1195:
region, but
Johnson quickly discouraged them. Frustrated, several drunken miners then stole a work train and steamed into Victor. They caught up with the group of fleeing deputies, and a gun battle broke out. One deputy and one miner died, a man on each side was wounded, and six strikers were captured by the deputies. The miners subsequently captured three officials of the Strong mine who had been present when the shafthouse was blown up. A formal prisoner exchange later freed all prisoners on both sides.
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Brooks began to argue about what course of action to take next, the deputies took advantage of the lull and attempted to charge the miners. The miners sounded the whistle at the Victor mine, alerting Gen. Brooks. Soldiers of the state militia quickly intercepted the deputies and stopped their advance. Brooks ordered his men to occupy the top of Bull Hill, and the miners offered no resistance.
1144:. Tarsney found the area tense but quiet. Union president Calderwood assured him that union members would cooperate with his operations, even surrendering for arrest if requested. Convinced that Bowers had exaggerated the extent of the chaos in the region, Tarsney recommended the withdrawal of troops; Waite concurred. The state militia left Cripple Creek on March 20.
1069:, who together employed one-third of the area's miners, announced a lengthening of the work-day to ten hours (from eight), with no change to the daily wage of $ 3.00 (~$ 106.00 in 2023) per day. When workers protested, the owners agreed to employ the miners for eight hours a day – but at a wage of only $ 2.50.
1285:
The
Cripple Creek strike also transformed the Western Federation of Miners enormously as a political entity. The year-old union, weak and penniless before the strike, became widely admired among miners throughout the West. Thousands of workers joined the union over the next few years. Politicians and
1252:
When
Colorado state troops arrived in Cripple Creek early on the morning of June 6, more violence had already broken out. The deputies were exchanging gunfire with the miners on Bull Hill. Gen. Brooks quickly moved his troops from the train station to the foot of Bull Hill. As Sheriff Bowers and Gen.
1194:
A celebration broke out among the miners, who broke into liquor warehouses and saloons. That night, some of the miners loaded a flatcar with dynamite and attempted to roll it toward the deputies' camp. It overturned short of its goal and killed a cow. Other miners wanted to blow up every mine in the
1186:
On May 24, the strikers seized the Strong mine on Battle
Mountain, which overlooked the town of Victor. The next day, at about 9 am, 125 deputies arrived in Altman and set up camp at the base of Bull Hill. As they started to march toward the strikers' camp, miners at the Strong mine blew up the
1164:
Shortly after negotiations with the union ended, the mine owners met secretly with
Sheriff Bowers in Colorado Springs. They told Bowers they intended to bring in hundreds of nonunion workers, and asked if he could protect such a large force of men. Bowers said he could not, for the county lacked the
1289:
But the WFM's success at
Cripple Creek also created a significant backlash. The WFM was forever tarred as a dangerous and violent organization in the eyes of employers. Never again would the WFM have in a local strike the level of public support it enjoyed at Cripple Creek in 1894. Indeed, when the
1281:
The
Cripple Creek strike was a major victory for the miners' union. The Western Federation of Miners used the success of the strike to organize almost every worker in the Cripple Creek region – including waitresses, laundry workers, bartenders and newsboys – into 54 local unions. The WFM flourished
1083:
issued a notice a week later demanding that the mine owners reinstate the eight-hour day at the $ 3.00 wage. When the owners did not respond, the nascent union struck on
February 7. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open,
1332:
in 1896, which succeeded in burning down the surface works of one of the mines, even the pro-union county sheriff requested Gov. McIntire to send in the state militia, and the WFM lost the strike, and its influence in
Leadville. The collapse of the 1896 Leadville strike caused the WFM to sever its
1231:
Negotiations resumed in Denver on June 2, and the parties reached an agreement on June 4. The agreement provided for resumption of the $ 3.00-per-day wage and the eight-hour day. The mine owners agreed not to retaliate against or prosecute any miner who had taken part in the strike, and the miners
1218:
interceded again in the strike. He issued a proclamation on May 27 in which he called on the miners to disband their encampment on Bull Hill. In a development unparalleled in
American labor history, he also declared the force of 1,200 deputies to be illegal and ordered the group disbanded. He also
1256:
The deputies turned their attention to Cripple Creek itself. They arrested and imprisoned hundreds of citizens without cause. Many inhabitants of the town were seized on the street or pulled from their homes, then clubbed, kicked or beaten. The deputies formed a gauntlet and forced townspeople to
1227:
in Colorado Springs. Talks were under way and proceeding well when a mob of local citizens attempted to storm the building. Blaming Calderwood and Waite for the violence in Cripple Creek, they intended to lynch both men. As a local judge distracted the mob, Calderwood and Waite escaped out a rear
1147:
In response to the recall of the state militia, the mine owners closed the mines. Bowers arrested Calderwood, 18 other miners, and the mayor and town marshal of Altman (who had supported the miners). They were taken to Colorado Springs and quickly tried on several different charges, but found not
1268:
Waite threatened to declare martial law, but the mine owners refused to disband their deputy force. Gen. Brooks then threatened to keep his troops in the region for another 30 days. Faced with the prospect of paying for a paramilitary force which could only sit on its hands, the owners agreed to
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On March 16, an armed group of miners ambushed and captured six sheriff's deputies en route to the Victor mine. A fight broke out, in which one deputy was shot and another hit by a club. An Altman judge, a member of the WFM, charged the deputies with carrying concealed weapons and disturbing the
1248:
With 1,300 deputies still in Cripple Creek, Sheriff Bowers was unable to control the army he had created. On June 5, the deputies moved into Altman, perhaps as a prelude to storming Bull Hill. The deputies cut the telegraph and telephone wires leading out of town, and imprisoned a number of
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On May 26, mine owners met again with Sheriff Bowers in Colorado City. The owners agreed to provide more funding to allow the sheriff to raise 1,200 additional deputies. Bowers quickly recruited men from all over the state, and established a camp for them in the town of
1155:
In early May, the mine owners met with representatives of the WFM in Colorado Springs in an attempt to end the strike. The owners offered to return to the eight-hour day, but at a daily wage of only $ 2.75. The union rejected the offer and talks broke down.
1297:
The union's success also altered the course of Colorado politics. Colorado citizens blamed Waite for protecting the miners' union and encouraging violence and anarchy. The backlash led to Waite's defeat at the polls in November 1894 and the election of
1168:
News of the mine owners' meeting with Bowers soon leaked out, and the miners organized and armed themselves in response. Calderwood was leaving on a tour of the WFM locals in Colorado to raise funds for the Cripple Creek strike, and so appointed
1345:(IWW) in 1905, but withdrew from the IWW a few years later. Although the IWW's heyday was short-lived, the union was symbolically important and the ideals embodied by it continue to deeply influence the American labor movement to this day.
1177:
officer, to take over strike operations. Johnson immediately established a camp atop Bull Hill, which overlooked the town of Altman. He ordered that fortifications be built, a commissary stocked and the miners be drilled in maneuvers.
1101:. The WFM initially attempted to persuade these men to join the union and strike, but when they were unsuccessful, the union resorted to threats and violence. These tactics succeeded in driving non-union miners out of the district.
1551:
In 1899, after a second WFM strike in Cripple Creek was brutally repressed by the state militia, the far western section of El Paso County was made into its own county. Today, Cripple Creek and the surrounding district lie within
1165:
financial resources to pay and arm more than a few deputies. The mine owners offered to subsidize an initial force of a hundred or so men. Bowers agreed, and immediately began recruiting ex-police and ex-firefighters from Denver.
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The strike had an immediate effect. By the end of February, every smelter in Colorado was either closed or running part-time. At the beginning of March, the Gold King and Granite mines gave in and resumed the eight-hour day.
1191:, hurling the structure more than 300 feet into the air. A few moments later, the steam boiler was also dynamited, showering the deputies with timber, iron and cable. The deputies fled to the rail station and left town.
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Mine owners still holding out for the 10-hour day soon attempted to re-open their mines. On March 14, they obtained a court injunction ordering the miners not to interfere with the operation of their mines, and hired
1308:
The Cripple Creek strike of 1894 also hardened the attitudes of mine owners. Under Gov. McIntire, the government of Colorado formed a political alliance with the mine owners. Mine owners increasingly turned to the
1222:
An initial meeting on May 30 nearly ended in disaster. Waite and several local civic leaders called union president Calderwood and mine owners Hagerman and Moffat to a conference in a meeting hall on the campus of
1272:
Union president Calderwood and 300 other miners were arrested and charged with a variety of crimes. Only four miners were convicted of any charges, and were quickly pardoned by the sympathetic populist governor.
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pass through it, spitting, slapping and kicking them. With Bull Hill in his possession, Gen. Brooks began detaining the deputies. By nightfall, Brooks had seized the town and corralled all of Bowers' men.
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disband it. The deputies, which Gen. Brooks had dispatched via rail to Colorado Springs, began dispersing on June 11. The Waite agreement became operative the same day, and the miners returned to work.
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union struck the Cripple Creek mines again in 1898, its public support ended after violence broke out. During another strike in 1903–4, whose violent significance earned it the name
33:
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ordered the state militia to be on the alert for a possible move on Cripple Creek. On May 28, the governor visited the miners, who authorized Waite to negotiate on their behalf.
1711:: "Well, what if it is? Is it not the truth that for thirty years the two old parties have been legislating for the creditor class? It is true, and turn about is fair play."
233:
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Each miner carried a rifle, a cartridge belt and five dynamite charges with percussion caps. The hill had been mined with dynamite as well, and the miners had rigged a
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reporters. Concerned that the paramilitary force might get out of hand, Waite again dispatched the state militia, this time under the command of General E.J. Brooks.
1935:
1930:
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and a private force working for owners of the mines. In the years after the strike, the WFM's popularity and power increased significantly through the region.
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Calderwood returned during the night and restored calm. He asked saloons to close, and he imprisoned several miners who had instigated outbursts of violence.
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labor officials throughout the country became steady allies of the union, and the WFM became a political force throughout much of the Rocky Mountain West.
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Not long before this dispute, miners at Cripple Creek had formed the Free Coinage Union. Once the new changes went into effect, they affiliated with the
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was the largest town in the gold-mining district that included the towns of Altman, Anaconda, Arequa, Goldfield, Elkton, Independence and
1960:
1940:
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713:
286:
1925:
1744:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism.
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303:
682:
321:
258:
1054:. The influx of silver miners into the gold mines caused a lowering of wages. Mine owners demanded longer hours for less pay.
1955:
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1910:
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in the Cripple Creek area for almost a decade, even helping to elect most county officials (including the new sheriff).
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agreed not to discriminate against or harass any nonunion worker who remained employed in the mines.
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guilty. Meanwhile, outbursts of violence, such as stone-throwing and fights between union miners and
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was discovered in the area in 1891, and within three years more than 150 mines were operating there.
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587:
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1867:
Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners.
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a quarter-mile. The grade of the hill was steeper than that which faced the British at the
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On February 1, 1894, the mine owners began implementing the 10-hour day. Union president
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Waite did not dispute charges that his administration was partial to union organizing,
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After a nighttime rifle and dynamite attack by striking miners on two mines during the
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to crash; the gold price, however, remained fixed, as the United States was on the
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1843:
The Labor History of the Cripple Creek District: A Study In Industrial Evolution
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The Lessons of Leadville, Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left.
1375:
1294:, the union went up against the power of the employers and the state combined.
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401:. It is notable for being the only time in United States history when a state
1904:
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Illegal sheriff's deputies under military guard in Cripple Creek, Colo., 1894
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Smits, Angel Strong. 'Sam Strong: Cripple Creek's notorious millionaire.'
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1137:, dispatched 300 troops to the area on March 18 under the command of
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for spies, increased the use of strikebreakers, and implemented the
1765:
All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek.
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409:
390:
32:
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The Cripple Creek Strike: A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado
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86:
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Warned about the size of the force Bowers was raising, Governor
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wired the governor and requested the intervention of the state
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was called out (May/June 1894) in support of striking workers.
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765:
72:
16:
Labor strike by the Western Federation of Miners in Colorado
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1829:
Monograph 10. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994.
1869:
2nd ed. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
1337:
and to turn strongly to the left politically. After the
1746:
2nd ed. New York: International Publishers, Co., 1975.
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The strike was characterized by firefights and use of
1305:. The Populist movement in Colorado never recovered.
1352:
1159:
1108:
393:, United States. It resulted in a victory for the
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1902:
1244:Cripple Creek, Colo., under martial law in 1894.
1936:Law enforcement operations in the United States
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1813:. New York: Wilshire Book Co. pp. 71–116
1805:"Chapters VII–XIII: The Cripple Creek Strike"
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1341:, the WFM was instrumental in launching the
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1228:door and onto the governor's waiting train.
1931:Miners' labor disputes in the United States
1694:
1692:
1690:
1673:
1533:
1057:In January 1894, Cripple Creek mine owners
52:February 7 – June 12, 1894
1767:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. 1998.
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1206:, about 12 miles away from Cripple Creek.
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993:
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1325:as a means of controlling union members.
412:, and ended after a standoff between the
1799:
1687:
1259:
1239:
241:
1839:
1777:
1760:New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1956.
1515:
1488:
1399:
1276:
1087:
419:
1903:
1371:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1787:. Denver: Great Western Publishing Co
215:
375:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
1315:Pinkerton National Detective Agency
1209:
1113:After the assault on his deputies,
683:Workers' right to access the toilet
13:
1961:1890s strikes in the United States
1941:History of Teller County, Colorado
14:
1972:
1881:
1840:Rastall, Benjamin McKie (1906).
1388:Copper Country strike of 1913–14
1355:
1160:County sheriff deputizes an army
1109:Involvement of the state militia
1019:At the end of the 19th century,
578:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
447:
397:and was followed in 1903 by the
31:
1926:1894 labor disputes and strikes
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1714:
1701:
1664:
1646:
1625:
1604:
1568:
1545:
1343:Industrial Workers of the World
1311:Thiel Detective Service Company
1758:The Rocky Mountain Revolution.
1506:
1497:
1467:
628:Occupational safety and health
623:Occupational safety and health
1:
1735:
751:Chronological list of strikes
38:
1956:Western Federation of Miners
1335:American Federation of Labor
1074:Western Federation of Miners
383:Western Federation of Miners
109:Western Federation of Miners
26:Cripple Creek miners' strike
7:
1384:, the WFM strike of 1903–04
1348:
1105:peace, then released them.
1084:but larger mines held out.
10:
1977:
1911:Labor disputes in Colorado
1895:, a production of KUED-TV.
1182:Dynamiting the Strong mine
1951:1890 in the United States
1846:. University of Wisconsin
1236:The state militia returns
1031:on the southwest side of
714:International comparisons
648:Right to rest and leisure
588:Employment discrimination
249:
164:
159:
129:
124:
101:
96:
78:
68:
56:
48:
30:
25:
1393:
1330:Leadville Miners' Strike
499:Social movement unionism
1810:The Pinkerton Labor Spy
1729:Philpott, pp. 27, 90–3.
1554:Teller County, Colorado
1363:Organized labour portal
1127:Colorado National Guard
709:Trade union federations
704:Trade unions by country
62:Cripple Creek, Colorado
37:View of Cripple Creek,
1865:Suggs, Jr., George G.
1779:Langdon, Emma Florence
1643:. See Holbrook, p. 81.
1378:(a.k.a. Harry Orchard)
1333:relationship with the
1265:
1245:
1027:, about 20 miles from
608:Freedom of association
414:Colorado state militia
1888:Cripple Creek History
1720:Philpott, pp. 25, 27.
1641:Battle of Bunker Hill
1263:
1243:
593:Employment protection
573:Collective bargaining
479:Exploitation of labor
160:Casualties and losses
1916:Colorado Mining Boom
1825:Philpott, William.
1763:Jameson, Elizabeth.
1635:capable of throwing
1622:Holbrook, pp. 79–80.
1277:Impact of the strike
1125:(predecessor to the
1088:Events of the strike
1046:caused the price of
954:Industrial relations
943:Academic disciplines
539:National-syndicalism
509:Democratic socialism
420:Causes of the strike
243:Metal mining strikes
1756:Holbrook, Stewart.
1661:Holbrook, pp. 81–2.
1592:Holbrook, pp. 76–7.
1565:Holbrook, pp. 75–6.
1512:Holbrook, pp. 74–5.
1485:Holbrook, pp. 73–4.
1438:Holbrook, pp. 78–9.
1382:Colorado Labor Wars
1339:Colorado Labor Wars
1292:Colorado Labor Wars
534:Anarcho-syndicalism
399:Colorado Labor Wars
300:Colorado Labor Wars
1601:Holbrook, p. 77–8.
1266:
1246:
1216:Davis Hanson Waite
643:Professional abuse
1946:1890s in Colorado
1742:Foner, Philip S.
1670:Suggs, pp. 19–20.
1637:Molotov cocktails
1171:Junius J. Johnson
1017:
1016:
974:Post-work society
803:Solidarity action
613:Legal working age
469:Conflict theories
377:was a five-month
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210:
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139:Junius J. Johnson
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1968:
1921:1894 in Colorado
1893:Fire in the Hole
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1801:Friedman, Morris
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1684:Holbrook, p. 82.
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1652:Holbrook, p. 81.
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1610:Holbrook, p. 79.
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1583:Suggs, pp. 18–9.
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1574:Holbrook, p. 76.
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1542:Holbrook, p. 75.
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1503:Holbrook, p. 74.
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1473:Holbrook, p. 73.
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1465:
1464:Philpott, p. 26.
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1365:
1360:
1359:
1225:Colorado College
1210:Waite intervenes
1139:Adjutant General
1133:, a 67-year-old
1029:Colorado Springs
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949:Critique of work
793:Pen-down strikes
504:Social democracy
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1303:Albert McIntire
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1081:John Calderwood
1013:
984:
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979:Refusal of work
959:Labor economics
944:
936:
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829:
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818:Wildcat strikes
813:Whipsaw strikes
798:Sitdown strikes
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673:Toxic workplace
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1863:
1856:
1837:
1823:
1797:
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1487:
1475:
1466:
1440:
1426:
1397:
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1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1376:Albert Horsley
1373:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1347:
1278:
1275:
1237:
1234:
1211:
1208:
1183:
1180:
1161:
1158:
1131:Davis H. Waite
1115:El Paso County
1110:
1107:
1099:strikebreakers
1089:
1086:
1059:J. J. Hagerman
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1004:
997:
989:
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925:United Kingdom
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867:
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825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
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773:
768:
761:General strike
758:
753:
747:
746:
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733:
732:
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729:
724:
718:
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583:Eight-hour day
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531:
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486:
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476:
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465:
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459:Labor movement
457:
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444:
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434:
421:
418:
366:
365:
363:
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356:
350:
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331:
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322:Copper Country
319:
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296:
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148:
144:Davis H. Waite
131:
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127:
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115:Federal troops
114:
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106:
99:
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91:demonstrations
80:
76:
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66:
65:
60:
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53:
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46:
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36:
28:
27:
21:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1973:
1962:
1959:
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1954:
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1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
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1909:
1908:
1906:
1899:
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1876:
1875:0-8061-2396-6
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:0-252-06690-1
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:0-7178-0388-0
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1726:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1698:Suggs, p. 20.
1695:
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1679:
1677:
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1658:
1649:
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1607:
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1539:
1537:
1530:Suggs, p. 18.
1527:
1525:
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1521:
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1509:
1500:
1494:Suggs, p. 17.
1491:
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1424:Suggs, p. 19.
1421:
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1407:
1405:
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1199:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1176:
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1157:
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1145:
1143:
1142:T. J. Tarsney
1140:
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1128:
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1120:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1077:
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1055:
1053:
1052:gold standard
1049:
1045:
1044:Panic of 1893
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Cripple Creek
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
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977:
975:
972:
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967:
965:
964:Labor history
962:
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939:
931:
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923:
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896:
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890:New Caledonia
888:
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873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
837:Labor parties
833:
832:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Overtime bans
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:Strike action
739:
738:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
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712:
710:
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702:
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684:
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664:
661:
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654:
651:
649:
646:
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641:
639:
638:Paid time off
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
603:Four-day week
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
551:
550:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Union busting
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
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492:
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437:
436:
432:
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411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Cripple Creek
384:
380:
376:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
335:
334:Anaconda Road
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:Idaho Springs
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
288:
287:Coeur d'Alene
285:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:Cripple Creek
271:
268:
267:Coeur d'Alene
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
248:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
217:
214:
200:
195:
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177:
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167:
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158:
153:
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100:
95:
92:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1898:
1866:
1862:August 2001.
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1842:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1808:
1789:. Retrieved
1783:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1725:
1716:
1703:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1627:
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1597:
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1490:
1469:
1327:
1307:
1296:
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1251:
1247:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1146:
1129:). Governor
1119:M. F. Bowers
1112:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1071:
1063:David Moffat
1056:
1041:
1018:
823:Work-to-rule
697:Trade unions
678:Unfree labor
668:Six-hour day
653:Right to sit
618:Minimum wage
563:Annual leave
555:Labor rights
489:New unionism
407:
374:
372:
353:Murdochville
272:
198:
193:
188:
180:
175:
170:
151:M. F. Bowers
149:
132:
125:Lead figures
18:
1173:, a former
920:South Korea
900:Netherlands
895:New Zealand
568:Child labor
524:Syndicalism
494:Proletariat
474:Decent work
347:Empire Zinc
341:1930s–1970s
294:1900s–1920s
42: 1900
1905:Categories
1860:Wild West.
1736:References
1300:Republican
1189:shafthouse
1067:Eben Smith
1035:. Surface
1033:Pikes Peak
778:Green bans
771:newspapers
663:Sick leave
658:Sabbatical
1835:1046-3100
1323:blacklist
1175:U.S. Army
969:Labor law
915:Singapore
870:Hong Kong
845:Australia
598:Equal pay
519:Communism
514:Socialism
385:(WFM) in
316:Goldfield
306:) 1903–04
281:Leadville
1803:(1907).
1781:(1894).
1633:ballista
1349:See also
1135:Populist
1117:Sheriff
910:Portugal
850:Barbados
808:Walkouts
783:Lockouts
633:Overwork
484:Timeline
430:a series
427:Part of
410:dynamite
391:Colorado
194:Injuries
176:Injuries
107:Miners;
57:Location
1850:July 8,
1817:July 8,
1791:July 8,
1319:lockout
1123:militia
875:Ireland
865:Georgia
403:militia
381:by the
324:1913–14
318:1906–07
310:Cananea
283:1896–97
199:Arrests
181:Arrests
97:Parties
87:protest
83:Strikes
79:Methods
1873:
1833:
1771:
1750:
1709:saying
1204:Divide
1048:silver
1025:Victor
930:Sweden
905:Norway
880:Israel
855:Brazil
756:Hartal
379:strike
328:Bisbee
189:Deaths
171:Deaths
1394:Notes
1150:scabs
885:Malta
766:Bandh
395:union
253:1800s
183:: 300
73:Wages
69:Goals
1871:ISBN
1852:2007
1831:ISSN
1819:2009
1793:2009
1769:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1321:and
1313:and
1065:and
1042:The
1037:gold
860:Fiji
727:WFTU
722:ITUC
373:The
361:1978
359:Inco
355:1957
349:1950
336:1920
330:1917
312:1906
289:1899
275:1894
269:1892
261:1865
49:Date
191:: 1
173:: 1
1907::
1807:.
1689:^
1675:^
1615:^
1535:^
1517:^
1478:^
1443:^
1429:^
1401:^
1061:,
433:on
389:,
196::
178::
89:,
85:,
39:c.
1854:.
1821:.
1795:.
1556:.
1008:e
1001:t
994:v
302:(
235:e
228:t
221:v
201::
141:;
136:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
