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the proponents of symbolic ai gained control of national funding conduits and ruthlessly defunded cybernetics research. This effectively liquidated the subfields of self-organizing systems, neural networks and adaptive machines, evolutionary programming, biological computation, and bionics for several decades, leaving the workers in management, therapy and the social sciences to carry the torch. i think some of the polemical pushing-and-shoving between first-order control theorists and second-order crowds that i witnessed in subsequent decades was the cumulative result of a shift of funding, membership, and research from the "hard" natural sciences to "soft" socio-psychological interventions.
1157:
to exchanges with feminist technoscience and posthumanism. Re-examinations of cybernetics' history have seen science studies scholars emphasising cybernetics' unusual qualities as a science, such as its "performative ontology". Practical design disciplines have drawn on cybernetics for theoretical underpinning and transdisciplinary connections. Emerging topics include how cybernetics' engagements with social, human, and ecological contexts might come together with its earlier technological focus, whether as a critical discourse or a "new branch of engineering".
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1260:: A model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback (cybernetic) control loops. A key insight of PCT is that the controlled variable is not the output of the system (the behavioral actions), but its input, "perception". The theory came to be known as "perceptual control theory" to distinguish from those control theorists that assert or assume that it is the system's output that is controlled.
4274:
1169:. Feedback is a process where the observed outcomes of actions are taken as inputs for further action in ways that support the pursuit, maintenance, or disruption of particular conditions, forming a circular causal relationship. In steering a ship, the helmsperson maintains a steady course in a changing environment by adjusting their steering in continual response to the effect it is observed as having.
50:
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artificial intelligence was born at a conference at
Dartmouth in 1956 that was organized by McCarthy, Minsky, rochester, and shannon, three years after the Macy conferences on cybernetics had ended (Boden 2006; McCorduck 1972). The two movements coexisted for roughly a de- cade, but by the mid-1960s,
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From the 1990s onwards, there has been a renewed interest in cybernetics from a number of directions. Early cybernetic work on artificial neural networks has been returned to as a paradigm in machine learning and artificial intelligence. The entanglements of society with emerging technologies has led
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SCiO (Systems and
Complexity in Organisation) is a community of systems practitioners who believe that traditional approaches to running organisations are no longer capable of dealing with the complexity and turbulence faced by organisations today and are responsible for many of the problems we see
1240:
theory: Double binds are patterns created in interaction between two or more parties in ongoing relationships where there is a contradiction between messages at different logical levels that creates a situation with emotional threat but no possibility of withdrawal from the situation and no way to
798:) means "helmsperson"). In steering a ship, the helmsperson adjusts their steering in continual response to the effect it is observed as having, forming a feedback loop through which a steady course can be maintained in a changing environment, responding to disturbances from cross winds and tide.
2193:
It seems that cybernetics is many different things to many different people. But this is because of the richness of its conceptual base; and I believe that this is very good, otherwise cybernetics would become a somewhat boring exercise. However, all of those perspectives arise from one central
1982:
While Wiener's book presents cybernetics in a scientific context, its subtitle does not use the term science and Wiener refers to cybernetics as a "field" when defining it. Ashby, however, refers to Wiener as defining cybernetics as "the science of communication and control" and many subsequent
924:
After much consideration, we have come to the conclusion that all the existing terminology has too heavy a bias to one side or another to serve the future development of the field as well as it should; and as happens so often to scientists, we have been forced to coin at least one artificial
1572:: The Metaphorum group was set up in 2003 to develop Stafford Beer's legacy in Organizational Cybernetics. The Metaphorum Group was born in a Syntegration in 2003 and have every year after developed a Conference on issues related to Organizational Cybernetics' theory and practice.
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e.g. by Ray Ison: Ison, R. (2012). A cybersystemic framework for practical action. In: Murray, Joy; Cawthorne, Glenn; Dey, Christopher and Andrew, Chris eds. Enough for All
Forever. A Handbook for Learning about Sustainability. Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing, pp.
1129:; epistemology and pedagogy, such as in the development of radical constructivism. Cybernetics' core theme of circular causality was developed beyond goal-oriented processes to concerns with reflexivity and recursion. This was especially so in the development of
1354:
As cybernetics has developed, it broadened in scope to include work in management, design, pedagogy, and the creative arts, while also developing exchanges with constructivist philosophies, counter-cultural movements, and media studies. The development of
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The initial focus of cybernetics was on parallels between regulatory feedback processes in biological and technological systems. Two foundational articles were published in 1943: "Behavior, Purpose and
Teleology" by Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener, and
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Andres, Josh; Zafiroglu, Alexandra; Daniell, Katherine; Wong, Paul; Henein, Mina; Zhu, Xuanying; Sweeting, Ben; Arnold, Michael; Macnamara, Delia
Pembrey; Helfgott, Ariella (2022-11-29). "Cybernetic Lenses for Designing and Living in a Complex World".
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processes increase (hence 'positive') the difference from a desired state. An example of positive feedback is when a microphone picks up the sound that it is producing through a speaker, which is then played through the speaker, and so on.
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processes are those that maintain particular conditions by reducing (hence 'negative') the difference from a desired state, such as where a thermostat turns on a heater when it is too cold and turns a heater off when it is too hot.
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is an approach to psychotherapy based on perceptual control theory where the therapist aims to help the patient shift their awareness to higher levels of perception in order to resolve conflicts and allow reorganization to take
2415:
Fernandez, M. (2009). "Aesthetically-Potent
Environments" or How Pask Detourned Instrumental Cybernetics. In P. Brown, C. Gere, N. Lambert, & C. Mason (Eds.), White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960-1980 MIT
1093:
The second wave of cybernetics came to prominence from the 1960s onwards, with its focus inflecting away from technology toward social, ecological, and philosophical concerns. It was still grounded in biology, notably
825:
emphasised the role of cybernetics as "a form of cross-disciplinary thought which made it possible for members of many disciplines to communicate with each other easily in a language which all could understand."
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By the 1960s and 1970s, however, cybernetics' transdisciplinarity fragmented, with technical focuses separating into separate fields. Artificial intelligence (AI) was founded as a distinct discipline at the
1307:
Cybernetics' central concept of circular causality is of wide applicability, leading to diverse applications and relations with other fields. Many of the initial applications of cybernetics focused on
1016:. The foundations of cybernetics were then developed through a series of transdisciplinary conferences funded by the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, between 1946 and 1953. The conferences were chaired by
2634:
McCulloch, W.S., 1965b (1964), A Historical
Introduction to the Postulational Foundations of Experimental Epistemology, in Embodiments of Mind, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 359-373.
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1276:: Also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, second-order cybernetics is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the practice of cybernetics according to such a critique.
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in 1956, differentiating itself from the broader cybernetics field. After some uneasy coexistence, AI gained funding and prominence. Consequently, cybernetic sciences such as the study of
1008: – based on the research on living organisms that Rosenblueth did in Mexico – and the paper "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" by
2723:
Tilak, Shantanu; Glassman, Michael; Kuznetcova, Irina; Pelfrey, G. Logan (2021-10-28). "Applications of cybernetics to psychological theory: Historical and conceptual explorations".
1110:
and the presence of anthropologists Mead and
Bateson in the Macy meetings. The Biological Computer Laboratory, founded in 1958 and active until the mid-1970s under the direction of
1048:, an informal dining club of young psychiatrists, psychologists, physiologists, mathematicians and engineers that met between 1949 and 1958. Wiener introduced the neologism
2397:
Glanville, R. (2002). "Second order cybernetics." In F. Parra-Luna (ed.), Systems science and cybernetics. In
Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Oxford: EoLSS
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Dubberly, H., & Pangaro, P. (2015). How cybernetics connects computing, counterculture, and design. In Hippie
Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia. Walker Art Center.
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neo-Greek expression to fill the gap. We have decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the animal, by the name
813:
Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, reflecting "the richness of its conceptual base." One of the best known definitions is that of the American scientist
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Many fields trace their origins in whole or part to work carried out in cybernetics, or were partially absorbed into cybernetics when it was developed. These include
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Logan, Robert K. (2015) Feedforward, I. A. Richards, cybernetics and Marshall McLuhan. Systema: Connecting Catter, Life, Culture and Technology, 3 (1). pp. 177-185.
1133:(or the cybernetics of cybernetics), developed and promoted by Heinz von Foerster, which focused on questions of observation, cognition, epistemology, and ethics.
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systems where outputs are also inputs. It is concerned with general principles that are relevant across multiple contexts, including in ecological, technological,
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Muller, A., and Muller, K. (eds). An Unfinished Revolution?: Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory / BCL 1958–1976, Edition Echoraum, 2007.
71:
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McCulloch, Warren (1945). "A Heterarchy of Values Determined by the Topology of Nervous Nets". In: Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 7, 1945, 89–93.
817:, who characterised cybernetics as concerned with "control and communication in the animal and the machine." Another early definition is that of the
3166:
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Glanville, R. (2007). Try again. Fail again. Fail Better. The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics". Kybernetes, 36(9/10), 1173-1206.
841:); and "a branch of mathematics dealing with problems of control, recursiveness, and information, focuses on forms and the patterns that connect" (
933:
3018:
1115:
1176:, where the action of a heater responds to measured changes in temperature regulating the temperature of the room within a set range, and the
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character has meant that it intersects with a number of other fields, leading to it having both wide influence and diverse interpretations.
1569:
837:); "the study of systems of any nature which are capable of receiving, storing, and processing information so as to use it for control" (
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of a steam engine, which regulates the engine speed; biological examples such as the coordination of volitional movement through the
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The 1960s onwards also saw cybernetics begin to develop exchanges with the creative arts, design, and architecture, notably with the
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articulate the problem. The theory was first described by Gregory Bateson and colleagues in the 1950s with regard to the origins of
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821:, where cybernetics was understood as the study of "circular causal and feedback mechanisms in biological and social systems."
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Mead, M. (1968). "The cybernetics of cybernetics". In H. von Foerster; J. D. White; L. J. Peterson; J. K. Russell (eds.).
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Focuses of the second wave of cybernetics included management cybernetics, such as Stafford Beer's biologically inspired
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The field is named after an example of circular causal feedback—that of steering a ship (the ancient Greek κυβερνήτης (
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As a "pseudoscience" and "ideological weapon" of "imperialist reactionaries" (Soviet Philosophical Dictionary, 1954)
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processes that regulate variables such as blood sugar; and processes of social interaction such as conversation.
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Scholte, Tom (2020-05-02). "A proposal for the role of the arts in a new phase of second-order cybernetics".
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Mathews, Stanley (2005-09-01). "The Fun Palace: Cedric Price's experiment in architecture and technology".
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1069:, Cybernetics was initially considered with suspicion but became accepted from the mid to late 1950s.
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Pickering, A. (2010). The cybernetic brain: Sketches of another future. University of Chicago Press.
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In addition to feedback, cybernetics is concerned with other forms of circular processes including:
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Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J. & Weakland, J., 1956, Toward a theory of schizophrenia.
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today. SCiO delivers an apprenticeship on masters level and a certification in systems practice.
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Denning, Peter J. (2000). "Computer Science: The Discipline". Encyclopedia of Computer Science.
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in the summer of 1947. It has been attested in print since at least 1948 through Wiener's book
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promoting the development of (socio)cybernetic theory and research within the social sciences.
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Reichardt, J. (Ed.). Cybernetic serendipity: The computer and the arts. Studio International
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During the 1950s, cybernetics was developed as a primarily technical discipline, such as in
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Dubberly, Hugh; Pangaro, Paul (2019). "Cybernetics and Design: Conversations for Action".
8:
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Constructing a social science for postwar America : the cybernetics group, 1946-1953
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has led to a variety of applications, notably to the national economy of Chile under the
1331:. In the social and behavioral sciences, cybernetics has included and influenced work in
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Smith, Miranda; Karam, Eli (2018). "Second-Order Cybernetics in Family Systems Theory".
2554:. Design Research Foundations. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 85–99.
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Krippendorff K. (2023) A critical cybernetics. Constructivist Foundations 19(1): 82–93.
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Other examples of circular causal feedback include: technological devices such as the
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to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge.
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Cybernetics: Circular causal and feedback mechanisms in biological and social systems
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to denote the study of "teleological mechanisms" and popularized it through the book
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2927:. Series on Knots and Everything. Vol. 60. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. pp. 227–238.
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How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics
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Academic societies primarily concerned with cybernetics or aspects of it include:
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2533:"Anthropology, cybernetics, and establishing a new branch of engineering at ANU"
2247:. Transactions of the seventh conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.
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Other definitions include: "the art of governing or the science of government" (
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was consultant to architect Cedric Price and theatre director Joan Littlewood.
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became defined as a distinct academic discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s.
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being "one of the earliest and best-developed forms of feedback mechanisms".
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Checkland, P. (1981). Systems thinking, systems practice. Wiley, Chichester.
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Cybernetic revolutionaries : technology and politics in Allende's Chile
1512:. An open access journal published by the Cybernetics Society and hosted by
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Proceedings of the 34th Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
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Cybernetics; or, Control and communication in the animal and the machine
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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
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Cybernetics is often understood within the context of systems science,
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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
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Transdisciplinary field concerned with regulatory and purposive systems
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http://www.dubberly.com/articles/cybernetics-and-counterculture.html
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von Foerster, Heinz (2003). "Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics".
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2918:"Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice"
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From newspeak to cyberspeak : a history of Soviet cybernetics
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term κυβερνητικός (kubernētikos, '(good at) steering') appears in
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and also in practical activities such as designing, learning, and
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The shortcut : why intelligent machines do not think like us
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1830:(3rd ed.), Vol. 4, (Academic Press, San Diego), p. 155-169.
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1245:, but it is also characteristic of many other social contexts.
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is the transdisciplinary study of circular processes such as
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Principle diagram of a cybernetic system with a feedback loop
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Moreover, Wiener explains, the term was chosen to recognize
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Norbert Wiener and Stefan Odobleja - A Comparative Analysis
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RC51 Sociocybernetics: RC51 is a research committee of the
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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems
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International Society for Cybernetics and Systems Research
3161:
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1801:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts u.a.: MIT Press.
1421:, which is based on the concept of causal feedback loops.
30:
For organisms with both organic and mechanical parts, see
2657:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–2.
3171:
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von Foerster, H.; Mead, M.; Teuber, H. L., eds. (1951).
2141:Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften
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Other key concepts and theories in cybernetics include:
1482:
Academic journals with focuses in cybernetics include:
1405:. Systems approaches influenced by cybernetics include
2242:
1962:
Cybernetics and Society: The Human Use of Human Beings
1901:
The cybernetic brain : sketches of another future
4290:
2604:. (2005). The double bind: Pathology and creativity.
2173:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 287–304.
1732:
Systemics and cybernetics in a historical perspective
950:'s 1868 publication on feedback mechanisms involving
910:
was coined by a research group involving himself and
3140:
What is Cybernetics? Livas short introductory videos
1672:(1967). Behaviourist Art and the Cybernetic Vision.
1903:( ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1706:
1302:
1044:. In the UK, similar focuses were explored by the
2770:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2019.
2076:Gage, Stephen (2007-01-01). "The boat/helmsman".
2028:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2019.
1828:Encyclopedia of Physical Science & Technology
1540:IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems
1367:. In design, cybernetics has been influential on
4374:
2128:
2549:
2469:
2530:
3657:
3192:
2615:
749:
535:
3207:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in
3162:IEEE Systems, Man, & Cybernetics Society
2887:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 348–351.
2851:
2168:
1787:, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1160:
2982:
2871:http://openresearch.ocadu.ca/id/eprint/650/
2338:
2002:
2000:
1713:. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley.
1464:, are often described in cybernetic terms.
1140:exhibition (ICA, London, 1968), curated by
3664:
3650:
3199:
3185:
3017:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2652:
2472:"Possibilities for a critical cybernetics"
2470:Scholte, Tom; Sweeting, Ben (2022-08-05).
1576:IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society
1530:IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems
1116:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
968:. Finally, Wiener motivates the choice by
756:
742:
542:
528:
3103:Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and Systems
2925:New Horizons for Second-Order Cybernetics
2655:Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy
2597:
2595:
2487:
1895:
1762:
1467:
1315:, and exchanges between the two, such as
2915:
2320:
1997:
1824:Cybernetics and Second Order Cybernetics
1769:. Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press.
1381:
994:
852:
90:
74:of all important aspects of the article.
2814:
2688:"Cybernetic Foundations for Psychology"
2476:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
2425:
2344:
2298:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
1845:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1736:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
899:was also used in 1834 by the physicist
14:
4375:
2592:
2214:
2134:
2071:
2069:
1956:
1934:
1840:
1741:
1582:International Sociological Association
1474:List of systems sciences organizations
906:According to Norbert Wiener, the word
70:Please consider expanding the lead to
3645:
3180:
2685:
2347:"On the importance of being emergent"
2295:Book VI, The philosophy of government
2006:
1796:
1679:
857:Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for
4273:
2520:https://constructivist.info/19/1/082
2257:
2199:
2075:
1868:
1701:
1165:The central theme in cybernetics is
43:
4215:Systems theory in political science
3671:
2304:
2066:
1922:Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics
1859:
1065:'s 1954 "Engineering Cybernetics".
24:
1663:
289:Evolutionary developmental biology
25:
4409:
3074:
2731:(2). SAGE Publications: 298–325.
2698:(3). Alexander Riegler: 509–517.
1938:(1948). Hermann & Cie (ed.).
1862:"Cybernetics — A Definition"
1738:. Vol 16, pp. 203–219 (1999)
958:is also derived from κυβερνήτης (
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4272:
4260:
4249:
4248:
3157:American Society for Cybernetics
2345:Cariani, Peter (15 March 2010).
2283:American Society for Cybernetics
1557:American Society for Cybernetics
1535:IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
1478:List of systems science journals
1389:was an early form of cybernetic
569:
48:
3278:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
3108:Glossary Slideshow (136 slides)
3052:
3038:
3025:
2976:
2967:
2957:
2909:
2875:
2863:
2808:
2759:
2716:
2679:
2663:10.1007/978-3-319-15877-8_308-1
2646:
2637:
2628:
2543:
2524:
2512:
2463:
2454:
2419:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2329:
2289:
2271:
2267:. Spartan Books. pp. 1–11.
1976:
1303:Related fields and applications
1106:, and built on earlier work on
833:); "the art of steersmanship" (
456:Ordinary differential equations
62:may be too short to adequately
4393:Science and technology studies
4205:Systems theory in anthropology
2989:(First ed.). Boca Raton.
2251:
2236:
2162:
2104:
2017:
2010:An introduction to cybernetics
1833:Ilgauds, Hans Joachim (1980),
1683:An introduction to cybernetics
1088:
1020:and had participants included
920:. In the book, Wiener states:
808:
327:Partial differential equations
72:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
4210:Systems theory in archaeology
3091:Reading List for Cybernetics
2686:Scott, Bernard (2016-07-15).
2606:Cybernetics and Human Knowing
2531:Genevieve Bell (2020-01-07).
2013:. London: Chapman & Hall.
1990:
1783:Hayles, N. Katherine (1999).
1626:The Human Use of Human Beings
1495:Cybernetics and Human Knowing
1151:
980:
2916:Sweeting, Ben (2017-09-14).
2307:"The Cybernetics of Society"
2137:"A Brief History of the BCL"
2112:"What is cybernetics - NTNU"
1797:Heims, Steve Joshua (1993).
1680:Ashby, William Ross (1956).
1081:were downplayed. Similarly,
848:
819:Macy cybernetics conferences
39:Cybernetics (disambiguation)
7:
2983:Cristianini, Nello (2023).
2768:Design Research Foundations
2560:10.1007/978-3-030-18557-2_4
2537:EthnoPod with Jay Hasbrouck
2171:Understanding Understanding
2026:Design Research Foundations
1592:
895:of people. The French word
176:Particle swarm optimization
10:
4414:
3258:Computational neuroscience
2933:10.1142/9789813226265_0035
2692:Constructivist Foundations
2351:Constructivist Foundations
2194:theme; that of circularity
1826:", in: R.A. Meyers (ed.),
1488:Constructivist Foundations
1471:
1079:artificial neural networks
984:
975:
970:steering engines of a ship
887:, where the metaphor of a
631:Intelligence amplification
323:Reaction–diffusion systems
152:Self-organized criticality
36:
29:
4244:
4223:
4197:
3909:
3842:
3794:
3785:
3749:
3706:Coupled human–environment
3679:
3341:
3215:
3097:Principia Cybernetica Web
2823:(8). Emerald: 2153–2170.
2776:10.1007/978-3-030-18557-2
2737:10.1177/09593543211053804
2147:(1): 9–30. Archived from
2034:10.1007/978-3-030-18557-2
1944:. Paris: Technology Press
1763:Gerovitch, Slava (2002).
1456:. Some aspects of modern
1409:, which incorporates the
1407:critical systems thinking
1347:, cognitive science, and
1258:Perceptual control theory
1248:Experimental epistemology
1161:Key concepts and theories
962:) via a Latin corruption
929:, which we form from the
264:Artificial neural network
3431:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
3318:Second-order cybernetics
2226:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2179:10.1007/0-387-21722-3_14
1969:
1748:. Teach Yourself Books.
1610:Autonomous agency theory
1369:interactive architecture
1274:Second-order cybernetics
1131:second-order cybernetics
601:Brain–computer interface
515:Evolutionary game theory
405:Second-order cybernetics
269:Evolutionary computation
185:Collective consciousness
4039:Charles A. S. Hall
3293:Engineering cybernetics
3223:Artificial intelligence
3172:The Cybernetics Society
3121:"Basics of Cybernetics"
3046:"RC51 Sociocybernetics"
2893:10.1145/3572921.3576209
2725:Theory & Psychology
2434:(2). Intellect: 73–92.
2135:Müller, Albert (2000).
2084:(1). Intellect: 15–24.
1878:Encyclopædia Britannica
1605:Artificial intelligence
1502:Cybernetics and Systems
1458:artificial intelligence
1426:artificial intelligence
1108:self-organising systems
954:, noting that the term
891:is used to signify the
293:Artificial intelligence
207:Social network analysis
172:Ant colony optimization
144:Collective intelligence
4331:Business and economics
3959:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3616:Walter Bradford Cannon
3506:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3361:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
3308:Management cybernetics
3233:Biomedical cybernetics
3228:Biological cybernetics
3151:Societies and Journals
2829:10.1108/k-03-2019-0172
2766:"Design Cybernetics".
2602:Mary Catherine Bateson
2024:"Design Cybernetics".
1742:George, F. H. (1971).
1559:(ASC), founded in 1964
1520:Biological Cybernetics
1468:Journals and societies
1394:
1357:management cybernetics
1269:Radical constructivism
1138:Cybernetic Serendipity
1000:
944:
862:
596:Biomedical engineering
506:Rational choice theory
331:Dissipative structures
96:
4236:Principia Cybernetica
3949:Anthony Stafford Beer
3819:Sociotechnical system
3576:Anthony Stafford Beer
3411:Ernst von Glasersfeld
2482:(5). Wiley: 986–989.
2440:10.1386/tear.3.2.73/1
2090:10.1386/tear.5.1.15_1
2007:Ashby, W. R. (1956).
1983:authors follow Ashby.
1841:Medina, Eden (2011).
1637:Principia Cybernetica
1385:
1284:Social systems theory
998:
922:
856:
699:Morphological freedom
636:Whole brain emulation
611:Distributed cognition
434:Theory of computation
297:Evolutionary robotics
164:Agent-based modelling
94:
4099:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
4074:Edward Norton Lorenz
4029:Jay Wright Forrester
3834:World-systems theory
3809:Earth system science
3606:Valentin Braitenberg
3486:Jay Wright Forrester
3033:Enacting Cybernetics
1689:. Chapman & Hall
1657:Viable system theory
1509:Enacting Cybernetics
1178:centrifugal governor
709:Techno-progressivism
485:Coupled map lattices
451:Time series analysis
211:Small-world networks
37:For other uses, see
3974:Kenneth E. Boulding
3631:William Grey Walter
3571:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
3531:N. Katherine Hayles
3313:Medical cybernetics
3273:Conversation theory
3064:systemspractice.org
2305:Johnson, Barnabas.
1964:. Houghton Mifflin.
1918:von Foerster, Heinz
1647:Synergetics (Haken)
1564:Cybernetics Society
1460:, particularly the
1411:viable system model
1323:and topics such as
1317:medical cybernetics
1297:Viable system model
1233:Conversation theory
1123:viable system model
1067:In the Soviet Union
948:James Clerk Maxwell
652:Cyborg anthropology
616:Genetic engineering
557:Part of a series on
510:Bounded rationality
468:Population dynamics
377:Conversation theory
277:Genetic programming
202:Scale-free networks
134:Collective behavior
4104:James Grier Miller
4059:Faina M. Kirillova
4019:Heinz von Foerster
4009:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3969:Alexander Bogdanov
3954:Richard E. Bellman
3929:William Ross Ashby
3611:William Ross Ashby
3536:Natalia Bekhtereva
3511:Maleyka Abbaszadeh
3451:Heinz von Foerster
3376:Buckminster Fuller
3303:Information theory
3253:Catastrophe theory
3113:2015-07-05 at the
2625:, Vol. 1, 251–264.
2623:Behavioral Science
2552:Design Cybernetics
1927:2014-01-28 at the
1816:Heylighen, Francis
1632:Industrial ecology
1450:information theory
1442:complexity science
1395:
1112:Heinz von Foerster
1075:Dartmouth workshop
1030:Heinz von Foerster
1001:
912:Arturo Rosenblueth
901:André-Marie Ampère
863:
831:André-Marie Ampère
704:Singularitarianism
501:Prisoner's dilemma
446:Nonlinear dynamics
401:Operationalization
397:Information theory
273:Genetic algorithms
97:
4288:
4287:
4169:Manuela M. Veloso
4084:Humberto Maturana
4024:Stephanie Forrest
3994:C. West Churchman
3919:Russell L. Ackoff
3905:
3904:
3777:Positive feedback
3772:Negative feedback
3639:
3638:
3561:Ranulph Glanville
3476:Jakob von Uexküll
3456:Humberto Maturana
3416:Francis Heylighen
2996:978-1-003-33581-8
2942:978-981-322-625-8
2785:978-3-030-18556-5
2672:978-3-319-15877-8
2569:978-3-030-18556-5
2489:10.1002/sres.2891
2261:Purposive Systems
2188:978-0-387-95392-2
2043:978-3-030-18556-5
1897:Pickering, Andrew
1852:978-0-262-01649-0
1755:978-0-340-05941-8
1728:François, Charles
1709:Designing freedom
1434:cognitive science
1391:economic planning
1292:Requisite Variety
1280:Self-organisation
1197:Positive feedback
1192:Negative feedback
859:negative feedback
839:Andrey Kolmogorov
803:transdisciplinary
766:
765:
689:Cognitive liberty
626:Human enhancement
552:
551:
339:Cellular automata
313:Pattern formation
244:Adaptive networks
148:Collective action
117:Self-organization
89:
88:
16:(Redirected from
4405:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4328:
4317:
4316:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4276:
4275:
4264:
4252:
4251:
4164:Francisco Varela
3896:Systems thinking
3829:Urban metabolism
3792:
3791:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3626:Warren McCulloch
3601:Valentin Turchin
3551:Pyotr Grigorenko
3496:John N. Warfield
3421:Francisco Varela
3381:Charles François
3351:Alexander Lerner
3328:Sociocybernetics
3248:Neurocybernetics
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3123:. Archived from
3068:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3008:
2980:
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2955:
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2683:
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2315:
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2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2132:
2126:
2125:
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2108:
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2101:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1914:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1880:. Archived from
1865:
1856:
1812:
1780:
1776:978-0262-07232-8
1759:
1724:
1712:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1446:computer science
1403:systems thinking
1387:Project Cybersyn
1365:Project Cybersyn
1262:Method of levels
1083:computer science
1038:John von Neumann
1010:Warren McCulloch
987:Macy conferences
758:
751:
744:
722:Related articles
573:
554:
553:
544:
537:
530:
421:Systems thinking
347:Self-replication
285:Machine learning
239:Dynamic networks
160:Phase transition
99:
98:
84:
81:
75:
52:
44:
21:
4413:
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4367:Systems science
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4311:
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4299:
4291:
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4284:
4240:
4219:
4193:
4134:Anatol Rapoport
4119:Talcott Parsons
4094:Donella Meadows
4069:Allenna Leonard
3989:Mary Cartwright
3984:Kathleen Carley
3944:Gregory Bateson
3939:Béla H. Bánáthy
3901:
3838:
3787:
3781:
3767:Limiting factor
3762:Leverage points
3745:
3683:
3675:
3673:Systems science
3670:
3640:
3635:
3591:Talcott Parsons
3581:Stuart Kauffman
3481:Jason Jixuan Hu
3466:Igor Aleksander
3446:Gregory Bateson
3441:Gordon S. Brown
3426:Frederic Vester
3406:Erich von Holst
3366:Allenna Leonard
3356:Alexey Lyapunov
3337:
3283:Decision theory
3211:
3205:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3115:Wayback Machine
3077:
3072:
3071:
3058:
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2468:
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2428:Technoetic Arts
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2299:
2294:
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2277:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2216:Wiener, Norbert
2213:
2200:
2189:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2078:Technoetic Arts
2074:
2067:
2044:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1958:Wiener, Norbert
1947:
1945:
1936:Wiener, Norbert
1929:Wayback Machine
1911:
1887:
1885:
1860:Pangaro, Paul.
1853:
1809:
1777:
1756:
1721:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1666:
1664:Further reading
1661:
1620:Gaia hypothesis
1615:Complex systems
1595:
1480:
1470:
1419:system dynamics
1415:systemic design
1373:systemic design
1325:neural networks
1305:
1163:
1154:
1142:Jasia Reichardt
1091:
1026:Gregory Bateson
993:
983:
978:
851:
843:Gregory Bateson
811:
762:
621:Human ecosystem
548:
519:
518:
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417:Systems science
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343:Spatial ecology
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281:Artificial life
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180:Swarm behaviour
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168:Synchronization
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139:Social dynamics
136:
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103:Complex systems
85:
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57:This article's
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4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4189:Anthony Wilden
4186:
4184:Jennifer Wilby
4181:
4179:Norbert Wiener
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Claude Shannon
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Ilya Prigogine
4121:
4116:
4114:Howard T. Odum
4111:
4109:Radhika Nagpal
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Niklas Luhmann
4076:
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4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4004:George Dantzig
4001:
3999:Manfred Clynes
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Margaret Boden
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:Victor Aladjev
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Living systems
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Control theory
3795:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Stuart Umpleby
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Norbert Wiener
3543:
3541:Niklas Luhmann
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Manfred Clynes
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Jennifer Wilby
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:I. A. Richards
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Claude Bernard
3393:
3391:Margaret Boden
3388:
3386:Genevieve Bell
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Anthony Wilden
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3343:Cyberneticians
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Cybersemiotics
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Control theory
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3117:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:External links
3073:
3070:
3069:
3051:
3037:
3024:
2995:
2975:
2966:
2956:
2941:
2908:
2901:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2807:
2784:
2758:
2715:
2678:
2671:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2614:
2591:
2568:
2542:
2523:
2511:
2462:
2453:
2418:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2297:
2288:
2270:
2250:
2235:
2198:
2187:
2161:
2127:
2103:
2065:
2042:
2016:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1932:
1915:
1910:978-0226667898
1909:
1893:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1835:Norbert Wiener
1831:
1813:
1807:
1794:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1739:
1725:
1720:978-0471951650
1719:
1703:Beer, Stafford
1699:
1677:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
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1629:
1622:
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1596:
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1591:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1514:Ubiquity Press
1505:
1498:
1491:
1469:
1466:
1462:social machine
1438:control theory
1399:systems theory
1363:government in
1345:family therapy
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1252:Good regulator
1249:
1246:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1182:nervous system
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1127:Niklas Luhmann
1090:
1087:
1042:Norbert Wiener
1006:Julian Bigelow
999:Norbert Wiener
982:
979:
977:
974:
850:
847:
815:Norbert Wiener
810:
807:
785:social systems
764:
763:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
724:
723:
719:
718:
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701:
696:
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683:
682:
678:
677:
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639:
638:
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628:
623:
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613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
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579:
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574:
566:
565:
559:
558:
550:
549:
547:
546:
539:
532:
524:
521:
520:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
476:Multistability
449:
444:
443:
440:
439:
409:Self-reference
370:
363:Systems theory
361:
360:
357:
356:
316:
311:
310:
307:
306:
262:
253:
252:
249:
248:
200:
195:
194:
191:
190:
156:Herd mentality
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
105:
87:
86:
66:the key points
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4410:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Transhumanism
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:Organizations
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Kevin Warwick
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Margaret Mead
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Lydia Kavraki
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Barbara Grosz
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Ruzena Bajcsy
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Doubling time
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Ulla Mitzdorf
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Robert Trappl
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Margaret Mead
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Kevin Warwick
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Jacque Fresco
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Connectionism
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3127:on 2010-08-11
3126:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2902:9798400700248
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2279:"Definitions"
2274:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2151:on 2012-07-22
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1884:on 2011-09-28
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:"Cybernetics"
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1808:9780262581233
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1792:9780226321462
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Superorganism
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:schizophrenia
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Margaret Mead
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
997:
992:
988:
973:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
940:
935:
932:
928:
921:
919:
918:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
884:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:Ancient Greek
860:
855:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
824:
823:Margaret Mead
820:
816:
806:
804:
801:Cybernetics'
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
728:
727:
726:
725:
721:
720:
715:
714:Transhumanism
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
680:
679:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:
659:
658:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:
643:
642:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:
576:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
525:
523:
522:
516:
513:
511:
507:
502:
497:
492:
491:
486:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
447:
442:
441:
435:
432:
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4044:Mike Jackson
3979:Murray Bowen
3877:Pharmacology
3872:Neuroscience
3803:
3621:Walter Pitts
3526:Marian Mazur
3401:Cliff Joslyn
3243:Biosemiotics
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4383:Cybernetics
4144:Peter Senge
4139:John Seddon
4129:Qian Xuesen
4064:George Klir
3867:Engineering
3804:Cybernetics
3786:Theoretical
3736:Recommender
3726:Multi-agent
3721:Information
3556:Qian Xuesen
3436:Gordon Pask
3333:Synergetics
3298:Homeostasis
3238:Biorobotics
3209:cybernetics
1745:Cybernetics
1674:Cybernetica
1670:Ascott, Roy
1379:practices.
1309:engineering
1238:Double bind
1223:Autopoiesis
1213:reflexivity
1205:feedforward
1186:homeostatic
1146:Gordon Pask
1104:autopoiesis
1089:Second wave
1063:Qian Xuesen
1050:cybernetics
927:Cybernetics
908:cybernetics
809:Definitions
769:Cybernetics
606:Cybernetics
578:Cyborgology
496:Game theory
480:Bifurcation
460:Phase space
425:Sensemaking
393:Homeostasis
372:Autopoiesis
367:cybernetics
335:Percolation
4398:Automation
4377:Categories
4159:Eric Trist
4014:Fred Emery
3911:Scientists
3887:Psychology
3882:Philosophy
3711:Ecological
3696:Biological
3131:2016-01-23
3005:1352480147
2817:Kybernetes
2709:2023-11-14
2155:2012-06-06
2121:2023-04-27
1991:References
1920:, (1995),
1888:2007-09-26
1837:, Leipzig.
1600:Automation
1570:Metaphorum
1546:Kybernetes
1472:See also:
1377:metadesign
1349:psychology
1329:heterarchy
1174:thermostat
1152:Third wave
1046:Ratio Club
1022:Ross Ashby
991:Ratio Club
985:See also:
981:First wave
965:gubernator
960:kubernḗtēs
934:κυβερνήτης
893:governance
883:Alcibiades
835:Ross Ashby
796:kybernḗtēs
777:biological
730:Cyborg art
673:Cyberspace
591:Biomimicry
464:Attractors
259:adaptation
231:Robustness
215:Centrality
18:Cybernetic
3824:Systemics
3288:Emergence
3216:Subfields
3013:cite book
2951:0219-9769
2845:219051224
2837:0368-492X
2802:239279379
2794:2366-4622
2753:240187814
2745:0959-3543
2704:1782-348X
2578:2366-4622
2506:251432252
2498:1092-7026
2448:1477-965X
2361:13 August
2312:8 January
2230:MIT Press
2098:1477-965X
2060:239279379
2052:2366-4622
1822:(2002). "
1730:(1999). "
1652:Tektology
1341:economics
1337:sociology
1228:Black box
1209:recursion
1018:McCulloch
952:governors
939:steersman
889:steersman
849:Etymology
781:cognitive
668:Cyberpunk
255:Evolution
122:Emergence
80:June 2023
64:summarize
4307:Agronomy
4255:Category
3857:Dynamics
3847:Analysis
3750:Concepts
3716:Economic
3111:Archived
2964:269–284.
2586:33895017
2218:(1948).
1960:(1950).
1925:Archived
1899:(2010).
1872:(1972).
1705:(1974).
1593:See also
1566:(CybSoc)
1562:British
1454:robotics
1321:robotics
1184:and the
1167:feedback
1096:Maturana
956:governor
876:Republic
789:managing
773:feedback
681:Politics
385:Feedback
318:Fractals
197:Networks
4355:Science
4343:Ecology
4319:Biology
4293:Portals
4279:Commons
3862:Ecology
3852:Biology
3731:Nervous
3701:Complex
3145:YouTube
3080:General
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1430:bionics
1361:Allende
1313:biology
1288:Variety
1254:theorem
1114:at the
976:History
660:Centers
586:Bionics
563:Cyborgs
429:Variety
381:Entropy
227:Scaling
4267:Portal
3892:Theory
3788:fields
3741:Social
3681:System
3060:"Home"
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219:Motifs
109:Topics
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3684:types
2921:(PDF)
2841:S2CID
2798:S2CID
2749:S2CID
2612:(1-2)
2582:S2CID
2502:S2CID
2265:(PDF)
2056:S2CID
1970:Notes
1687:(PDF)
931:Greek
871:Plato
472:Chaos
4231:List
3019:link
3001:OCLC
2991:ISBN
2947:ISSN
2937:ISBN
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