighborhood teams called neighborhood supervisors.
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in the Netherlands. Each force comprises a number of regional and specialist departments, such as the Juvenile and Vice Squad, the Criminal Intelligence Service and the Aliens Police. The KLPD is responsible for the supervision and surveillance of the motorways,
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of the nation's population. To put this number into perspective, the U.S.’s prison population rate is 666 per 100,000. To be specific, the official prison capacity of the Netherlands is at 15,074, which is far less than America’s prison population of 2,145,100.
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prisons. These waitlists were not developed for rehabilitative reasons. In fact, prison sentences were voided if the convicted spent too long on the waitlist. Over 5,000 unsuspended prison sentences were voided in 1995 alone due to a lack of space in prisons.
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rights to juveniles. This shift in ideology saw juveniles as a source of rights; and from that point on, the once virulent dividing line between juvenile and adult penology faded. The intellectual groundwork underlying Gault helped catalyze an insurgence of
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accidents, congestion security, and advising citizens and municipalities. Responsibility also rests with the police to maintain laws and regulations. This may take the form of checking whether foreigners are in possession of the right documents.
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triggered a shift in juvenile criminal justice ideology. The American decision played a large role in intellectually influencing Dutch penology. Gault fundamentally changed the penological landscape because the decision mandated an extension of
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service and other government agencies in the security region that corresponds to the police region. The police in a municipality are available 24 hours every day for basic law enforcement. The Dutch government is keen to put more police
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Van Kempen, P.H.P.H.M.C., Krabbe, M.J.M., & Brinkhoff, S. (Eds.). (2019). The Criminal Justice System of the Netherlands: Organization, substantive criminal law, criminal procedure and sanctions, p. 31. Cambridge: Intersentia.
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Van Kempen, P.H.P.H.M.C., Krabbe, M.J.M., & Brinkhoff, S. (Eds.). (2019). The Criminal Justice System of the Netherlands: Organization, substantive criminal law, criminal procedure and sanctions, p. 44. Cambridge: Intersentia.
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Van Kempen, P.H.P.H.M.C., Krabbe, M.J.M., & Brinkhoff, S. (Eds.). (2019). The Criminal Justice System of the Netherlands: Organization, substantive criminal law, criminal procedure and sanctions, p. 39. Cambridge: Intersentia.
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the number of illegal immigrants detained for removal increased from 2,000 to 9,600 in only eight years—a 380 percent increase. As a result, 10 percent of all prison capacity is required for the detention of illegal immigrants.
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is a constitutionally established advisory body to the government, which consists of members of the royal family and Crown-appointed members generally having political, commercial, diplomatic, or military experience. The
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to respond to juvenile delinquency. STOP was developed to confront the onset of delinquency in juveniles under the age of 12, whereas HALT is for older children. These programs combine strains of rehabilitative and
1123:, they should therefore be responsible for the choices that they make in life. Accordingly, concerns over the reintegration of offenders into society should be subordinate to ensuring that offenders receive their
1026:, but only if the lower court applied the law incorrectly or the ruling lacks sufficient reasoning; facts are no longer subject of discussion. The Court may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the
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directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, and sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. The Netherlands' criminal code is based on the
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permeated into the system as policies which previously advocated the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents grew to disfavour. These principles theorised that because juveniles possess
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The judiciary comprises 11 district courts, four courts of appeal, two administrative courts (Centrale Raad van Beroep and the College van beroep voor het bedrijfsleven) and the
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1012:, Netherlands. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is limited primarily to civil, criminal and tax-related cases. The Court has the authority to overturn rulings by
2671:. in Michael Tonry and Anthony Doob (eds). “Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives”. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
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the increase in the juvenile violent crime rate is largely the result of changes in police and citizen behaviour, or an increase in the frequency of violent crime.
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is responsible for the central administration of the police. The national police commissioner is vested with the day-to-day management of the police force.
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is Chairman of the Council of State, but he seldom chairs meetings. The Vice-Chairman of the Council of State chairs meetings in the King's absence. Under
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is provided by the national police force. The police make use of over 50,000 individuals, employed in a number of regional and specialist departments. The
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for juveniles was abolished. This Act also reduced the formality of the hearings, in favour of increased privacy for the juvenile. The state's increased
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the parliament. The Council of State Administrative Law section also serves as an appellate court for citizens against executive branch decisions. The
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which has 41 judges. All judicial appointments are made by the Government. Judges are nominally appointed for life, but in practice retire at age 70.
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Fundamental changes in penal philosophy resulted from the national concern that was registered over these ever-escalating prison waitlists. The
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854:(KLPD). In total, the police employ over 40,000 individuals. The 25 regional forces are responsible for police care in their respective
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2717:. in Michael Tonry and Catrien Bijleveld eds. “Crime and Justice in the Netherlands”. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
2699:. in Michael Tonry and Richard Frase (eds). “Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries”. New York: Oxford University Press.
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2657:. in Michael Tonry (ed.). “Crime, Punishment, and Politics in Comparative Perspective”. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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system—specifically, police officers, prosecutors, and judges—believe that violent crime has increased in the Netherlands. As
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was largely kept but the philosophy underlying these criminal sanctions changed. Specifically, a more humane system replaced
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The Criminal Justice System of the Netherlands: Organization, substantive criminal law, criminal procedure and sanctions.
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are falling. As a result majorities nearly always report that judges' sentences are too lenient." For example, neither
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The origins of the current Dutch criminal code date back to 1811 when the Netherlands was incorporated into the
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role led to the pursuit of a welfare penological philosophy model. The state was now asserting its right, as
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forty percent of all crimes; however since 2005 around 26 percent of crimes were cleared.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Contrasts in tolerance: post-war penal policy in the Netherlands and England and Wales
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The Netherlands experienced an extended period of decarceration from 1947 until 1974.
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principles, which influenced the penological debate in the Netherlands. Principles of
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Van Kempen, P.H.P.H.M.C., Krabbe, M.J.M., & Brinkhoff, S. (Eds.). (2019).
1219:, in fact advocated, “hat is at stake is nothing less than the credibility of
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Law the Vice-Chairman of the Council is acting Head of State when there is no
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police follow the instructions of the public prosecutor—a member of the
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is responsible for the central administration of the police. One of the
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823:, Netherlands and presides over civil, criminal and tax-related cases.
1477:, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the
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From the end of 1945 until 1993, the Dutch police was composed of the
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is responsible for the incarceration of adults in the Netherlands.
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In the event of serious emergencies, the police cooperate with the
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2547:, pp. 333-334. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2507:, pp. 332-333. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2467:, pp. 319-320. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2447:, pp. 330-331. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2427:, pp. 322-323. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2407:, pp. 327-328. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2317:, pp. 316-317. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1722:, pp. 320-321. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1697:, pp. 319-323. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1657:, pp. 318-319. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1634:, pp. 315-316. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1574:, pp. 305-306. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
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First page of the 1804 original edition of the Napoleonic Code.
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Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
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The Dutch Criminal Justice System: Organization and Operation
2297:, pp. 101-108. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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The Dutch Criminal Justice System: Organization and Operation
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The Dutch Criminal Justice System: Organization and Operation
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The Dutch Criminal Justice System: Organization and Operation
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1835:, p. 156-157. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherlands
2635:, p. 339. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2615:, p. 307. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2590:, p. 296. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2570:, pp. 296-297. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2527:, p. 333. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2487:, pp. 334-335. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2384:, p. 331. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2361:, p. 327. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2277:, p. 117. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
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Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherlands
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Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherlands
2168:, p. 119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
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Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherlands
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1677:, p. 318. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1614:, p. 306. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
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1531:, p. 305. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
1511:, p. 295. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2254:, p. 15. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
2233:, p. 16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
2083:, pp. 113-115. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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are primarily subject to two main sanctions: the fine and
1008:. The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and sits in
2143:, p. 123. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
2060:, p. 151. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1906:, p. 157. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1883:, p. 156. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1860:, p. 153. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1812:, p. 162. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1792:, p. 161. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1257:– JJI). Furthermore, three alternative sanctions exist:
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863:, and waterways, as well as providing security for the
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1398:(in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 2007-07-27. Archived from
16:
Overview of criminal justice system in the Netherlands
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1946:, pp. 95-96. University of Chicago Press, 2007.
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2123:, 2007. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
1982:, p. 93. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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offences have stabilised over the last two decades.
988:For criminal law, the independent Hoge Raad is the
985:; e.g. if the Royal Family were to become extinct.
755:is the system of practices and institutions of the
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1624:
1561:
1384:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2376:
2374:
2075:
2073:
1957:
1737:
1735:
1413:
1342:
1239:
730:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
2787:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1153:one-third of all incarcerated prisoners were in
790:for life, but in practice retire at age 70. The
2103:, p. 11. Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2003.
1765:, p. 74. Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2003.
1147:
2625:
2600:
2517:
2371:
2351:
2250:Tonry, Michael, and Catrien Bijleveld. (2007)
2229:Tonry, Michael, and Catrien Bijleveld. (2007)
2119:Tonry, Michael, and Catrien Bijleveld. (2007)
2070:
2029:, pp. 11-12. Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2003.
1827:
1825:
1732:
1667:
1541:
1521:
1467:
1130:
2269:
2267:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1992:
1926:, p. 44. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
1501:
898:crafts rules to manage the police, while the
782:crafts rules to manage the police, while the
693:
2697:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
2295:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
2141:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
2058:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
2021:
2019:
2017:
1974:
1972:
1936:
1904:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
1881:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
1858:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
1833:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
1810:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
1790:Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
1484:
1452:. De Rechtspraak. 2009-08-10. Archived from
1078:goals persisted well into the 20th century.
1046:
1017:
2655:Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands
2275:Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands
2166:Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands
2081:Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands
1980:Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands
1944:Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands
1822:
968:The Raad van State (Council of State) is a
2264:
2153:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1898:
1896:
1875:
1873:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1253:d - KVJJ) or juvenile justice facilities (
1140:The most often used Dutch sanction is the
753:criminal justice system of the Netherlands
700:
686:
2014:
1969:
1916:
1251:Kleinschalige Voorziening Justitiële Jeug
1135:
1066:After the Dutch gained independence, the
1325:"Interpol profile on Netherlands Police"
1182:
1057:
952:
918:
869:
2039:
1893:
1870:
1845:
1802:
1775:
2788:
2215:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2093:
1755:
1427:(in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 2004-09-18
1281:
711:
2685:. Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2003.
13:
2806:Law enforcement in the Netherlands
938:
833:Law enforcement in the Netherlands
776:Law enforcement in the Netherlands
14:
2822:
2741:
1072:Criminal Justice System of France
764:, imposed during the time of the
2762:
2748:
2669:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2633:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2613:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2588:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2568:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2545:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2525:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2505:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2485:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2465:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2445:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2425:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2405:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2382:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2359:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
2315:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1743:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1720:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1695:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1675:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1655:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1632:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1612:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1592:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1572:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1549:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1529:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1509:Youth Justice in the Netherlands
1473:According to article 120 of the
1304:As of 2004, data indicates that
1255:Rijks Justitiële Jeugdinrichting
1160:
957:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
949:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
874:Local police car in Terschelling
797:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
784:Minister of Justice and Security
716:
669:
653:Republicanism in the Netherlands
610:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
513:
512:
265:
264:
234:
233:
39:
2811:Penal system in the Netherlands
2580:
2327:
2287:
2244:
2223:
2178:
2133:
2113:
1604:
1584:
1475:Constitution of the Netherlands
1421:"Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad"
1392:"Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba"
1350:"The police in the Netherlands"
1041:
1034:. Hence the Netherlands has no
837:
2335:"Netherlands: prisons in 2023"
1317:
1240:Sanctions in juvenile penology
1191:prison complex, seen over the
945:Council of State (Netherlands)
914:
1:
2778:Custodial Institutions Agency
2648:
1167:Custodial Institutions Agency
633:Corruption in the Netherlands
1352:. Capstan AV. Archived from
1311:
1286:Over the last twenty years,
1148:Semi-indeterminate detention
1022:) and therefore establishes
852:Dutch National Police Agency
7:
1131:Sanctions in adult penology
1099:United States Supreme Court
846:(municipal police) and the
571:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
32:Politics of the Netherlands
10:
2827:
2801:Prisons in the Netherlands
942:
909:Public Prosecution Service
830:
1221:constitutional government
1213:Dutch Ministry of Justice
1047:History of Dutch penology
826:
111:Ministers Plenipotentiary
2731:Cambridge: Intersentia.
900:Minister of the Interior
282:Parliamentary committees
251:House of Representatives
2667:Junger-Tas, J. (2004).
2653:Downes, David. (2007).
658:Social Economic Council
68:Wet Algemene Bepalingen
2695:Tak, Peter J. (2001).
2631:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2611:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2586:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2566:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2543:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2523:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2503:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2483:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2443:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2423:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2403:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2380:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2357:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2313:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
2293:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
2273:Downes, David. (2007)
2164:Downes, David. (2007)
2139:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
2079:Downes, David. (2007)
2056:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1978:Downes, David. (2007)
1942:Downes, David. (2007)
1902:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1879:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1856:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1831:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1808:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1788:Tak, Peter, J. (2001)
1741:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1718:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1693:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1673:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1653:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1630:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1610:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1590:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1570:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1547:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1527:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1507:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1199:
1187:The six towers of the
1136:Fines and transactions
1063:
1018:
958:
924:
875:
643:Law of the Netherlands
585:Diplomatic missions of
307:High Councils of State
173:Deputy Prime Ministers
2463:Junger-Tas, J. (2004)
1265:for damages, and the
1186:
1061:
956:
922:
873:
638:De Nederlandsche Bank
2709:Tonry, Michael, and
2681:Tak, P.J.P. (2003).
1288:juvenile delinquency
1036:constitutional court
979:Dutch Constitutional
931:In 1970, the police
819:. The Court sits in
275:Historic composition
244:Historic composition
106:Council of Ministers
2099:Tak, P.J.P. (2003)
2025:Tak, P.J.P. (2003)
1761:Tak, P.J.P. (2003)
1275:restorative justice
1155:mental institutions
772:penological focus.
676:Politics portal
536:Provincial politics
229:Jan Anthonie Bruijn
2756:Netherlands portal
1200:
1064:
959:
925:
876:
589:in the Netherlands
546:Municipal politics
322:National Ombudsman
270:Current membership
239:Current membership
2737:978-1-78068-962-3
2711:Catrien Bijleveld
2010:978-1-78068-962-3
1497:978-1-78068-962-3
1380:978-1-78068-962-3
1282:Delinquency rates
1259:community service
1226:three strikes law
749:
748:
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605:Visa requirements
564:Foreign relations
508:Political parties
343:Recent elections
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2262:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2191:. Archived from
2190:
2182:
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2151:
2137:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2077:
2068:
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2012:
2001:
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1976:
1967:
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1691:
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1482:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1442:
1436:
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1411:
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1388:
1382:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1321:
1021:
1014:appellate courts
970:constitutionally
792:Council of State
744:
741:
735:
728:factual accuracy
720:
719:
712:
702:
695:
688:
674:
673:
530:Local government
516:
515:
312:Council of State
268:
267:
237:
236:
99:Willem-Alexander
43:
19:
18:
2826:
2825:
2821:
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2817:
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2754:
2749:
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2744:
2651:
2646:
2630:
2626:
2610:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2558:
2542:
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2379:
2372:
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2328:
2312:
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2292:
2288:
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2265:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2224:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:"Archived copy"
2184:
2183:
2179:
2163:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2040:
2024:
2015:
2002:
1993:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1922:Downes, David.
1921:
1917:
1901:
1894:
1878:
1871:
1855:
1846:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1787:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1569:
1562:
1546:
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1526:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1446:"Supreme Court"
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
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1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1284:
1242:
1163:
1150:
1138:
1133:
1117:proportionality
1068:Napoleonic Code
1049:
1044:
951:
941:
939:Judicial system
923:Police officers
917:
844:gemeentepolitie
840:
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762:Napoleonic Code
745:
739:
736:
733:
725:This article's
721:
717:
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668:
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595:Nationality law
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577:Caspar Veldkamp
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24:Politics series
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541:Water boards
388:Provincial:
376:
260:Martin Bosma
193:Mona Keijzer
74:Human rights
66:
55:Constitution
22:Part of the
1263:reparations
1113:retributive
1108:due process
1103:In re Gault
994:Netherlands
915:Enforcement
805:Netherlands
757:Netherlands
551:BES islands
518:Politicians
479:Referendums
415:Municipal:
178:Fleur Agema
166:Dick Schoof
129:St. Maarten
2790:Categories
2781:(in Dutch)
2770:Law portal
2713:. (2007).
2649:References
2344:2024-02-20
2202:2008-07-10
1460:2009-12-02
1431:2009-12-02
1406:2009-12-02
1360:2010-10-24
1335:2015-01-19
943:See also:
575:Minister:
442:European:
200:Ministries
1312:Footnotes
1247:detention
1205:waitlists
1197:Amsterdam
1195:river in
1121:free will
1019:cassation
1010:The Hague
884:ambulance
821:The Hague
349:General:
337:Elections
295:Judiciary
225:President
2796:Penology
2211:cite web
1215:report,
1032:treaties
1024:case law
600:Passport
87:Monarchy
1002:Curaçao
992:of the
983:Monarch
933:cleared
861:airways
809:Curacao
803:of the
799:is the
256:Speaker
149:Cabinet
124:Curaçao
62:Charter
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1193:Amstel
856:region
827:Police
220:Senate
2196:(PDF)
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1101:case
998:Aruba
817:Aruba
119:Aruba
2733:ISBN
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2217:link
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2031:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1928:ISBN
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1493:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1165:The
1142:fine
1030:and
1004:and
975:King
947:and
894:The
815:and
751:The
498:2018
493:2016
488:2005
469:2024
464:2019
459:2014
454:2009
449:2004
444:1999
432:2022
427:2018
422:2014
417:2010
405:2023
400:2019
395:2015
390:2011
377:Next
371:2023
366:2021
361:2017
356:2012
351:2010
160:list
94:King
2792::
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