126:. The normal hatch covers over the rear compartment were replaced by a circular radar mounting, with three ‘supports’ for the radar turntable. The radar could be rotated up to 12 800 mils. Prototypes used hydraulic supports to level the radar but the production version used mercury in the same manner as Green Archer Mk 2 had. When the taps were opened and the radar unclamped the mercury levelled itself and the radar floated on it. There was some internal furniture for the operator and the displays, as well as racking for the spare assemblies, and a simple hoist to lift the assemblies up to the radar. For movement the antenna was lowered and the whole radar surrounded by a folding grille attached to decking around the radar to protect it.
25:
237:
111:. Other beam positions, 25, 40, 45, 65 and 90 mils were relative to this datum. The lowest beam position was used to alert the operator that a bomb was in flight and where to expect it on his screen; once alerted he tilted the beam into the first position, waited for it to appear, and then switched to the next angle. The angles were pre-selected according to the local circumstances. Data memory was also available, although in British service this was normally only fitted to Cymbeline Mk 2; in essence it recorded the detected mortar bomb signal and allowed it to be replayed.
17:
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in. Radars were only switched on in response to reports of hostile mortar fire, and so thereby avoiding continuous transmission in order to minimise the risk of detection. Radars reported the hostile mortar locations to the radar command post, from where they were reported to the
Brigade Artillery Intelligence Officer and regimental headquarters for rapid counter-fire.
91:
had a nominal 100 kW peak average output and a nominal pulse repetition frequency of 4000 pulses/second. The radar was connected by cable to the operator’s console (‘Indicator
Azimuth Unit’) and connected to this was the ‘Mortar Coordinate Indicator’ that displayed the located mortar’s position to the detachment commander.
641:
163:
In
British service a radar troop normally comprised a radar command post, three radars, three listening posts (LPs) and a reconnaissance party led by the troop sergeant major. Radars and LPs were normally commanded by sergeants. The task of the LPs was to report mortars firing and the area they were
114:
Cymbeline could locate a mortar with an accuracy of 50 metres. 81 mm mortars could be located at up to 10 km and larger mortars to 20 km. Secondary roles were area and coastal surveillance, helicopter and light aircraft control, meteor balloon tracking and rapid survey. It could also
90:
rotary generator (using two-stroke fuel) weighing 390 kg. This was strapped to a simple 590 kg trailer that it could be operated from. Off the trailer the radar was 2.29 metres high with the antenna up, 1.07 metres with antenna folded, 1.7 metres wide and 1.5 metres long. The radar itself
174:
Four sets went to China, via the US, in 1979. Two may have been retained for study by
Chinese radio engineers. The others were used in the border conflicts between China and Vietnam, with great effectiveness. These were such a disruption to the Vietnamese that in 1984 a special forces operation at
98:
diameter, into one 720 mils wide and 30 mils high. This beam had five pre-set operating positions determined by five different radar horns that directed the beam onto the antenna at slightly different angles. Two beam positions were used with a mortar bomb being recorded by the operator as it went
202:
and Thorn-EMI, intended for use by the
British Army. It made use of modern electronics, had a larger antenna, far greater range and some capability to locate guns and rocket launchers; however, the development effort was eventually abandoned in 1986 in favour of the multi-national
167:
The troop's maintenance section, with radar technicians deployed with the radar command post and attended radars as necessary. The troop commander was the
Brigade Artillery Intelligence Officer and with the troop's artillery intelligence section was at brigade headquarters.
99:
through each beam. This gave two coordinates. The operator marked his screen at each bomb position and changed the beam angle. He then placed electronic crosshairs over his marks (which represented the bomb’s position in the horizontal plane) which the
160:) and were designated 'G Troop' in each regiment apart from the radar troop in Paderborn (25 Fd Regt RA, 3 RHA, 45 Fd Regt RA) who were designated as "I" troop. The field regiments had Cymbeline Mk 2, the light regiments had Cymbeline Mk 1.
118:
In
British service each radar held a spare main electronic unit, spare generator and spare displays. The radar includes an integral simulator for operator training and practice and built-in test functionality.
667:
106:
Setting-up the radar involved orientating it in a known azimuth (the basic mounting could cover an arc of 4800 mils) and setting the datum beam elevation between -90 and 360 mils so that it was above the
86:
The basic
Cymbeline was a single unit on a turntable stand with four adjustable legs for levelling. The main elements were the antenna, the Foster scanner, the main electronic unit and a
68:. Cymbeline came in Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions, the difference being their mobility; Mk 1 was on a lightweight two wheel trailer whereas Mk 2 was mounted on top of an
584:
78:
Cymbeline was more accurate than Green Archer and a lot more mobile. Although mortar locating was its primary role, it was capable of various other tasks.
194:
developed a commercial Mk 3 version with an electronic phase-scanned scanner replacing the Foster scanner. There was also larger version code-named
149:, where 5 Cymbelines were deployed to Sarajevo in 1994/5 as part of the BRITFOR contribution to UNPROFOR, to locate 'heavy weapons' violations.
885:
57:
and built at their now-defunct site at Hayes in
Middlesex, it was in British service from 1975 until about 2003 with the Royal Artillery.
506:
821:
793:
776:
861:
65:
668:"British troops to join UN force in city: British soldiers hastily redeployed with Russians to protect Sarajevo"
880:
535:
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was organised to destroy one of them. China eventually produced a reverse engineered version designated as
24:
103:
used to calculate the mortar coordinates using the expected mortar altitude that had been previously set.
208:
171:
In the late 1970s some troops were removed from regiments and concentrated into a specialist batteries.
72:
715:
689:
618:
152:
The radars were organized in troops; originally these were in each field regiment (equipped with
766:
42:
61:
16:
8:
514:
857:
772:
176:
100:
135:
585:"Battle of Goose Green — How 450 men from 2 Para defeated over 1200 enemy troops"
564:
Bailey, Major
Jonathan (September 1983). "Training for War: The Falklands 1982".
153:
485:
157:
50:
610:
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observe and adjust ground and airburst artillery fire and high angle fire.
69:
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381:
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in British service, but in a larger number of larger units including the
446:
191:
134:
In British service from 1975 until 2003, the radars were used in the
54:
229:
142:
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368:
281:
255:
28:
Cymbeline radar - antenna folded down in the travelling position
407:
355:
342:
294:
312:
268:
242:
844:
420:
329:
315:: Produced under license by Bharat Electronics Ltd for the
207:, as part of a general hiatus in defence procurement under
199:
94:
The Foster scanner converted a narrow radar beam, about 40
75:. The Mk 1 was transportable underslung by a helicopter.
716:"RP 95/69: Bosnia: update and supplementary information"
696:. UK Parliament, House of Commons Library. 29 April 1994
722:. UK Parliament, House of Commons Library. 30 May 1995
690:"RP 94/62: Bosnia: the 'Sarajevo Formula' Extended"
611:"Bosnia - UN Warns Bosnians Troops Of Retaliation"
545:. Secretary of State for Defence. 25 February 1975
872:
841:User Handbook for Radar No 15 Mk 1 (Cymbeline)
764:
572:. Command and General Staff School: 67, 68.
536:"STATEMENT ON THE DEFENCE ESTIMATES 1975"
301:operated radars captured in the Gulf War.
23:
15:
851:
639:
608:
873:
739:
737:
642:"A British Army technician speaks ..."
582:
563:
129:
886:Military radars of the United Kingdom
819:"New equipment for Indian Gunners".
640:Helgren, Chris (25 September 1994).
156:) and light regiment (equipped with
734:
665:
609:Simpson, Col. (18 September 1994).
13:
791:
14:
897:
720:Research Briefings, UK Parliament
694:Research Briefings, UK Parliament
507:"Cymbeline mortar locating radar"
122:Cymbeline Mk 2 was mounted on an
825:(4). Geneva: Interavia SA. 1987.
771:. UNC Press Books. p. 160.
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583:Upshon, Carl (18 July 2017).
33:Radar, Field Artillery, No 15
822:International Defence Review
214:
41:, was a widely used British
7:
511:Defence Suppliers Directory
186:
10:
902:
852:Bidwell, Shelford (1977).
794:"List of British Radars"
768:Deng Xiaoping's Long War
492:
765:Xiaoming Zhang (2015).
854:Artillery of the World
666:Bellamy, Christopher.
29:
21:
881:Weapon locating radar
856:. London: Brassey’s.
798:Marconi Radar History
43:mortar locating radar
27:
19:
745:"Cymbeline in China"
617:. Associated Press.
543:UK National Archives
130:Operational history
60:Cymbeline replaced
35:, better known as
30:
22:
177:Battle of Laoshan
101:analogue computer
45:operating in the
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513:. Archived from
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136:Falkland Islands
73:armoured carrier
66:Territorial Army
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792:Mulvan, Brian.
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566:Military Review
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84:
53:. Developed by
20:Cymbeline radar
12:
11:
5:
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889:
888:
883:
869:
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778:978-1469621258
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486:United Kingdom
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158:L118 Light Gun
147:in the Balkans
131:
128:
83:
80:
51:Foster scanner
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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863:0-904609-04-9
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670:. Independent
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198:developed by
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109:radar horizon
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802:. Retrieved
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748:. Retrieved
724:. Retrieved
719:
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698:. Retrieved
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672:. Retrieved
661:
649:. Retrieved
644:
635:
623:. Retrieved
614:
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592:. Retrieved
588:
578:
569:
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547:. Retrieved
542:
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519:. Retrieved
515:the original
510:
501:
470:
460:South Africa
434:Saudi Arabia
205:COBRA(radar)
195:
190:
180:
173:
170:
166:
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145:in 1991 and
133:
121:
117:
113:
105:
93:
85:
77:
62:Green Archer
59:
37:
36:
32:
31:
473:Switzerland
382:New Zealand
317:Indian Army
299:French Army
82:Description
875:Categories
843:. London:
834:References
804:4 February
726:3 February
700:3 February
674:3 February
651:3 February
625:3 February
594:4 February
589:medium.com
549:4 February
521:2009-08-16
800:. Marconi
647:. REUTERS
447:Singapore
215:Operators
209:Heseltine
196:Cervantes
192:Thorn-EMI
55:Thorn-EMI
38:Cymbeline
619:Archived
230:Cameroon
187:Variants
181:Type 371
143:Gulf War
49:using a
847:. 1974.
750:June 4,
615:Youtube
395:Nigeria
369:Morocco
282:Finland
256:Denmark
139:in 1982
860:
775:
483:
457:
444:
431:
418:
408:Norway
405:
392:
379:
366:
356:Malawi
353:
343:Kuwait
340:
327:
310:
297:: The
295:France
292:
279:
266:
253:
240:
227:
141:, the
88:Wankel
47:I band
645:alamy
570:LXIII
539:(PDF)
493:Notes
313:India
269:Egypt
243:China
154:Abbot
124:FV432
70:FV432
858:ISBN
845:HMSO
806:2021
773:ISBN
752:2015
728:2021
702:2021
676:2021
653:2021
627:2021
596:2021
551:2021
421:Oman
330:Iraq
200:RSRE
175:the
96:mils
877::
796:.
736:^
718:.
692:.
613:.
587:.
568:.
541:.
509:.
211:.
183:.
866:.
808:.
781:.
754:.
730:.
704:.
678:.
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553:.
524:.
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