47:
383:
252:
1184:
544:
899:), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon.
503:
38:
536:
1483:
Fucosylated
Molecules Competitively Interfere with Cholera Toxin Binding to Host Cells; Amberlyn M. Wands, Jakob Cervin, He Huang, Ye Zhang, Gyusaang Youn, Chad A. Brautigam, Maria Matson Dzebo, Per Björklund, Ville Wallenius, Danielle K. Bright, Clay S. Bennett, Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede, Nicole S.
859:
aggregation of cells is organized by periodic waves of cAMP that propagate between cells over distances as large as several centimetres. The waves are the result of a regulated production and secretion of extracellular cAMP and a spontaneous biological oscillator that initiates the waves at centers
789:
residues of protein substrates. The phosphorylated proteins may act directly on the cell's ion channels, or may become activated or inhibited enzymes. Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. Not all protein
831:. The mechanism of activation is similar to that of PKA: the GEF domain is usually masked by the N-terminal region containing the cAMP binding domain. When cAMP binds, the domain dissociates and exposes the now-active GEF domain, allowing Epac to activate small Ras-like GTPase proteins, such as
2434:
149:
774:
Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to
2297:
1538:
872:, the level of cAMP varies depending on the medium used for growth. In particular, cAMP is low when glucose is the carbon source. This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme,
2565:
931:(HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, the channels open, This research, especially the cognitive deficits in age-related illnesses and ADHD, is of interest to researchers studying the brain.
2597:
2921:
2853:
3145:
989:
on the surface of target cells. If a cell lacks GM1 the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and Lewis X, attached to proteins instead of lipids.
1471:
Cervin J, Wands AM, Casselbrant A, Wu H, Krishnamurthy S, Cvjetkovic A, et al. (2018) GM1 ganglioside-independent intoxication by
Cholera toxin. PLoS Pathog 14(2): e1006862.
2998:
1210:
Abramovitch, Rinat; Tavor, Einat; Jacob-Hirsch, Jasmine; Zeira, Evelyne; Amariglio, Ninette; Pappo, Orit; Rechavi, Gideon; Galun, Eithan; Honigman, Alik (15 February 2004).
928:
3140:
3130:
1531:
907:
Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to the roles given below:
1257:
Dumaz, Nicolas; Hayward, Robert; Martin, Jan; Ogilvie, Lesley; Hedley, Douglas; Curtin, John A.; Bastian, Boris C.; Springer, Caroline; Marais, Richard (October 2006).
3041:
2964:
3013:
2590:
1524:
915:
Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers.
652:)-protein-coupled receptors. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline.
2583:
2439:
516:
884:
forms a complex with cAMP and thereby is activated to bind to DNA. CRP-cAMP increases expression of a large number of genes, including some encoding
819:
However, the view that the majority of the effects of cAMP are controlled by PKA is an outdated one. In 1998 a family of cAMP-sensitive proteins with
406:
InChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
2810:
1020:
416:
InChI=1/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
982:
that has five B subunints and one A subunit. The toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to
2805:
1799:
1547:
432:
511:
2035:
1590:
798:
728:
630:
located on the inner side of the plasma membrane and anchored at various locations in the interior of the cell. Adenylate cyclase is
2542:
2178:
2086:
1983:
1697:
1653:
2500:
2355:
1896:
2378:
2134:
2129:
1891:
1580:
1194:
603:
270:
2479:
2402:
1109:"The glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exendin-4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling in steatotic hepatocytes"
2522:
1298:
Simpson, B. J.; Ramage, A. D.; Hulme, M. J.; Burns, D. J.; Katsaros, D.; Langdon, S. P.; Miller, W. R. (January 1996).
820:
575:, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of
1931:
934:
cAMP is involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine.
397:
823:(GEF) activity was discovered. These are termed Exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) and the family comprises
2061:
809:
708:
1484:
Sampson, Ulf Yrlid, and
Jennifer J. Kohler; ACS Infectious Diseases Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00085
523:
1322:"ScienceDaily ::Brain Networks Strengthened By Closing Ion Channels, Research Could Lead To ADHD Treatment"
895:. In an environment with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP (
2944:
2490:
1692:
1668:
1014:
606:
in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via
2249:
1702:
1494:
Alasbahi, RH; Melzig, MF (January 2012). "Forskolin and derivatives as tools for studying the role of cAMP".
752:
69:
3175:
3082:
2896:
2891:
2455:
2430:
2421:
2283:
1936:
881:
340:
247:
3185:
3120:
3115:
2911:
2314:
1563:
361:
307:
189:
1337:"Neurogenic Inflammation: The Participant in Migraine and Recent Advancements in Translational Research"
3135:
3031:
3026:
2916:
2906:
942:
Disrupted functioning of cAMP has been noted as one of the mechanisms of several bacterial exotoxins.
733:
cAMP is associated with kinases function in several biochemical processes, including the regulation of
17:
3046:
1299:
1258:
46:
2873:
2537:
2124:
1627:
1609:
378:
301:
3180:
3102:
3060:
2901:
2848:
2843:
2330:
2040:
2010:
1995:
1958:
1321:
956:
676:
672:
656:
619:
567:
1516:
1001:
is commonly used as a tool in biochemistry to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of
3125:
3077:
3072:
2863:
2682:
1618:
1211:
623:
584:
576:
547:
3092:
3036:
2993:
2988:
2858:
2411:
2222:
1990:
896:
877:
696:
634:
by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (
599:
59:
3170:
3097:
3087:
3008:
1814:
349:
691:, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of
209:
8:
3003:
2883:
2772:
2675:
2393:
2266:
1036:
580:
115:
1212:"American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-responsive Genes and Tumor Progression)"
923:
Recent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the
382:
251:
169:
125:
2749:
1764:
1418:
1363:
1336:
1239:
1084:
1057:
1445:"Fucosylation and protein glycosylation create functional receptors for cholera toxin"
1300:"American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-binding Proteins' Presence in Tumors)"
2959:
2931:
1687:
1643:
1503:
1410:
1368:
1280:
1231:
1190:
1165:
1130:
1089:
924:
873:
660:
627:
1422:
1243:
771:), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units.
2729:
1658:
1636:
1632:
1452:
1402:
1391:"cAMP-System und bakterielle Toxine [The cAMP system and bacterial toxins]"
1358:
1348:
1270:
1223:
1157:
1120:
1079:
1069:
950:
804:
Still, there are some minor PKA-independent functions of cAMP, e.g., activation of
646:
635:
607:
572:
455:
1275:
1227:
2719:
2648:
2373:
2105:
2100:
2066:
1963:
1715:
1353:
1125:
1108:
876:, as a side-effect of glucose transport into the cell. The transcription factor
844:
805:
595:
329:
2835:
2785:
2780:
2701:
2077:
1472:
1161:
1148:
Bos, Johannes L. (December 2006). "Epac proteins: multi-purpose cAMP targets".
1002:
813:
791:
692:
494:
3164:
2954:
2949:
2868:
2800:
2739:
2095:
1968:
1444:
1107:
Ali ES, Hua J, Wilson CH, Tallis GA, Zhou FH, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ (2016).
1074:
975:
969:
775:
240:
2575:
2156:
1259:"American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP Dysregulation and Melonoma)"
781:
The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific
2795:
2638:
2606:
2112:
1950:
1507:
1390:
1372:
1284:
1235:
1169:
1134:
1093:
851:
700:
1414:
2015:
1585:
986:
704:
543:
1457:
1058:"pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated "soluble" adenylate cyclase (sAC)"
751:
In eukaryotes, cyclic AMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, or
229:
2824:
2762:
2757:
2692:
2655:
2615:
2205:
2000:
1677:
1406:
892:
856:
756:
745:
688:
482:
260:
200:
2790:
2714:
2709:
2527:
2469:
1682:
1600:
998:
838:
786:
760:
493:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2734:
2670:
2643:
979:
869:
734:
684:
290:
220:
937:
148:
2744:
2724:
2665:
2633:
2628:
2547:
2271:
2117:
1546:
1209:
1026:
891:
cAMP, for example, is involved in the positive regulation of the
828:
824:
716:
712:
680:
316:
2660:
2623:
2552:
2340:
2335:
2045:
885:
782:
180:
2566:
deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
2350:
2345:
2307:
2292:
2259:
2254:
2215:
2210:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2171:
2149:
2144:
2139:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1861:
1856:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1113:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
742:
738:
160:
138:
1442:
929:
hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
366:
2532:
2517:
2302:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2166:
2161:
2005:
1978:
1973:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1774:
1769:
1759:
832:
281:
963:
1256:
983:
855:, cAMP acts outside the cell as a secreted signal. The
1297:
535:
37:
918:
794:, including protein kinase C, are not cAMP-dependent.
675:, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as
610:(such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP).
945:
They can be subgrouped into two distinct categories:
269:
2440:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
1384:
1382:
1106:
839:Additional role of secreted cAMP in social amoebae
641:)-protein-coupled receptors. Adenylate cyclase is
3162:
328:
1443:Amberlyn M Wands; Akiko Fujita (October 2015).
1379:
1055:
938:Role in infectious disease agents' pathogenesis
888:that can supply energy independent of glucose.
645:by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G (
124:
1493:
1388:
927:through its regulation of ion channels called
2605:
2591:
1548:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
1532:
1473:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006862
1389:Kather, H; Aktories, K (November 15, 1983).
1056:Rahman N, Buck J, Levin LR (November 2013).
790:kinases respond to cAMP. Several classes of
755:). PKA is normally inactive as a tetrameric
1021:8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
722:
583:in many different organisms, conveying the
2598:
2584:
2435:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase
1539:
1525:
910:
381:
250:
208:
2036:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
1456:
1362:
1352:
1274:
1189:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1124:
1083:
1073:
729:function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
440:c1nc(c2c(n1)n(cn2)3(4(O3)COP(=O)(O4)O)O)N
348:
2543:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
2179:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
1591:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
1182:
801:, which vary based on the type of cell.
542:
534:
1334:
964:ADP-ribosyl-transferases related toxins
882:CAP (catabolite gene activator protein)
377:
306:
228:
14:
3163:
2298:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase
1581:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
1186:Evolution of the First Nervous Systems
241:
94:-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxytetrahydro-2
2579:
1520:
808:, providing a minor pathway by which
604:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
409:Key: IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N
188:
168:
1183:Anderson, Peter A. V. (2013-11-11).
63:Adenosine 3′,5′-(hydrogen phosphate)
1147:
949:Toxins that interfere with enzymes
919:Role in prefrontal cortex disorders
863:
419:Key: IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUBU
319:
289:
24:
2523:Signal transducing adaptor protein
1698:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase
1654:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase
821:guanine nucleotide exchange factor
709:cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins
25:
3197:
2518:Activating transcription factor 6
1932:G protein-coupled receptor kinase
797:Further effects mainly depend on
579:(ATP) and used for intracellular
2062:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C
810:growth hormone-releasing hormone
501:
45:
36:
1487:
1477:
1465:
1436:
1029:specific to chemotactic use in
497:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
31:Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
2501:GTP-binding protein regulators
2491:GTP-binding protein regulators
1328:
1314:
1291:
1250:
1203:
1176:
1150:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1141:
1100:
1049:
1015:Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
699:and regulates the function of
554:Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
539:cAMP represented in three ways
13:
1:
2250:Rho-associated protein kinase
1276:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4227
1228:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2089
1043:
799:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
753:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
102:-2λ-furodioxaphosphinin-2-one
2456:Dual-specificity phosphatase
2431:protein tyrosine phosphatase
1937:AMP-activated protein kinase
1354:10.3390/biomedicines10010076
1126:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.006
902:
666:
613:
7:
2480:apoptosis signaling pathway
1039:(PDE 4) which degrades cAMP
1008:
957:invasive adenylate cyclases
763:and two regulatory units (C
659:is catalyzed by the enzyme
487:329.206 g/mol
10:
3202:
2828:(Nucleoside monophosphate)
1162:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.10.002
967:
842:
726:
679:into cells the effects of
590:
3111:
3068:
3059:
3022:
2984:
2977:
2930:
2882:
2834:
2823:
2771:
2700:
2691:
2683:Unnatural base pair (UBP)
2614:
2561:
2510:
2489:
2468:
2448:
2420:
2401:
2391:
2366:
2324:Serine/threonine/tyrosine
2323:
2282:
2085:
2075:
2054:
2028:
1949:
1927:
1810:
1711:
1667:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1573:
1554:
491:
448:
428:
393:
108:
68:
58:
53:
44:
35:
27:Cellular second messenger
2538:Olfactory marker protein
2125:Glycogen synthase kinase
1628:Heterotrimeric G protein
1304:Clinical Cancer Research
1075:10.3389/fphys.2013.00343
1031:Dictyostelium discoideum
951:ADP-ribosyl-transferases
852:Dictyostelium discoideum
723:Role in eukaryotic cells
655:cAMP decomposition into
3061:Nucleoside triphosphate
2331:Dual-specificity kinase
2041:Cyclin-dependent kinase
1335:Segatto, Marco (2021).
993:
911:Role in human carcinoma
568:adenosine monophosphate
3014:Xanthosine diphosphate
2978:Nucleoside diphosphate
585:cAMP-dependent pathway
577:adenosine triphosphate
550:
548:Adenosine triphosphate
540:
2412:Protein phosphatase 2
2223:p21-activated kinases
897:cAMP receptor protein
878:cAMP receptor protein
695:. In addition, cAMP
600:Vanderbilt University
546:
538:
70:Systematic IUPAC name
1815:G beta-gamma complex
812:causes a release of
778:substrate proteins.
759:, consisting of two
622:is synthesized from
3176:Signal transduction
2884:Deoxyribonucleotide
2773:Deoxyribonucleoside
2676:Pyrimidine analogue
2394:protein phosphatase
2267:Ribosomal s6 kinase
1458:10.7554/eLife.09545
1037:phosphodiesterase 4
581:signal transduction
32:
3186:Cyclic nucleotides
1564:MAP kinase pathway
1407:10.1007/BF01530837
880:(CRP) also called
551:
541:
524:Infobox references
30:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3055:
3054:
2973:
2972:
2932:Cyclic nucleotide
2819:
2818:
2573:
2572:
2528:I-kappa B protein
2464:
2463:
2387:
2386:
2024:
2023:
1945:
1944:
1688:Guanylate cyclase
1644:Adenylate cyclase
1401:(22): 1109–1114.
1269:(19): 9483–9491.
1196:978-1-4899-0921-3
925:prefrontal cortex
874:adenylate cyclase
661:phosphodiesterase
628:adenylate cyclase
608:second messengers
532:Chemical compound
530:
529:
362:CompTox Dashboard
150:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
3193:
3066:
3065:
2982:
2981:
2832:
2831:
2753:-Methyladenosine
2730:5-Methylcytidine
2698:
2697:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2403:Serine/threonine
2399:
2398:
2087:Serine/threonine
2083:
2082:
1703:Protein kinase G
1659:Protein kinase A
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1222:(4): 1338–1346.
1207:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1053:
864:Role in bacteria
860:of territories.
806:calcium channels
707:and a few other
673:second messenger
573:second messenger
514:
508:
505:
504:
456:Chemical formula
386:
385:
370:
368:
352:
332:
321:
310:
293:
273:
254:
243:
232:
212:
192:
172:
152:
128:
49:
40:
33:
29:
21:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3107:
3051:
3018:
2969:
2926:
2878:
2827:
2815:
2811:Deoxyxanthosine
2767:
2720:5-Methyluridine
2687:
2649:Purine analogue
2610:
2604:
2574:
2569:
2557:
2506:
2485:
2460:
2444:
2416:
2383:
2374:Arginine kinase
2362:
2319:
2278:
2071:
2067:Phospholipase C
2050:
2020:
1941:
1923:
1853:
1820:
1806:
1721:
1716:G alpha subunit
1707:
1663:
1595:
1569:
1550:
1545:
1515:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1451:. Vol. 4.
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1395:Klin Wochenschr
1387:
1380:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1296:
1292:
1263:Cancer Research
1255:
1251:
1216:Cancer Research
1208:
1204:
1197:
1181:
1177:
1156:(12): 680–686.
1146:
1142:
1105:
1101:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1011:
996:
972:
966:
940:
921:
913:
905:
866:
849:In the species
847:
845:Fungal behavior
841:
792:protein kinases
770:
766:
731:
725:
693:protein kinases
669:
650:
639:
616:
596:Earl Sutherland
593:
533:
526:
521:
520:
519: ?)
510:
506:
502:
498:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
444:
441:
436:
435:
424:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
389:
371:
364:
355:
335:
322:
296:
276:
263:
235:
215:
195:
175:
155:
142:
131:
118:
104:
103:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3181:Cell signaling
3178:
3173:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2836:Ribonucleotide
2829:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Deoxyguanosine
2783:
2781:Deoxyadenosine
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2702:Ribonucleoside
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2078:protein kinase
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1610:Heterotrimeric
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1486:
1476:
1464:
1435:
1378:
1327:
1313:
1290:
1249:
1202:
1195:
1175:
1140:
1119:(9): 2135–46.
1099:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1007:
995:
992:
991:
990:
968:Main article:
965:
962:
961:
960:
954:
939:
936:
920:
917:
912:
909:
904:
901:
865:
862:
840:
837:
814:growth hormone
768:
764:
727:Main article:
724:
721:
668:
665:
648:
637:
615:
612:
592:
589:
531:
528:
527:
522:
500:
499:
495:standard state
492:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
443:
442:
439:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
418:
415:
414:
412:
408:
405:
404:
396:
395:
394:
391:
390:
388:
387:
374:
372:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:
345:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
325:
323:
315:
312:
311:
304:
298:
297:
295:
294:
286:
284:
278:
277:
275:
274:
266:
264:
259:
256:
255:
245:
237:
236:
234:
233:
225:
223:
217:
216:
214:
213:
205:
203:
197:
196:
194:
193:
185:
183:
177:
176:
174:
173:
165:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
145:
143:
136:
133:
132:
130:
129:
121:
119:
114:
111:
110:
106:
105:
90:)-6-(6-Amino-9
73:
72:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3198:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Deoxycytidine
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Pseudouridine
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:Casein kinase
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Die Pharmazie
1490:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1310:(1): 201–206.
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Front Physiol
1059:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
988:
985:
981:
977:
976:Cholera toxin
974:
973:
971:
970:Cholera toxin
958:
955:
952:
948:
947:
946:
943:
935:
932:
930:
926:
916:
908:
900:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
861:
858:
854:
853:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
784:
779:
777:
776:phosphorylate
772:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
744:
740:
736:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
644:
640:
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
566:3',5'-cyclic
563:
559:
555:
549:
545:
537:
525:
518:
513:
496:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
460:
457:
453:
452:
447:
438:
437:
434:
427:
413:
403:
402:
399:
392:
384:
380:
379:DTXSID8040436
376:
375:
373:
363:
359:
358:
351:
347:
346:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
327:
326:
324:
318:
314:
313:
309:
305:
303:
300:
299:
292:
288:
287:
285:
283:
280:
279:
272:
268:
267:
265:
262:
258:
257:
253:
249:
246:
244:
242:ECHA InfoCard
239:
238:
231:
227:
226:
224:
222:
219:
218:
211:
207:
206:
204:
202:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
184:
182:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
164:
162:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
144:
140:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
120:
117:
113:
112:
107:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2939:
2806:Deoxyinosine
2796:Deoxyuridine
2750:
2639:Hypoxanthine
2609:constituents
2607:Nucleic acid
2563:
2498:
2477:
2113:eIF-2 kinase
1648:
1561:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1467:
1448:
1438:
1428:February 26,
1426:. Retrieved
1398:
1394:
1344:
1341:Biomedicines
1340:
1330:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1030:
1005:physiology.
997:
987:gangliosides
944:
941:
933:
922:
914:
906:
890:
867:
850:
848:
818:
803:
796:
780:
773:
750:
732:
705:HCN channels
703:such as the
701:ion channels
677:transferring
670:
654:
642:
631:
617:
594:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
190:ChEMBL316966
109:Identifiers
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
3171:Nucleotides
1800:GNA15/GNA16
1586:Calcineurin
1502:(1): 5–13.
1023:(8-Br-cAMP)
857:chemotactic
449:Properties
248:100.000.448
170:CHEBI:17489
3165:Categories
2825:Nucleotide
2763:Wybutosine
2758:Xanthosine
2693:Nucleoside
2656:Pyrimidine
2616:Nucleobase
2206:Lim kinase
2157:IκB kinase
1678:Transducin
1044:References
893:lac operon
843:See also:
757:holoenzyme
746:metabolism
689:adrenaline
671:cAMP is a
562:cyclic AMP
483:Molar mass
350:E0399OZS9N
308:Cyclic+AMP
261:IUPHAR/BPS
201:ChemSpider
137:3D model (
116:CAS Number
60:IUPAC name
18:Cyclic amp
2791:Thymidine
2715:Guanosine
2710:Adenosine
2564:see also
2470:Apoptosis
1951:Monomeric
1683:Gustducin
1601:G protein
1347:(1): 76.
999:Forskolin
903:Pathology
787:threonine
761:catalytic
667:Functions
643:inhibited
632:activated
614:Synthesis
2955:c-di-AMP
2950:c-di-GMP
2735:Cytidine
2671:Cytosine
2644:Xanthine
2422:Tyrosine
2367:Arginine
2284:Tyrosine
1508:22393824
1423:33162709
1373:35052756
1285:17018604
1244:14047485
1236:14973073
1170:17084085
1135:27178543
1094:24324443
1009:See also
980:AB toxin
870:bacteria
735:glycogen
711:such as
697:binds to
685:glucagon
681:hormones
477:P
221:DrugBank
2745:Inosine
2725:Uridine
2666:Thymine
2634:Guanine
2629:Adenine
2548:EDARADD
2533:Mucin-4
2272:RPS6KA1
2118:EIF2AK3
1574:Calcium
1415:6317939
1364:8773152
1085:3838963
1068:: 343.
1027:Acrasin
886:enzymes
717:RAPGEF2
618:Cyclic
591:History
571:) is a
517:what is
515: (
317:PubChem
230:DB02527
126:60-92-4
2661:Uracil
2624:Purine
2553:PRKCSH
2392:Other
2341:DYRK1B
2336:DYRK1A
2076:Other
2046:Cyclin
2029:Cyclin
1506:
1421:
1413:
1371:
1361:
1283:
1242:
1234:
1193:
1168:
1133:
1092:
1082:
1017:(cGMP)
978:is an
783:serine
741:, and
602:won a
512:verify
509:
433:SMILES
291:C00575
181:ChEMBL
54:Names
2965:cGAMP
2960:cADPR
2511:Other
2449:both:
2356:DYRK4
2351:DYRK3
2346:DYRK2
2308:PTK2B
2293:ZAP70
2260:ROCK2
2255:ROCK1
2216:LIMK2
2211:LIMK1
2199:IRAK4
2194:IRAK3
2189:IRAK2
2184:IRAK1
2172:IKBKG
2150:GSK3B
2145:GSK3A
2140:GSK-3
2055:Lipid
2006:Rhebs
1917:BSCL2
1912:GNG13
1907:GNG12
1902:GNG11
1897:GNG10
1862:GNGT2
1857:GNGT1
1795:GNA14
1790:GNA13
1785:GNA12
1780:GNA11
1755:GNAT3
1750:GNAT2
1745:GNAT1
1740:GNAI3
1735:GNAI2
1730:GNAI1
1725:GNAO1
1449:eLife
1419:S2CID
1240:S2CID
953:, and
829:Epac2
825:Epac1
743:lipid
739:sugar
713:Epac1
683:like
564:, or
398:InChI
161:ChEBI
139:JSmol
3146:dXTP
3141:dITP
3136:dCTP
3131:dUTP
3126:dTTP
3121:dGTP
3116:dATP
3083:mUTP
3047:dCDP
3042:dUDP
3037:dTDP
3032:dGDP
3027:dADP
2999:mUDP
2945:cGMP
2940:cAMP
2922:dXMP
2917:dIMP
2912:dCMP
2907:dUMP
2902:dTMP
2897:dGMP
2892:dAMP
2854:mUMP
2499:see
2478:see
2379:McsB
2303:PTK2
2243:PAK4
2238:PAK3
2233:PAK2
2228:PAK1
2167:IKK2
2162:CHUK
2135:GSK2
2130:GSK1
2016:RGKs
2011:Raps
1996:Arfs
1991:Rhos
1984:NRAS
1979:KRAS
1974:HRAS
1964:Rabs
1959:ARFs
1892:GNG8
1887:GNG7
1882:GNG5
1877:GNG4
1872:GNG3
1867:GNG2
1844:GNB5
1839:GNB4
1834:GNB3
1829:GNB2
1824:GNB1
1775:GNAQ
1770:GNAL
1765:GNAS
1760:GNAZ
1693:cGMP
1669:cGMP
1649:cAMP
1619:cAMP
1562:see
1504:PMID
1430:2022
1411:PMID
1369:PMID
1281:PMID
1232:PMID
1191:ISBN
1166:PMID
1131:PMID
1117:1863
1090:PMID
1003:cell
994:Uses
833:Rap1
827:and
715:and
687:and
558:cAMP
341:UNII
330:6076
302:MeSH
282:KEGG
271:2352
210:5851
3103:XTP
3098:ITP
3093:CTP
3088:UTP
3078:GTP
3073:ATP
3009:CDP
3004:UDP
2994:GDP
2989:ADP
2874:XMP
2869:IMP
2864:CMP
2859:UMP
2849:GMP
2844:AMP
2315:BTK
2001:Ran
1969:Ras
1555:MAP
1453:doi
1403:doi
1359:PMC
1349:doi
1271:doi
1224:doi
1158:doi
1121:doi
1080:PMC
1070:doi
984:GM1
868:In
785:or
657:AMP
626:by
624:ATP
620:AMP
598:of
367:EPA
320:CID
86:,7a
74:(4a
3167::
2433::
1637:Gi
1633:Gs
1500:67
1498:.
1447:.
1417:.
1409:.
1399:61
1397:.
1393:.
1381:^
1367:.
1357:.
1345:10
1343:.
1339:.
1306:.
1302:.
1279:.
1267:66
1265:.
1261:.
1238:.
1230:.
1220:64
1218:.
1214:.
1164:.
1154:31
1152:.
1129:.
1115:.
1111:.
1088:.
1078:.
1064:.
1060:.
835:.
816:.
748:.
737:,
719:.
663:.
587:.
560:,
467:11
463:10
98:,4
82:,7
78:,6
2751:N
2599:e
2592:t
2585:v
2424::
2405::
2286::
2106:2
2101:1
2089::
1852:γ
1850:G
1819:β
1817:G
1720:α
1718:G
1671::
1635:/
1621::
1540:e
1533:t
1526:v
1510:.
1461:.
1455::
1432:.
1405::
1375:.
1351::
1324:.
1308:2
1287:.
1273::
1246:.
1226::
1199:.
1172:.
1160::
1137:.
1123::
1096:.
1072::
1066:4
1033:.
959:.
769:2
767:R
765:2
649:i
647:G
638:s
636:G
556:(
507:Y
475:6
473:O
471:5
469:N
465:H
461:C
369:)
365:(
141:)
100:H
96:H
92:H
88:S
84:R
80:R
76:R
20:)
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