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They were told that twenty-four hours, and no more, would be allowed them, and if by that time they were not at work, and the ore loaded in the idle cars, that encampment would be stormed by shot and shell, and no questions would be asked or answered. There must be no more rioting, no more idleness,
285:
During the United States' Civil War, high demand meant the price of iron had significantly increased. Knowing this, the miners forced the mining companies to raise their wages in 1864. The problem was not solved, as the dockworkers, who were paid significantly less than the miners, struck for higher
311:
The wartime demand quickly abated after the war's end in April 1865, and the many returning soldiers increased the labor pool. When combined, this meant that
Cleveland and other nearby companies felt justified in announcing a wage cut on Saturday, July 1, 1865. The miners grudgingly accepted the
391:
This fear of
Confederate terrorism was not entirely farfetched even though the war had ended in April. Confederate agents captured and destroyed two Great Lakes steamers in 1864, and resistance against the United States only ended in late June with the capture of the commerce raider
402:
had only continued operations because her crew had no firm indication of the war’s end, and clandestine agents in the North would have had news to halt operations, given the context, Northern fears of continued
Confederate attacks in the 1865 were
351:, and enlisted a steam engine to push it with a full landing party. All were armed and most were veterans of the war, as opposed to the miners, who had little to no combat experience. He recounted the incident months later:
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cuts, but the dockworkers refused their wage cut and the companies gave into their demands. This galvanized the miners, and 1500 to 2000 of them marched on the mines and the town of
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officials near the capital requested troops from
Michigan's governor, believing that the war's demand for iron would override social concerns for the workers. They were correct; a
593:
110:
656:
641:
586:
538:
Rodgers, Bradley A. "The Naval
Suppression of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula Mining Strikes of 1865." Extract from master's thesis, East Carolina University, 1990.
192:
103:
497:, 6 (December 1891), 550, in Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 11. The quote also appears in Lt. Commander F.A. Roe to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles,
347:. On appraising the situation, he quickly moved to end the strike. He mounted two of the ship’s guns on a railroad car, fitted it with metal to
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Reynolds, Terry S. "Calm or
Conflicted: Labor-Management Relations on the Michigan Iron Ranges in the Nineteenth Century."
27:
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Letters
Received By the Secretary of the Navy From Officers Below the Rank of Commander 1802–1886
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335:, had fought through the war in various capacities, including directing a fight between his
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s departure, the miners struck again and were put back down by a returning
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and its crew arrived in
Marquette's harbor as part of a routine sweep of
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Online
Library of Selected Images – Ships of the Confederate States
36:, seen here at an unknown date, helped put down the 1865 miner's strike.
88:
568: ———. "Deliverance by Sea: Michigan’s Peninsula War of 1865."
58:
495:
The United
Service, A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs
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Iron Will: Cleveland Cliffs and the Mining of Iron Ore, 1847-2006
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81:
559:
Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan
501:, September 14, 1865, Entry 145, Roll 399, M-148, RG-45,
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and the Lake Frontier During the War of the Rebellion,"
266:. They were put down by a naval detachment from the
277:, and later with an army detachment from Chicago.
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535:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011.
594:
104:
503:National Archives and Records Administration
531:Reynolds, Terry S. and Virginia P. Dawson.
489:Francis A. Roe, "The United States Steamer
456:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
262:in July 1865, shortly after the end of the
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587:
518:, 40; Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 16–19.
440:, 40; Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 10–12.
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471:, Naval History & Heritage Command.
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480:Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 11–12.
461:Naval History & Heritage Command
375:, brought up by rail from Chicago.
13:
703:1860s strikes in the United States
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14:
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572:73, no. 6 (Nov–Dec 1989): 16–21.
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698:1865 labor disputes and strikes
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254:(located in the United States'
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430:
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21:Upper Peninsula miners' strike
1:
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288:Cleveland Iron Mining Company
563:University of Michigan Press
554:33, no. 2 (Fall 2007): 1–45.
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371:and the 8th Regiment of the
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688:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
611:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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256:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
10:
719:
678:Labor disputes in Michigan
551:Michigan Historical Review
465:CSS Shenandoah (1864-1865)
398:. Though we know now that
324:for Confederate activity.
250:Ore miners working on the
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73:
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49:
41:
25:
20:
609:Miners' strikes in the
341:and a Confederate ram,
331:, Lieutenant Commander
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273:, using an improvised
514:Reynolds and Dawson,
436:Reynolds and Dawson,
423:Reynolds and Dawson,
373:Veteran Reserve Corps
353:
557:Rodgers, Bradley A.
356:and no more threats.
252:Marquette Iron Range
120:Metal mining strikes
177:Colorado Labor Wars
683:Mining in Michigan
292:United States Navy
264:American Civil War
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664:
505:, Washington D.C.
245:
244:
87:
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693:1865 in Michigan
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570:Michigan History
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322:Lake Superior
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281:Prelude: 1864
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275:armored train
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181:Idaho Springs
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164:Coeur d'Alene
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150:Cripple Creek
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32:Sailors from
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349:act as armor
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307:Strike: 1865
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230:Murdochville
135:
69:Higher wages
33:
224:Empire Zinc
218:1930s–1970s
171:1900s–1920s
672:Categories
526:References
400:Shenandoah
395:Shenandoah
258:) went on
516:Iron Will
438:Iron Will
425:Iron Will
379:Footnotes
344:Albemarle
314:Marquette
193:Goldfield
183:) 1903–04
158:Leadville
55:Marquette
45:July 1865
491:Michigan
451:Michigan
427:, 39–40.
411:Endnotes
369:Michigan
362:Michigan
338:Sassacus
329:Michigan
318:Michigan
300:Michigan
270:Michigan
59:Michigan
50:Location
34:Michigan
565:, 1996.
295:gunboat
286:wages.
201:1913–14
195:1906–07
187:Cananea
160:1896–97
82:looting
78:Strikes
74:Methods
360:After
260:strike
205:Bisbee
365:'
130:1800s
66:Goals
657:1968
652:1946
642:1907
637:1895
632:1873
627:1865
622:1856
268:USS
238:1978
236:Inco
232:1957
226:1950
213:1920
207:1917
189:1906
166:1899
152:1894
146:1892
138:1865
42:Date
467:,"
463:; "
453:,"
674::
459:,
297:,
80:,
57:,
602:e
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179:(
112:e
105:t
98:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
